Bird ringing. Mass counting and ringing of birds. Bird ringing abroad

Why are birds ringed? It is not easy to answer this question in one sentence. We learn a lot of new and interesting things about birds with the help of a simple aluminum ring placed on a bird's paw.

By observing birds in nature, you can learn a lot about their lives.

However, to find out some aspects of the biology of birds, for example, whether they are sedentary or migratory, to determine the routes and directions of their movements, the timing of seasonal phenomena, life expectancy and much more, bird observations alone are not enough.

In this case, you need to know exactly about each individual individual - where and when it hatched, where it hibernated, where it nested, when it flies to our region and when it flies away, that is, it is necessary to recognize it “by sight.” This is precisely why bird ringing arose as a method of individually recording them.

The first attempts began a long time ago. Even in the Middle Ages, metal rings were often put on the paws of herons caught during a hunt. In the forties of the eighteenth century, naturalist Leonard Frisch marked swallows by tying red silk threads to their paws.

At that time, people still knew very little about bird migration. Many believed, for example, that swallows do not fly to countries with warm climates in the fall, but bury themselves in the silt at the bottom of reservoirs, where they spend the entire winter. In the spring, Frisch observed the return of tagged swallows to their former nesting sites and noted that the threads had not lost color and showed no signs of being under water.

Later, different people used pieces of cloth, paper, and metal plates to tag birds. However, for a long time these were only amateur experiments.

The credit for turning bird tagging into a scientific research method goes to the Danish gymnasium teacher Mortenson. In 1890, he marked starlings, ducks and other birds by placing light metal rings on their feet, on which a serial number and address were stamped.

In 1902, the German scientist Thienemann organized the Rossitten ornithological station on the Baltic Sea, which began mass ringing of migratory birds. Many years have passed since then. During this time, bird ringing became widespread. In a number of countries there are special ornithological stations that ring tens of thousands of birds every year.

We also carry out banding on a large scale. This work is carried out mainly by employees of ornithological stations, nature reserves and laboratories, and various institutes. The Banding Center in Moscow coordinates all this work.

In addition to the old methods of catching birds for ringing, in recent years new methods of catching with “large traps”, spider nets, rocket nets, etc. have been developed. These methods make it possible to catch entire flocks of birds on migration or in their resting places.

Currently, lightweight and durable aluminum alloys are used for banding.

Large birds - pelicans, storks, eagles - are ringed with the largest rings, the weight of which reaches three grams; for small passerine birds the weight of the ring does not exceed 0.05 grams. The series, number and conventional name of the ringing center are stamped on the ring.

An increasing place in the practice of ornithologists is beginning to be occupied by the ringing of birds with colored rings made of plastic. A combination of several rings of different colors allows you to recognize a particular individual from a distance without catching it.

An interesting method of ringing chicks was proposed by Latvian ornithologists. The chicks of many bird species have significantly thinner legs than those of adult specimens. Therefore, a small ring put on a chick is too small for an adult bird and damages its paw. Metal rings for adult birds fall off the paws of the chicks.

The way out of this situation was found simple and unexpected. A large metal ring with a plasticine lining began to be put on the feet of ducklings that are ringed on Lake Enguri. As the duckling's leg grows, the plasticine gradually wears out, and the leg does not suffer at all. Apparently, this interesting method will find wide application.

In the Leningrad region, bird ringing began in 1925 - the very first year that ringing work began in our country. A small group of employees and students of the Forestry Academy under the leadership of G. G. Doppelmeier led this work.

Now many ornithologists and nature lovers are already engaged in ringing. Through their efforts, several thousand birds of various species are caught and ringed every year. This is a considerable figure, considering that there are no “big” traps yet. Birds are caught with various small traps and nets, or chicks are ringed on nests.

Thanks to the finds and re-captures of ringed birds, significant material has now been accumulated, which is of great scientific and practical importance.

Now we have more than 600 finds of birds ringed only in the Leningrad region. About 800 birds, ringed in other places, were also caught. About half of this amount falls on our game birds - various species of chickens, ducks and waders.

Banding has helped most in the study of flight. It showed that there are very few sedentary (in the full sense of the word) birds. Even those birds that live all year round are not the same individuals. So, the gray crow from our area flies to France and other countries of Western Europe for the winter, and in their place birds fly from the White Sea, from the Murmansk region, from the Kola Peninsula. The situation is the same with other species - jays, bullfinches, siskins, goldfinches, hawks.

In another case, only old individuals that had already nested in a given place turned out to be sedentary, while young birds of the same species settled away from the places where they bred. Such birds are migratory only in the first autumn and first spring, after which they settle in the nesting area and lead a sedentary lifestyle. This group of birds includes our tits - great tit, puffy tit, blue tit, as well as woodpeckers and some other species.

The number of birds leading a completely sedentary lifestyle in our area is extremely small. Here we can confidently name only hazel grouse and, perhaps, wood grouse.

Magpies, sparrows, black grouse, and white partridges are usually mistaken for sedentary birds. But, apparently, their “settled life” is explained only by the lack of our knowledge about their lives. Just recently we received some interesting information about the tree sparrow.

The young bird, ringed in July 1963 at the Melnichny Ruchey station, was caught in October in the west of the Lomonosov region. Another bird, ringed there and on the same day, was caught two years later in Portugal. Here's a “settled” bird for you! The house sparrow probably also makes long flights, although we know little about them.

Young black grouse also apparently migrate long distances in the first autumn of their lives. Further work on bird ringing should answer this question.

Where do birds fly from our places and where do they come from in the spring? It is widely believed that birds fly “south.” This is not entirely true. Bird ringing has shown that our birds fly mainly to the west or southwest. Thus, ducks - wigeons, pintails, mallards, pochards, as well as swans, lapwings, rooks, starlings - winter in England, Denmark, Holland, teals - in France, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

The bulk of our small passerine birds - thrushes, finches, robins, etc. - winter in France, Italy, Spain, and Portugal.

Few birds fly in a southerly direction. Among them are the common buzzard and the rough-legged buzzard. Recently, among the birds ringed in the Leningrad region, finds from the southern regions (goldfinches) appeared, and the common redpoll, ringed in Petrokrepost, was caught near Odessa.

We obtain such flight directions if we consider flyways on a “large scale”, that is, we compare the places where birds are ringed at nesting sites with the places where ringed birds are found in wintering grounds. In certain small areas, one can often observe a variety of flight directions. For example, in the spring, small songbirds fly along the southern part of the shore of Lake Ladoga to the south, and in the fall along the northern shore of the Gulf of Finland to the east - that is, in the direction opposite to the main direction of their flight.

Interesting information can be obtained about the flight speed. Bird ringing shows that during the autumn migration, most small birds (finches, pipits, robins) move rather slowly - 50-100 kilometers per day, sometimes stopping in place for several days. Small songbirds fly along the northern coast of the Gulf of Finland for two to five days.

However, there are times when individual banded individuals show amazing examples of speed. For example, a bullfinch, ringed on November 27, 1962 in Helsinki, was caught the next day in the village of Volodarsky. Thus, in one day (10-12 flight hours) he flew about 400 kilometers.

There are many other examples of amazing movement speed known from the literature. They all say that under special conditions birds are capable of making throws over enormous distances - up to 1000-2000 kilometers or even more.

Ringing, carried out in parallel with observations, made it possible to discover a new type of flights - summer migrations. It turned out that some birds (starlings, tree sparrows, siskins, gulls, herons), after hatching their chicks, begin migrating to places where food is concentrated in mid-summer (June-July). This phenomenon of summer, or intermediate, migration is also observed in our country.

A large number of seagulls fly to the Gulf of Finland in the second half of summer. At garbage dumps and near the meat processing plant, near Kronstadt and on the shallows of the northern shore of the bay, glaucous, common, herring and black-billed gulls accumulate in masses. Numerous finds of ringed birds among them indicate that birds from Lakes Ladoga and Onega, the White Sea, lakes of Karelia, as well as from Finland, Sweden, and Estonia gather here.

We have more than once caught gray herons ringed on the Rybinsk Reservoir and in Estonia. These birds, after leaving the nest, fly in different directions from it, including to the north, and only with the onset of autumn cold do they fly to their wintering areas.

A number of practical issues, primarily those related to the rational management of hunting, cannot be resolved without individual tagging of birds.

Taking into account the number of any type of game can only be important if we know for sure whether these birds will fly away from us or remain in the same place. The widely used method of counting upland game by broods cannot say anything about the number of birds in winter, as well as in spring on leks, if the degree of sedentism of the species is not taken into account. Unfortunately, this side of the life of grouse birds has been little studied and is rarely paid attention to in hunting grounds.

Problems of protecting various species of ducks, woodcocks and other birds can be successful only when they are protected not only at nesting sites, but also on flyways and wintering grounds.

Bird ringing is also absolutely necessary when working on the acclimatization and resettlement of game and commercial species. In such cases, it is necessary to know whether the released birds settled in the desired area or moved to new places. Based on this information, in the future you can take into account mistakes made in choosing a location, select the best season for release, etc.

In this regard, it is interesting to trace the fate of white partridges brought from the Arkhangelsk region in 1958. These birds were released in mid-April in the areas of Shapki and Volosovo stations. Over the next month, many of these birds were caught in the Kingisepp region, in Estonia and near Vyborg. This suggests that the birds did not take root at the release sites, and therefore, either the place or the time of delivery was chosen poorly.

Thus, counting and ringing birds is not only of great scientific importance, but in some cases it also helps solve important practical problems.

Sometimes, however, we are faced with a distrustful attitude towards the success of this business: “Who, they say, will catch a ringed bird?”

Apparently, not everyone knows that the return of tagged birds is 5 percent of the number of ringed ones. In commercial game species it increases to 20-30 percent. Even small passerine birds are caught again quite often: of the great tits that are ringed, every fifth bird is caught a second time. Our ringed blackbirds are often killed in Italy, France, and Spain. There these (and many other small birds) are the subject of hunting.

The return rate would be significantly higher if all finds of ringed birds fell into the hands of organizations involved in this matter. However, it is no secret that many hunters and bird catchers, having caught a banded bird, do not send information about it to the Banding Center.

On the other hand, hunters, juveniles, tourists and all nature lovers who know the places where birds gather for nesting and molting, the breeding places of turukhtans, great snipes, black grouse, large roosting places for birds, etc., can provide great assistance in banding work. that is, places where mass catching of birds and their ringing can be organized. And the more birds are ringed, the more ring returns we will receive, the more new and interesting things will become known about the life of our birds.

Every hunting season, thousands of ringed birds are found among the numerous trophies of hunters, including hundreds with foreign rings. Many hunters are interested in how the work of bird ringing is carried out in foreign countries. This is of interest, in particular, to the hunter B.P. Zhuravlya, from Yakutia. “On May 28, 2001,” he writes, “while hunting 12-13 kilometers north of the village of Batagai, Verkhoyansk region, I shot a sandpiper with a ring on its right leg. There were numbers on the ring: “040-13531”. Where was this sandpiper banded and for what purpose?

Having examined the ring sent in the letter, we found on the inside of it the inscription: Send CSIR Canberra Australia. Rare case! A bird with an Australian ring was killed in Yakutia. A letter was sent to Canberra describing the ring. The answer came quickly. Australian colleagues thanked us for the interesting message. They wrote that a sharp-tailed sandpiper was marked with this ring on January 5, 2001 on the west coast of Australia, near Perth.

Bird ringing in Russia

In Russia, birds have been regularly banded since 1924. Between then and 2004, 678,550 birds of 392 species were tagged. Every year ringing in our country increases. If in 1955 107,558 birds were tagged, then in 1999 there were over 220,000 birds. Between 1955 and 2000, that is, in 6 years, about a million birds were tagged.

Bird ringing is now a universal method for studying many aspects of bird biology. However, the success of this work largely depends on hunters, on how accurately they report all cases of catching marked birds. Each returned ring is of great interest to science, and some of them even lead to new discoveries. Therefore, it should be recalled once again that if a hunter catches a bird with a ring, it is very important that he reports it to the Ringing Center of the Nature Conservation Commission under the State Planning Committee of the Russian Federation, indicating when, where and under what circumstances this bird was killed. Such help from hunters will be extremely valuable for science.

Bird ringing abroad

Bird ringing in Australia began in 1912. By June 2000, 135,000 birds, approximately 260 species, had been ringed in the country, including its Antarctic territories. This work is led by the Game Monitoring Unit of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation.

During their migrations, birds cross the borders of many states and even entire continents, as, for example, in the case described above. The following example can be given. In 1999, on February 4, when the whaling ship Slava was in Antarctic waters, one of the crew members caught several Arctic terns among the ice. On one of them there was a ring with the inscription: “Zool. Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark." After our request, a response came from this museum that the tern was tagged on May 22, 1998 near Copenhagen. To get to Antarctica, she rounded the western coasts of Europe and Africa and flew, if you count in a straight line, 18,500 kilometers.

The study of bird migrations is possible only through the joint efforts of scientists from different countries. Only the exchange of accurate data about the place, time and conditions of hunting for a particular ringed bird makes it possible to collect reliable scientific material. The ringing center in our country corresponds and exchanges literature with organizations and individual ornithological scientists from fifty countries around the world. Birds with rings from almost thirty countries are hunted in the Russian Federation. In 1998, the Ringing Center received 672 foreign rings, in 1999 - 752, in 2000 - 870, in 2001 - 870, most of which were Dutch - 313, then French - 178, English - 103, Finnish - 82, Belgian - 42 , there were slightly fewer Swedish, Danish, Norwegian and others. There were also rings belonging to countries of other continents: America, Africa.

The beginning of the use of ringing as a scientific method is considered to be 1899, when the Danish teacher Mortensen used numbered aluminum rings with a brief designation of the place of ringing. With these rings he marked storks, starlings, ducks and several raptors in order to find out the further fate of these birds. This method soon gained recognition in many countries. In 1904, the German Ornithological Society organized mass bird ringing at the newly created Rossitensky ornithological station (on the Curonian Spit of the Baltic Sea), then on the island of Heligoland, in northern Germany, where mass migration of birds also takes place. Soon Great Britain, Sweden and other countries became involved in this work. By 1914, bird ringing was carried out in about twenty stations in Europe. The first attempts at bird ringing were made in Russia. In 1912, the Russian Ornithological Committee produced special rings, but due to the war this work was interrupted.

Bird ringing has increased significantly in foreign countries. In the Netherlands, for example, approximately twice as many birds were tagged in 1999 compared to 2007. Every year the number of Dutch-ringed birds caught in our country increases: mallards, teals, pintails and other ducks, as well as white-fronted geese, lapwings, golden plovers, and starlings. These birds are usually ringed on wintering grounds in North Brabant, Utrecht, Gelderland and other provinces of the country, and our hunters catch them on spring and autumn migrations or in nesting areas. However, in the Netherlands birds are not only ringed in winter. In summer, gulls, blackbirds, swallows, robins, redstarts and many other birds that do not fly to our country are tagged here. All Dutch rings bear the inscription: Museum Nat. Hist. Leiden - Holland - natural history museum in Leiden. At this museum there is a special ornithological station, which organizes bird ringing in this country.

Of the European countries, birds are tagged most often in Great Britain. This work has been carried out there since 1909. Between this time and 1952, approximately a million birds were ringed in Britain. A total of 2,256,792 birds of 286 species were tagged in the UK between 1909 and 31 December 1999. Of these, blackbirds and songbirds were especially numerous - more than 285,000, starlings - approximately 250,000, tits - 150,000, barn swallows - more than 90,000 and many others, and among ducks: teal - 28,702 and mallards - 28,445.

The British consider 1998 a significant year, when they tagged 200,835 birds. This success is explained by the improvement of catching techniques - the use of very thin spider nets. Thanks to their use, it was possible to catch many new species of birds on migration that had not previously been ringed with them. In recent years, the British have begun to pay great attention to ringing colonial-nesting seabirds. Due to this, the number of returning rings has increased significantly in recent years. From 1994 to 1999, more were received than during the previous 45 years. More than one tenth of all returns occurred in 1999 alone. In total, up to December 31, 1999, 60,788 rings were received. In our country, hunters annually catch up to a hundred birds with English rings: teal, mallards, lapwings, turukhtans, and find dead starlings. All these birds usually winter on the islands of Great Britain, and fly to our territory to nest - to the northern or central regions of the European part. Ducks, especially wigeons, often fly to Western Siberia. We know of a case where a common sandpiper with an English ring flew even to Eastern Siberia. He was killed on May 24, 1999, 15 kilometers from the city of Yakutsk. It was ringed in the winter of 2007 on February 6 near the city of Cambridge. Bird ringing in the UK is organized by the Ringing Bureau of the British Trust for Ornithology. It is located in London at the British Natural History Museum. This institution is funded by the British Nature Conservation Association - Nature Conservancy.

Birds are regularly banded in Scandinavian countries. In Finland, bird ringing is organized by the Zoological Museum of Helsinki. Currently, two ornithological stations take part in it: on the Åland Islands and on the Kvarken archipelago in the Gulf of Bothnia and more than 180 volunteer taggers. From 1983 to 1999, 346,201 birds of more than 215 species were tagged in this country. Especially many black-headed and common gulls, black-billed gulls, blackbirds, ruffed hawks, lapwings, bullfinches, wagtails, blackbirds and swallows were tagged. In some years, in the southwestern part of the country, hundreds of nesting predators also ring: osprey, buzzards, hawks and others. The results showed that most birds - ducks, many gulls, some waders - fly from Finland to Western Europe or even Africa for the winter: kestrel to Tunisia, osprey and blackbird to West Africa, and common terns to South Africa. union.

But, apparently, not all birds nesting in Finland adhere to the southwestern direction during their migrations. In this regard, it is worth mentioning one letter sent by V. E. Morkovnin. “I’m sending you a ring,” he writes, “taken from an accidentally shot bird on April 20, 2001 in the city of Kerki. In appearance the bird is similar to a sparrow, only much more beautiful. Its neck is blue, yellow and white. The bird was ringed in Finland, on the ring it is written: Helsinki K-37906. It was a bluethroat tagged in the very north of Finland on July 11, 1998. Her flight to us in Central Asia, apparently, was not accidental. A year before, on April 28, 2000, another bluethroat with the Finnish ring K-38284 was caught, this time in Kazakhstan, near the city of Dzhurun, Aktobe region. Both of these facts indicate that bluethroats winter either in Iran or in India. Speaking about the most interesting cases of the return of birds ringed in Finland, it is impossible not to mention one more of them. On March 26, 2006, a newly dead black-headed gull was found with Finnish ring C-9943. It turned out that she was tagged on June 8, 1930 near the city of Helsinki. The bird wore the ring for almost 26 years.

In Norway, bird ringing began in 1914 and has since been carried out by several institutions: the Stavanger Museum, the University and the Oslo Museum, each of which has its own rings. Of these, the Stavanger Museum rings the most birds. A total of 355,644 birds were ringed in this country from 1914 to 1999 inclusive: gulls, dunlin sandpipers, lapwings, long-billed cormorants, flycatchers, thrushes, starlings and many others. Kittiwakes and cormorants are ringed on the island of Runde, near Ålesund, and waders are ringed on their autumn migration at the ornithological station in Revtangen, near Stavanger. As a result, it was found that some of the waders, in particular dunlins, nest in our country in the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and one of them was caught during nesting time even further east, on the Yamal Peninsula. 50 birds with Norwegian rings were caught in our country. In addition to dunlins, there were lapwings, sandpipers, Icelandic sandpipers, gulls, starlings and other birds.

In Sweden, until recently, bird ringing was also carried out by various institutions: the Natural History Museum of Gothenburg, the Natural History Museum of Stockholm, the Ottenby Ornithological Station and the Swedish Game Animal Tagging Sports Society. The Gothenburg Museum first began tagging birds in 1911. The Swedish sporting society for tagging game animals was mainly involved in tagging upland and waterfowl. In 1945, in connection with research carried out on game birds, it developed a method of marking chicks with wing tags. In chicken and duck birds, it is easier to catch chicks immediately after their birth, but they cannot be marked with rings during this period, since the ring intended for an adult bird is too large for them.

We have records of 150 Swedish-ringed birds being hunted on our territory. Most of them had the inscription: Riks museum Stockholm. Probably. The Stockholm Museum tags more birds than other Swedish organizations, but we do not have exact data on the number of birds it tags.

All the institutions carrying out bird ringing in Sweden for a long time were not well connected with each other and each of them issued rings or tags of its own type. All this created certain difficulties, especially with regard to collecting material. In 1960, a single Ringing Center was created in Sweden at the Natural History Museum in Stockholm.

The centralization of bird ringing work took place somewhat earlier in other European countries, in particular in France. In 2004, a Center for the Study of Migration of Mammals and Birds was created in Paris. It was formed with the participation of the National Center for Scientific Research, the Supreme Council of Hunting and the National Museum of Natural History. His responsibilities include collecting and summarizing materials on the results of bird ringing in the country, as well as supplying rings to all zonal centers and voluntary tags. Bird tagging throughout the country is carried out with rings of the same pattern with the inscription Ois - Museum - Paris. Our hunters annually catch up to two hundred birds with such rings, the vast majority of ducks tagged in the south of France, in the Bouches-de-Rhône department. Here, at the mouth of the Rhone River, is the Camargue nature reserve. Every year, tens of thousands of teal, mallards and many other ducks flock here for the winter, and in the summer one of the most beautiful birds, flamingos, is found nesting here. The Camargue Ornithological Station has been located within the reserve for many years. In the winter season alone, it ringed 11,369 different ducks. This station considers the record year to be 1998, when 20,968 birds were tagged here. This significant increase in the number of ringed birds was achieved through better use of technical equipment. In total, from 1930 to 1999, the Camargue Ornithological Station tagged 81,553 individuals, the majority of which were teals, flamingos, mallards, little egrets, gulls, terns and small sparrows.

In addition to the Camargue nature reserve, bird ringing is carried out in other areas of France. On the west coast of the country, in the department of the Lower Pyrenees, the Biaritz hydrobiological station is located. Along with hydrobiological research, issues of bird migration and physiology are studied here. The main objects are usually wild pigeons and small passerine birds, finches, larks and others. From 1953 to 1999, 18,920 birds were tagged here.

The Nantes center carries out banding of nesting herons, gulls, mainly young birds, as well as migratory passerines in the western regions of the country. The regional center of San Catan carries out tagging in the Ardennes, Aisne and other departments in the north of the country. The Strasbourg Banding Center carries out tagging of storks and various passerine birds in the eastern regions. In total, 42,182 birds were tagged in France in 2006, and 63,340 in 2007.

In the Czech Republic, bird ringing began before the First World War. His White German society, and the Czechs participated in his work very reluctantly. Regular ringing of birds in the Czech Republic began in 1933 under the leadership of the Ornithological Society at the National Museum in Prague. The rings they produced bore the inscription N. Museum Praha CSR. One of the most active initiators of ringing in this society for more than twenty years has been amateur ornithologist Otto Kadlec. During the occupation of the Czech Republic by the Nazis, the occupiers suggested that he make a double inscription on the rings - in German and Czech. Kadlec refused and made rings with the Latin inscription Zoo - Praha Bohemia. Subsequently, Otto Kadlec continued to successfully ring birds. Every year he caught hundreds of black-headed gulls on the Vltava embankment, in Prague itself, and, marking them with N. Museum Praha CSR rings, released them again. Data on the results of bird ringing in the Czech Republic are published in the ornithological collection Sylvia.

In a brief review, we are not able to talk about bird ringing in all foreign countries. However, we note that bird ringing is also widely carried out in other European countries: Germany, Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

In North America, bird ringing is organized by the US Fish and Wildlife Service with the participation of the Canadian Fish and Wildlife Service. Game departments in all states, ornithological stations, voluntary societies and nature lovers are taking part in this work. The USA and Canada rank first in the world in terms of the number of ringed birds. Until 2004, 11 million birds were ringed in these countries. Subsequently, 500,000 birds were ringed annually. There are currently 800,000 ring returns. Wild birds tagged in North America have been found in Siberia, Africa, France and the Pacific Ocean. In our Magadan region, hunters often catch pintails with American rings. These ducks usually nest in the Kolyma River basin and winter in California or other states on the US Pacific coast.

Radio telemetry (R) - measurement of physical quantities at a distance with transmission of measurement results via radio communication channels. For accurate and constant observations of the movements of mammals and birds, miniature radio transmitters are used that are worn on the animal (dolphins, whales, sea turtles, monitor lizards). For polar bears and some artiodactyls, radio tracking from satellites is used.

Bats are marked with bird rings (they are worn on the forearm); ungulates and predators - ear marks in the form of a clip, ring or earring; for seals and sea turtles - with buttons, usually put on the flipper, and for dolphins - on the dorsal fin; whales - with metal arrows that are shot from a gun, driving them into the fat layer; small rodents and frogs - cutting off the phalanges of the fingers in a defined manner. combinations. Mollusks are marked with inscriptions on the shell. Insects (butterflies) - with marks made of the thinnest colored foil. Short-term tags are also used: ungulates in Africa are wearing collars made of colored plastic, they are clearly visible from an airplane; Polar bears have bright markings on their skin with indelible paint, cat. visible from an airplane; ungulates color their horns. For some purposes (for example, to determine the movements of moles, mole rats, etc. underground), tags with radioactive substances are used.

26. Polesie - the land of endless swamps and forests with many hunting traditions of its own. The high forest cover of the territories and the small population have always contributed to the persistence of poaching and high hunting rates here. The most elite hunting farms in Belarus are in the Pripyat National Park. park and the Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve. Currently there are one biosphere reserve and four national reserves. parka. Much is being done to develop ecology. and hunting tourism. Today, the area of ​​forests of recreational value exceeds 1.5 million hectares, which is more than 17% of the total area of ​​white. forests Total hunting area. of land is about 17.7 million hectares, which are distributed among more than 200 business entities. The republic offers a very wide range of different types of hunting: from such traditional ones as spring and summer-autumn bird hunting, to hunting for fur-bearing animals and ungulates. The hunting fauna includes 53 species of wild animals, including 22 species of mammals and 31 species of birds. Protection against poaching is carried out by mobile inspection teams for the protection of livestock. and growth peace

V.27 Fishery activities in the Republic of Belarus are represented by 2 main types. areas: breeding and growing fish in artificial conditions and fishing in fishing grounds.

Country aquaculture inc. pond fish farming, growing fish in cages, pools and closed water supply systems. The total area of ​​the pond fund engaged in fish breeding is 29.96 thousand hectares. The main tasks for fish farmers in the Republic of Belarus is to expand the species composition by accelerating the increase in production volumes of valuable fish species, such as trout, sturgeon and catfish species. Traditionally, carp and pike were raised in the Republic of Belarus; Sturgeon are being bred for the time being.

In fish farms the formation brood stocks of native fish - pike perch, catfish, ide, peled, tench, pike, carp - with subsequent production of fish seeding material, both for stocking natural reservoirs and for our own needs. Valuable fish species such as sturgeon, salmon and whitefish are purchased. In the fish farms Selets, Polesie, sturgeon species are established - shot, sturgeon and bester, in the Volma fish farm - sterlet, bester, and trout is grown. The reservoirs of the Vitebsk region were stocked with juvenile eels in the amount of 780 thousand pieces (more than 1 ton). In order to restore the population of sterlet - the only representative of sturgeon fish species, incl. in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus - in 2006, the introduction of fingerlings of sterlet into their natural habitats (Berezina River), and larvae of vendace into the reservoirs of the State Public Institution "National Park" Narochansky ";

Belarusian Polesie is an attractive place for ecotourism. Beautiful natural landscapes (panoramas), a rich ecosystem are an attractive tourist base. “Toroka” is a tourist hunting and fishing farm with a well-developed infrastructure for an excellent holiday.

Considering the great importance of ringing for the study of bird migration, the International Ornithological Congress, held in 1962 (Ithaca, USA), created the International Committee on Ringing (headquarters in Paris). The heads of national centers and their representatives are members of this committee.

Lit.: Mikheev A.V., Rings-travelers (Ringing of birds), M., 1949; “Tr. Bureau of Ringing", 1955-57, c. 8-9 (in 1937-48, v. 1-7 - published under the name “Tr. Central Bureau of Ringing”); Animal migrations. [Sat. Art.], c. 1-5, M., 1959-68.

T. P. Shevareva.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

See what “Bird Ringing” is in other dictionaries:

One of the methods for studying the biology of wild birds, the routes and timing of their migration, etc. A caught bird is put on a ring (with a number and address) on its paw, recording the time and place of ringing. Bird ringing for scientific purposes was started in Denmark (1899). WITH… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

A tagging method used to study the biology of birds, routes and timing of migration, dispersal, changes in numbers, characteristics of growth and life expectancy, and causes of death. Based on data on sightings of ringed birds, it is agreed... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary

One of the methods for studying the biology of wild birds, the routes and timing of their flight, etc. A caught bird is put on a ring (with a number and address) on its paw, recording the time and place of ringing. Bird ringing for scientific purposes was started in Denmark (1899).... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

One of the methods for studying the biology of wild birds, the routes and timing of their flight, etc. A caught bird is put on a ring (with a number and address) on its paw, recording the time and place of ringing. With scientific The purpose of commercialization was started in Denmark (1899). Since 1962 it has been operating... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary

bird ringing- paukščių žiedavimas statusas T sritis ekologija ir aplinkotyra apibrėžtis Vienas iš paukščių migracijos tyrimo metodų, kuriuo nustatomas geografinis paukščių paplitimas, migracijų trasos ir greitis, žiemojimo vietos, populiacijų dinamika,… … Ekologijos terminų aiškinamasis žodynas

Banded Herring Gull Bird banding is a tagging method used in or... Wikipedia

bird ringing- ringing of birds, see Tagging of farm animals... Agriculture. Large encyclopedic dictionary

Bird migration has long been studied, but many questions remained unclear. Where do the birds that nest here fly to winter? Where do they come from in the spring? Do the birds return to the same area where they hatched or nested last year? What routes do migratory birds take? Many questions were answered accurately after birds began to be ringed in different countries of the world (at nesting and wintering grounds), that is, to mark them with a light ring placed on the leg with the number and designation of the institution that issued the ring to the tag. There are other methods of tagging, which are not fundamentally different from banding and pursue the same scientific goals.

In our country, bird ringing began in 1892, but on a large scale only after the Great October Socialist Revolution. Now we have 170-200 thousand birds ringed annually. Bird ringing is carried out by scientific institutions, nature reserves, hunter organizations and individuals. All this work is united by the Ring Center, which also issues rings. Center address: Moscow, st. Kravchenko, 12.

The rings are made of aluminum and have the inscription “Moscow”, as well as the letter designation of the series and serial number. The series correspond to the ring sizes. For example, series A rings are used to mark the largest birds - eagles, swans, cranes, pelicans, storks; series B is intended for geese, wood grouse, etc. All information about birds hunted with rings should be sent to the Banding Center. It is necessary to indicate the series (letter) and number; It is best to send the ring removed from the bird as well. At the Banding Center, this data is collected and recorded, and then used for scientific work.

They ring all kinds of birds (both chicks and adults). When ringing, the main attention should be paid to those birds that have not only scientific, but also practical significance, such as , hunting and insectivorous birds useful in agriculture.

Bird ringing requires knowledge and training. The tagr must be able to accurately determine which bird he is ringing. Without this, his works may be useless. He must be able to catch birds. When banding, it is necessary to keep accurate records, indicating the number and series of the ring, the name of the bird (scientific, Latin, if possible), the time of banding (day, month and year) and the place where the bird was banded.

The size of the ring depends on the size of the birds being ringed. Below is an unfolded ring.

It is advisable to indicate the age (chick, adult) and gender of the bird. All this information must be sent to the Banding Center in a timely manner. A bird caught for banding must be released as soon as possible. Sick, wounded birds, and especially those kept in cages, should not be ringed. In no way should the same ring be used twice: this will lead to confusion.

There is no need to shoot the birds to take the rings they are wearing (although sometimes this is necessary). It is much better to catch ringed birds and quickly release them into the wild, and you must immediately write down the series and number of the ring, the name of the bird, the place and time of its capture.

It is important that banding and catching of birds occur as systematically as possible in the same place. The same continuity must be observed by taggers when choosing bird species to be ringed in a particular area. There is no point in trying to band as many bird species as possible; but the more individuals of the same species are noted, the better.

Young naturalists can take part in bird ringing with great benefit, but only under the direct guidance of elders who know this business. We must remember: birds are man's friends. Banding is carried out to study birds and should not harm them. Therefore, when banding, you must carefully and skillfully handle the caught birds.

Mass banding is necessary because the number of birds caught with rings in relation to the total number of ringed ones is small. In Europe and North America it ranges from 2 to 4%, but ringing for game bird species and those nesting in large flocks, such as in northern bird colonies, reaches 10%. In the USSR, the largest number of finds of ringed birds relates to ducks (about 7% of ringed mallards were taken, in some areas - up to 17%), the smallest - to passerines (swallows - 0.5%, starlings - about 1%).