In what year was Yeltsin born? The first president of Russia, Boris Yeltsin. Life after retirement

Russian politician Boris Yeltsin led the country in difficult times; he had to carry out reforms and make difficult decisions. However, it is impossible to deny its significant role in the formation of a modern country. The first president of Russia lived a difficult life and gave all his health to his Motherland.

How it all began

Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich was born on February 1, 1931 in the small village of Butka, Ural Region. The boy's family went through many difficulties: both of Boris's grandfathers at the beginning of the 20th century were strong peasants from the middle peasants, the Soviet government, according to the laws of that time, confiscated their property. Yeltsin's father Nikolai Ignatievich worked as a builder, but in the early 30s he was repressed due to an anonymous denunciation and sent to build the Volga-Don Canal. After his release, Nikolai moved his family to Bereznyaki, where he worked on the construction of a potash plant. The boy's mother, Klavdia Vasilievna, was a dressmaker. Boris Yeltsin spent his entire childhood in Berezniki; he grew up as an active, cocky and mischievous child. Once, with his comrades, he stole two grenades from a warehouse and, while trying to open one of them, lost two fingers.

Studies

The future first president of Russia studied at a secondary school in Bereznyaki. His grades in all subjects were good, but his discipline suffered greatly. Yeltsin was stubborn and always sought to defend justice. In connection with this, he was even expelled from school in his senior year, as he published a story about a teacher who oppressed the children and forced them to work at home. He was able, by turning to the city party committee for support, to pass all the final exams at another school and receive a good certificate. In his youth, Boris was pugnacious and even took part in “wars” from region to region. In one battle, he suffered a fracture of the bridge of his nose from a blow from a shaft.

After graduating from school, Boris enters a university, continuing his father’s dynasty: he decided to become a builder. In 1950 he entered the specialty “industrial and civil engineering” at the Faculty of Construction of the Ural Polytechnic Institute named after. S. Kirov. During his studies, Yeltsin was seriously involved in volleyball, coached the institute's women's team, he himself played for the national team of the city of Sverdlovsk, and received the title of master of sports.

In 1955, he successfully defended his thesis “Television Tower” and became a civil engineer.

Work by profession

After the placement institute, Boris Yeltsin came to the Sverdlovsk trust "Uraltyazhtrubstroy", where over 8 years he mastered several related professions: bricklayer, concrete worker, carpenter, painter, plasterer, carpenter. He first became a foreman, then a site manager and a trust foreman. In 1963, Boris Nikolaevich took the position of chief engineer of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant, and after 3 years he became its director. Yeltsin showed himself to be an ambitious and purposeful person, and this opened the way for him to a party career.

Party way

Boris Yeltsin joined the CPSU in 1961, as he said, he was motivated by a completely sincere belief in communist ideals and justice. In 1962-65, he actively worked in the party and was a delegate to party conferences at various levels.

In 1968, Boris Nikolaevich became a party functionary and went to work in the Sverdlovsk Regional Party Committee as head of the construction department. In 1975, he was secretary of the Sverdlovsk regional party committee, his area of ​​responsibility was the industrial development of the region. In 1976, he became the first secretary of the regional committee of the Sverdlovsk region. He has held this position for 9 years.

During this time, the region becomes not only developed and strong from an economic point of view, but also a place where new democratic forces are maturing. It is not for nothing that in the late 80s Sverdlovsk turned into the birthplace of a special subculture - rock music.

Yeltsin is building a lot in the region: laying high-quality roads, relocating people from dilapidated housing, creating an effective system for growing agricultural products for residents of the region. He showed himself to be a strong business executive who knows how to listen to the needs of people. Yeltsin actively supported innovative ideas. Projects for the experimental construction of new-type settlements and multi-residential complexes have taken root well in the region.

Since 1978, Yeltsin has been a member of the Supreme Council of the USSR and was a member of the Central Committee.

Years of perestroika

In 1985, after M.S. Gorbachev was elected General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee; big changes awaited Yeltsin. He is transferred to Moscow to the position of head of the department, and then secretary of the Central Committee for construction. At the end of 1985 he worked as first secretary of the Moscow City Committee. Under Yeltsin, a new general development plan is being developed in the capital, social security for the population is being established, and he personally checks the availability of food in stores and the operation of public transport. Yeltsin showed himself to be a leader open to the people, and this ensured him the support of the population.

In the late 80s, Boris Nikolaevich sharply criticized the activities of some party leaders, in particular E. Ligachev, which was negatively assessed by the leadership, and in 1987 he was removed from office. In 1989, he became a deputy, his candidacy was warmly supported by Moscow voters. In 1990, he became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. In this position, he did a lot to give the RSFSR political weight in the USSR. His work in this position was sharply criticized, although there were supporters of his course.

The future first president of Russia in 1990 takes many steps that will lead to the collapse of the USSR. There is still too much discussion on this issue. In June 1991, elections for the first president of Russia took place. Yeltsin is elected president of the RSFSR. These were democratic elections, and his candidacy won an uncontested majority.

The first decree of the first president of Russia was dedicated to the development of education in the RSFSR. He began to carry out preparatory work to prepare a new union treaty, but history dramatically changes the speed of change.

1991 coup

On August 19, 1991, an attempted coup took place in the country. Yeltsin becomes the head of the force that opposed the State Emergency Committee. The President of the USSR was blocked in Foros. It was Yeltsin's efforts that helped Gorbachev maintain power over the country. However, immediately after overcoming the putsch, he dissolved the Communist Party of the RSFSR and issued a number of decrees that significantly increased the power of the Russian President. Gorbachev is rapidly losing power over the country. The first president of Russia in 1991 took the main step towards the collapse of the USSR.

At the end of the year, behind M. Gorbachev’s back, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, together with L. Kuchma and S. Shushkevich, signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement, which put an end to the history of the USSR and marked the beginning of the Cooperation of Independent States. On December 25, 1991, Yeltsin gained full power over Russia after Gorbachev resigned.

The Belovezhskaya Agreement was difficult to ratify at the Congress of People's Deputies, which led to a conflict between the president and the deputy corps. In a country that was experiencing a difficult economic crisis, a political crisis begins. Yeltsin proposed Yegor Gaidar for the post of Prime Minister, but the deputies did not accept his candidacy. An open confrontation between the Congress of People's Deputies and Yeltsin begins. A referendum is announced, at which the question of trust in him is raised. The first president of Russia received a vote of confidence from the people, although the results were not controversial.

The first president of Russia: democracy won

After the referendum, Boris Nikolaevich intensifies work on a new Constitution that would secure power for him. The political crisis softened, but was not resolved, and the confrontation between the deputies and Yeltsin continued. He removes many former associates from their positions. In the fall of 1993, the congress decided to remove him from office. Actual power passes into the hands of A. Rutsky. An armed conflict begins; tanks fire at the White House in Moscow on Yeltsin’s orders. The confrontation lasted several days, as a result several dozen people died, but Boris Nikolaevich was able to prevail over his rivals.

Yeltsin's new reign began with difficult elections to the State Duma and a referendum on the new Constitution, as a result of which the president received significantly more powers and was able to pursue his policies. He is decisively pursuing constitutional reform that strengthens presidential power in Russia. Historians have ambivalent assessments of this period in the country’s history; many say that freedom of speech was defeated at that time, Yeltsin concentrated power in his hands and pursued policies that were not always correct.

Key milestones of Boris Yeltsin's presidency

Yeltsin's reign was marked by many fateful events for the country. It was during this period that the Chechen conflict intensified, which Boris Nikolayevich decided to suppress by sending in troops. The first president of Russia could not keep the country from the tragedy in Budennovsk and the bloody war, which ended with the Khasavyurt agreement, which was unfavorable for Russia.

In 1996, presidential elections in the Russian Federation took place, in which Yeltsin won only in the second round and not without difficulty. His popularity among the people is rapidly falling, Yeltsin’s policies are becoming less and less effective. In 1998, the country was experiencing a new financial crisis, which further undermined confidence in the president, who publicly stated that there would be no devaluation, which immediately happened.

Retirement and life after it

In May 1999, the Duma tried to put to a vote the question of removing Yeltsin from office. He gets sick a lot, his decisions are not thoughtful and consistent. On the last day of the 20th century, Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, the first president of Russia, left the country's main post. He makes a statement on television and introduces his successor, V. Putin.

For the first time after his resignation, Yeltsin still participated in the life of the government, meeting with ministers and Putin. But gradually this activity fades away, and Boris Nikolaevich becomes an honorary pensioner.

Immediately after taking power, Putin issues a decree banning any prosecution of the former president. And all criticism of Yeltsin remains without consequences. After his resignation, the first president of Russia is engaged in charity work and attends various ceremonies, but his health is increasingly worrying him.

Family and private life

Often, for politicians, the family becomes a reliable rear, which is exactly what Boris Yeltsin can boast of. The years spent in the Kremlin had a very bad effect on his health, but his family survived and even united during the difficult years.

Boris Yeltsin married Naina Iosifovna Girina (classmate) back in 1956. She was his support and assistant all his life. The Yeltsins had two daughters: Elena and Tatyana, then six grandchildren and three great-grandchildren. Daughter Tatyana helped her father with the election campaign in the 90s. Family has always been a place for Boris Nikolaevich, where he was loved and waited for.

No, in 1996 he nominated himself for the post President of the Russian Federation. At the beginning of 1996, the president’s rating had fallen “below the plinth” - to 5% (according to some data, even to 3%) of the population’s support. In the spring of the same year, a powerful campaign program was launched in support of the current President with the participation of government bodies and the media, which, to put it mildly, was incorrect (and in fact, illegal). There was a powerful program to denigrate Yeltsin’s main competitor, the leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation Gennady Zyuganov. Himself Boris Nikolaevich, and performed the following steps:

• signed Khasavyurt agreements, which, as it later turned out, did not bring peace, and the terrorist attacks of Chechen militants on Russian territory only intensified;
• announced a complete transition to a contract army and the abolition of military conscription (which, due to the recent hostilities in Chechnya, sharply increased his rating), however, immediately after the elections, Yeltsin successfully canceled this decree;
• All budget funds were urgently collected and pensions and social benefits were paid.

Eventually Yeltsin scored, taking into account all the manipulations, 33%, and Zyuganov - 31%. In the second round, Alexander Lebed, who received 14%, announced his support for Yeltsin, and his voters voted for the incumbent president.

During the elections, the president suffered one or two (exactly unknown) heart attacks, and was rarely seen in public. The inauguration procedure took place according to an extremely abbreviated scheme. The increased addiction to alcohol (which not only Russians already knew about, but also Europeans and Americans personally noted) had a detrimental effect on Boris Nikolaevich’s health.

One day in 1997, the President disappeared from sight for a very long time, which was already beyond the scope of periodic drinking bouts. This is because he was undergoing serious treatment. Subsequently, a successful coronary bypass surgery gave Boris Nikolaevich almost ten more years of life. During such dropouts from political life, the country was led by... practically no one was in charge. Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, perhaps, was able to delay the impending large-scale economic Russian crisis, which happened in 1998.

On August 14, 1998, Boris Nikolaevich authoritatively stated that devaluation it won’t, they say he was 100 percent sure of it. Three days later, on August 17, the country experienced technical default and devaluation. The dollar exchange rate jumped from 6-6.5 rubles to 16 rubles. Millions of Russians lost their savings, and hundreds of thousands found themselves in poverty. The President's rating has fallen to a critical level not only among ordinary citizens, but also within the government itself. Ministers and deputies began to actively insist on the resignation of the President. Rumors of impeachment began to spread. But Boris Nikolaevich held tightly to his place. During the period from the end of August to September 1998, he changed the government four times, until, after another resignation, he became prime minister Evgeny Primakov.

It is not known whether this happened by accident, or whether Yeltsin himself was responsible for this, but Primakov’s government became the first serious achievement of Boris Nikolayevich during these seven years of presidency. An experienced economist, Evgeniy Maksimovich, became the person who was able to heroically (without the slightest exaggeration) pull the country out of economic crisis of 1998.

Primakov, as a smart politician (and not just a financier), understood perfectly well that the first, and so far only, president of the Russian Federation was dragging the country to the bottom. Yeltsin also understood this, and therefore in April 1999, after the new prime minister completed his task, he successfully removed Primakov, and Sergei Stepashin took his place.

Meanwhile, the Khasavyurt agreements, and with them the “thin” world, finally collapsed. Chechen militants invaded Dagestan and began to threaten North Ossetia. Terrorist attacks have become more frequent, and the President's rating has completely collapsed. Yeltsin realized that resignation was inevitable, and the time had come to prepare a successor.

At the end of August 1999, the president fired the amorphous Stepashin. The new prime minister was the young, smart and promising secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (and part-time director FSB Russia) Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin .

Perhaps Yeltsin’s choice fell on a representative of the military sphere because of the existing Chechen problem, perhaps for another reason, but this time he did not choose an economist or politician, and this decision became Boris Yeltsin’s second political success (after Primakov).

Immediately after taking up a new post, Vladimir Vladimirovich actively took up the Chechen issue. In September 1999, a counter-terrorism operation (CTO) was announced, popularly known as Second Chechen War.

On April 23, 2007, Yeltsin died of heart failure caused by a serious cold at the age of 76. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Assessments of his activities are far from positive. Even the third president Dmitry Medvedev hinted about fraud in the 1996 elections (although the Presidential Administration later denied these words). Vladimir Putin himself also hinted at Yeltsin's shortcomings, but with his characteristic diplomacy. Approximately his words sounded like this: “No matter what kind of president Yeltsin was, no matter what actions he committed, he brought Russia out of the impasse and always went to the end; when transferring powers, he said: “Take care of Russia,” which reflects his love for his Motherland.”

Boris Yeltsin was the first President of Russia. He was a strong leader, although he made many tactical blunders in his position. For eight years this man led a huge country and tried to lead it out of the crisis.

Job in Moscow

In 1968, Boris Yeltsin began his party career. A graduate of the Ural Polytechnic named after Kirov became the head of the construction department. Success in political service provided him with a quick breakthrough in his career. In 1984, Boris Nikolaevich was already a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. From 1985-1987 served as First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU.

In 1987, at the plenum of the Supreme Council, he criticized the activities of the current leader Mikhail Gorbachev. He was demoted to the position of deputy head of Gosstroy. In 1989, Yeltsin became a people's deputy of the USSR Supreme Council.

In 1990, he became Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR.

1991 presidential election

On March 17, 1991, a referendum was held in the USSR. On the agenda were the issue of introducing the post of president and the item on maintaining the status of the USSR. Purposeful and uncompromising Boris Yeltsin decided to run as a candidate for the presidency. His competitors in this race were pro-government candidate Nikolai Ryzhkov and Vladimir Zhirinovsky.

On June 12, 1991, the first presidential elections were held. B. N. Yeltsin was elected by a majority of votes. The reign of the first leader of Russia was originally supposed to be 5 years. Since the country was in a deep political and economic crisis, no one knew how long in real life the new president would last in office. A. Rutskoy was elected vice-president. He and Yeltsin were supported by the Democratic Russia bloc.

On July 10, 1991, Boris Yeltsin took an oath to serve his people faithfully. Mikhail Gorbachev remained the President of the USSR. Dual power did not suit the ambitious Yeltsin, although many researchers and politicians argue that the final goal of the new Russian leader was the collapse of the Union. Perhaps it was a political order that he carried out brilliantly.

August putsch

The years of Boris Yeltsin's reign were marked by significant unrest at the top of the state. Members of the CPSU did not want a change in leadership and understood that with the arrival of a new leader, the collapse of the USSR and their removal from power was not far off. Yeltsin harshly criticized the nomenklatura circles and repeatedly accused senior leaders of corruption.

Gorbachev and President Yeltsin, whose reign had been unstable, discussed the cornerstones of their cooperation and decided to eliminate the USSR politically. For this purpose, it was decided to create a confederation - the Union of Sovereign Soviet Republics. On August 20, this document was to be signed by the leaders of all union republics.

The State Emergency Committee launched active activities on August 18-21, 1991. During Gorbachev’s stay in Crimea, a temporary state body, the State Emergency Committee, was created, and a state of emergency was introduced in the country. The population was informed about this on the radio. The Democratic forces led by Yeltsin and Rutsky began to resist the old party elite.

The conspirators had some support in the army and the KGB. They pulled up some separate groups of troops to bring them into the capital. Meanwhile, President of the RSFSR Yeltsin was on a business trip. Opponents of the collapse of the Union decided to detain him upon arrival as far as possible from the White House. Other putschists decided to go to Gorbachev, convince him to introduce a state of emergency by his decree and appeal to the people.

On August 19, the media announced the resignation of M. Gorbachev for health reasons, acting. O. Gennady Yanaev was appointed president.

Yeltsin and his supporters were supported by the opposition radio Ekho Moskvy. The Alpha detachment arrived at the president's dacha, but there was no order to block him or take him into custody, so Boris Nikolaevich was able to mobilize all his supporters.

Yeltsin arrives at the White House, and local rallies begin in Moscow. Ordinary democratically minded citizens are trying to resist the State Emergency Committee. The protesters built barricades in the square and dismantled paving stones. Tanks without ammunition and 10 infantry fighting vehicles were driven to the square.

On the 21st, mass clashes began, three citizens died. The conspirators were arrested, and Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule were tense from the very beginning, dissolved the CPSU and nationalized the party's property. The putschist plan failed.

As a result, in December 1991, secretly from M. Gorbachev, the Bialowieza Agreements were signed, putting an end to the USSR and giving rise to new independent republics.

1993 crisis

In September 1993, former comrades quarreled. B. N. Yeltsin, whose years of rule were very difficult in the initial period, understood that the opposition in the person of Vice-President A. Rutsky and the Supreme Council of the RSFSR was doing its best to slow down new economic reforms. In this regard, B. Yeltsin issued decree 1400 - on the dissolution of the Armed Forces. A decision was made to hold new elections to the Federal Assembly.

Naturally, such a monopolization of power caused protest among members of the Supreme Council. As usual, equipment was brought to the capital and people were brought out into the streets. Several attempts were made to impeach the president, but Yeltsin ignored the legislation. Supporters of the Armed Forces were dispersed, opposition leaders were arrested. As a result of the clashes, according to various sources, about 200 people were killed and more than a thousand were injured.

After the victory of Boris Yeltsin and his supporters in Russia there was a transitional period of presidential dictatorship. All government bodies connecting Russia with the USSR were liquidated.

Socio-economic reforms of B. Yeltsin

Many economists and politicians, looking back at the years of Yeltsin's rule in Russia, call his policies chaotic and stupid. There was no single clear plan. For the first few years, the state was generally in a political crisis, which eventually resulted in the 1993 coup.

Many of the ideas of the president and his supporters were promising, but in implementing them according to the old monopolized system, Yeltsin ran into many pitfalls. As a result, the reform of the state led to a protracted crisis in the economic sphere, loss of deposits from the population and complete distrust of the authorities.

The main reforms of President Yeltsin:

• price liberalization, free market;
• land reform - transfer of land into private hands;
• privatization;
• reforming political power.

First Chechen War

In 1991, the independent Republic of Ichkeria was formed on the territory of Chechnya. This state of affairs did not suit Russia. Dzhokhar Dudayev became the president of the new independent republic. The Russian Supreme Court declared the elections invalid. The victory of the separatist forces led to the collapse of the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Ingushetia decided to remain autonomous within Russia. Based on this desire, Boris Yeltsin, whose years of rule had already been washed by rivers of blood, decided to send troops during the Ossetian-Ingush conflict of 1992. Chechnya was actually an independent state, not recognized by anyone. There was actually a civil war going on in the country. In 1994, Yeltsin decided to send troops to restore order in the Chechen People's Republic. As a result, the armed conflict with the use of Russian troops lasted two years.

Second presidential term

The second presidential term was extremely difficult for Boris Yeltsin. Firstly, constant heart problems were taking their toll, and secondly, the country was on the verge of a crisis, which the “sick” president did not have the strength to cope with. The newly elected president placed his bet on “political youth” in the person of Chubais and Nemtsov. Their active implementation of the reform course did not lead to the expected increase in GDP; the country lived off multibillion-dollar loans. In 1998, Yeltsin, whose years of rule were not successful for the state, began to look for a successor. This was the unknown head of the FSB, V. Putin.

Resignation

In 1998, B. Yeltsin’s “sand” economy collapsed. Default, price increases, job cuts, total instability, shutdown of large enterprises. The virtual market economy could not withstand the harsh realities. Having chosen a worthy candidate for his post and having secured V. Putin’s commitment to a comfortable old age, the first President of Russia, speaking in front of television viewers, resigned.

February 1 marks the 81st anniversary of the birth of Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin, the first president of the Russian Federation.

In 2003, a monument to Yeltsin was unveiled in Kyrgyzstan on the territory of one of the Issyk-Kul boarding houses; in 2008, a memorial plaque to the first Russian president was installed in the village of Butka (Sverdlovsk region).

On the 80th anniversary of the birth of Boris Yeltsin in Yekaterinburg, a monument to him was unveiled on the street named after him - a ten-meter obelisk stele made of light Ural marble. The architect and author of the memorial obelisk is Georgy Frangulyan, who is also the author of the tombstone for Yeltsin.

The monument was erected near the Demidov business center, where it is planned to open the Yeltsin Presidential Center.

Since 2003, the Sverdlovsk region has annually hosted international competitions among national women's volleyball teams for the Boris Yeltsin Cup. In 2009, the tournament was included in the official calendar of the International Volleyball Federation.

Since 2006, the All-Russian junior tennis tournament “Yeltsin Cup” has been held annually in Yekaterinburg.

From January 28 to February 6, 2011 in Kazan, the Tennis Academy hosted the first International Tennis Tournament of the ITF series "Yeltsin Cup" for boys and girls under 18 years old under the patronage of the Boris Yeltsin Foundation.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

The date of birth of Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin is February 1, 1931. Yeltsin lived a bright and eventful life, and through his political actions had a huge influence on changing the morally outdated Russian foundations. He managed to make even his death an unforgettable event for millions of people, not only in Russia, but throughout the world. It is he who must be thanked for starting work on the formation of such a monumental power as the Russian Federation, which allowed it to occupy a level on par with the most outstanding world countries and proudly maintain the status of a leader. In our article today we will trace the biography of the first president of the Russian Federation.

The influence of family on Yeltsin's early years

In 1931, no one could have imagined that the birth of a boy in a simple peasant family would mark the beginning of a new stage in the development of Russia. Yeltsin's biography during his life was supplemented by many significant moments, each of which influenced the further formation of his personality.

Despite the fact that Boris was born in the village of Butka (Sverdlovsk region, Talitsky district), his childhood years were spent in the Perm region, in Berezniki. Yeltsin's father, Nikolai Ignatievich, came from a kulak family and actively supported the overthrown tsarist government, constantly speaking out with anti-Soviet propaganda, for which he went to prison in 1934, served his sentence and was released. Although the imprisonment was short-lived, Boris was never able to get close to his father. His mother, Claudia Vasilyevna Yeltsina (before Starygin’s marriage), was much closer to him. She, in fact, took on all the family burdens, combining parental duties with the daily work of sewing clothes.

In his youth, Yeltsin actively helped his parents. The father's arrest was a heavy blow to the family's budget. After the communists came to power and mass repressions began in the country, my father, who was in prison at that time, had to work hard. After his release, he remained to work at a local factory, and the family's affairs gradually began to improve. Since Boris turned out to be the eldest in the family, he had to grow up early, taking on some of the worries aimed at earning money and caring for his younger brother and sister.

Despite this, Yeltsin's characterization was far from positive. Starting from an early age, Boris began to show his character. Even during baptism, he managed to slip out of the hands of the priest performing the ceremony and fall into the font. At school, he fought for the rights of his classmates with a teacher who forced the children to resort to physical labor more often than expected, namely plowing their garden, and beat the children for not following orders.

Having entered the period of his youth, Boris got involved in a fight, where his nose was broken by a shaft, but, as it turned out, this was not all the trouble that awaited Yeltsin. Having an ebullient temperament and being a very difficult teenager, he was able to steal a grenade from a nearby military warehouse and decided to study its contents, unable to think of anything better than breaking it with a stone. As a result of such actions, an explosion occurred, in which he lost two fingers on his right hand and acquired another negative experience, because with such an injury he was not allowed to serve in the army.

Studying at the institute and choosing a profession

A turbulent childhood did not prevent me from enrolling in the Faculty of Civil Engineering. The choice fell on the Ural Polytechnic Institute, where Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin acquired his first specialty as a civil engineer, which did not prevent him from subsequently mastering many more blue-collar professions, some of which are noted in his work book. During his youth, he was able to climb the career ladder from a foreman to the head of the Sverdlovsk house-building plant, which characterized him as an extremely purposeful person. Boris met his future wife Naina at the same university. The couple began to communicate closely, and soon after graduation they got married.

During his student years, Boris was actively involved in sports, and in particular volleyball, thanks to which he managed to receive the title of Master of Sports, of which he was very proud.

Married life

Naina Yeltsina (Girina) was born on March 14, 1932 in the village of Titovka (Orenburg region) and lived in a happy marriage with Boris from 1956 to 2007, during which she bore him two daughters - Elena and Tatyana.

Her family was very large (4 brothers and a sister) and deeply religious, so special attention was paid to raising children. The years of Yeltsin’s life were marked by both ups and downs, but throughout her marriage, Naina was always next to her husband, acutely experiencing all his ups and downs, providing her husband with a reliable rear. Even people who did not welcome the activities of Boris Yeltsin always paid tribute to the tact and sincerity of his wife.

At the age of 25, Naina decides to make the first changes in her life, changes her name and, accordingly, her passport. At birth, her parents gave her the name Anastasia, however, when the girl entered the service, the official address “Anastasia Iosifovna” constantly hurt her ears, which she could not and did not want to get used to.

Yeltsin’s rich biography had a certain influence on her. After getting married, she not only did not quit her job, but also continued to improve her professional skills. After graduating from the institute, she received a specialty as a civil engineer and worked until her retirement at the Vodokanalproekt Institute, located in Sverdlovsk. Making her way up the career ladder, she, like her husband, starting from the very bottom, was able to achieve appointment as the head of the institute group.

Awards received:

• International Oliver Award.
• National Prize of Russia "Olympia". Awarded for outstanding achievements of contemporaries in politics, business, science, art and culture.

Active activity

Construction work provided the basis for the complex technique of commanding people that Yeltsin often used as he climbed the career ladder. Years of hard work made significant adjustments to his life. Having become accustomed to frequent drinking of alcohol at a construction site, he treated it as something ordinary. In particular, this was most noticeable in his behavior on vacation. After joining the party, he repeatedly went on vacation to various sanatoriums, where he often entertained party comrades by drinking a glass of vodka like compote. Despite this, since the age of 37, Yeltsin has been involved in party work, receiving the status of head of a department with a subsequent promotion to secretary of the regional party committee.

In his youth, Yeltsin tried to spend the dates of all Russian holidays in Sverdlovsk, arranging informal meetings with workers. He could unexpectedly come to a store, grocery store or enterprise and arrange an unscheduled inspection there, because thanks to his position, he, in fact, became the first head of the largest industrial region of the USSR, gradually gaining the trust of people as a politician who does everything for his people.

Rapid approach to fame

The rapidity with which Yeltsin’s biography changed could not go unnoticed by the then leader of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, who began to carefully look at the stages of his political career.

While holding the post of first secretary of the regional committee in Sverdlovsk, Boris Yeltsin began to analyze the affairs that his predecessor had handled, and among the papers he discovered an order from 1975, which he never bothered to carry out. It contained instructions to demolish as quickly as possible the house of the merchant Ipatiev, in the basement of which during the revolution organized by the Bolsheviks, seeking to overthrow the royal foundations, the last Russian Tsar Nicholas II and his family were killed. Yeltsin immediately ordered the demolition of the building. His decisive leadership style and diligence did not go unnoticed by higher authorities. Gorbachev issues a decree on his transfer to Moscow, and from that day Yeltsin’s political career begins to rapidly rise. According to the recommendations given by deputy Yegor Ligachev, Yeltsin was appointed to a responsible position - First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the CPSU, where he successfully began to restore order among corrupt officials.

It was after his appointment that the black market in Moscow, operating according to a system that had been well-established over the years, began to shake. Spontaneous food fairs began to appear in the city, allowing people to purchase fresh collective farm fruits and vegetables directly from trucks, without any markup.

Daughters' lives

Yeltsin's biography had an indirect impact on the fate of his daughters. They were raised with a clear understanding that family is the most important thing in life. Boris and Naina tried to devote as much time as possible to the children, making sure to celebrate birthdays and the New Year together.

As a result of such upbringing, Yeltsin’s eldest daughter, Elena (married Okulova), repeated the fate of her mother. Devoting all her free time to her family, she tried as much as possible to avoid fame, a certain amount of which was imposed on her by the birth of such a famous person in the family. Yeltsin’s youngest daughter, Tatyana, on the contrary, although she did not achieve such outstanding successes as her father, she followed in his footsteps, leaving her mark on history. She began her career as an employee of the Russian Presidential Administration in 1996, eventually becoming a key adviser to her father. She has been married twice and is raising wonderful children with whom Naina Yeltsina loves to spend time. Unfortunately, one of them, Gleb, was diagnosed with Down syndrome. However, Yeltsin’s character was also reflected in his grandchildren. Even though this is a rather unpleasant disease, Gleb manages to fully enjoy life.

Yeltsin, who was advancing to power in the 90s, had to establish himself as a strong political leader, in the creation of whose image Tatyana played an important role. It is worth noting that her appointment to such a high post caused a lot of controversy at one time, because private entrepreneurs, according to the current legislation, could not hold a political position, but the fact of the appointment remained a fact.

Rebuilding the country after the collapse of the USSR

After his appointment as a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee in 1986, it was Yeltsin Boris Nikolaevich who began an active fight against the sluggish policy of perestroika, thanks to which he earned himself his first enemies among the members of the Central Committee, under whose pressure Yeltsin’s opinion changed sharply, and he was appointed to the position of First Secretary of the City Committee of the capital. Since 1988, his dissatisfaction with the lack of will of Politburo members has only intensified. Most of all goes to the same Ligachev, who recommended Yeltsin for this position.

In 1989, he successfully managed to combine the position of deputy of the Moscow district and membership in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR until 1990, when he first became a people's deputy of the RSFSR, and then Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, whose position, after parliament approved the declaration of sovereignty of the RSFSR, became in the country more significant. It was during this period that conflictual relations with Mikhail Gorbachev reached their peak, as a result of which he left the CPSU.

Most of the people reacted negatively to the collapse of such a great state as the Soviet Union, completely losing confidence in Gorbachev, which Yeltsin took advantage of. The year 1991 was marked by the fact that the people chose their president for the first time, who became Boris Yeltsin. For the first time, people were able to choose their own leader, because before this the party dealt with these issues, and people were simply informed about the change of leader.

Political activity

The first President Yeltsin immediately after his appointment begins an active purge of the ranks. In August 1991, he arrested Gorbachev in Crimea and put him under house arrest. Then, before the new year 1992, Yeltsin, having agreed with the top officials of Ukraine and Belarus, signed the Belovezhskaya Agreement, as a result of which the CIS appeared.

Yeltsin's reign could not be called calm. It was he who had to actively resist the Supreme Council, which disagreed with its decisions. As a result, disagreements grow to such proportions that Yeltsin is forced to send tanks into Moscow to dissolve parliament.

Despite the fact that he had strong support from the people, one significant mistake negated all his achievements. In 1994, Yeltsin approved the entry of Russian troops into Chechnya. As a result of hostilities, many Russians die, and the people begin to show the first signs of dissatisfaction with the new government.

A few years after these events, Yeltsin decides to run for a second term and overtakes his main communist rival, Zyuganov. However, the election struggle did not pass without a trace for Yeltsin. After his inauguration ceremony, it took him more than a year to regain his health.

Change of power in the country

Yeltsin's reign entered its final stage in the late 90s. As a result of the crisis in Russia and the rapid collapse of the ruble, his rating is falling. Yeltsin decides to take a step unexpected for everyone: he quietly retires, leaving behind a successor in the person of Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, who guarantees Boris Nikolayevich a calm and quiet old age.

Despite leaving his main position, Yeltsin does not cease to participate in the political life of the country until Putin, by special decree, officially prohibits him from attending such events, worried about his health. However, even such strict precautions could not prevent a sad outcome.

Funny moments from life

Despite the fact that Boris’s life was quite difficult, there were also a lot of positive moments in it. Only he could afford informal communication with the top officials of the countries, while under the influence, which, although considered a lack of tact, was warmly perceived by the majority of European leaders, who had the most positive impressions of Yeltsin. While visiting Germany, he liked the orchestra's performance so much that he tried to conduct it himself. And, of course, one cannot fail to note the unsurpassed playing on spoons. It is noteworthy that this talent would not have fallen into the category of funny moments from the life of Boris Yeltsin if he had not used the heads of his subordinates for the game.

Political figures such as Angela Merkel, George W. Bush, Jacques Chirac, Tony Blair, Bill Clinton forever remembered Yeltsin as a cheerful and cheerful person, thanks to whom Russia finally had a chance to rise from its knees after the collapse of the USSR and the subsequent behind him is a crisis. They were the first to express their condolences to Naina Yeltsina on the day of the funeral.

On April 23, 2008, at the Novodevichy cemetery, sculptor Georgy Frangulyan presented a monument to Boris Yeltsin. The memorial is made in the colors of the Russian flag, under which an Orthodox cross is engraved. The materials used were white marble, sky-colored Byzantine mosaics and red porphyry.

Death and funeral

The years of Yeltsin's life allow us to judge him as a person with great willpower and a thirst for life. Despite the fact that his political activities cannot be assessed unambiguously, it was he who had the honor of putting Russia on the path of improvement.

Yeltsin's death occurred on April 23, 2007, at 15.45, in the Central Clinical Hospital. The cause was cardiac arrest as a result of progressive cardiovascular multiple organ failure, that is, disruption of the functioning of internal organs during a serious heart disease. It is worth noting that throughout his reign, he, as a true leader, was always aimed at victory, even if this required overstepping certain moral or legislative principles. At the same time, the character of this great man remains inexplicable. Striving for absolute power and overcoming many obstacles to achieve this, he voluntarily gives it up, handing over the reins of power to Vladimir Putin, who was not only able to improve the state created by Yeltsin, but also achieved significant progress in all sectors.

Immediately before his hospitalization, Yeltsin suffered from an acute form of a cold, which caused severe damage to his already weak health. Even though he went to the clinic almost two weeks before his death, the best doctors in the country could not do anything. In the last week, he didn’t even get out of bed, and on the tragic day the former head’s heart stopped twice, and the first time the doctors literally pulled him out of the other world, and the second time they couldn’t do anything.

According to the wishes of the relatives, Boris Nikolayevich’s body remained untouched, and the pathologist did not perform an autopsy, however, this did not mitigate the fact that Yeltsin’s funeral became a real tragedy. And this is not only about the loving family, which sincerely experienced his death, but also about the tragedy for the entire Russian people. This day will forever be remembered by the residents of Russia as a day of great mourning, declared by a special decree of the new President of the Russian Federation.

Yeltsin's funeral took place on April 25, 2007. The tragic ceremony was covered by all major Russian television channels, so that those who were unable to come to Moscow to say goodbye to him had the opportunity to at least watch what was happening from the other side of the screen and say goodbye to this outstanding man.

The ceremony was attended by many former and current heads of state. Those who were unable to appear in person expressed their condolences to Yeltsin's loved ones. When the coffin with the body of the former head of state was lowered into the ground, an artillery salute sounded, marking a tribute to the memory of the president, who will always be remembered in Russia.