Recently in Russia there have been significant institutional changes in industries, the ownership of which previously always belonged to the state and public administration - highways, electricity, utilities, ports, airports, etc. Are you also interested in PPP projects in Moscow and the Moscow region?

PPP projects

Using a public-private partnership program will minimize risks and increase potential revenues. However, for a PPP investment project to be effective, it needs professional support - legal, financial, technical, organizational and administrative. Comprehensive services from specialized organizations will allow you to optimize the budget of a PPP project in Moscow and build competent relationships with counterparties.

Product Description

Public-private partnership in its modern understanding is an organizational and institutional alliance of business and the state, created for the implementation of international and national, local and large-scale socially significant projects in a variety of fields of activity - from design research and development to the provision of public services.

The Institute provides the following services for public-private partnerships in Moscow, the region and other regions of the Russian Federation:

• Development of the concept of a PPP investment project, preparation of the necessary documentation, coordination with state or municipal authorities.
• Development of a financial model of the project.
• Development of a transport model (if necessary), which is needed by many public-private partnership projects in Moscow and the Moscow region.
• Development of a business plan, technical or financial feasibility study.
• Organization of public discussions, roadshows and other events.
• Legal support of PPP.
• Preparation of presentation and reporting materials, defense of the project in examination bodies, etc.

About the Institute

Since 2001, the institute has been involved in the preparation and support of the implementation of investment projects, including within the framework of public-private partnerships (PPP).

During this time, the institute has prepared and approved a number of methodological documents by the Ministry of Transport of Russia, and packages of documents have been prepared for the implementation of PPP investment projects.

The institute's specialization includes forecasting traffic flows and financial modeling, for which it uses its own unique software, adapted for PPP projects and taking into account both Russian standards and global practice in carrying out such work (requirements of banks, generally accepted international methods, etc.)

The specified software and financial models were repeatedly submitted for examination to Western investment consultants. The results of the examination were always positive.

Leading employees of the institute completed internships in companies that are world leaders in the field of design, creation and management of toll roads.

The Institute is a leader in the number of projects prepared for submission to the Investment Fund of the Russian Federation.

Our projects have already received more than 20 positive opinions from Western investment consultants, the Expert Councils of Rosavtodor and the Ministry of Transport of Russia, Glavgosexpertiza, as well as the Government Commission.

The Institute has partnerships with a number of leading global companies, including:

• - Communication & Systems, Paris, France;
• - Steer davies gleave, London, UK.

The law is dedicated to public-private and municipal-private partnerships in the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as PPP and MPP, respectively).

PPP, MPP is a legally formalized for a certain period and based on the pooling of resources, distribution of risks, cooperation between a public partner, on the one hand, and a private partner, on the other, which is carried out on the basis of a special agreement. The goal is to attract private investment into the economy, ensure the availability of goods, works, services and improve their quality.

An agreement on PPP or private private partnership is concluded between public and private partners for a period of at least 3 years.

The private partner can be a Russian legal entity. An exception is state unitary enterprises and municipal unitary enterprises; state and municipal institutions; public law companies and other legal entities created by the Russian Federation on the basis of federal laws; economic partnerships and societies, economic partnerships under the control of public entities; subsidiaries of the above organizations; NPOs created by them in the form of foundations. An exhaustive list of requirements has been established that a private partner must meet.

The mandatory elements of the agreement on PPP and private private partnership have been fixed. This is the construction and (or) reconstruction of an object by a private partner. Full or partial financing of the creation of the facility. Operation and/or maintenance of the facility by a private partner. The emergence of ownership rights to the object subject to the encumbrance of the latter. Moreover, if the total volume of government investments exceeds the amount of private investments, then the object is transferred to public ownership no later than the day the agreement is terminated.

A closed list of objects of the agreement on PPP and private private partnership has been established. This includes roads, bridges, public transport (except for the metro), railway and pipeline transport facilities, sea, river and specialized ports, water and aircraft, airports, facilities for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity, hydraulic engineering structures, landscaping facilities, as well as those where processing, recycling, neutralization, disposal of solid municipal waste are carried out, healthcare facilities, including those intended for sanatorium treatment, educational, cultural, sports facilities, facilities used for organization of recreation for citizens and tourism, other social services for the population.

It is not permitted to conclude an agreement in relation to sources of thermal energy, heating networks or their combination, water supply and sanitation facilities. The form of PPP or private private partnership for such objects is a concession agreement.

The powers of the relevant authorities in the field of PPP and private private partnership have been determined. The guarantees of the rights and legitimate interests of private partners in the implementation of an agreement on PPP and private private partnership are listed. The procedure for its preparation, conclusion, execution, and termination is prescribed.

Corresponding amendments have been made to the Land, Urban Planning, Water and Forestry Codes of the Russian Federation, to the Laws on Subsoil, Valuation Activities, etc.

The federal law comes into force on January 1, 2016, with the exception of certain provisions for which other deadlines are provided.

Story

Interaction between the state and the private sector to solve socially significant problems has a long history, including in Russia. However, PPP has become most relevant in recent decades. On the one hand, the complication of socio-economic life makes it difficult for the state to perform socially significant functions. On the other hand, business is interested in new investment properties. PPP is an alternative to the privatization of vital, strategically important state-owned assets.

The most indicative experience of public-private partnerships has been gained in the UK.

The concept of public-private partnership

There is no consensus among experts about what forms of interaction between government and business can be classified as PPP. Broad interpretation PPP implies constructive interaction between government and business not only in the economy, but also in politics, culture, science, etc.

Among the basic features of public-private partnerships in narrow (economic) interpretation the following can be mentioned:

As a rule, PPP assumes that it is not the state that is involved in business projects, but, on the contrary, the state invites business to take part in the implementation of socially significant projects.

Forms of public-private partnership

In a broad sense, the main forms of PPP in the field of economics and public administration include:

• any mutually beneficial forms of interaction between the state and business;
• financial lease (leasing);
• public-private enterprises;

Areas of application of public-private partnership

The main area of ​​application of PPP in the world is the construction of highways. Among the remaining ones, the largest share is occupied by projects in housing and communal services. In Russia, projects in the field of water supply and wastewater treatment have been operating since the 1990s.

Public-private partnership in Russia

There is currently no generally accepted definition, as well as a federal law on PPP.

Definitions of public-private partnerships are present in the laws on PPP adopted in 60 constituent entities of the Russian Federation (as of September 2012). For a complete list, see: www.pppi.ru In 2007, the Development Bank was created on the basis of Vnesheconombank of the USSR. The Basic Law regulating the activities of this institution directly assigns to it the functions of a participant in the PPP market. The Vnesheconombank PPP Center is a structural division of the Development Bank..

The most modern and promising PPP instruments in Russia at the moment are:

• other public corporations;

Public-private partnership in Ukraine

In October 2010, the Law of Ukraine “ About public-private partnership"- a law that reflected the point of view of the Ukrainian state regarding the principles, forms and conditions of interaction between business and the state.

Public-private partnership as a way of organizing public-private legal relations has been known to Ukrainian business for a long time. In practice, it is expressed in the forms of joint activities, management of state property, leasing of state property, concessions and others. The new law actually reproduces the picture of public-private partnership that exists in practice, adding to it the desired touches for the state. The term “public-private partnership” was introduced as a political and managerial rather than a legal category. It is defined as cooperation between the state, represented by its bodies, and business entities, based on an agreement. More details about public-private partnerships in Ukraine can be found on the Ukrainian-language page

Public-private partnership in St. Petersburg

Regional authorities in Russia are also adopting their own PPP programs in order to build long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation between OIGV and the private sector to implement large public projects. So, according to the head of the Committee on Investments and Strategic Projects A. Chichkanov: “The PPP mechanism allows not only to attract funds for the implementation of socially significant projects for the city, but also to find the most modern technical solutions and effectively manage the created objects.”

According to the World Bank, St. Petersburg is currently implementing one of the largest programs in the world to implement projects using public-private partnership schemes. The city has developed its own legislative framework allowing investors to interact with regional authorities as efficiently as possible:

1. So in 2006, the Law of St. Petersburg dated December 25, 2006 No. 627-100 “On the participation of St. Petersburg in public-private partnerships” was adopted.
2. In addition to it, 3 years later, Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg dated March 31, 2009 No. 346 “On measures to develop public-private partnerships in St. Petersburg” was issued.
3. As part of the administrative reform, the administrative regulations of the Committee on Investments and Strategic Projects were created. in the same 2009, the Order of the Committee on Investments and Strategic Projects of the Government of St. Petersburg dated December 8, 2009 No. 92 “On approval of the administrative regulations of the Committee on Investments and Strategic Projects for the performance of the state function of conducting an examination of materials necessary to determine the existence of grounds for making a decision on the implementation of an investment project through the participation of St. Petersburg in a public-private partnership"
4. Finally, in order to facilitate the implementation of the adopted documents, Resolution of the Government of St. Petersburg dated March 31, 2009 No. 347 “On measures to implement the Law of St. Petersburg “On the participation of St. Petersburg in public-private partnerships” was developed.”

Current PPP projects in St. Petersburg

Based on the Law of St. Petersburg “On the participation of St. Petersburg in public-private partnerships,” two major projects are being implemented: the development of the Pulkovo airport and the construction of a plant for processing solid household waste in the village of Yanino. Preliminary preparation of PPP projects in the field of housing and public utilities (water and heat supply, energy saving, etc.), development of transport infrastructure and in the social sphere (construction of socially significant facilities - schools, hospitals, etc.).

Competitions for PPP projects in St. Petersburg

On March 31, 2011, the results of an open competition were summed up for the right to conclude an agreement on the creation and operation, on the basis of a public-private partnership, of buildings intended to house educational institutions in the Pushkinsky district of St. Petersburg and a lease agreement for plots. LLC “Management Company “Peremena”” was recognized as the winner of the Competition. Currently, the Committee has announced competitions for the implementation of the following projects:

• construction of the Palace of Arts on Vasilyevsky Island
• creation and operation of the "Western High-Speed ​​Diameter" highway
• reconstruction and construction of facilities at the Northern water pumping station of St. Petersburg with the introduction of two-stage water purification technology

Links

• PPP, State investment, Extra-budgetary financing: International information and analytical portal "Gosinvestor.ru"
• Center for the Development of Public-Private Partnerships in Russia
• PPP information portal info: Infrastructure and public-private partnership in Russia
• Public-private partnership in Russia: information and analytical portal
• Poland
• Study: Financial viability and acceptability of off-budget infrastructure financing models, KPMG, 2006.
• Concession agreements for the provision of services: first application experience, KPMG, 2007.
• Public-private partnership as a form of relations between government and business in Russia
• There are PPP instruments in Russia. We must learn to work with them.
• Historical forms of PPP: ordeal, tax farming, concessions. PPP in the Russian Empire.
• What are the accounting books silent about? Pitfalls of public-private partnerships in Central and Eastern Europe

The Voskhod Research Institute wrote a plan for IT development through PPP in Russian regions

The Center for the Development of Investments and PPPs in the Digital Economy of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientific Research Institute "Voskhod" has prepared a work plan for the development of PPPs in the IT field. The document implies support by the center for structuring, coordination and implementation of concession and PPP agreements in the IT field. Nadezhda Kostryukova, head of the center for the development of investments and PPP in the digital economy, reported this to TAdviser on January 29, 2020. More details

2019

The Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications has created a center to help PPP projects in the IT sector

As of December 2019, the center analyzes the current state of the PPP market in the IT sector in all Russian regions. In the course of this analysis, the center, in particular, identifies barriers to the implementation of PPP projects. In addition, the center collects proposals and initiatives from the regions for the development of PPP, Alexey Dorozhko, Deputy Director of the Department for Coordination and Implementation of Digital Economy Projects of the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications, told TAdviser.

The Center for the Development of Investments and PPPs in the Digital Economy, according to him, is a structural unit of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute Voskhod. The number and composition of the staff envisaged by him is 5 subject specialists in the field of PPP. However, according to Dorozhko, their number may be increased if calls to the center increase. At the same time, as Dorozhko added, in its activities the center uses all the existing expertise and competencies of the Voskhod Research Institute in the field of information technology.

Nadezhda Kostryukova was appointed head of the center. Previously, she worked as project director for the Smart City product office of Rostelecom.

As services provided by the center, Alexey Dorozhko named assistance to grantors and public partners in identifying and preparing IT projects, consulting support in the interaction of investors and the state, information and educational support, as well as assistance in the development of the regulatory framework and PPP methodology in IT.

The center’s services, according to Alexey Dorozhko, do not include financial support for market participants. At the same time, an important task of the center is to provide assistance to potential investors in IT projects when interacting with development institutions, as well as with financial organizations. The purpose of such assistance, according to Dorozhko, is to provide access to existing financing instruments.

Together with the center for the development of investments and PPP in the digital economy, the project office for the implementation of the national program “Digital Economy” and the National PPP Center, as Mikhail Nasibulin indicated, the Ministry of Telecom and Mass Communications plans to conduct PPP accelerators. In them, regions, operators and private investors will jointly develop pilot PPP projects in IT and, through a series of hackathons and roadshows, correctly “package” ready-to-launch projects.

The PPP accelerator has already been partially tested - at the master class “Investment and PPP in the IT sector” as part of the interregional meeting “Leaders of Digital Development”, held in October 2019 in Sochi.

Speaking about the reasons for creating the center, Mikhail Nasibulin recalled that it is necessary to attract about 535 billion rubles of private investment for the implementation of the Digital Economy national program. An important tool for such attraction, according to him, will be the PPP mechanism.

Alexey Dorozhko drew TAdviser's attention to the fact that IT projects relatively recently received full opportunities for implementation using PPP mechanisms.

At the same time, he noted that in the context of the development of the digital economy, such projects are interdisciplinary in nature. In this sense, according to him, the creation of the Center for the Development of Investments and PPPs in the Digital Economy made it possible to combine on one platform diverse unique competencies to solve pressing issues in the development of PPPs in IT.

Alexey Dorozhko also drew TAdviser’s attention to the fact that in Russia there are no specialized financial organizations, as well as financial products for the implementation of PPP projects in IT.

He also pointed TAdviser to those IT projects that have prospects from the point of view of implementation under the PPP model.

In Russia, the number of projects in the field of digitalization is increasing, both in the public sector and in the private sector in interaction with government bodies that could potentially have market sources of income, including through the provision of information and information-analytical services, as well as the provision of other paid services. Such projects have high potential for implementation based on PPP and concession mechanisms. This is especially typical for capital-intensive projects, the required amount of financing for which can reach several tens and even hundreds of billions of rubles,” said Alexey Dorozhko

The development of existing government information systems, he said, in some cases can also be reoriented to the use of new investment mechanisms. In addition, as Dorozhko noted, the Smart City project is undergoing intensive development in the regions, during the implementation of which new concession and PPP mechanisms in IT are already being tested.

The head of the project office for the implementation of the national program “Digital Economy” of the Analytical Center for the Government of Russia, Vladimir Mesropyan, told TAdviser that the project office supports the creation of a center for the development of investments and PPPs in the digital economy and considers it as one of the key partners.

At the same time, he noted that the center has already begun to provide comprehensive technical, economic and legal support to federal and regional government bodies responsible for the implementation of public policy and implementation of projects in this area.

Speaking about the feasibility of creating the center, Vladimir Mesropyan noted that government agencies on the side of public partners and grantors, both at the federal and regional levels, have a need for special competencies necessary to apply new mechanisms in the implementation of relevant projects.

According to him, the support provided by the center to IT projects is the main thing they lack for successful development.

He also added that, ultimately, the center’s activities in the IT field will allow private business to be involved in the financing and operation of various types of information systems and other IT facilities, as well as reduce the burden on federal and regional budgets when implementing projects of the Digital Economy national program.

Maxim Akimov declared war on public-private projects for video recording of traffic violations

2018

Which state regional systems can switch to a public-private partnership model

The public-private partnership (PPP) model is a common form of relationship for areas that are drivers of the development of state institutions in the regional economy. Financing from the state budget of such high-cost areas as digitalization of public administration faces serious obstacles in subsidized regions. And not only in them - even donor regions are faced with the need to primarily finance social projects and postpone until later the task of creating their own digital space.

But the costs of creating or modernizing, as well as increasing the efficiency of government digital services, can be borne by a business that plans to recoup the costs through the commercialization of the product it has created. What areas can be transferred to the business? First of all, these are transport, the service sector, including housing and communal services, telecommunications, healthcare and security.

In addition, she said, the PPP model is applicable to the development of document management systems.

If we compare different forms of PPP, then it is the concession model that protects the investor more legally, he noted. Glushkov believes that projects to create paid municipal parking lots in the future will increasingly be formalized as concession agreements. The budgets of government organizations are often very limited, so private investments will help quickly launch IT projects and significantly save state funds, says a Lanit representative.

Advisor to the president of the AiTeco company Valery Kwon told TAdviser that the community had been working towards this law for several years. In his opinion, the law is of enormous importance for the market: it opens the gateway to the start of a number of projects under the PPP model, access to which was significantly limited or available only to large market players.

This is extremely important for the development of such segments where synergy is achieved between the capabilities of the state and innovative startups, and there are many such industries: for example, tourism, transport, sports, and the performance of a number of government functions, Kwon added.

The main thing is that the law allows us to significantly increase the complexity and complexity of innovative IT projects implemented in the public sector. It is in complex projects that the full potential of IT-PPP is realized. If previously startups, say, in the field of cloud technologies, the Internet of things or AI, could enter a state project solely as a contractor, and the state customer was not able to provide significant support other than payment, then in a partnership scheme the state customer can give something more than money, - says the ITeco representative. - And the project is much more likely and faster to bring the expected result than a conventional contracting scheme.

Authorities welcome public-private partnership in IT

The State Duma has established the possibility of concluding so-called public-private partnership (PPP) agreements and concessions in relation to information systems, including government ones, databases, Internet sites and computer programs. Until now, such relations between the state and business have not been fully regulated, according to legislators. At the same time, a similar format was still used in Russia.

The legislators’ website notes that the initiators of the bill were a group of deputies led by the chairman of the Duma Committee on Natural Resources, Property and Land Relations, a member of the United Russia faction Nikolai Nikolaev.

According to the head of the relevant committee, the approved act is relevant and is a stage in solving the problem of digitalization of the Russian economy, since it allows us to attract private investment and world practices into the field of PPP.

At the end of June, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed amendments to the law “On Concession Agreements”, which stipulate that the objects of public-private partnership (PPP) can be software, databases, information systems and websites, as well as buildings and premises technologically connected with IT objects.

2017: A bill on the creation of IT systems based on the PPP model was submitted to the State Duma

The State Duma has introduced amendments to the legislation on public-private partnerships (PPP) and concessions, which, according to their authors, will allow the state to save costs, which annually amount to about 100 billion rubles.

On April 24, 2017, deputy Nikolai Nikolaev submitted for consideration to the State Duma amendments to Federal Law No. 224 “On public-private partnerships, municipal-private partnerships in the Russian Federation and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation” and Federal Law No. 115 “On concession agreements” ", recognizing IT systems as PPP and concession objects - previously only real estate objects, for example, roads or buildings, were recognized as such. Amendments to the bill were initiated by the IIDF with the support of experts from the Ministry of Economic Development, Rostelecom and Gazprombank. At the interdepartmental commission on PPP they were supported by all participants of the meeting.

In the case of creating an object under a PPP or concession model, the costs of creating or modernizing and increasing the efficiency of the IT system can be borne by the contractor from among the IT market companies, and the contract provides for the possibility of commercialization by the contractor of the product created/modernized by him. At the same time, the social significance of the facility will remain - anyone can get access to one or another electronic system of government services.

There are more than 1,000 GIS systems operating throughout Russia, of which more than 300 are federal state information systems. Of these, no more than 30% are truly easy to use and work without failures. There is no question at all that such a system would make a profit,” emphasized the drafter of the bill, Iskender Nurbekov, director of legal issues and initiatives of the IIDF. “But if you create GIS through a PPP or concession mechanism, there will be a win-win situation on the market. End users will receive the most “marketable” product, easy to use and working without failures, federal and regional authorities will be able to significantly reduce the cost of creating government information systems and save billions of rubles, and private developers will gain access to a new market, commercializing the product through additional user services.

According to TAdviser, creation and development cost the state 15.4 billion rubles. in 2015-16, operation and modernization - another 43.4 billion rubles. These include the system of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, the system of the Social Insurance Fund, the Federal Treasury, customs authorities, etc. For comparison, about 100 billion rubles. the food assistance program for the poor will cost the state.

Recognizing IT systems as objects of PPP or concession will significantly accelerate the pace of informatization and digitalization of the country, which means it will make many markets more transparent and improve the quality of competition in these markets,” says the author of the bill, State Duma deputy Nikolaev. “Market companies can quickly create an information system, thanks to which a whole layer of processes and functions will become understandable and transparent to all users of this system - be it ordinary citizens who want to make an appointment with a doctor, tender participants or applicants for a certain type of license.

According to the authors, the adoption of amendments to the bills will also contribute to the implementation of Presidential Order No. 2346 on the approval of the “Digital Economy of Russia” program, which will provide for measures to create legal, technical, organizational and financial conditions for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation.

2016: Prospects for public-private partnerships in information technologies through the eyes of IT companies

How do you assess the prospects for public-private partnerships in the IT sector? TAdviser addressed this question to Russian companies involved in IT projects in the public sector.

From the respondents' responses, it can be concluded that public-private partnerships (PPP) may be promising, but such cooperation has limited potential. In particular, according to experts, the PPP mechanism today is spelled out in law mainly in the interests of large businesses. The main problem is the legal insecurity of the interests of entrepreneurs in relations with the state. In addition, the legislation is structured quite conservatively and a number of tasks that the state could and would like to outsource to business cannot be entered into by commercial companies due to regulatory restrictions.

For the dynamic development of PPP, a global national policy and a clear vector of development are needed. According to experts, there may even be a need for a dedicated regulator for such activities and a single platform for concluding transactions.

A significant surge in IT projects under the PPP model, both at the federal and regional levels, will only occur when existing public-private partnership projects show their effectiveness, says Maykor Vice President Irina Semenova.

The most notable PPP projects as of 2016 are being implemented in the Moscow region. In particular, this is the creation (partner - "and Alexey Boldyrev. The PPP mechanism is prescribed in the law mainly in the interests of large businesses, probably for a dozen or two players in the Russian market, he adds.

PPP in state informatization is developing in parallel with the sequestration of IT budgets, and serves as a very reliable anti-crisis measure, says Galina Akhmerova, deputy general director of BARS Group for commerce and business development. Large banks and telecommunications companies are showing interest in this model; they are ready to invest their money in state informatization, and IT companies can act as their contractors.

In addition, in his opinion, private companies and government organizations have different goals. For private companies it is making a profit, for government agencies it is providing services to all categories of citizens. A conflict of interest arises, which carries the risk of partnership collapse. It is extremely difficult to maintain this balance in projects implemented under the PPP scheme.

PPP makes it possible to share responsibility for the success of the project with the contractor, thereby making him interested in the efficiency of the project, its quality and reliability. For the state, this can also be an opportunity to optimize one-time investments, spreading them over time and linking them to the achievement of the required indicators (KPI), says Dmitry Trofimov, deputy head of the commercial directorate of the Asteros group.

As an example, he cites a project to create public Wi-Fi networks in the metro: Essentially, in exchange for access to infrastructure, the city and citizens received free access to the Internet anywhere in the subway. The return on investment in this case is completely transferred to the operator.

One of the main problems of PPP is the legal insecurity of the interests of entrepreneurs in relations with the state and conservative legislation.

For the dynamic development of this area, a global national policy and a clear vector of development are needed, believes Sergei Eisymont, Deputy Director of the Department of Complex Projects at Lanit. Perhaps we need a dedicated regulator for such activities and a single platform for concluding transactions - a kind of “government job fair,” he adds.

Cooperation in the form of PPP is beneficial to both parties only if the state gives certain and firm guarantees, and only large businesses can achieve them, agrees commercial director of FORS - Development Center Evgeniy Efimenko.

In general, public-private partnership is one of the mechanisms for implementing large projects that are economically unsustainable or difficult in the short term for the state and business separately, and therefore, to maintain the balance of the market model, it must be combined with free competition. Moreover, companies for such partnerships should not simply be selected or appointed from above - just as new target companies should not be created for specific projects. And, unfortunately, this is exactly the case with us today. The creation of public-private enterprises should occur only on the basis of an open competition of investment projects, so that IT companies participate in it on equal terms and the strongest win. At the same time, business participants in such projects must bear full responsibility for the funds spent and the results obtained, says Efimenko

In the IT sector in Komi, according to Selyutin, projects in the form of PPP were also planned, but did not take place: “Thank God, we didn’t have time.”