Choosing a profession is one of the main life choices made by a person at a young age, since by choosing a profession, he chooses a way of life.

A person who chooses his future profession is called an optant (from Latin optacio - desire, election). The selection stage should end with the formulation of a realistic and fairly clear idea of ​​the professional community into which the growing person will include himself in the future.

The number of professions these days is measured in five figures, and their world is a moving picture. According to various researchers, ninth-graders, for example, can name on average only 20-26 professions, so career guidance is often spontaneous. A study of the motives for choosing a profession by schoolchildren showed that the advice of others plays a significant role in this: 25% of children choose a profession under the influence of a friend who is more independent, 17 - on the advice of their parents, 9% - under the influence of the media. Another 9% are guided by minor factors, such as the proximity of the university to home, and only 40% of teenagers choose a profession based on the content of the activity. But professional intentions turn out to be more stable, and mastery of activities is faster and more effective if the main reason for the choice is an orientation towards the content of the upcoming activity.

When choosing a future profession, a high school student, as a rule, focuses on his interests and inclinations, without taking into account his own adequacy to the requirements of a particular field of professional activity: the presence of psychophysiological capabilities, intellectual potential, professionally significant personality qualities.

For many people, the choice situation turns out to be stressful. The reasons for this lie in the fact that, on the one hand, a person is afraid to take responsibility for his actions, on the other hand, he simply does not know how to competently make a decision so that it corresponds to his interests and goals.

When turning to a specialist, a person asks to determine what type of activity he is most capable of, expecting to receive unambiguous recommendations regarding his professional destiny. Behind this lies not only a common misconception regarding the predisposition of each of us to a certain type of activity (and only to it), but also, perhaps, an unconscious desire to shift the solution to the most important life problem to another person, even a specialist.

Qualified assistance means that a consultant helps a person determine the presence and direction of his professional interests and inclinations, personal and business qualities necessary for mastering a certain area of ​​professional work; informs him about the content and working conditions within the profession of interest; introduces you to the rules for making decisions and planning your professional path. The final choice of future profession remains with the person himself.

Psychological classification of professions (specialties)

A specialty is a limited (due to the division of labor) area of ​​application of a person’s physical and spiritual forces necessary for society, which gives him the opportunity to receive in return for the labor he has applied (expended) the necessary means of existence and development. A profession (from Latin professio - officially specified occupation, profiteor - I declare my business) is a group of related specialties. For example, there is no turner at all, there is a rotary turner, a boring turner, a revolver turner, a universal turner, etc. All these specialties are theoretically combined into a group designated as the “turning profession.”

There are thousands of specialties, and for ease of orientation in them, their classification is necessary. Various classifications are possible: according to sectors of the national economy, according to the level of required qualifications, according to the similarity of psychological requirements and on many other grounds.

For a rough distinction and “trying on” by each person different professions, a four-tier overview classification of them according to the characteristics of the subject, goals, means and working conditions, developed by the scientist E.A., is suitable. Klimov and his staff.

In accordance with the distinguishable varieties of object systems, five types of professions are distinguished: “man - nature” (P), “man - technology” (T), “man - man” (H), “man - sign” (3), “man - artistic image" (X).

World map of professions

Conventional name for the type of profession	Characteristics of the subject of labor	Vocational Education	Secondary special education	Higher education
"Man-Nature"	Living organisms, biological, microbiological processes	Fruit and vegetable grower, livestock breeder	Forestry technician, livestock specialist, florist	Animal engineer, agronomist, veterinarian
"Man-Technology"	Technical systems, energy, artificial and non-living natural materials	Mechanic, crane operator, operator	Technologist, construction technician	Engineer
"Man-Man"	People, teams, groups, social processes	Seller, hairdresser	Nurse, preschool teacher	Teacher, engineer, manager
"Sign Man"	Conventional signs, numbers, codes, natural and artificial languages ​​(formulas)	Typesetter, draftsman, PC operator	Financial inspector, economist	Engineer-economist, editor, theorist
"Man-Artistic Image"	Artistic images, their properties, elements	Engraver, sculptor of architectural details	Decorator-designer, sculptor-performer	Design artist, interior designer, fashion designer, actor

Professions like “Man - Nature”

These are professions where the labor of workers is directed to objects of living nature. Educational subjects help to navigate this area: botany, zoology, anatomy, physiology, general biology.

The peculiarity of biological objects of labor is that they are complex, changeable, and non-standard. They transform according to their internal laws. Plants, animals, and microorganisms live, grow, develop (and also get sick and die). The worker needs not only to know a lot, but also to mentally anticipate changes in the objects of labor.

The employee is required to have initiative and independence in solving specific work tasks. Care and foresight are important, because many changes in animal and plant organisms may be irreversible (plants may wither, die from pests, widespread livestock diseases may begin, etc.). Changing working conditions require the employee to creatively solve emerging problems.

Human labor in the field of “man-nature” professions is aimed not only at the objects mentioned above. For example, plant growers use various and complex techniques in their practice. Working in a team, they are, in particular, busy establishing interpersonal relationships. They also have to delve into issues of accounting and economic evaluation of their work. There are even professions of this type that necessarily require artistic inclinations (along with an inclination towards biology and botany), for example, flower growers and decorators (florists), green building technicians (specialists in landscaping cities and populated areas). But still, the main subject of attention and concern of workers in this case is plants and their environment.

The situation is similar with animal husbandry professions. Livestock farming is increasingly being transferred to an industrial basis and equipped with technology. A livestock breeder is also a machine operator. But if he does not have a special attitude, special inclinations to work with animals (and only has an interest in technology), then this negatively affects his work.

The microbiologist is surrounded on all sides by laboratory equipment, and the biological subject of research itself is not even visible to the naked eye. But here, too, the main thing is interest in natural phenomena. And technology is a means, but not the main subject of labor.

When choosing a “man-nature” profession, it is very important to take into account the following. For many people, nature acts as an attractive environment associated with recreation. City residents tend to go to the forest or mountains after work or during vacation. But all this is not the love for nature that is expected from a professional in the field of “man-nature”. Therefore, it is very important to understand exactly how a person loves nature: as a workshop in which he is going to devote all his energy to the production of this or that product, or he just likes to walk in the forest, breathe fresh air, lie on the lawn. You need to test your love for nature in practical work.

Professions like “Human-Technology”

These are professions where the labor of workers is directed to technical objects (machines, mechanisms, materials, types of energy). In professions of this type, educational subjects such as physics, chemistry, mathematics, and drawing help to navigate. It should be taken into account that the field of technical objects includes not only hardware, but also all kinds of non-metallic materials - fabrics, plastics, food raw materials, semi-finished products. The field of technology must be understood broadly.

The peculiarity of technical (and inanimate natural) objects is that, as a rule, they can be accurately measured, determined by many characteristics, and when processing, transforming, moving or evaluating the worker is required to perform precise and definite actions.

It is impossible to invent machines that would be very exhausting, wear out a person, would be very inconvenient and dangerous for him.

Designers, together with psychologists and design artists, strive to make technology as convenient, safe, and comfortable as possible.

In the world of technology there are many opportunities for innovation and invention. In this regard, technical imagination, the ability to mentally connect and separate technical objects and their parts are important conditions for success in this area. It is possible to invent not only new products of labor (products in technology are often strictly defined by drawings or technical specifications), but also methods of work.

Innovators come up with new types of tools, devices, and improve product processing technology. Therefore, it is incorrect to divide professions into creative and non-creative. There are creative and uncreative people. One worker was assigned to crack nuts. Nobody would call it a creative activity. And this man came up with the following: he made a tightly closed metal container (a large balloon), poured nuts into it, closed the container, pumped air into it, and then suddenly released it. And all the nuts neatly cracked at one moment. All that remained was to select the kernels and throw away the husks.

Along with a creative approach to business in the field of technology, a person is required to have high performance discipline. Discipline is needed everywhere, but technology with its precision is especially sensitive to this quality of workers.

This is the largest (in terms of the number of professions and specialties) type of professions. The work of professionals here is, of course, not only aimed at technology. Thus, a radio equipment installer cares, in particular, about the beauty of the installation, a trolleybus driver communicates with people during his work, an operator or mechanic can calculate something, and a crane operator can be busy loading cages, for example, with zoo inhabitants being sent on tour. But still, the main subject of professional attention and concern of workers in this case is technical objects and their properties. After all, a crane operator (crane operator) is a specialist in operating a crane, a mechanic is a specialist in metal processing.

It is important to keep the following in mind. Some names indicate the predominantly female nature of the work (knitter of textiles and haberdashery, etc.). But most of the names of professions are traditionally used in the masculine gender, although both men and women can work here (cook, projectionist, operator, turner, etc.).

Professions of the “Human-Human” type

These are professions whose object of attention is a person. They are associated with training, education, service, leadership. Academic subjects such as history, literature and others related to the study of people and society help to navigate in this area.

The first feature of professions of the “person-to-person” type is that the main content of work here comes down to interaction between people.

The second feature of professions of this type is that each of them requires a person to have double training:

1) you need to be able to establish and maintain contacts with people, understand them, understand their characteristics;

2) it is necessary to be trained in one or another field of production, science, technology, art, etc.

Professions like “Man – Sign” (“Man – Sign System”)

People with these professions are engaged in processing information (information) presented in the form of symbols, numbers, formulas, and texts.

Modern man is immersed in the world of signs and sign systems. Drawings, diagrams, topographic and geographical maps, numerical data, tables, formulas, signatures, inscriptions, texts, road signs, various kinds of conventional signals - all these are integral features of the manifestation of modern civilization.

In modern culture, a large role is played by signs that do not have a visual resemblance to the designated object (words do not resemble the objects in question, notes do not resemble music, money does not resemble goods, mathematical formulas that describe and allow one to determine the course of an airplane, do not resemble either an airplane or its flight path, etc.). Therefore, in order to successfully work in any of the professions of this type, you need special inclinations to mentally immerse yourself in the world of dry designations, to distract from the actual objective properties of the surrounding world and concentrate on the information that certain signs carry with them. When working with signs, as when working with any objects, the tasks of control, verification, accounting, processing of information arise, as well as the task of inventing new signs and sign systems. In other words, in this area of ​​work, like in any other, there are unique opportunities for creativity.

Professions like “Human – Artistic Image”

These are professions in which work is aimed at artistic objects or the conditions for their creation. All professions of the “person - artistic image” type can be divided into subtypes in accordance with historically isolated types of artistic reflection of reality.

• Professions related to visual arts.
• Professions related to musical activity.
• Professions related to literary and artistic activities.
• Professions related to acting and stage activities.

The listed subtypes are not strictly limited from each other and are more or less strongly intertwined.

The first manifestations and forms of art in the history of mankind (image, song, dance) have always been by no means idle, but the most important social matter - the work of the collective. The song set the rhythm of joint work or created the necessary mood (sorrowful, joyful or militant). Drawing or dance determined and clarified intentions, goals, plans, and served as a kind of preparation for hunting, battle, etc. Art was associated with the life support of society and labor.

In the process of human development, there was a separation and isolation of the production of artistic values ​​from the production of material values. Artistic specialists appeared. They satisfy their material needs at the expense of those who work in the field of agriculture and industry, and in return for this they contribute aesthetic values ​​to the common cause.

There is a natural exchange of labor products. Of course, from time to time a “crazy piano” appears, which begins to seem that “it is playing for itself”, in other words, ideas appear that art is something exceptional (“art for art’s sake”, etc.) This is not a more witty position than if someone proclaimed: “industry for industry,” “beekeeping for beekeeping,” etc. In any field of work, skill can be unattainably high; True, not in every area it is expressed in spectacular effects. Therefore, not all areas of work have the same conditions for “pride” to take possession of a person.

One of the features of professions of this type is that a significant portion of the employee’s labor costs remains hidden from an outside observer. Moreover, special efforts are often made to create the effect of lightness and ease of the final product of labor. Thus, an artist’s performance in public can last several minutes. But in order for it to take place, the artist works daily and for many hours to improve and maintain his skill at the required level, strictly adheres to a special regime, etc.

When choosing the appropriate professional path, it is important to think about this implicit side of work, which may turn out to be an unbearable price for success. In order for work to bring satisfaction, it is important to cultivate a realistic level of claims for social recognition (not to claim more recognition than what you deserve according to real results of their activities). However, this is not easy to achieve if someone has already praised the person. A person with an unrealistic level of aspiration drives away the thought that the real reason for the lack of great success is in himself. He is inclined to explain failures by the actions of other people (“they interfered with”, “they do not allow passage”, “they are jealous”, “they slow down”, etc.)

Based on materials from the book by T.L. Pavlova “Career guidance for high school students.
Diagnosis and development of professional maturity"

The world of professions is diverse and dynamic: some professions disappear, others appear. Do you know who is the “Buyer” and who is the “Underwriter”? Many of you will now use the Internet to obtain information about these professions.

How well do you navigate the world of professions? How many professions do you know: 50, 100, 1000...? The “International Standard for the Classification of Occupations” (it turns out there is such a document!) describes 9,333 professions.

All professions are usually classified and grouped according to a number of common properties and characteristics. In our article we will present the three most common classifications of professions. Perhaps this information will allow you to identify yourself as a certain type and get a general idea of ​​your desired profession.

Classification by E.A. Klimova

In Russia, the most well-known classification of professions is proposed by E.A. Klimov, where the criterion is the attitude of a person (subject of labor) to the subject of labor.

All professions are correlated here with five main types:

1. "Man - nature" - Representatives of this type deal with plant and animal organisms, microorganisms and the conditions of their existence. For example, master fruit and vegetable grower, agronomist, livestock specialist, veterinarian, microbiologist.
2. "Man - technology" - workers deal with inanimate, technical objects of labor. For example, an assembler, a mechanical technician, a mechanical engineer, a food service technician, an electrical engineer.
3. "Man is a man" - The subject of interest, recognition, maintenance, transformation here are social systems, communities, population groups, people of different ages. For example, salesman, hairdresser, doctor, teacher, etc.
4. “Man is a sign system” - Natural and artificial languages, conventional signs, symbols, numbers, formulas are of interest. For example, a mathematician, publishing editor, programmer, linguist, etc.
5. “Man is an artistic image” - In professions of this type, the world is seen by the worker, first of all, as a kind of given in which one can find and highlight the beautiful, the wonderful. Such a person cares about the world as an area that can be transformed and into which beauty, convenience, and an emotionally affecting form of some content can be introduced. For example, a decorative artist, a restoration artist, a musical instrument tuner, a ballet dancer, a drama theater actor, etc.

In addition, its classification divides professions according to goals, means of labor, and working conditions.

By labor goals:

"Gnostic Professions"(from the ancient Greek “gnosis” - knowledge, cognition).
There are many such professions associated with purely cognitive labor and, at the same time, organically included in the very depths of material production, and they are all very diverse.

"Transformative Professions"
Most professions are not purely Gnostic, but are associated with active changes in the properties and states of objects of labor. Cognition here is not an end in itself; it serves the transformative activity of man.

"Exploration professions"
In this class of professions, the goal of activity comes to the fore, which involves inventing something, coming up with something, finding a new solution.

Type of profession by subject of work	Gnostic (recognize, identify)	Transformative (process, serve)	Research (invent, come up with)
Man is nature		Vet	Bioengineer
Man - technology	CNC machine operator	Driver, mechanic	Inventor, Engineer
Man is a sign system	Graphologist	Archivist, librarian	Programmer
Man - artistic image	Literary critic		Artist, designer
Man is man	Psychologist	Teacher, doctor	Director

By means of labor:

1. "Hand tools"(direct execution of the function).
   Laboratory assistant for chemical and bacteriological analysis, inspector of metalwork and machine tools, paramedic laboratory assistant, mechanic, cartographer, painter.
2. "Mechanized tools"(control of machines, mechanisms).
   Manually operated machines are created for processing, transforming, moving objects of labor, therefore typical professions for this division of the classification are excavator operator, turner, car driver.
3. "Automated tools"(control of machines, devices).
   Hatchery operator, programmable machine operator, magnetic recording operator.
4. "Functional means of the human body." Z Here we mean psychological means of labor - various kinds of mental standards (for example, for an acrobat - a mental model of a sequence of actions, for a conductor - figurative standards, etc.).

According to working conditions:

• "Domestic conditions"
  In such conditions, for example, a laboratory assistant, an accountant, or a programmer work.
• "Working outdoors».
  In conditions of sudden changes in temperature and humidity. These conditions are typical for an agronomist, an installer of steel and reinforced concrete structures, and a tractor operator.
• "Unusual working conditions"
  Under water, at height, underground, as well as in conditions of high temperature and others. Examples of professions are divers, miners, painters, installers.
• "Conditions with an increased level of moral responsibility"
  For human health and life or for great material social values. This group includes the professions of a teacher, judge, and salesperson.

Classification by J. Holland

Abroad today the typology is most known and popular J. Holland, based on a comparison of personality types and types of professional environment.

The following main types are distinguished (personality types and types of professional environment):

"Realistic type"
Realistic people are focused on the present. They are characterized by high emotional stability, well-developed motor skills, and dexterity. People of this type are endowed with spatial imagination. They give preference to activities with specific objects, choose professions with clear tasks and results (for example, driver, builder, tailor, cook).

"Intellectual type"
People of the intellectual type are characterized by high activity, analytical abilities, theoretical thinking, and a creative approach. They prefer work aimed at solving complex intellectual problems; most often they choose professions related to the exact and natural sciences: mathematics, physics, astronomy, etc.

"Social type"
People of the social type are focused on communication and interaction with people. They have pronounced communication skills, feel and understand other people, strive to solve problems, taking into account emotions and feelings, and are capable of empathy and compassion. They prefer fields of activity such as medicine, pedagogy, and psychology.

"Conventional type"
People of the conventional type prefer pre-planned, structured activities, perform routine work well, and strictly adhere to existing instructions and regulations. They are good performers, but weak leaders. The need to make radical decisions and work on creative, non-standard tasks causes serious difficulties for this type of person. They manage to achieve the greatest effectiveness in professions that require clarity, attentiveness and resistance to monotonous activities (for example, financier, accountant, merchandising specialist, economist, office worker).

"Entrepreneurial type"
People of the enterprising type strive for leadership, need recognition, and prefer leadership roles. Their energy, enthusiasm and impulsiveness allow them to solve complex problems associated with leadership and promotion of ideas. They have well-developed communication skills, but are not suited for meticulous work that requires long-term concentration. People of this type choose professions that allow them to realize themselves to the maximum and satisfy the need for recognition - entrepreneur, manager, artist, journalist, diplomat, broker.

"Artistic type"
Artistic people have a complex outlook on life and are characterized by a deep emotional perception of reality. In relationships with others, they are guided by their feelings, emotions, imagination and intuition. Such people strive to stand out from the general environment. All these features allow them to choose creative professions related to drawing, music, photography, philology and history.

Classification of L.A. Yovaishi

1. "Sphere of Art"- professions of a creative nature related to visual, musical, literary, artistic, acting and stage activities. People of creative professions, in addition to special abilities (musical, literary, acting), are distinguished by originality and independence.
2. "Sphere of technical interests"-we are talking about practical activities here. The range of these professions is very wide - metal production and processing; assembly, installation of devices and mechanisms; repair, adjustment, maintenance of electronic and mechanical equipment; installation, repair of buildings, structures; transport management; manufacturing of products.
3. "Sphere of working with people"-professions related to management, training, education, services (household, medical, reference and information). People who are successful in professions of this group are distinguished by sociability, the ability to find a common language with different people, to understand their mood and intentions.
4. "Sphere of mental work"-professions related to scientific activities. In addition to special knowledge, such people are usually distinguished by rationality, independence of judgment, and an analytical mindset.
5. "Sphere of physical labor"-professions related to sports, travel, expeditionary work, security and operational investigative activities, and military service. All of them place special demands on physical fitness, health, and strong-willed qualities.
6. "Sphere of material interests"- professions related to calculations and planning (accountant, economist); office work, text analysis and transformation (editor, translator, linguist); schematic representation of objects (draftsman, topographer). These professions require concentration and accuracy from a person.

We recommend that you take one of the methods: “Differential Diagnostic Questionnaire” (DQ) E.A. Klimova, “Professional Preferences Questionnaire” (OPQ) by J. Holland, “Determination of Professional Interests” by L.A. Yovaishi. This will allow you to determine your professional type and take the first step towards professional choice.

Formula for choosing a profession How to choose the right profession? First, you need to determine your professional interests and inclinations. Briefly this is called the word “I WANT”. Secondly, assess what your professionally important qualities are: health, qualifications and abilities that determine your professional suitability and capabilities. It is necessary to answer the question, what “CAN” do you have? Thirdly, find out which professions are in demand among employers in the labor market, and in which professions you can find a job. In other words, to determine what “NEED” is today. I want I can I need

If you can combine “I want”, “I can” and “I must”, then your professional choice will be successful. Your task is to find a profession that is: Interesting and attractive to you; Matches your abilities; In demand on the labor market Result:

Mistakes and difficulties that arise when choosing a profession 1. Focus immediately on professions of high or highly qualified. 2. Prestige and non-prestige biases. 3. Choosing a profession for the company. 4. Transfer of attitude to a specific person representing a particular profession, and not the profession itself. 5. Passion only for the external or private side of the profession. 6. Identification of an educational subject with a profession. Lack of ideas about the nature of labor in the sphere of material production. 7. Inability to understand one’s personal qualities (inclinations, abilities, preparedness). 8. Ignorance or underestimation of one’s physical characteristics and shortcomings, which play a certain role in choosing a profession. 9. Inability to navigate the huge number of existing professions and not knowing where to start choosing.

Information about the situation on the labor market and vacancies can be obtained: On the website of the Department of Employment on the website of the Government of the Vologda Region - oblast.ru (section “Labor Exchange”); oblast.ru on the website - Russian information Portal “Work in Russia” - (section “Job Search” - all-Russian vacancy bank); In the information halls of employment centers and information kiosks of the employment service On the website of the Employment Department on the website of the Government of the Vologda Region - oblast.ru (section “Labor Exchange”); oblast.ru on the website - Russian information Portal “Work in Russia” - (section “Job Search” - all-Russian vacancy bank); In information halls of employment centers and employment service information kiosks

Mini-test “Who are you?” Before you are five geometric shapes (square, triangle, rectangle, circle, zigzag). Choose the one in relation to which you can say: “Here is a figure that symbolizes me!” Try to feel it, compare it with yourself. If you are having trouble choosing a body shape, choose the one that appeals to you the most. Don't try to somehow analyze the characteristics of the figures - just trust your intuition.

SQUARE Tax inspector Notary Accountant Electric and gas welder Seamstress Driver Programmer Bricklayer Confectioner Secretary-assistant Social worker, etc. RECTANGLE Ecologist Insurance agent Machinist Driver All professions related to nature, etc. TRIANGLE Chef Broker Stockbroker Commercial agent Marketer Commercial director Psychologist Teacher Legal adviser Manager etc. Mini-test “Who are you?” (continued) Approximate professions corresponding to the selected figure

CIRCLE WAITER-BARTENDER NURSE MANICURIST KINDERGARTEN TEACHER HOTEL ADMINISTRATOR GOVERNOR SALESMAN TEACHER PHOTOGRAPHER SECRETARY-ASSISTANT PSYCHOLOGIST SOCIAL WORKER INSURANCE AGENT, etc. ZIGZAG plasterer-painter Chef Con Dieter Carpenter Bricklayer Programmer Marketer Hairdresser Artist Designer Manager Actor Musician Architect Psychologist

] Compiler of the volume V.E. Gavrilov. Artist Y. Markarov.
(Moscow: Publishing House "Young Guard", 1987)
Scan: AAW, processing, Djv format: pohorsky, 2014

• CONTENT:
  Man is technology. G. Belov, V. Gavrilov (5).
  HORIZONS OF ELECTRIC POWER SECTOR
  ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING SERVES PEOPLE. O.S. Burlaka (18).
  Power unit operator. V.A. Lichargin (22).
  Boiler operator. Yu.I. Jerusalem (23).
  Electrician of the operational field team. OK. Troitsky (25).
  Science and practice (25).
  Electrician for operation of distribution networks. OK. Troitsky (28).
  Electrician for repair of relay protection and automation equipment. E.E. Siisel, K.V. Yeletsky (30).
  Energy for the future. D. Zhimerin (33).
  Electrician for testing and measurements. IN AND. Leonov (34).
  Creativity of the young (34).
  Cable solder. ON THE. Dinilicheva, V.N. Khudokormov (35).
  Electrician for maintenance and repair of electrical equipment. V.E. Gavrilov (37).
  Electrician repairing overhead power lines. V.E. Gavrilov (39).
  Electrician for repairing electrical machines. SOUTH. Belov (42).
  Did you know... (42).
  Electromechanic for elevators. M.I. Ivanyuk (44).
  Electrician for repair and maintenance of computers. G.V. Antipova (47).
  Science and practice (48).
  Assembler of electrical machines and devices. IN AND. Zakharenko, V.V. Leonov (49).
  Tester of electrical machines, apparatus and instruments. IN AND. Zakharenko (51).
  Wrapper for electrical machine elements. M.I. Ivanyuk (52).
  A little history (52).
  Transformer coil winder. EAT. Ivanova (54).
  Electromechanical technician for installation and commissioning of control and automation systems. A.I. Muzalevsky (57).
  Thermal power engineer. N.M. Kuznetsov, A.V. Serdyukov (59).
  Electrical Engineer. S.I. Dzhanshiev, G.Z. Zaitsev (61).
  Electrician Engineer. L.B. Hansburg (62).
  Unexpected troubles. Excerpts from the story. V. Rasputin, V. Shugaev (64).
  RADIO ENGINEERING AND ELECTRONICS AROUND US. V.A. Tsaun (68).
  Installer of radio-electronic equipment and devices. N.M. Christ's (72).
  Chip assembler. O.V. Bolshakova (74).
  Fitter-assembler of radio-electronic equipment and devices. N.M. Christova (77).
  Science and practice (78).
  Vacuum installer. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (79).
  Operator of vacuum spraying processes. T.V. Bashaeva (83).
  Operator of diffusion processes. T.V. Bashaeva, O.V. Bolshakova (85).
  A little history (86).
  Precision photolithography operator. S.V. Owl (87).
  Adjuster of parts and devices. O.V. Bolshakova (89).
  Regulator of radio-electronic equipment and instruments. N.M. Christ's (91).
  Manufacturer of stencils, scales and boards. O.V. Bolshakova (93).
  A profession without traditions. A. Fin (96).
  Tester of parts and devices. N.P. Gubochkina, G.Ya. Klimenko (99).
  Sorter of products, raw materials, materials. P.I. Gubochkin, G.Ya. Klimenko (100).
  Radio circuit engineer. S.V. Owl (101).
  Radio topologist engineer. S.V. Owl (105).
  SIGNALS WORKERS - AT POST. A.B. Murdasov (107).
  Did you know... (110).
  Science and practice (112).
  Electrician of sewer communication structures. O.V. Nazarev (113).
  Electrician of linear telephone and radio installations. O.V. Nazarev (114).
  Telecommunications (automatic) engineer. L.B. Murdasov (115).
  A little history (116).
  Telecommunications engineer (multichannel). O.V. Nazarev (117).
  RICHES FROM THE BOWELS OF THE EARTH
  MINER IS A COURAGEOUS PROFESSION. Yu.F. Kuznetsov (120).
  Passer. Yu.F. Kuznetsov (122).
  Operator of mining excavation machines. V.E. Gavrilov (124).
  Did you know... (124).
  Honest work. O. Akinshin (127).
  Flotator. S.I. Gorlovsky (129).
  Separator operator. S.I. Gorlovsky (130).
  Science and practice (130).
  Mining technician for open-pit mining of mineral deposits. V.M. Okladnikov (131).
  Mining engineer. A.A. Borisov (133).
  Creativity of the young (134).
  Mining engineer (mechanical). B.S. Flywheels (135).
  A little history (136).
  Mining Engineer (Civil Engineer). IN AND. Vikharev, V.V. Smirnyakov (137).
  Mining engineer (processor). S.I. Gorlovsky (138).
  THE BREAD OF THE INDUSTRY IS OIL AND GAS. P.T. Erinchik (140).
  Driller for production and exploration drilling of oil and gas wells. V.V. Sheverdyaev (143).
  Did you know... (145).
  Drilling rig operator. A.F. Starovoitov V.A. Masiyansky (146).
  Derrick erector. A.F. Starovoitov (147).
  Beyond the Arctic Circle. V. Anisimov (149).
  Oil and gas production operator. P.T. Erinchik (153).
  Science and practice (154).
  Operator for underground well repair. P.T. Erinchik (155).
  Pipelayer. V.E. Gavrilov (156).
  Operator of a pipeline insulation machine. AND I. Nain (158).
  Installer for the protection of underground pipelines from corrosion. S.S. Fedoseev (160).
  Tunnel. G. Dzhanikyan (162).
  PEAT - “TREASURE OF THE SUN”. A.I. Mandelbaum (170).
  Operator of machines for preparing peat deposits for operation. A.I. Mandelbaum (170).
  Machine operator for the extraction and processing of milled peat. A.I. Mandelbaum (172).
  Operator of machines for the extraction and processing of sod peat. A.I. Mandelbaum (173).
  Peat drying operator. A.I. Mandelbaum (173).
  Peat presser. A.I. Mandelbaum (174).
  ON CONSTRUCTION SITES
  BUILD MORE, BUILD WELL. Yu.F. Kuznetsov (176).
  Installer for installation of steel and reinforced concrete structures. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (182).
  Scouts. N. Zlobin (184).
  Industrial equipment fitter. N.F. Krupin (186).
  Electrician for lighting and lighting networks. V.T. Poluchankin (187).
  Did you know (188).
  Electrician for power networks and electrical equipment. V.E. Gavrilov (189).
  Electrician for electrical machines. V.T. Poluchankin (192).
  A little history (193).
  Plumber. V.E. Gavrilov (194).
  Crane operator (crane operator). E.K. Mikhailova (197).
  Automotive crane operator. E.K. Mikhailova (199).
  Science and practice (200).
  Asphalt concrete paver operator. E.K. Mikhailova (202).
  Excavator driver. E.K. Mikhailova (204).
  Creativity of the young (204).
  Bulldozer driver. E.K. Mikhailova (206).
  Leader. L. Kapelyushny (209).
  Scraper operator. L.P. Drivotina (214).
  Mason. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (216).
  Concrete worker. E.K. Mikhailova (218).
  Did you know (218).
  The fitter. E.K. Mikhailova (220).
  Construction carpenter. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (221).
  A carpenter. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (222).
  A little history (224).
  Roofer for steel roofs. E.K. Mikhailova (225).
  Glazier. E.K. Mikhailova (228).
  Construction mechanic. Yu.M. Seryakov (229).
  A little history (230).
  Control panel operator in the production of wall products. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (231).
  Miner in surface work (in the construction of tunnels and subways). V.E. Gavrilov (235).
  Technologist for the production of prefabricated concrete and reinforced concrete products and structures. Yu.I. Akinshin (237).
  Flying over the waters. R. Armeev (238).
  Technician for installation of metal and reinforced concrete structures. P.D. Chomsky (242).
  Mechanical technician for installation and repair of industrial equipment. N.F. Krupin (244).
  Construction technician for the construction of industrial, civil and agricultural buildings. T.S. Remizova (245).
  Civil engineer. Yu.A. Pompeev (246).
  A little history (246).
  Mechanical engineer for construction, road machinery and equipment. V.G. Tyurin (248).
  A little history (248).
  BY LAND, BY WATER AND BY AIR
  ON STEEL MAINS. G.S. Belov (252).
  Assistant locomotive driver. R.D. Kaverina (254).
  Locomotive driver. R.D. Kaverina (256).
  Did you know... (256).
  Wagon inspector. V.E. Gavrilov (258).
  Creativity of the young (259).
  Driver of motor-car rolling stock of the metro. E.K. Mikhailova (260).
  A little history (260).
  Travel technician. V.A. Selivanov (262).
  Railway maintenance technician. M.S. Borovikova (263).
  Electrical technician for railway power supply. Yu.N. Smirnov (265).
  Railway electrification engineer. G.S. Belov (266).
  A little history (266).
  Electrical engineer in railway transport. G.S. Belov (268).
  CARS ARE GOING ON THE ROADS. N.Ya. Karapetyan (270).
  Car driver. N.Ya. Karapetyan (272).
  Steep passes. V. Kurasov (275).
  Car repair mechanic. M.D. Avanesov, M.I. Ivanyuk (279).
  Tram driver. E.K. Mikhailova (281).
  Trolleybus driver. E.K. Mikhailova (284).
  Science and practice (284).
  ACROSS WATER EXPANSES. V.N. Porokhin (286).
  Sailor. V.N. Porokhin (289).
  Motorist-helmsman. V.E. Gavrilov (290).
  Science and practice (290).
  Marine electrical engineer. N.Ya. Karapetyan (293).
  River fleet navigator. A.R. Steimatsky, V.D. Tkachenko (296).
  A little history (296).
  Arctic lilac branch. V. Bulanov (300).
  THE SKY CALLS THE INQUIRIING AND STRONG. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (303).
  Second pilot. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (307).
  Pilot. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (308).
  Flight engineer. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (311).
  Sky of Anatoly Kaledin. I. Platonova (314).
  Aviation technician. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (317).
  Mechanical technician for the operation of mechanization equipment at airports. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (320).
  Electrician for maintenance of lighting equipment of the flight support system. G.T. Gvozdeckaya (322).
  We advise you to read (325).
  Alphabetical index (334).

Publisher's abstract: The volume “Man - Technology” of the encyclopedic publication talks about professions and specialties in the process of which a person communicates with technology: mechanic, electrician, mason, pipe layer, driller, mechanical engineer, etc. The main attention is paid to the description of blue-collar professions that the national economy of the country needs. The publication is intended for high school students, secondary school teachers and all those involved in career guidance for young people.

Type of profession "MAN - TECHNOLOGY"

Subject of work: technical systems, machines, mechanisms, units.

Physical and psychological endurance; stable performance; equilibrium; physical strength; good auditory, visual and muscle perception; distributed attention;

fairly high intellectual development.

Labor goals: recognize, distinguish, evaluate, understand, organize, influence, move, invent, find.

Tools: manual, machines, automatic.

Working conditions: indoors with a normal microclimate, indoors with a sharp change in microclimate, at altitude, in the open air.

Examples of professions: service technician, car mechanic, driver, radio installer, design engineer, seamstress-machine operator.

Type of profession "MAN-SIGN SYSTEM"

Subject of Labor:

General requirements for employees: discipline, punctuality, persistent performance, accuracy, working memory, stability - -, -

active concentrated attention, the ability to express ideas.

Labor Goals:

Tools:

conditionsLabor:

Examples of Professions:

Type of profession “HUMAN-ARTISTIC IMAGE”

Subject of Labor: artistic images, patterns of creation and perception of artistic images.

General Requirements for Employees: impressionability, emotionality, ability to work, operating with means of aesthetic influence, artistic abilities.

Labor Goals: transform, organize, influence, influence, find new ways and options.

gunsLabor: manual, functional human aids, mechanized equipment.

conditionsLabor: increased moral responsibility, domestic microclimate, unusual conditions, outdoors.

Examples of Professions: artist, sculptor, journalist, fashion designer, writer, choreographer, composer, hairdresser, tailor, designer, jeweler, actor, engraver, restorer, florist-decorator, porcelain painter, stone polisher.

Type of profession "MAN-NATURE"

Subject of work: earth, water, atmosphere, minerals, various living organisms and biological processes.

General requirements for employees: love for animals and plants;

physical endurance; high efficiency; tolerance; initiative; the ability to anticipate and evaluate changing natural factors; good imagination; operational visual-figurative thinking.

Purpose of work: acquire, invent, find new options and samples, construct, recognize, distinguish, evaluate, understand, check, transform, process, influence, move.

gunsLabor: manual, mechanical and automated equipment.

conditionsLabor: outdoors, in unusual conditions, in rooms with a domestic-type microclimate, as well as in conditions requiring increased moral responsibility.

Examples of Professions: agronomist, agrochemist, livestock specialist, florist, veterinarian, biologist, microbiologist, ecologist, gardener, vegetable grower, poultry farmer.

Type of profession “HUMAN-HUMAN”

Subject of work: people, groups of people, teams (team, class, choir, etc.).

General Requirements for Employees: high moral qualities, goodwill, politeness, psychological restraint, good manners, endurance.

Labor Goals: recognize, understand, check, organize, influence, invent, come up with, find new options.

conditionsLabor: increased moral responsibility, indoor microclimate, outdoors.

Examples of Professions: teacher, educator, coach, doctor, nurse, lawyer, investigator, military man, manager, waiter, salesman, conductor, flight attendant, librarian, tour guide.

What else to keep in mind?

Remember: the most “necessary” university will not help you achieve success if you do not have the slightest interest in your chosen specialty. Therefore, first of all, it is worth considering your own interests and inclinations.

Before going anywhere, try to talk with as many people as possible already working in your chosen specialty. Most professions have their own professionally important qualities. For example, if you do not speak well, you should not study to become a lawyer. And if you are restless by nature and don’t like to do the same thing for a long time, you will never make a good accountant.

Some now popular and well-paid professions do not require higher education. It is much more important to gain practical experience (for example, a sales manager, a fashion model).

Leaves in hand

Buddha was already very old and knew that he would soon have to leave. One day, when he was sitting under a tree in the autumn forest, Ananda came to him and asked:

Tell me, how much have we learned from what you know?

Buddha took some dry leaves in his hand and asked:

Do you think there are many leaves in my hand compared to all the leaves in this forest?

Ananda looked at the leaves swirling and rustling under his feet and said:

Of course, Teacher, there are incomparably more leaves in the forest than in your hand.

What I managed to tell you is just a few leaves in my hand,” said the Buddha. “Everything else is up to you to figure out for yourself, my dear!”

Why didn't you say everything else? – Ananda asked sadly.

Because it would not bring you any benefit,” replied the Buddha. – Knowledge comes through living, through existence. You have to live life. And words are nothing more than the rustling and noise of rustling leaves.

Be your own light

Buddha was dying. For forty years he walked, and thousands followed him. Now he was dying. He said: “This is my last day. If you have something to ask, ask.

The hour has come when everyone must go their own way.” Pitchless darkness enveloped the Buddha's disciples. Ananda, the beloved disciple, began to cry like a child. From his eyes

tears rolled down. He beat his chest, almost going crazy.

What are you doing, Ananda? - asked the Buddha.

What do we do now? - Ananda answered. “You were here, we walked in your light.” Everything was safe and good. We have completely forgotten that there is darkness. Everything about following you was light. Now you're leaving. What should we do?

And he began to cry and moan again.

Listen, replied the Buddha. – For forty years you walked in my light and could not achieve yours. Do you think that if I had lived another forty years, you would have reached your light? The longer you walk in the borrowed light, the more you imitate, the more you lose. It's better for me to leave.

Be your own light.

Morality and Material Interest

Morality and Material Interest met on a narrow bridge, where the two could not pass each other.

Prostrate yourself before me, you low creature! - Morality ordered menacingly. - And I will step over you!

Material Interest said nothing, just looked into her eyes.

Well... uh... okay, - Morality said uncertainly. - Let's draw lots to see who will be allowed through.

Material Interest remained silent and did not look away.

To avoid unwanted conflict, she said

then Morality is not without mental anguish - I myself will lie flat - and you will be able to walk over me.

Here only Material Interest opened its mouth.

It’s unlikely that my feet will be comfortable walking on you,” he objected. - I'm very sensitive on my feet. Better get off the bridge into the water.

That was the end of the matter.

A parable about opportunities and abilities

One man once came to the village. And suddenly I saw an eaglet in the chicken coop. He, like a rooster or a hen, waddled and pecked grains. Sometimes older roosters would peck him like a chicken with their beaks, without fear of anything.

The man decided to conduct an experiment. He took the eaglet in his arms and said:

But the eaglet jumped from his arms and hobbled back to the chicken coop, pecking at the grain.

The next day the man took the eaglet again, took it to the attic, and again said:

You're an eagle! Your place is in the sky, you must fly!

And then he pushed the eaglet down. He flew a couple of meters, but once in the yard, he again trotted into the chicken coop.

On the third day, the man took the eaglet with him to the mountains. He climbed to the highest peak and said:

You're an eagle! Your place is in the sky, you must fly!

This time he tried to throw the eaglet higher. He was scared, because there was an abyss below. The young eagle had to spread his wings and fly. He rose higher and higher. Far below remained both the man and the mountain,

the village, and the chicken coop, and the roosters and chickens who lived there. Just for a second, the eagle regretted that he had learned to fly, and again he wanted to go back to the cozy chicken coop. But then the thought struck him that his place was really in the sky. And then he realized that he would always remember his chicken coop, and the village, and this man. But he will never return to them...

Four types of people

On his travels through Latin America, the German biologist Alexander Humboldt met a sage who explained to him his theory about four types of people.

1. Those who know something, and know that they know. These are educated people.

2. Those who know something, but do not know about it. Such people sleep. They need to be woken up.

3. Those who know nothing, but know about it. Such people need to be helped.

4. Those who know nothing and who do not know that they know nothing. They are fools, there is nothing you can do to help them.

About hidden pearls

Someone came to the house of a close friend and lay down there, getting drunk. Meanwhile, his close friend had to go about his business. He attached priceless pearls to the guest's lining as a gift and left. And this man lay unconscious, felt nothing and understood nothing.

When he got up, he went to a foreign country, got clothes and food through hard work and was in great need. If he managed to get a little, he already considered himself satisfied.

Subsequently it happened that a friend met him and

Hey, worthy husband! Why do you endure such torment for clothing and food? Long ago, wishing you peace and satisfaction of five desires, I attached priceless pearls to the lining of your clothes, they are still in the same place, but you, without knowing it, work and suffer to ensure your existence. This is stupid!

Fashion and order

One day, following fashion trends, a teenage girl expressed a desire to wear a dress that exposed her shoulders.

But the mother felt that her daughter was not yet old enough for this. Heated debates did not stop for several days.

When they finally informed my father, he said:

Let her try on the dress. If it stays on her, then she is old enough to wear it.

Spider in the keyhole

Having examined the entire house inside and out, the spider chose a place in the keyhole.

What a convenient and safe refuge! No one will be able to detect a spider here. And he, leaning out of his hiding place, will calmly observe everything that is happening, without exposing himself to any risk.

“I’ll put a web for flies at the stone threshold,” the satisfied spider began to reason. - On the steps of the stairs there will be another, stronger one, for fat caterpillars, and between the door wings I will set up a cunning trap for mosquitoes...

The spider was beside himself with happiness and bright hopes. The keyhole, all lined with iron, seemed to him an impregnable fortress, and he had never seen a safer haven in his life.

While the spider indulged in dreams and made tempting plans for the future, his delicate hearing caught the sound of approaching steps. Being cautious by nature, he immediately crawled into the depths of his shelter. The owner who returned home jingled a bunch of keys, inserted one of them into the keyhole and... crushed the dreamer.

Caterpillar

Having stuck to the leaf, the caterpillar watched with interest as the insects sang, jumped, galloped, raced, flew... Everything around was in constant motion. And only she, the poor thing, was denied a voice and was not allowed to run or fly. With great difficulty she could only crawl. And while the caterpillar clumsily moved from one leaf to another, it seemed to it that it was making a trip around the world.

And yet she did not complain about fate and did not envy anyone, realizing that everyone should mind their own business. So she, the caterpillar, had to learn how to weave thin silk threads in order to make a strong cocoon house from them.

Without further consideration, the caterpillar diligently set to work and by the required time was wrapped from head to toe in a warm cocoon.

Everything has its turn! - she heard in response. - Have a little patience, and you'll see.

When the time came and she woke up, she was no longer the same clumsy caterpillar. Deftly freeing herself from the cocoon, she was surprised to notice that she had grown light wings, generously painted in bright colors. Having cheerfully waved them, she, like a fluff, fluttered from the leaf and flew in the haze.

The secret of life

A long time ago …. in time immemorial, God asked the angels: “Where can the haze hide the Secret of life?”

One angel suggested hiding the Secret in the depths of the seas.

God said, “It would be too easy... The day will come when they will reach the deepest ocean and swim across all the seas.”

Then the angels proposed...to bury the Secret of life...in Mother Earth.

God said: “And that would be too easy....One day they will go around the whole world and dig up the whole Earth.”

After a moment of silence, the angels suggested hiding her on the top of the highest mountain.

God said, “The day will come when they will climb all the mountains of the world.”

If the Secret of life could not be hidden in the sea... neither in Mother Earth, nor in the mountains, where then can one hide it? Maybe on a star?

After a short silence, God said: “People will reach 4 parts of the world, the deepest seas and the highest mountains and even the stars before they know themselves, so the Secret of life must be hidden in themselves.”

About cricket

One American was walking with his Indian friend along a crowded street in New York City. The Indian suddenly exclaimed:
- I hear a cricket.
“Are you crazy,” the American answered, looking around and dissolving into blue

The central city street crowded with people during rush hour.
Cars were scurrying around everywhere, construction workers were working, and planes were flying overhead.
“But, I really hear a cricket,” the Indian insisted, moving towards a flower bed laid out in front of a quaint building of some institution.
Then he bent down, parted the leaves of the plants and showed his friend a cricket, carefreely chirping and enjoying life.
“It’s amazing,” the friend responded. -You must have fantastic hearing.
- Not really. It all depends on what you’re in the mood for,” he explained.
“I find it hard to believe,” said the American.
“Well, look,” he said and scattered a handful of coins along the side of the sidewalk.
Immediately, passers-by turned their heads and reached into their pockets to see if they had lost money.
“You see,” the Indian’s eyes flashed, “it all depends on what you’re in the mood for.”

Cups of coffee

A group of graduates of a prestigious university, successful ones who have made a wonderful career, came to visit their old professor. During the visit, the conversation turned to work: graduates complained about numerous difficulties and life. Having offered his guests coffee, the professor went to the kitchen and returned with a coffee pot and a tray filled with a variety of cups: porcelain, glass, plastic, crystal. Some were simple, others expensive.

When the graduates took apart the cups, the professor said:

Please note that all the beautiful cups were taken apart, while the simple and cheap ones remained. And although it is normal for you to want only the best for yourself, this is the source of your problems and stress. Understand that the cup itself does not make the coffee better. Most often it is simply more expensive, but sometimes it even hides what we drink. In reality, all you wanted was just coffee, not a cup. But you deliberately chose the best cups, and then looked at who got which cup.

Now think: life is coffee, and work, money, position, society are cups. These are just tools for maintaining and maintaining Life. What kind of cup we have does not determine or change the quality of our Life. Sometimes, when we focus only on the cup, we forget to enjoy the taste of the coffee itself.

The happiest people are not those who have everything best, but those who make the best of what they have.

Tree of Satisfaction of Desires

One man was traveling and unexpectedly went to heaven. He wandered around, enjoyed the surroundings, got tired and went to sleep under the wishing tree. It fulfilled any desire, and there was no gap between desire and fulfillment. When he woke up, he felt very hungry and thought:
- I feel hungry. I'd like to get some food from somewhere.
And immediately food appears out of nowhere. Very tasty food arrived straight through the air. He was so hungry that he didn't bother to think about where she came from. He immediately started eating, and the food was so tasty...
Then, when his hunger had passed, he looked around. Now he felt satisfied. He had another thought:
- If only I could drink something...
There are no prohibitions in paradise, excellent wine immediately appeared.
Lying in the shade of a tree and calmly drinking wine, blown by the cool breeze of heaven, he began to wonder:
- What is going on? What's happening? Maybe I'm dreaming? Or are there some ghosts here playing tricks on me?
And ghosts appeared. They were terrible, cruel and disgusting - exactly as he imagined them.
He trembled and thought:
- Now they will definitely kill me.
And they killed him.

This parable is full of great meaning. Your mind is a tree of desire satisfaction, and whatever you think, sooner or later it will come true. Sometimes the period of time is such that you completely forget that you wanted it, and you cannot find the source of what started. But if you look deeper, you will discover that your thoughts create you and your life. They create your heaven, they create your hell. They create your suffering, they create your joy. They create bad, they create good... Everyone here is a Wizard, everyone is the Creator of their own life. Everyone twists and weaves a magical world around themselves... and then finds themselves connected. The spider himself is caught in his own web. Nobody torments you but yourself. And when this is realized, things begin to change. Then you can turn everything around, you can turn your hell into heaven. Everything is your responsibility.

Profession type “HUMAN-SIGN SYSTEM”

Subject of Labor: symbols, ciphers, codes, languages, formulas, speech, writing, symbols, diagrams, graphs, notes.

General requirements for employees: discipline, punctuality, persistent performance, accuracy, working memory, sustained concentrated attention, ability to operate with ideas.

Labor Goals: understand, check, process, influence, transform, invent, invent, find new options and samples.

Tools: manual, automated) and mechanical equipment, human functional means.

conditionsLabor: microclimate of the household premises, increased moral responsibility.

Examples of Professions: technical editor, proofreader, typist, clerk, translator, programmer, PC user, economist, cashier, linguist, designer, draftsman, navigator, cutter, radio operator, stenographer, telephone operator.