Good day to all! It's time to figure out the topographic plan. What is it and what is it "snacking on" and with what it is eaten?

And in general, is it really really necessary to contact the geodetic service or to private traders (with a license) so that they can "draw" a primitive plan for your own piece of Russian land?

Topographic plan - what is this?

Yes, yes, and yes again - without a topographic plan of the site, no one will ever allow you to build not only a dream house, but a hut on chicken legs (even if your beloved mother-in-law likes to fly in a nano-mortar at her leisure).

Science defines the concept of "topography" as a section of geodesy that deals with the measurement of Mother Earth and its depiction on maps. Since we are interested in the topographic plan, obviously, the measurements will not concern the entire blue planet, but only that part of it, which is your single and indivisible property.

Moreover, in fact, the topographic plan is not even a "primitive" scheme, but a drawing set of contour lines, designations of all elements and objects, as well as relief marks located on your territory.

By the way, developers often do not know how the topographic plan of the site differs from the situational one. In principle, the difference between them is only in scale: situational is performed on a scale of M 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and is used to create a communications plan and technical conditions. !

It is important to choose the right scale for any plan. When they make a topographic plan (and, as we have already found out, the guys-surveyors are doing this), they usually use "five hundred" to develop a building plan. So in professional slang, the workers of the level and theodolite (without them a surveyor, that an astronaut without a spacesuit) call the scale 1: 500 (i.e. 1 cm on paper corresponds to 5 m on the ground).

The topographic plan looks like this:

Shooting without movies and photos.

Obviously, in order to get data on which it will be possible to draw a plan of your territory, you first need to make certain measurements, for example:

• heights;
• distances;
• corners, etc.

If you became the owner not of some miserable few hundred square meters, but of the nth part of the region (yes, some are lucky!), In this case the surveyor will not go out into the field on his own two feet, but at least fly on a light airplane performing aerial photography. Or he uses a drone with special built-in geodetic equipment.

But if this is not your case, then everything will be easier and cheaper. Therefore, before embarking on the "field" work (as they call measurements on the ground), surveyors make a breakout basis - the help of this very topographic survey.

And this "help" consists of a construction grid, transverse and longitudinal axes, showing the position of buildings and their dimensions. The construction grid breaks the paper on which the plan will be executed into rectangles and squares with sides of 100-200 m (main grid) and 20-40 m (additional).

Topographic survey is carried out using an electronic total station and a navigation receiver, which determine the boundary coordinates of points. !

In order for the topographic plan of the site to appear on paper, it is necessary to carry out not only a survey "in the fields", but also to carry out office work. They have the same attitude to chamber music as a lion cub to Google: by this term, surveyors understand the execution of calculated data that are obtained using computer and special graphic programs.

When is a topoplane needed?

So, in order not to make fuss in vain, not to order too much and not to be without the necessary, remember: there are only 5 cases when a topographic plan will become a vital paper:

1. To obtain a permit for the construction of a capital facility. No, of course, you can also build a "squatter" building on your own site, having far and deep in view of all the building permits. But know: when the time comes to sell, donate or somehow legally deal with your own courtyard, you or your heirs will have that unpleasant surprise ...
2. Don't build anything yet, let it. But in order to start a project of the future "family courtyard" with buildings, also without a topographic plan of the site either here or there.
3. If everything has already been built and built on your own little land, and you are impatient to connect to centralized sewer, water or gas lines, you can be sure - without a topographic plan, there is nothing to meddle with in specialized operating organizations. By the way, dare to re-plan the underground communications, also make such a plan.
4. Are you dreaming of legalizing "extra" hundred square meters under the "dacha amnesty"? Why dream - do a topoplane, and go ahead - blessing and praying!
5. When the house is standing, the bathhouse is heated, and tomatoes are ripening in the greenhouse, it's time to think about landscape design. That's why they order a landscape topographic survey, according to which they make a topographic plan of the same name. True, it is more detailed, in M ​​1: 100 or 1: 200 (so that every bush and tree could be seen well).

In general, remember a simple truth - without a topographic plan, you will not see a cadastral plan like your own scapula. !

Where can you order a topoplane?

Today there are a lot of private geodetic organizations and individualistic surveyors who are ready to perform both topographic surveys and office work and create a topographic plan of the site as the final result of the labors of their righteous. But do not forget to ask for a license from both those and others for such types of work.

And in order for an organization or individual to start work, it is necessary to provide them with the following documents:

• technical task; (looks) (usually completed by you or the geo-company on their form)
• title (or title) documents for land and objects of all co-owners;
• if available, the technical passport of the BTI (if there are buildings);
• a photocopy of the passport (or a copy of the constituent documents);
• copy of the power of attorney (if not ordered by the owner of the site).

Topographic plan price

The plan is different for everyone. Well, first of all, every work evaluates its own way. Secondly, the final price depends on the volume of work and on the area where they are performed. It is clear that in the capital this is one kind of money, and in the Siberian wilderness - another. Yes, and the ruble and the dollar today, I remember, such a "swing" arranged, that to name a figure - to deceive you.

Therefore, let’s do this: the cost of a topographic plan for both “offices” and individual entrepreneurs depends on:

• scale;
• area of ​​the territory;
• on the number of capital buildings;
• remoteness from the city;
• the length of underground communications at the site;
• receive an order in paper or electronic form;
• terrain.

By the way, there is one good news - the cost of this work does not depend on the season - in winter and summer you will get by with one “ruble color”. Well, if "green" does not fail, of course!

And when the coveted topographic plan of the site warms your hands, do not keep it with you like a loved one - take it to the architectural department, which is in the local government, and you will be happy ...

For those who like to delve into regulatory documents I post.

Lecture2 .

Topographic plan (map) and tasks solved by them.

H. Coordinate systems in engineering geodesy

4. Orientation of lines.

1st v survey. WITH obsession T opographic

Plan (cards)

Topographic plan (Toart)- a reduced image on the plane of the physical surface of the Earth, built according to certain mathematical laws and clearly showing, using a system of conventional signs, the placement and connection of various objects, as well as their qualitative and quantitative characteristics.

The main difference between the plan and the map is that when depicting areas of the earth's surface on the plan, horizontal projections of the corresponding segments are applied without taking into account the curvature of the Earth. When mapping, the curvature of the earth has to be taken into account.

According to the topographic plan, the following can be solved sTasks:

Study and assessment of the area;

Various engineering problems related to the definition of:

Distances,

Squares,

Excess,

Mutual visibility of terrain points,

The steepness and types of slopes, etc.

VRRussiaTopographic plans andToartsWithtroyat in an orthogonal conformal transverse cylindrical projection and the corresponding system of plane rectangular coordinates Gauss - Kruger (G - K).

The essence of the transverse-cylindrical projection G - K is that by conventionally placing the globe in a cylinder, the earth's surface is projected onto its walls. So that the distortion of the line lengths does not exceed the limits of the accuracy of the map scale, the projected part of the earth's surface is limited by meridians with a difference of 6

In the transverse cylindrical projection, the distortions will be in the lengths of the lines: the zones on the cylinder are wider than on the ball. There will be no distortions of the axial meridian - it touches the surface of the cylinder, but the further the segments are from the axial meridian, the more distortions in the lengths of the lines.

The width of the zone at the equator is about 670 km, i.e. the extreme points of the zone are removed from the axial meridian by about 335 km. Distortions in the lengths of lines at the equator reach: when moving away from the axial meridian

per 100 km - , for 300 km - ... For the latitudes of the territory of the Russian Federation, the greatest distortions can reach approximately .

Layout and nomenclature of topographic maps

Topographic maps are usually compiled on multiple sheets. The territory of the whole country is depicted on them in parts. The dimensions of the map sheets are set to such a size that it is convenient to use them. So, a sheet of a map at a scale of 1: 10000 for the middle zone of the Russian Federation has a size of about 50  40 cm and contains an image of a terrain with an area of ​​20 km 2. For the entire territory of the country, the number of map sheets of this scale exceeds 1 million.

In order to be able to understand so many cartographic materials and quickly find the required map sheet for a certain area of ​​the terrain, a special system for naming map sheets has been developed - nomenclature.

The layout and nomenclature of topographic map sheets is based on the layout of map sheets at a scale of 1: 1,000,000.

Nomenclature of a separate sheet 1: 1,000,000 for the territory of St. Petersburg 0- 36

4 sheets

1: 25,000 0 - 36 - 144 - A - a

0- 36 - XXXVI

1: 1 000 000 0-36

36 pieces (sheets)

1: 1 000 000 0-36

144 sheets

Each sheet of the map is a trapezoid, the sides of which are two meridians and two parallels. Their boundaries have a strict (fixed) value for latitude and longitude.

Splitting of sheets of a plan of a scale of 1: 5,000 is carried out by dividing a sheet of a map of a scale of 1: 100,000 into 256 parts (16 rows in latitude and longitude). Sheets are numbered in Arabic numerals in rows from west to east. The size of each leaf is 115 in latitude and 153.5 in longitude. The nomenclature of these sheets is formed by attaching the corresponding number in brackets to the nomenclature of a map sheet at a scale of 1: 100,000, for example: N-37-134-(16).

Sheets of a plan of a scale of 1: 2000 are obtained by dividing the sheets of a plan of a scale of 1: 5000 into nine parts and denoted by lowercase letters of the Russian alphabet, for example N-37-134- (16-f). The size of each sheet is 25 in latitude and 37.5 in longitude.

Large-scale topographic surveys in areas less than 20 km 2 are usually carried out in private rectangular coordinate systems. In these cases, the layout of plans sheets is made not by meridians and parallels, but by the lines of the coordinate grid. The sheets are in the form of squares with dimensions of 40  40 cm for plans at a scale of 1: 5000 and 50  50 cm for plans at a scale of 1: 2000 - 1: 5 00. The layout is based on a sheet of a plan at a scale of 1: 5000, denoted by Arabic numerals ...

A sheet of a plan of a scale of 1: 5,000 corresponds to 4 sheets of a scale of 1: 2,000, denoted by capital letters of the Russian alphabet.

A plan sheet at a scale of 1: 2000 is divided into 4 sheets of plans at a scale of 1: 1000, denoted by Roman numerals, and 16 sheets of scale plans

1: 500, denoted by Arabic numerals. So, the sheet shaded in the figure G scale 1: 2000 will have a number 1-D . Ibid - a sheet of scale 1: 1000, shaded with double shading and indicated by a Roman numeral I , has a number 1 - G - I ... The number of the sheet of the map at a scale of 1: 500, shaded in the figure, - 1 - G - 6 .

The figure shows the general scheme of the layout and nomenclature of topographic maps, adopted in the Russian Federation. Other systems of designation of large-scale plans are also possible when performing surveys of construction objects. In these cases, the accepted schemes of their layout and numbering are indicated outside the framework of the sheets of plans.

Is a graphic image of a given territory, which displays the relief, all engineering structures, communications, land boundaries (gardens, forest, arable land, etc.), as well as their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. It is created after

Topoplans are divided into large-scale(from 1: 500 to 1: 2000) and small-scale(1: 5000 and smaller). When surveying for the creation of such plans, they are guided by the "Instructions for topographic survey at scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500" published in 1955. When drawing, use the "Symbols for topographic plans of scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500" 1989 edition.

For example, consider the creation of a topographic plan of a land plot at a scale of 1: 500.

Initial data:

The traced "spider" of shooting in the AutoDesk Map 5 program (Fig. 1);

Rice. one

1,2..8 - picket numbers; red line - plot outline;

6,7,8 - three corners of the structure; x is the station of the instrument.

Additional menu "Topographic signs" installed in AutoDesk Map 5;

Shooting outline;

Altitude data at each station.

Operating procedure:

1. Using the survey outline and the "Topographic signs" menu, we apply all the symbols: fences, buildings, roads, hydrographic objects, communications, vegetation, etc. It is necessary to indicate their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. For example, 2KN will indicate a 2-storey building, and the number in front of the tree sign will indicate its height.

Important: distribute all topographic signs on separate AutoCad layers, even in the simplest topographic plan, this will greatly add convenience.

2. At the location of each picket, write the value of the absolute (or conditional) height above sea level. If the plan is too crowded, the same heights at close range can be removed later.

3. Using interpolation methods, draw horizontal lines with an interval of 0.5 m.

4. Draw a frame and a stamp. We enter all our data into it.

As a result, you should get something like this (Fig. 2).

All described operations can be done without various topographic menus. Our grandfathers, in general, did everything without a computer.

Remember - drawing in AutoCAD takes place at a scale of 1: 1000 and when printing, you set it to a scale of 1: 500, indicating "2: 1" in the print launch window. In this regard, all topographic signs when drawing should be half as much as indicated in the instructions.

What's this?

Topographic plan of the land plot- This is an image of the earth's surface (top view) made in the form of a drawing with special conventional signs on a certain scale. The topographic plan has a certain period of validity associated with the relevance of the information about the terrain displayed on it, therefore it is carried out on the basis of the conducted topographic survey and it cannot be downloaded from the Internet at the cadastral number.

Where can I get a topographic plan of a land plot?

Order from a geodetic firm such as Georespect. Call +7 (495) 215-51-63 and a specialist will explain everything to you.

The cost of the topographic plan.

The price depends on the area, scale and purpose. For example Minimum the cost of the topographic plan of the land plot scale 1: 500 - RUB 9,000

Calculation of the cost of services

By contacting the Multifunctional Center for Geodetic Services, you will make the best choice and are guaranteed to receive a product that meets the most demanding consumer requirements.

To order a topographic plan here it is:

Conveniently- we will agree by phone, we will exchange documentation via e-mail, we will bring the contract to the site or to your office. Reliable- many years of experience in drawing up topographic plans and maps, continuous improvement of survey technologies, the use of modern measuring instruments, including satellite technologies, the availability of all necessary licenses and approvals. Safely- the production of works is insured, the main part of the cost payment is made after the results are received by the customer. To calculate the price and terms, just call +7 (495) 215-51-63 or send a request by e-mail [email protected] site

What is a topographic plan.

Topographic plan - an image of the territory of a part of the earth's surface projected onto a plane (top view), made in special conventional signs. Unlike geodetic maps, the scale of the topographic plan allows you to use in the design the most detailed designation of the nature of the terrain, with a high degree of detail. Naturally, for the creation of topographic plans of the area, as well as for their unambiguous reading and interpretation, a special language is needed, in geodesy it is a set of graphic images called conventional signs. By type, they are divided into off-scale (point), linear and areal. At the moment, the survey industry uses the norms developed in the Soviet Union and called "Symbols for topographic plans of scales 1: 5000, 1: 2000, 1: 1000 and 1: 500", which are mandatory for participants in cartographic and geodetic activities. However, in the event that surveys are carried out on a local area of ​​the terrain, and the final product will not fit into the cartographic fund and be used in the development of urban planning documentation, the customer has the right to present excellent requirements for ease of perception. Such wishes may arise, for example, when creating a geo-basis for the development of a landscape design project, etc. As a result of using a ready-made topographic plan, depending on the scale, you can get acquainted with the following characteristics of the terrain: displaying the geometry of the relief, all capital structures located on the site, engineering communications, both underground and having external signs with the designation of their characteristics and belonging to one or other operating service, road network, as well as vegetation. The topographic plan can be used made on paper and tablets, in electronic form of various common graphic programs representing a digital terrain model, possibly three-dimensional (3D).

Topographic plan of scale 1: 500.

Topographic plans, like topographic maps, can be universal, specialized, drawn up in the water area, and issued in the form of maps. The most demanded scale, most often used in economic and urban planning activities, is the topographic plan 1: 500. You cannot do without this cartographic product in the case of gasification of a house, connection of sewerage networks, water supply and heat supply and other engineering, to accompany engineering and geological surveys. Wide use of topographic surveying 1: 500 in land management works, when creating master plans for settlements, accompanying construction and engineering, tk. have the best ratio of information content and ease of perception. The detail of the reflection of landforms, the configuration of structures, the detection of utility networks, the variety and variability of the display of forms of vegetation, road network and hydrographic objects allow the best way to satisfy the need for cartographic support of architectural and economic activities.

Creation and updating of topographic plans

In the process of creating and updating topographic plans, when developing construction projects, research work, geo-base, drawing up a topographic plan of the studied landscape or forming a digital copy and a terrain model for its further strategic use, it is often necessary to resort to geodetic firms. Such entry-level work can also be carried out by individual individuals with an appropriate construction and engineering education. Highly specialized work related to the construction of large-scale plans requires certain equipment, capabilities, experience and knowledge in the field of geodetic research. When carrying out this type of work, representatives of the State authorities in the field issue a special permit, and the manufacturer of the work must have a license to carry out this type of activity. In addition, the equipment used in the creation and updating of topographic plans must be certified and checked by the state metrology and standardization bodies. Updating topographic plans provides for the collection of documentation, maps and materials from previous years, analysis of the soil, terrain and its relief for changes in soil, vegetation, new buildings and structures. Filming justification is carried out and a plan of the proposed work is formed. If necessary, an updated topographic survey of the investigated area is carried out, including using aerial photography. Based on the results of the information received, the specialist conducts a desk analysis and processing of field data. At the end of the work done, a documentary confirmation of the work carried out is drawn up with the approval of a new topographic plan of the area, a technical report is formed. When conducting aerial photography or ground data collection, information is accumulated to create the so-called primary topographic plan or topographic base. Thus, an initial drawing is formed, where all objects of the surveyed area are displayed in the form of conditional graphic images. The predetermined scale determines the structure and location of objects on the preliminary topographic plan. Relief and vegetation changes are displayed as numerical elevations, contour lines, and station points if the scaling is done in a ratio of 1: 500 or 1: 1000. In densely built-up areas at a scale of 1: 500, contour lines may not be displayed. When creating and updating topographic plans, it often happens when it is necessary to take into account the location of non-standard objects created by nature, man, or as a result of man-made accidents. Such an example can be soil faults, atypical structures (for example, churches). Such objects on the topographic plan are displayed not only by conditional graphic images, but also require mandatory decoding in the footnote of the area plan.

Preparation of a topographic plan

The services of professional surveyors are in demand today in all areas of construction. Without topographic surveys, it is now impossible to competently plan landscape design, bring communications, make the necessary connections, lay roads, and also build buildings. Ultimately, the goal that surveyors are pursuing is create a topographic plan, for the compilation of which a whole range of modern equipment is used in the form of digital total stations, theodolites and gps receivers. Works related to topography are closely intertwined with engineering and geodetic surveys, the purpose of which is to form a geographic base, both in graphic and digital form. Topographic survey serves as a source of data from which you can glean information not only about the geodetic situation in the study area, but also about the terrain, constructed structures in terms of their aboveground and underground parts, as well as other elements of infrastructure and planning of the facility. The maps reflect all situational and large-scale objects, including buildings, auxiliary structures, as well as rivers, lakes, forests, engineering communications of various kinds, road lines, outlines of settlements, relief and aspects of improvement. As a rule, for this purpose, surveyors form a topographic plan of the territories of interest on a scale of 1: 500, where you can get the most accurate information about the location of certain objects. The scope of geodetic works includes a full range of surveys. Its beginning is based on the collection of materials of a planning and cartographic nature and a thorough analysis, reconnaissance of the site, on the basis of which the development of the survey rationale is carried out. Directly topographic survey can have a different purpose, be it gasification or construction, for which it is necessary to form an objective model of the terrain with the location of objects. At the final stage of work, office processing of the information received is carried out, through which all the necessary master plans and engineering networks are drawn up, as well as a topographic plan of the territory of the desired site. At the end, experts carry out an examination of the data, which confirms the fact of the work, which, in essence, are divided into three stages: preparatory, field and office. In the course of the work, according to the presented terms of reference, both horizontal and vertical topographic surveys can be carried out. At the same time, depending on the goal, the scale of the shooting itself changes quite logically. So, for example, for the implementation of works on landscape design and landscaping of the territory, it is important to use the survey 1: 200 or 1: 100, while for the general plan, the optimal scale will be 1: 500.

What does it look like?

The terrain drawing, depicted on a large scale, is nothing more than a topographic plan, on which reflections are found, not only the relief of the entire territory of the investigated area, but the location of various elements of its infrastructure: houses, buildings, communications of a different nature. The plan obtained in the process of topographic surveys is a special case of another equally common document - a topographic map. Topographic survey is a paid service performed by a surveyor using a special device - a digital total station. Based on these surveys, after the stage of the so-called field work, a plan is developed that can be presented on a different scale. The scale varies widely from 1: 200 to 1: 10000 and more. It all depends on the purpose of the shooting and the wishes of the customer. At the same time, the value of the average error in accurately determining the turning points of the boundaries relative to nearby points of geodetic networks of a state nature on a plan with a scale of 1: 2000 should not be more than 0.1 mm. The topographic plan illustrates not only the curvature of the surface of a particular site, but provides information about the location and coordinates of overground and underground communications located on the study site. Drawing up a plan implies binding to the cartographic and geodetic data of the state geodetic network. This operation, as a rule, is performed at the first stage of work. After that, specialists carry out horizontal and vertical surveys to determine the exact coordinates of construction objects, trees and communications in all planes. Primary topographic survey should also be accompanied by a procedure for establishing and fixing the exact boundaries of the land plot. The consolidation of the data obtained as a result of the survey is implemented in practice by setting out boundary marks. By their appearance, temporary and permanent signs are distinguished. Temporary signs fix the boundaries immediately after the research, permanent ones are set instead of temporary ones to determine the boundary points and the invariability of their position. Topographic plan is an indispensable document when carrying out work on the improvement of the territory: its breakdown for construction, the formation of a garden and a vegetable garden, the creation of a drainage system. As a document, the topographic plan must contain the most important information about the cadastral number of the site, the scale of the survey, and have information about the boundaries of the site with adjacent land users. The plan is considered valid, which is certified by the signature of the chairman of the committee on land resources of the corresponding region.

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Why do you need a topographic plan?

Any survey activity requires a topographic plan. This document is needed both by the owners of private land holdings and by large construction companies. Typical use cases in practice:

• obtaining building permits;
• reconstruction project of an existing facility;
• design of communications for connection to consumers;
• landscape design;
• registration of a land plot for ownership or lease;
• purchase of municipal land;
• determination of the volume of earthworks.

This list can be continued, or limited to the statement that a professionally executed topographic plan of a land plot is always needed. Even in the case when construction work is not envisaged, it is necessary to issue a cadastral passport, for which a topographic plan is required.

Scope of topographic plans

By classifying by scale, the following options can be distinguished:

• topographic plans 1: 5000 are used in the development of projects in rural settlements, reconstruction in cities, for cadastral plans, in the preparation of technical projects for railways and highways, as a basis for plans of a larger scale;
• topographic plan 1: 2000 is necessary for detailed planning of districts of cities and towns, drawing up general plans of significant industrial facilities, hydraulic structures, power stations;
• large-scale (1: 1000; 1: 2000) are used in the development of master plans for urban development;
• plans at a scale of 1: 1000 and other large scales are used in the design of low-rise civil engineering facilities;
• for landscape design, the largest-scale plans are used (1:50, 1: 100).

Another classification option is by purpose. Within the framework of this division, there are basic topographic plans of sites and specialized ones. The first group includes multipurpose plans with display of all terrain elements. To the second - topographic plans intended for local projects, depicting a certain set of elements

Information on topographic plans

The number of objects displayed on the plan is determined by the generalization rule: the smaller the scale, the more large objects are included. Topographic plan of the area includes:

• the actual drawing;
• legend;
• a stamp with information about the address of the object, scale, performer.