Textbook / Korsakov M.N., Rebrin Yu.I., Fedosova T.V., Makarenya T.A., Shevchenko I.K. and etc.; Ed. M.A. Borovskaya. - Taganrog: TTI SFU, 2008 .-- 440p.

2. RESOURCES AND COSTS OF THE COMPANY

2.1. Enterprise as a business entity and property complex

2.1.4. Indicators of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets

To assess the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets at enterprises, a system of indicators is used, including general and specific indicators. General characterizes the efficiency of using the entire set of fixed assets. When calculating these indicators, the cost estimate of fixed assets is used. The most important indicators of this group are:

1. The rate of return on assets (), which shows what volume of production () falls on one ruble of the cost of fixed assets () for a comparable period of time:

2. The indicator of capital intensity () is the inverse indicator of capital productivity and shows how much fixed assets were spent for the release of one ruble of production:

, (2.20)

3. The indicator of capital-labor ratio () characterizes the value of the value of fixed assets attributable to one employee of the enterprise ( H):

When analyzing the efficiency of using fixed assets, it is advisable to use the following relationship between labor productivity (), capital productivity and capital-labor ratio:

4. The indicator of profitability of fixed assets characterizes the amount of profit per one ruble of the cost of fixed assets.

. (2.23)

When calculating the considered indicators, the average value of the cost of fixed assets for the analyzed period is used.

Private indicators characterize the efficiency of using individual elements of fixed assets (equipment, production areas, etc.). The most important in this group are the following indicators:

1. The coefficient of extensive equipment utilization characterizes the use of equipment over time:

where is the time actually worked by the equipment;

- the time of possible use of the equipment.

2. The coefficient of intensive loading of equipment characterizes the use of equipment in terms of productivity:

where is the technically justified rate of time per unit of production;

- the actual time spent on the production of a unit of production.

3. The coefficient of integral (total) equipment load characterizes the use of equipment both in time and in terms of productivity:

(2.26)

4. The shift factor of the equipment shows how many shifts the installed equipment operates on average during the day:

where is the number of actually worked out machine shifts per day;

- the total number of pieces of equipment that the enterprise has at its disposal.

Efficient use of fixed assets leads to an increase in production, increased capital productivity, cost reduction and increased profits of the enterprise. Improving the use of fixed assets is tantamount to reducing the enterprise's need for additional capital investments, which leads to the convergence of the terms of moral and physical wear and tear of machinery and equipment, and increases the level of competitiveness of the enterprise.

When determining the directions of increasing the efficiency of the use of fixed assets, it is necessary to single out extensive and intensive factors. Extensive the direction assumes an increase in the operating time of machines and equipment due to a reduction in intra-shift and complete-shift downtime, an increase in the proportion of operating equipment. Intensive assumes an increase in the level of equipment utilization per unit of time, i.e. increasing its productivity by improving the qualifications of workers, the scientific organization of labor, the use of modern methods and means of labor.

The law of reproduction of fixed capital is that, under normal economic conditions, its value introduced into production is fully restored, providing an opportunity for constant technical renewal of the means of labor. With simple reproduction at the expense of the depreciation fund, organizations can form a new system of labor tools, equal in value to worn out ones. To expand production, new investments of funds are required, attracted additionally from profits, contributions of founders, issuance of securities, credit, etc. The most important reproductive characteristics of the turnover of fixed assets are indicators of their growth, renewal and disposal. The growth rate reflects the increase in fixed capital for the period under review and is calculated as the ratio of newly introduced fixed assets to their value at the beginning of the period.

The degree of renewal of the production apparatus is measured by the coefficient of renewal - the ratio of the value of the fixed assets introduced to their total value at the end of the period under consideration. The indicators of growth and renewal of fixed capital are interrelated reasons: the higher the share of growth, the higher the level of renewal, and vice versa. The decrease in the level of renewal of fixed capital was largely due to the rapid increase in its volume, and in the last decade, to a reduction in the scale of commissioning. Significant adjustments to this relationship can be made by the retirement ratio, which is the ratio of fixed assets retired from service in a given period to their value at the beginning of the period. Low rates of retirement of means of labor preserve the existing technical state of fixed capital and underestimate the level of its renewal. Both at the level of the national economy as a whole, and in organizations, planned and reporting balances of fixed assets are developed, reflecting the quantitative characteristics of their reproduction: availability at the beginning of the period, their movement (input and disposal), cost at the end of the period.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a complex process that includes the following interrelated stages:

creation,

consumption,

depreciation,

restoration and refund.

The creation of fixed assets most often occurs outside the organization (for example, the creation of devices, equipment, machine tools). The creation of fixed assets within the organization is carried out in accordance with their structure, and occurs in two areas: in the construction industry and mechanical engineering, including in instrument making.

The initial stage of the reproduction of fixed assets, which is carried out in organizations, is the stage of their acquisition and formation. For a new organization that is being created, the formation process means the construction of buildings and structures, the acquisition of equipment corresponding to the technological process, cost and quality of products.

For an operating organization, the formation of fixed assets includes, first of all, the following stages: an inventory of existing and used fixed assets in order to identify obsolete and worn-out items of fixed assets; analysis of the compliance of existing equipment with technology and organization of production; selection (taking into account the specific specifics of production and the planned volume of production, the volume and structure of fixed assets.) Next is the process of reinstalling the existing equipment, purchasing, delivery and installation of new equipment.

The reproduction of fixed assets is completed by the process of their restoration or replacement. The restoration of fixed assets can be carried out through repairs (current, medium and capital) at the expense of depreciation deductions, as well as through modernization and reconstruction.

Modernization of equipment, buildings and structures means their improvement and bringing them to a state that meets the modern technical and economic level of production, by means of their design changes, replacement and strengthening of elements, assemblies and parts, equipping with new devices, automation of production processes. Modernization is designed to improve product quality and reduce production costs. The modernization of partially obsolete equipment requires less money and labor, as well as time than building new organizations. In addition, it allows you to get the necessary increase in production in a shorter time, contributes to an increase in capital productivity, since the equipment is used more fully and there are no costs for the passive part of fixed assets.

Reconstruction can most often take place in two ways. In the first option, in the process of reconstruction according to a new project, the existing structures, workshops, etc. are expanded and reorganized. In the second option, the active part of fixed assets (machines, equipment, devices, etc.) is replaced and updated. Usually, the second variant of reconstruction in economic practice is also called technical re-equipment. Reconstruction in many cases provides an increase in output with significantly lower material costs and in a shorter time than the construction of new organizations.

New construction is used to organize the release of new products, diversify production, move production to another territory, discover new natural deposits, etc.

The final choice of new construction or renovation is based on economic analysis.

Improving the use of fixed assets solves a wide range of economic problems aimed at improving production efficiency: increasing output, increasing labor productivity, reducing costs, saving capital investments, increasing profits and return on capital and, ultimately, improving the standard of living of society.

To characterize and use fixed capital, a system of generalizing, cost, relative and physical indicators is used. In a market economy, the most common indicator characterizing the efficiency of an organization is the return on capital - the ratio of profit to the advanced average annual cost of fixed and working capital. This indicator can be determined in relation to fixed assets and compiled over time.

Among the generalizing indicators of the level of use of fixed capital are capital productivity and capital intensity. Return on assets expresses the ratio of the cost of products manufactured in a year (or another period of time) to the average annual cost of fixed assets. This indicator can be calculated by the volume of sales, products sold or shipped. Capital intensity - the inverse of the return on assets; it expresses the ratio of the cost of fixed assets to the volume of production. When calculating these indicators, the average annual cost of capital should be calculated not as an average book value, but based on the calculation of average annual prices.

The capital intensity can be determined per unit of production in physical terms and per ruble of its value. Return on assets shows how much production is received from each ruble of the current fixed capital; the capital intensity indicator reflects the value of the cost of fixed assets required to obtain a given volume of production. Capital productivity indicators (capital productivity) are mainly used to analyze the level of use of existing funds, and the capital intensity indicator is mainly used to plan the need for fixed assets and capital investments in long-term planning or the development of new projects.

The equipment utilization factor is defined as the ratio of the costs of machine time in machine-hours (calculated according to the labor intensity of work performed on this equipment) to the useful fund of the equipment operating time under the adopted mode of use (two- or three-shift). This metric is widely used in capacity calculations to synchronize the throughput of different types of equipment.

The achieved level of utilization of the possible productivity of technological equipment is measured by the intensity factor of the use of the machine park, which is determined by the ratio of the actual volume of manufactured products to the installed production capacity of the equipment (throughput).

One of the generalizing indicators characterizing the technical condition of fixed assets is the renewal rate. It reflects the rate of renewal of fixed assets.

The renewal factor is calculated for all fixed assets and for the active part of fixed assets by period. The obtained indicators are compared, which allows you to find out at the expense of which part of fixed assets in the most part the update takes place. If the renewal coefficient for the active part is higher than for fixed assets as a whole, then the renewal in the organization is carried out at the expense of the active part, which determines the output and quality of products, which is a positive moment, and, therefore, affects the value of capital productivity. The renewal of fixed assets can occur both through the acquisition of new ones and through the modernization of existing ones, which is more preferable, since materialized labor is preserved in structural elements and assemblies that cannot be replaced.

The retirement rate (Kvyb) characterizes the degree of intensity of the retirement of fixed assets from production. The retirement rate is determined as a whole for all fixed assets, for the active part and for certain types by periods. The change in this indicator for the analyzed period is determined, the reasons for the retirement are clarified, at the expense of what part it occurs. All other things being equal, a high retirement rate for the active part, in comparison with all fixed assets, indicates a negative impact on the return on assets.

The growth rate analysis is carried out similarly to the renewal and retirement rates. The above indicators should be considered interconnected.

The technical condition of fixed assets depends on the timeliness of high-quality repair of fixed assets.

It is necessary to determine the absolute deviation of repair costs and repair costs and their quality.

estimate fixed asset depreciation

Distinguish between general and specific indicators of the use of fixed assets (Fig.2.2.). The general indicators include return on assets, capital intensity, profitability of funds. By private - indicators of the use of equipment and production areas.

Each indicator characterizes individual aspects of the use of fixed assets.

Return on assets shows how much marketable output falls on one ruble of fixed assets. Determined by the formula:

Фо = Qтп / Фсг,

where: Qтп - the volume of production of marketable products, in rubles;

FSG - the average annual cost of fixed assets.

The higher the rate of return on assets, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.

Capital intensity - the inverse indicator of return on assets. Shows how many production assets fall on one ruble of marketable output. Determined by the formula:

The lower the capital intensity indicator, the more efficiently the fixed production assets are used.

The profitability of production characterizes the value of the balance sheet profit attributable to one ruble of production assets. Determined by the formula:

where: PB - balance sheet profit; Fos - the annual value of the company's working capital.

The higher the rate of production profitability, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.

The indicators of equipment utilization include the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment, the integral coefficient and the shift coefficient.

The equipment extensive use ratio characterizes the use of equipment over time. Determined by the formula:

,

where: Tf, Te - respectively the actual and effective fund of equipment operation time.

The equipment intensive use factor characterizes the use of equipment in terms of capacity. It is determined by the ratio of the actual volume of production (Qtp) to the maximum possible (Qmax):

The integral equipment load factor characterizes the overall use of the equipment. It is determined by the product of the coefficients of extensive and intensive use of equipment:

Kint = Ke * Ki.

The shift factor of the equipment is determined by the formula:

,

where: N1, N2, N3 - respectively, the amount of equipment operating in the first, second and third shifts;

Nset is the total number of installed equipment.

The indicators of the use of production areas include the removal of products from one square meter of production area and the production area per unit of installed equipment.

Removal of products from m2 of production area is determined by the formula:

S pr = Qtp / Fpr,

where Fпр - production area of ​​the enterprise, m2.

The production area per machine is determined by the ratio:

F pr1 = Fpr / Nset.

This indicator is compared with the standard value (Fn). If the actual value of the indicator is greater than the standard value, then this indicates an ineffective use of the production area.

In entrepreneurship, the maximum number of factors should be taken into account. Fixed assets are property assets, and their use directly affects the success of the business as a whole. Therefore, the economic analysis of indicators (OS) is very important for the successful functioning of the entire organization.

Why to make this analysis, what indicators and how are assessed, how the calculation takes place, we will show below.

The purpose of the analysis of OS performance indicators

The derived economic indicators, reflecting the effectiveness of the use of property assets, help to assess how the profit received as a result of the organization's activities is related to the funds (meaning fixed assets) that were spent on this.

The ongoing follow-up and calculations will help clarify:

• the degree of rationality of the use of existing fixed assets;
• possible disadvantages and problems associated with the use of the OS;
• potential for growth in the efficiency of the functioning of basic property assets.

If fixed assets are used rationally, with increasing efficiency, favorable changes are made in the economy:

• gross domestic product is produced in greater quantities;
• the national income is growing;
• profit increases without attracting additional investments;
• the pace of production can be accelerated;
• production costs are reduced.

Indicator groups

There is a conditional division of indicators by which the effectiveness of OS application is assessed into two groups.

1. Summary indicators- these factors assess the effectiveness of the OS at any economic level, from the macroeconomic level - the entire national economy in its totality - to each specific organization. They affect various aspects of the functioning of funds.
2. Private indicators- help to clarify the profitability of the use of fixed assets directly at this enterprise. They reflect the specific levels of influence of a particular indicator on the performance of the OS (mainly, this applies to equipment and areas given for production).

Analyzing generalized indicators

This group of efficiency factors includes those that help assess the situation as a whole - for the enterprise, for the industry, for the entire state economy. They are based on specific numbers that are subject to accurate accounting and calculation according to special formulas. Consider four main generalizing indicators of the effectiveness of the functioning of property assets.

1. Return on assets

   This indicator is intended to assess the volume of production per unit of the value of fixed assets (1 ruble), that is, what income is received for each ruble of invested funds.

   At macro levels (for example, for the enterprise as a whole), it shows how the volume of output for the reporting period is related to the average value of fixed assets for the same time period (usually a year is taken). The sectoral level will use the gross value added as the volume of output, and the general economic level will use the gross national product.

   Formula for calculating the efficiency of return on assets:

   PFo = Vpr / Stsr OS

   • PFo - the rate of return on assets;
   • Vpr - the volume of products produced for a certain period (in rubles);
   • Stsr OS - the average cost of fixed assets for the same time period (also in rubles).

   The higher the indicator obtained, the more effective the return on assets.

2. Capital intensity

   The inverse rate of return on assets, which shows what part of the value of fixed assets was spent for the production of goods for 1 ruble. The initial cost of industrial production fixed assets is taken into account (average for the period that is being estimated).

   Capital intensity shows how much you need to spend on fixed assets in order to get the planned volume of production as a result. With the effective use of property assets, the capital intensity decreases, which means that labor is saved. It is calculated by the following formula:

   PFemk = Stsr OS / Vpr

   • PFemk - capital intensity indicator;
   • Stsr OS - the average figure of the cost of fixed assets (usually for a year);
   • Vpr, is the volume of products released during this time.

   If you know the return on assets, you can find out the capital intensity by finding the reciprocal:

   PFemk = 1 / PFo

3. Labor-to-labor ratio

   This indicator characterizes how well the production is equipped, which means that it directly affects both the return on assets and capital intensity. It shows how much fixed assets are for each employee working in production. To calculate the capital-labor ratio, you need to find the following ratio:

   PFv = Stsr OS / ChSsrsp

   • ПФв - indicator of capital-labor ratio;
   • Stsr OS - the cost of OS for the required period;
   • ЧСsрsp - the average number of employees for the same period.

   If you need to trace the relationship between capital-labor ratio and capital productivity, you will need an intermediate indicator - labor productivity, showing the ratio of products and the number of personnel. So, the connection between the above two indicators is expressed by the following formula:

   PFv = PrTr / PFo

   If the output is growing, and at the same time the fixed assets add in value not so quickly, it means that the overall efficiency of production increases.

4. Profitability of fixed assets of production

   Profitability shows what profit is obtained as a result of using each ruble from the value of fixed assets. It shows a certain percentage of effectiveness. Calculate it like this:

   PR = (Bpr / Stsr OS) x 100%

   • PR is the indicator of profitability;
   • Bpr - the balance sheet profit of the organization for the required period (most often a year is used);
   • Stsr OS - the average cost of working capital.

We analyze private indicators

If the generalized indicators are cost, then the private, investigated within a particular enterprise, reflect the level of use of the OS (mainly equipment).

1. Extensiveness indicators- reflect how the use of fixed assets is distributed over time. These include the following coefficients:
   • coefficient of extensive use of funds (equipment)- it shows how much useful time the equipment has worked (the ratio between the actual operating time and the norm); formula: Kekst = Tfact / Tnorm;
   • shift ratio- used when the equipment works without stopping (by shifts), reflects the number of worked production shifts (CM) and the number of equipment units involved in the largest of them (Nmax); formula: Kcm = CM / Nmax; can be calculated based on the number of pieces of equipment: Kcm = (О1 + О2 + ... + Оn) / Оust, where О1 is the number of equipment operating in 1 shift, Оn are machines operating in the last shift, Оust is the total number of installed equipment;
   • occupancy factor- to calculate it, it is necessary to determine how the shift coefficient relates to the one established according to the plan; formula: Kz = Kcm / Kpl.
2. Intensity indicators- give an idea of ​​the power level of asset utilization. To determine the intensity factor, you need to know the planned (maximum) volume of products that can be produced on a given equipment, and correlate the actually produced volume with it. Formula: Kint = Vact / Vmax.
3. Integrity indicators- cover different aspects of the use of fixed assets or their current state. It comprehensively determines how efficiently the equipment is used in terms of time and power. To determine it, you need to multiply the coefficients of extensive and extensive use of fixed assets: Kintegr = Kekst x Kint.

The study of the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets makes it possible to draw conclusions regarding the further economic policy of the enterprise, in particular, when planning costs and calculating profits.

To determine the effectiveness of the use of fixed assets, a certain system of indicators is used:

Generalizing indicators: return on assets, capital productivity and capital intensity;

Differentiated indicators of the use of the active part of fixed assets: the coefficient of extensive load of equipment, the coefficient of intensive load of equipment, the integral coefficient of utilization of equipment, the return of the active part of fixed assets, the profitability of the active part of fixed assets, the coefficient of replacement of equipment;

Differentiated indicators of the use of the passive part of fixed assets: production volume from 1 m 2 of production area, profit per 1 m 2 of production area.

The rate of return on assets (FO) characterizes the volume of the value of gross output (or sales) of output (B) per ruble of the average annual value of fixed assets (OS av):

FD = V / OS avg (1)

The higher the rate of return on assets, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.

Factors that increase the return on assets:

Increase in equipment productivity as a result of technical re-equipment and reconstruction of existing and construction of new enterprises;

Increasing the shift factor of the equipment;

Improving the use of time and power;

Acceleration of assimilation of newly commissioned capacities;

Reducing the cost of a unit of capacity of newly commissioned, reconstructed, re-equipped enterprises;

Replacement of manual labor by machine.

Capital intensity - the inverse indicator of return on assets. Shows how many production assets fall on one ruble of manufactured (sold) products. Determined by the formula:

FE = OS av / B (2)

The lower the capital intensity indicator, the more efficiently the main production assets are used.

The efficiency of the enterprise is largely determined by the level of capital-labor ratio, determined by the cost of fixed assets to the number of workers in the enterprise. This value must continuously increase, since the technical equipment depends on it, and, consequently, labor productivity.

Return on assets - the ratio of profit from core activities to the average annual cost of fixed assets. Its level depends not only on capital productivity, but also on the profitability of products:

FR = P / OS av, (3)

where P is the profit from the sale of products for the period, rubles.

The higher the rate of return on assets, the more efficiently fixed assets are used.

The equipment extensive use ratio characterizes the use of equipment over time. Determined by the formula:

Ke = Tf / Trezh, (4)

where Tf is the actual operating time of the equipment, h;

Trezh. - operating or scheduled time of equipment operation, h.

The operating time of the equipment is determined by the operating mode of the enterprise (for example, the number of work shifts per day and their duration, the presence or absence of days off).

The planned operating time of the equipment is calculated taking into account the time required for its repair and maintenance. It differs from the regime in that it does not include the time (hours) required for scheduled repairs.

The coefficient of intensive use of equipment (Ki) characterizes the use of equipment in terms of capacity. Determined by the formula:

Ki = VPf / VPpl, (5)

where VPf is the actual volume of manufactured products;

VPpl is the planned volume of production.

The coefficient of integral use of equipment is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment and comprehensively characterizes its operation in terms of time and productivity (power).

The value of this indicator is always lower than the values ​​of the previous two, since it takes into account both the disadvantages of both extensive and intensive use of equipment.

The return indicator of the active part of fixed assets is defined as the ratio of the volume of output to the cost of the active part of fixed assets.

The profitability of the active part of fixed assets is the ratio of the profit from the sale of products (or the profit of the enterprise) to the cost of the active part of fixed assets, multiplied by 100%.

Among the indicators of the extensive use of fixed assets at the enterprise is also the equipment shift factor (Kcm). It characterizes the time of purposeful use of the installed equipment, which operates in multi-shift mode. In other words, it shows how many shifts, on average, the installed equipment worked during the day.

In economic practice, the most often the shift factor of the equipment is calculated by the formula:

Kcm = (M1 + M2 + M3) / Su, (6)

where M1, M2, M3 - the number of machine-hours, machine - shifts of equipment operation, respectively, in one, two and three shifts;

Su - the total number of installed machines (machines, units) at the enterprise, units.

To assess the use of the passive part of fixed assets, the area utilization factor (Kisp.pl.) Is widely used, which is calculated as follows:

Kisp.area = Bn / Pln, (7)

where Bp - product output;

PLP - the size of the production area, m 2.

The indicator of profit per 1 m2 of production area is defined as the ratio of profit from the sale of products (or profit of an enterprise) to the total size of production areas.

The composition and structure of fixed assets are not constant. In the course of its activity, the company buys new equipment, carries out reconstruction, writes off the worn out fixed assets.

The following indicators are used to characterize the processes affecting the structure of fixed assets.

The renewal coefficient (Co) reflects the intensity of the renewal of fixed assets and is calculated as the ratio of the value of newly received fixed assets during the reporting period (Fnov) to their value at the end of the same period (Fc):

Ko = Fnov / Fk (8)

The retirement ratio (Kvyb) characterizes the degree of intensity of the retirement of fixed assets from the production sphere and is calculated as the ratio of the value of fixed assets retired during the reporting period (Fvyb) to their value at the beginning of the same period (Fn):

Qtyb = Fvyb / Fn. (nine)

The coefficient of receipt (Kpost) characterizes the level of growth of fixed assets or its individual groups for a certain period and is calculated as the ratio of the value of newly received fixed assets (Fpost) to their value at the end of the period (Fc):

Kpost = Fpost / Fk (10)

Generalizing indicators of the technical condition of fixed assets are the wear and tear rates.

The depreciation rate (Kizn) is defined as the ratio of the amount of depreciation (I) to the original cost of fixed assets (Php):

Kizn = I / FP (11)

The coefficient of validity (Kg) is the ratio of the residual value of fixed assets (Фо) to the original (Фп):

Kgd = Фо / Фп (12)

Thus, in the process of analysis, the dynamics of indicators of movement, security, fulfillment of the plan is studied, the reasons for the change are studied, such as the commissioning of new fixed assets and the reconstruction of the enterprise, technical re-equipment of production or reduction of production capacity, etc. When studying the influence of individual factors on changes in certain indicators, it is necessary to determine the amount of unused reserves by increasing or decreasing these factors.