Organization of the development of new types of products. Organizational preparation of production and development of new types of products The enterprise has started to release new products
Mastering Production - a set of measures to prepare for the production of new products.
Dictionary of business terms. Academic.ru. 2001.
See what "Manufacturing Mastery" is in other dictionaries:
Mastering production- one of the stages of putting products into production, including testing and checking the prepared technological process, and mastering the practical methods of manufacturing products with stable values of indicators and in a given volume ... ... Official terminology
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION- a set of measures to ensure the preparation of the enterprise (association) for the release of previously unproduced products ...
DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION- a set of measures to ensure the preparation of the enterprise (association) for the release of previously unproduced products ...
cost accounting for preparation and development of production- Accounting for costs associated with preparing for the release of new products, improving the quality of products, etc. The costs of preparing and mastering production included in the cost of production include: design costs and ... ...
ACCOUNTING OF COSTS FOR PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION- accounting of costs associated with preparing for the release of new products, improving the quality of products, etc. The costs of preparing and mastering production included in the cost of products include: design costs and ... ... Big accounting dictionary
expenses for preparation and development of production Technical translator's guide
EXPENSES FOR PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION- goods (works, services): for the development of new enterprises, industries, workshops and (or) units (start-up costs); for the development or manufacture of tools and equipment; for the preparation and development of new types of serial or mass production ... ... Big accounting dictionary
The costs of designing, constructing and developing a technological process for manufacturing a new product; re-planning of placement, rearrangement and adjustment of equipment; production and testing of a prototype (batch of products); on… … Economic Dictionary
The costs of designing, constructing and developing a technological process for manufacturing a new product; re-planning of placement, rearrangement and readjustment of equipment; production and testing of a prototype (batch of products); on… … Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law
EXPENSES FOR PREPARATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION OF NEW KINDS OF PRODUCTS- the costs of designing, constructing and developing a technological process for manufacturing a new product; redevelopment, rearrangement and adjustment of equipment; production and testing of a prototype (batch of products); for design ... ... Big Dictionary of Economics
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The organization of the production of new products involves the restructuring of the existing production process and all its constituent elements. The development of new types of products requires not only the development of new technological processes and the use of new technological means, but also changes in the forms and methods of organizing production and labor, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills by the staff of the team, the restructuring of material and technical supplies, etc.
In these conditions, it is necessary to carry out organizational preparation of production, that is, to carry out a number of measures to restructure production processes for the release of new products. The complex of works included in the organizational preparation of production is associated with solving problems of an internal and external nature. The level of organization of labor and production, material support of new production, general technical and economic indicators of the enterprise's work largely depend on the quality of these works.
Organizational preparation of production is a set of processes and works aimed at the development and implementation of a project for organizing a production process for the manufacture of a new product, a system of organization and remuneration of labor, material and technical support of production, a regulatory framework for intra-plant planning in order to create the necessary conditions for high-performance and accelerated development and release of new products of the required quality.
The organizational stage of production preparation is subdivided into a number of stages:
Development of a project for organizing the main production process.
Development of a project for maintenance of the main production.
Development of the organization and remuneration.
Organization of material and technical support and sales of new products.
Creation of a regulatory framework for in-plant technical-economic and operational-production planning.
Organizational preparation of production is a combination of engineering and organizational and economic work and can be fully attributed to the field of engineering development. Among the most important requirements for the integrated preparation of production include the socio-psychological preparation of production.
Socio-psychological preparation of production is a system of measures aimed at organizing the propaganda-economic, psychological and social consequences of the introduction of new products for the collective of the zygote manufacturer, as well as for its consumers. Social and psychological problems of the production of new products are aimed at ensuring a comprehensive intensification of production, increasing its efficiency and creating a favorable social climate in production. Currently, one of the most important aspects of the study of psychological problems is the "human factor". A person's labor activity is carried out on the basis of the functioning of his psyche, thinking, imagination, attention, psychomotor skills, motivation, etc.
When mastering new types of products, it is necessary to develop a project for organizing the production of these products and ensure its implementation or reorganization of existing production. In general, when designing the organization of production, the following areas of work can be distinguished: determination of production capacities for the organization of the release of new products; choice of rational forms of organization of production; development or improvement of the system of operational and production planning; design of a production maintenance system; designing forms and methods of remuneration for all categories of workers; development and implementation of a project for the technical reconstruction of an enterprise or individual shops.
One of the main works on the design of the organization of the production process for the manufacture of new products is the calculation of the required production capacity. When calculating, certain ratios between the capacities of the shops must be provided, a certain surplus has been formed to create inter-shop advances and the formation of backlogs to ensure rhythmic work.
When choosing the forms of organization of production processes, the type of production structure of workshops and sections, the nature of the specialization of departments, the flow or non-flow form of the organization of the main production processes are determined, flows of materials, semi-finished products and finished products are formed. Variants of organizational structures, layouts, routes of movement of objects of labor are analyzed using methods of analytical and simulation modeling.
An important step is the design of the assimilation process over time. At the same time, work is being carried out to adapt the operational-production planning system to the conditions for the release of new products, the sequence of its launch into production is established, the necessary reserves are determined, measures are taken to ensure better use of equipment and labor, and to reduce the duration of the production cycle. The listed tasks are implemented on the basis of the use of graphic and machine modeling of the movement of objects of labor, performing volumetric calculations, using optimization methods.
At the next stages of the design of the organization of production, the functions of maintenance, departments that implement them, and the relationship with production departments are determined; organizational systems of transport, instrumental and material-technical support of workshops and sections are being developed; calculations of the number of service units are made, their structure is determined, regulatory documents are developed. An independent direction of design is the development of a quality control system for new products.
The final stage of developing a project for organizing the production of new types of products is the choice of forms of organization of labor and wages. This takes into account the nature of the production process and manufactured products; the composition and number of production teams, the nature of their specialization and cooperation, qualification characteristics and structure of workers are determined, workplaces and their service systems are designed. At this stage, standard projects for the organization of workplaces are applied and maps of the organization of work are developed, in which the content of work processes is recorded, a list of workplaces and a list of the organizational equipment used are compiled.
An integral part of the organizational preparation of production is the development of standards for the organization and planning of production of new types of products: material, labor, schedule, cost standards, prices, own working capital.
An important stage in the research-production cycle is the development of new products. The development of new products is a production process, during which the necessary debugging of the technological process, organization and planning of production takes place in order to release new products in a given volume and achieve the planned economic indicators. Products are considered mastered if they are produced in the prescribed volume and have the required technical and economic parameters. The term "mastered production" is used, as a rule, in relation to a specific enterprise. Products mastered at one enterprise, in the case of their transfer to another enterprise, also require mastering in relation to the characteristics of the latter, i.e. redevelopment.
The beginning of development should be considered the release of the installation series, which is made according to the batch production documentation in order to confirm the readiness of the production to release products in the specified volumes and with the established requirements. Distinguish between technical, production and economic development.
Technical development is carried out in the process of creating a new product in the pre-production period and is characterized by the achievement of the technical parameters that are set for the product in the technical conditions and in the standards. The design technical indicators must be achieved in pilot production during preparation for the serial production of new products. Given the high requirements currently imposed on the quality of products, it is impractical to carry out technical development during serial production.
Production development is a production process during which the enterprise reaches the design volume (quantity) of new products. At the same time, the economic development of the production of the product is being carried out. It begins with the release of the first industrial series, but does not end with the production reaching the target volume of production in pieces. The completion of economic development should be considered the achievement of the design level of economic indicators of new products, primarily the labor intensity and cost of products. Theoretically, it can end earlier than production, but, as a rule, enterprises reach the planned level of economic indicators later than the design level of product output has been reached.
The development of new products is a stage in the production process. Therefore, during the period of development, the basic principles of organizing the production process are in effect: specialization, proportionality, parallelism, direct flow, continuity, rhythm, etc. They also operate during the period of expanded production and during a decrease in production and withdrawal from production of obsolete products. In addition to general principles, the production process during development is based on private principles that serve as the basis for its organization and are weakly manifested in the period of expanded production. These principles are: integration of developers, producers and consumers; readiness of production for development; production flexibility; the complexity of development.
Organization of the transition to the release of new products
Domestic and foreign practice of enterprises provides many options for the transition of production to the release of new products. There are options with or without stopping production. The transition of enterprises to the release of a new product can be carried out by the following methods: sequential, parallel, complex-combined and aggregate.
Such a transition is called sequential when production development begins only after the withdrawal from production of a previously produced product. Technical organizational preparation is usually carried out in advance, during the release of old products.
The parallel method of transition assumes the maximum combination of the production of newly mastered products with the final stage of the release of the old model. It is usually used when enterprises have reserve capacities, create parallel operating sections, conveyors. With sequential and parallel methods, the production of an entire new machine as a whole is mastered with full readiness for the production of all units.
The complex-combined method is characterized by the combination of the execution of individual works on the preparation of production and the development of new products with a comprehensive solution of design, technological and production problems. Manufacturers are involved in the production of the product, the developers - in the development of its release. This method allows you to significantly speed up the process of creating and mastering new products by reducing the procedure for processing and approving technical documentation, eliminating unnecessary work, making the transition to serial production without making prototypes and pilot batches.
The aggregate method assumes the gradual replacement of individual units in the structure produced by the old model. For some time, a transitional modified product has been produced, equipped only with separate new units. When the planned replacement of old units with new ones is completed, the model from the transitional one turns into a new product. The development is divided into several stages, the collective of the enterprise. concentrates efforts on a relatively small area of work and the transition is less painful for the enterprise.
When choosing a transition method, one should take into account the factors characterizing the organizational and technical level of production, the design of the new product and the production technology. Assessing the organizational and technical conditions, it is necessary to take into account: availability of a reserve of production capacities; availability of free production areas; in-house specialization; division of labor in workshops and on sites; the level of sectoral and inter-sectoral cooperation; availability of qualified personnel, the level of organization of material and technical support, the level of flexibility of the production apparatus, etc.
When evaluating the design of a new machine, take into account its novelty, the level of unification and standardization, the design continuity and features of the new product in comparison with the machine removed from production, dimensions, weight, material consumption, energy consumption, labor intensity and other technical and economic indicators.
The production technology is characterized by the use of standard and special technological processes, unified and special tooling and equipment, the use of programmed machines, industrial robots and flexible automated systems, the presence of production waste and the impact on the environment and other factors.
Methods and options for the transition to the release of new products have a great impact on the timing and efficiency of production. It is necessary to carry out calculations of a decrease in the volume of production during the period of development, increased costs of resources, and also to determine the time during which production and economic development will be carried out.
Postnumerando business project payments are distributed over the years as follows:
80000; 100000; 120000; 150000; 90000.
Find the net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, return on investment and payback period at a discount rate of 20% per annum and a cost of capital of 11% per annum.
The essence, content and tasks of the process of creating and mastering new technology. The development of new types of equipment is carried out in the process of preparing for production. The more complex the design of the new technology, the more time, labor and money is required to carry out this training. Not only the timing and cost, but also the technical level and uniformity of the production of new equipment depend on the progressiveness of the preparation of production. The totality of work on the creation and development in production of new and improvement of previously mastered types of products and technological processes is called technical preparation of production (TPP), which is a special type of activity. It combines the development of scientific and technical information with its transformation into a material object - a new technique.
Target CCI - creation of a model of new technology and the organization of its development in production. The creation and development of new technology is carried out in a certain sequence of phases of a single process of technical preparation of production (the content of the CCI): theoretical research, which is of a fundamental and exploratory nature; applied research, in the process of which the knowledge gained at the first stage finds practical application; development work, in the course of which the acquired knowledge and research conclusions are implemented in the drawings and samples of new mechanisms and machines; technological design and design and organizational work, in the course of which the technological methods of manufacturing and forms of organizing the production of new products are developed; technical equipment of the new production, which consists in the manufacture of equipment, technological equipment and tools, as well as, if necessary, in the reconstruction of enterprises and their subdivisions; mastering the production of new products, when the designs of products and methods of their manufacture created at the previous stages are checked and introduced into production; industrial production, which ensures the release of new products in quality and in quantities that meet the needs of the market; the use of a newly created product in the field of operation; study of the behavior of a newly created product in the field of operation and the development and implementation of new types of products that embody the latest achievements of science and technology that meet the requirements of consumers who are competitive on the world market.
The content of the CCI is determined by the scale of production in relation to which the product is being developed, and its scientific and technical characteristics (novelty, complexity, manufacturing technology, etc.). The main tasks of the CCI, ways and methods of their implementation are given in table. 7.4. The CCI of new technology includes a complex of various research, development, technological and organizational-planning activities. They are produced by scientific research, design-technological and design institutes (SRI) in conjunction with enterprises, joint-stock companies. By the type and nature of the work, the processes of the CCI are divided into phases: research, development, technological, organizational and material (production and economic) (Figure 7.6).
Organization of research work. Modern production cannot successfully develop and improve without the implementation of relevant scientific research. Scientific research creates the preconditions for the accelerated development of technology and opens up new potential sources for raising social labor productivity. Scientific research works (R&D) include fundamental, exploratory and applied research.
Fundamental - studies that study objective phenomena and patterns, fundamentally new ways of transforming nature and society, productive forces, creating highly efficient equipment and technology, using new energy sources. They are often performed without taking into account the possible areas of application of the results obtained, although in their process one can obtain side results of an applied nature. The results of fundamental research serve as the basis for the formation
The main tasks of technical preparation of production, ways and methods of their implementation
|
The task of the CCI |
Ways of implementation |
Implementation methods |
|
1. Ensuring continuous technical progress in accordance with the technical policy of the industry |
|
|
|
2. Creation of conditions for the organization of a uniform schedule and economical production |
and production accounting |
1. Organization of all types of flow and flow-automated production and a feasibility study of their feasibility. 2. Application of ACS |
|
3. Reduction of duration, labor intensity and the cost of pre-production |
|
and design work, reproduction, assembly, etc. 5. Application of a unified system of design, technological documentation (ESKD, ESTDi ESTPP) |
Rice. 7.6.
a complex of scientific and technical problems of an applied nature in relation to the needs of specific areas of science, technology and production. These studies are carried out mainly in academic institutions, universities, and are not carried out at enterprises.
Search engines - research aimed at creating a scientific groundwork for the purpose of its further use in applied research. They are performed when there are no ready-made scientific and technical solutions. They are aimed at finding optimal solutions to the scientific problem that has arisen. Exploratory research is aimed at studying the possibility of creating new technology, forms and methods of organizing production on the basis of previously completed research of a fundamental nature, newly discovered patterns, principles and phenomena. They are exploring fundamentally new directions in the design of technology for the manufacture of special equipment and materials. Exploratory research is mainly carried out in industry research institutes, in some cases conducted by academic institutes and universities. Exploratory research companies do not conduct exploratory research.
Applied - research aimed at solving scientific, technical, organizational and economic problems in order to obtain a specific result for its direct use in design development. Applied R&D serves to determine the most perfect methods for the development of new products, technological processes, radical improvement of manufactured products, materials and methods of their development. These studies are carried out by large enterprises, industry research institutes and universities, which conclude economic contracts with enterprises for the implementation of specific scientific works for the direct implementation of the results into production. R&D carried out at enterprises conditionally includes developments on the creation of regulatory, technical, design and information documents to be directly introduced into production (standard and guidance materials, organizational projects, reference books, scientific information materials).
Organization of design preparation for production. Design preparation for production (PPC) is a stage of TPP of new products, which is carried out after the implementation of research, design and experimental research of new working processes, materials, kinematic diagrams. In the course of the checkpoint, a transition is made from the creation of individual machines to the development of highly efficient systems of machines, equipment and instruments that provide mechanization and automation of all production processes. Special attention is paid to the development of equipment for fundamentally new TP. The content and scope of the checkpoint is determined by the type and scale of production, as well as the structural complexity of the product. The development of designs for new machines is carried out by the department of the chief designer (OGK) and design bureaus (KB) of the head manufacturing plants or research institutes and design organizations. The checkpoint begins with the development of technical specifications, which determines the technical and economic requirements for new products. TK can be obtained from the customer or developed by a design organization. It includes: the purpose of the product, indicating the operational and climatic conditions of its use; main technical parameters; adaptability to maintenance; durability in operation; safety requirements, unification, aggregation, aesthetics, etc.
A technical proposal is attached to the draft TK: development of a schematic diagram of the machine and its preliminary layout; determination of power, dimensions, type of drive, technical characteristics (limits of application).
The next stage of the checkpoint is a draft design: the development of kinematic, electrical, hydraulic schemes of the machine and its layout, general drawings, prototyping, analysis of the patent purity of the design, determination of the cost price and the expected economic effect.
Then comes the stage technical project, which defines the main structural device of the product and contains a set of drawings of general views and assembly drawings of units, as well as an explanatory note. It gives the service purpose of the product and technical conditions, analysis of the technical level of the product and comparison of the latter with the best world samples, competitiveness, strength calculations of units and assemblies; specifications and technical conditions (TU), lists of purchased products, programs and test methods, patent form, as well as an economic justification for the design. On the basis of the technical design, a working project is developed: working drawings of assemblies, parts for the manufacture of a prototype, then, taking into account the test results, working drawings for preparation of production. The latter contain the entire set of technical documentation for the production and operation of new design products.
As a result of the checkpoint, design documentation should be issued, including: TU for the product; design drawings of all parts, assemblies and mechanisms; kinematic, electrical and other circuits; parts specifications; lists of parts and assemblies borrowed from other machines; standard, normalized and commercial materials; passport of the machine and instructions for its operation. As a result of the checkpoint, the product must fully meet a number of economic, operational, design, technological, organizational and production requirements (Table 7.5).
Organization of technological preparation of production. Technological preparation of production (TPP) is a set of interrelated processes that ensure the technological readiness of an enterprise to release products of a given quality at a specified time, production volume and costs. The content and volume of the CCI are determined by the type of production, design and service purpose of the product (Table 7.6).
The technological readiness of an enterprise is understood as the presence on it of a complete set of technological documentation and technological equipment necessary for the production of new products. CCI has two directions for mastering the production of a new product and for improving the TP, not associated with a change in the design of the product. Each direction has its own tasks, content and list of works, which depends primarily on the type of product and the purpose of the TP. All design and technological work at the enterprise is carried out by the department of the chief technologist (OGT) and the department of the chief metallurgist (OGMet) together with the technological bureaus (technical parts) of the shops. Are applied three
Requirements for the product that must be met in the process of design preparation for production
|
Character requirements |
|
|
Economic |
Compliance of the achieved indicators with the tasks of the technical progress plan, the parametric series; ensuring the growth of productivity of social labor; reduction in unit cost (per unit of mass, power, productivity) compared to the base (replacement) product |
|
Operation |
High productivity, sufficient reliability, transportability, good preservation, safety of work; ecological, aesthetic and ergonomic requirements |
|
Design |
Compliance of the selected design parameters with the conditions of its operation; choice of a rational scheme; increase in power, working speeds; automation of regulation, control; unification of materials, parts, assembly units, etc .; replacement of mechanical connections with electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic; selection of the simplest shapes of parts |
|
Technological |
Compliance of the design with the optimal technological conditions for its manufacture; the possibility of typification, mechanization and automation of production processes, provision of rational control methods |
|
Organizationally production |
Compliance of the design with the conditions of its manufacture, the possibility of specialization of production |
shape organization of work on the Chamber of Commerce and Industry: decentralized, centralized and mixed. At enterprises of single and small-scale production of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, decentralized. OGT, OGMet, OGS provide methodological guidance, carry out work on the typification of technological processes and unification of equipment. All other work is done by the technological bureaus of the shops. At enterprises of large-scale and mass production, the CCI is usually carried out centrally- in OGT, OGMet, OGS. Shop bureaus are engaged in the implementation of the developed TP. For medium-scale production, it is more often used mixed the form of organization of the CCI, in which the shop bureaus carry out the development
Table 7.6
The main functions and tasks of technological preparation of production
|
The main functions of the CCI |
Common Tasks |
|
Security manufacturability constructions |
Establishment of standard methods and means for processing the design of products for manufacturability, establishing basic indicators of manufacturability of product design. Carrying out technological control of design documentation. Assessment of the level of manufacturability of product design. Making the necessary changes to the design of products and its documentation. Reducing the scope of work on TP by ensuring a high level of manufacturability of product design and the use of modern methods and means of performing the relevant engineering and technical work |
|
Development of technological processes |
Development and standardization of typical technical processes for parts and assembly units for general machine-building use. Organization of a sectoral fund of documentation for standard technical processes and centralized provision of this documentation to industries. Development, standardization and application of typical technical processes, technical processes using methods of group processing and technological operations on parts and assembly units. Development and application of working technical processes for parts and assembly units, organization of factory documents for standard technical processes, technical processes using batch processing methods and technological operations |
|
Design and manufacturing technological equipment |
Comprehensive standardization of technological equipment for general machine-building applications. Carrying out work on the specialization of the design and production of technological equipment for enterprises of industries and branch bases for the rental of technological equipment. Unification and standardization of technological equipment. Organization of the use of technological equipment, including unified and standard means, the use of rental bases of these means. Design and manufacture of special technological equipment |
|
The main functions of the CCI |
Common Tasks |
|
Organization and management of the CCI process |
Long-term and annual planning, development and improvement of software for industries and enterprises of the industry. Establishment of standard methods and technical means of organizing and managing the process of CCI. Development and approval of methodological and regulatory materials for the development of standard structures and determination of the number of CCI services. Establishment of typical structures of technological services. Development of industry guidance materials for the organization and management of the TPP process, taking into account the types of products and types of production. Development of industry guidance materials for the mechanization and automation of engineering and technical and managerial work on the Chamber of Commerce and Industry. Prospective, annual and current planning, development and improvement of TP P at the enterprise. The use of modern methods for solving problems of technological preparation of production with the use of means of mechanization of engineering and technical and managerial work. Organization and improvement of the structure of the CCI services |
operational technological processes. As part of CDP and OGMet, specialized bureaus are organized for the types of processing: foundry, forging, thermal, coatings, mechanical, assembly, etc.
Since for each production facility it is necessary to develop technological processes and manufacture tooling for various phases of production (procurement, processing and assembly), the TPP is often the most labor-intensive and time-consuming process. The volume of CCI increases from single to mass production: in single production - 25%; serial - 50%; in mass - 75% of all technical preparation of production.
The main stages of the CCI:
- 1) preliminary study of technical documentation (technological control);
- 2) development of interdepartmental technological routes;
- 3) development of operational processes;
- 4) design of special equipment for equipment;
- 5) implementation of technological planning;
- 6) calculation of consumption rates of materials and determination of the need for labor and material resources;
- 7) development and delivery of TP to production shops.
Before the development of the TP, the documentation undergoes a preliminary study - technological control of the drawings and their development for manufacturability are carried out, the scope of work, terms, costs, economic efficiency, the possibility of providing material, labor and financial resources are determined.
Directly, the CCI begins with the development of interdepartmental technological routes (pre-shop), which establish the sequence of the passage of blanks, parts, assembly units through the production shops and the distribution of the nomenclature between the shops and sections. In single and small-scale production with universal equipment and tooling, highly skilled workers, the development of routing technology is often sufficient for the manufacture of parts and assembly of products.
In medium-batch, large-batch, mass types of production, it is necessary to develop detailed operational TP (technological maps).
The design of technological processes consists in the preparation of a work shop; development of technologies (flow charts) by stages of production (procurement, processing, assembly); selection of equipment, tools and fixtures; typification of technological processes; development of control processes; calculation of time norms.
Development of technological processes It is carried out on the basis of working drawings and a workshop, taking into account the release program, passport data of the equipment. Reference and guidance materials are also used. Developed TP is recorded (recorded) in technological maps, which must meet all the requirements of this type of production. Detailing TP is carried out mainly in mass production and, to a lesser extent, in individual production.
Technological maps must be adapted for processing their information on a computer and may have the following form:
- 1) route or planning and technological maps. They record the route of movement of the workpiece or assembly unit through the workplaces of the workshop or plant (a sequential list of basic operations with an indication of equipment, tools and fixtures, category and time norms). Appointment route technology: in a single production - main document, in mass production - for planning dispatching bodies;
- 2) technological maps manufacturing of blanks, parts or assemblies - TP structure (detailed characteristics of the tool, processing modes, work category and time norm) - the main document of all industries;
- 3) operational-instructional maps - for workers and adjusters. Contains all transitions, setup methods, processing modes, etc. - mainly used in mass production.
Labor rationing is carried out by technologists when designing technological processes. Forms of technological maps should provide for the possibility of their processing on a computer when drawing up a consolidated document of labor intensity for the manufacture of a machine, by workshops, by type of work, by profession, by equipment, etc. These data are the starting point for planning the load of equipment, for calculating the number of workers, determining the payroll and other purposes.
In the Chamber of Commerce and Industry, its main share is occupied by the stage of design and manufacture of technological equipment.
The tooling designer designs devices according to workpiece drawings, technological process charts. First, check the possibility of using cash (designed, manufactured earlier) or normalized tooling. If you need to design a new fixture, you need to determine whether you can use normalized parts or assemblies to fit. If the number of pieces of equipment is large (in mass production), the order of its development and manufacture is established: first stage - ensuring the manufacture of a prototype; the second stage is a tooling, which together with the first stage makes up a set under the condition of expanded (serial or mass) production. Here, a reduction in labor intensity and a reduction in product manufacturing cycles before the project should be ensured. When mastering a new machine unit-by-unit, if there is a mastering schedule, the sequence is coordinated with this schedule. It is more expedient to place orders for the manufacture of tooling at specialized enterprises. Simultaneously loaded workshops: instrumental, stamp-mechanical, model. The timing of the tooling production is set by OGT or OGMet according to the production preparation schedule. In mass production, there is often a need for non-standard equipment and various means of mechanization. This equipment is designed in the same way as fixtures (in the same order). It is advisable to entrust their production to specialized enterprises or at the enterprise to specialized workshops or a mechanical repair shop (RMC). Then, work is carried out to draw up a technological layout of equipment and workplaces, to form sections. The feasibility study of technological processes and the choice of the method of transition to the release of a new product are being carried out. Next, the needs for equipment are determined, the calculation of the rates of consumption of materials and the need for labor, etc. Material cost standards are developed on the basis of working drawings and a flowchart. Data on the ordering of materials for each detail is entered into the specification and processed on a computer. As a result, summaries are received by shops - the consolidated rate of consumption of materials - for the preparation and justification of applications. The TPP ends with the execution of works on alignment, adjustment and introduction into production of TP, equipment and tooling. Installation of equipment and its debugging for a given accuracy and quality of production are carried out; training and staffing; testing and debugging technology; adjusting the equipment and, finally, putting the TP into production. Checking and debugging TP are performed in the same way as the design is checked on a prototype, i.e. TP is mastered on an experimental series (sample). The batch size, for example for a car factory, is 200-250 cars. The pilot batch is manufactured only in the shops of the main production. All changes in technological processes and equipment are recorded in technological protocols. TP was introduced and handed over to the shop only after a suitable product that meets all technical requirements and conditions has been obtained using the designed technology and equipment with the established labor intensity. On the delivery and acceptance of the developed TP, a special act is signed, according to which the shop undertakes to comply with the adopted new technology according to the developed technological documentation.
Comparative technique-economic analysis of technological process options. The technologist must necessarily carry out a comparative analysis of the TP options and choose the most effective one that ensures the fulfillment of the technical task. To determine this option, it is necessary to calculate the costs of production for each existing option. In this case, there is no need to calculate all cost items. You can only compare the amount of costs that change when the TP changes, i.e. technological cost, which is calculated by the formula where C y, C p - conditionally variable and conditionally fixed costs; TU - the number of products produced during the planned production period.
The technological cost of the entire product release is determined by the formula WITH, A / "= C u I + C n N. Using the data from different options, it is necessary to compare the technological cost of one product and the entire output for each option.When comparing two TP options, it is necessary to determine the critical production volume of the UU K, at which the costs for both options are equal:
C, - C x, +
N, k "n2 s - s
Having determined the value of the critical volume of production, it is necessary to compare it with the planned output of this product of the UU PL and select the most effective version of the TP. Option with smaller constant SP and large variables With cost is more economical when L ^ pl YU K, the more economical option is with large constant C „and smaller variable C y costs. If the introduction of a new TP option requires additional capital investments, then the comparison of the options must be carried out according to the sum of the total capital and operating costs, given, for example, to the year.
Organizational preparation of production (OPP) and the development of new types of products. Organization of production of new products provides for the restructuring of the existing software and all its constituent elements. The development of new types of products requires not only the development of new TP and the use of new technological means, but also changes in forms and methods organization of production and labor, acquisition of new knowledge and skills by the staff of the team, restructuring of material and technical supply, etc.
In these conditions, it is necessary to introduce a number of measures to restructure production for the release of new products, i.e. implement PPP. The complex of works included in the OPP is associated with solving problems of an internal and external nature and the general technical and economic indicators (TEP) of the enterprise, the level of organization of production and labor, material support of new production depend on the quality of these works. OPP is a complex of processes and works aimed at the development and implementation of a project for organizing the production of a new product, a system for organizing and remuneration of labor, material and technical support of production, a regulatory framework for in-plant planning in order to create the necessary conditions for high-performance and accelerated development and release of new products required quality. OPP is subdivided into a number stages:
- development of a project for the organization of the main PP: choice of the form of organization of production, specialization of workshops and sections, cooperation between them. Determination of the need for space and equipment for the release of a new product. Drawing up the layouts of workshops and sites. Development of a project for the reconstruction of workshops. Development or improvement of the system of operational production planning;
- maintenance project development (TO) production: drawing up plans for the movement of objects of labor in production, selection and determination of the necessary means of in-plant transport and packaging. Development of projects for the organization of storage facilities, repair and instrumental services. Selection of forms of control of new products;
- development of organization and remuneration: creation of a rational project for the division and cooperation of labor. Development of a project for organizing the labor process, servicing workplaces, working and resting, bonus systems for workers and specialists. Calculation of labor intensity. Training and retraining of personnel. Selection and justification of the system of remuneration of workers and specialists in the development of new products;
- organization of material and technical supply and sales of new products: determination of the need for material resources. Drawing up applications and orders for special equipment, tooling, materials and components. Selection of suppliers and establishment of contractual relations with them. Implementation of supply plans for the release of the first samples and series. Establishing relationships with consumers, identifying needs;
- creation of a regulatory framework for in-plant technical-economic and operational-production planning: calculation of material, labor and planning standards, costing and setting prices for a new product. Determination of the size of the standards of stocks and working capital. The work included in the OPP complex is carried out by specialized research institutes, if the development of production takes place at a new enterprise, or by factory economic and technical services, if the preparation of production is carried out at an existing enterprise. OPP is a combination of engineering and organizational and economic work and can be fully attributed to the field of engineering development. Among the most important requirements for the integrated preparation of production include the socio-psychological preparation of production.
Object, subject and purpose of the course "Enterprise Economics".
Creation and development of production of new goods.
The structure of the national economy (spheres, sectors, complexes, industries, enterprises)
The structure of the business plan of the enterprise.
Basic concepts of the enterprise.
Market pricing of products, scope and factors determining it.
Classification of enterprises according to various criteria.
Investments, their focus and sources of financing.
The essence and types of entrepreneurship.
Marketing and product strategy of the company.
The production and organizational structure of enterprises.
The financial plan of the enterprise.
Organization of the production process.
Production risk assessment and insurance.
Concentration of production, its advantages and disadvantages.
The authorized capital and property of the enterprise.
Production specialization and its economic efficiency.
Remuneration for labor: principles, forms and systems.
Combination of production, its specificity and efficiency.
Enterprise loans and their economic assessment.
Classification and structure of the personnel of the enterprise.
Organizational - economic and organizational - legal forms of enterprises in the Russian Federation.
Labor productivity, its assessment and economic significance.
The strategy of the firm, its types and factors of choice.
Labor productivity growth reserves.
The simplest methods for assessing the effectiveness of investments.
Organization of labor at the enterprise.
The theory of the optimal volume of production.
Labor rationing at the enterprise.
Cost-pricing of products and their scope.
Remuneration of labor at the enterprise.
Production plan.
Fixed production assets, their classification and assessment.
Business plan of the enterprise, its purpose and role in production planning.
Depreciation of fixed assets.
Pricing policy of the enterprise and types of prices.
Depreciation of fixed assets and their reproduction.
Estimated production costs.
The production capacity of the enterprise and its use.
Enterprise costs and their classification.
Working capital, their structure and economic value.
Investment efficiency and its assessment according to the system of international indicators.
Production stocks and their rationing.
Enterprise innovation policy.
Work in progress and its regulation.
Engineering and reengineering at the enterprise.
Rationing the consumption of material resources.
Influence of competition on the price of goods and profit of the enterprise.
Material consumption and reserves of its economy.
Justification of the optimal planning and management decision of the enterprise, the choice of optimization criterion.
The turnover of working capital, its indicators and the economic value of its acceleration.
Calculation of costs.
Product quality, its assessment and measurement.
The cost of production and its structure.
Competitiveness of products and factors determining it.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of the economic activity of the enterprise.
Product standards and certification.
The balance sheet of the enterprise and the calculation of indicators of its financial condition.
Product quality management system.
Taxation of enterprises and its impact on the efficiency of activities.
Object, subject and purpose of the course "Enterprise Economics".
Economy Is the science of how society uses certain limited resources to produce useful products and distributes them among different groups of people. That's why enterprise economy Is the science of how this phenomenon is carried out within the framework of a single enterprise. Judging by the name of the course, object study is an enterprise. In accordance with the current Russian legislation, an enterprise means an organization that uses a variety of resources, processes them appropriately and receives commercial products, provides certain services or performs any work with the aim of further selling the finished product on the market. At the same time, the enterprise must build its activities in such a way as to receive a certain profit.
Subject studies of the course are production-economic and organizational-economic social relations that develop at the enterprise in the course of its functioning.
Creation and development of production of new goods.
Qualitative improvement of production is carried out in the form of innovations. The field of science that studies various theories of innovations - the formation of innovations, their diffusion, factors opposing innovations, the development of innovative solutions - is called innovation.
Innovative activity is a process aimed at implementing the results of completed research and development into a production process. Innovation - is the end result of innovative activity, which has received implementation in the form of a new or improved product (technological process) sold on the market.
Classification of innovations:
According to the degree of novelty, the following are distinguished:
Basic innovations (they implement major inventions and are the basis for the formation of new generations and directions for the development of technology);
Improving (associated with the introduction of small and medium-sized inventions);
Pseudo-innovations (aimed at partial improvement of outdated types of equipment and technology);
According to their role in the reproductive process, innovations are classified into:
consumer;
investment;
By the degree of difficulty:
synthetic;
For reasons of occurrence:
reactive (aimed at the survival of the firm, they appear, as a rule, as a reaction to radical innovative transformations carried out by competitors);
strategic (proactive and aimed at gaining competitive advantages in the future);
By the nature of the application, they are distinguished:
product innovations (aimed at the production and use of new products and services);
market (opening up new areas of application of already known products and services and allowing to fulfill the needs for them in new markets);
innovation-processes (aimed at new technologies, process organization and management);
social innovations (focused on the construction and functioning of new social structures).
The concept of "innovation" can only be applied to those innovations, the costs of the creation and implementation of which are paid off within the normative time frame. In this case, the period of time from the inception of an idea to the practical implementation of an innovation is called life cycle of innovation... Financing of innovations is carried out from the same sources as financing of any investments (self-financing, borrowed funds, attracted sources, etc.).
The investment policy of enterprises should be aimed at increasing production in principle
Course work
by discipline:
"Organization of production at mechanical engineering enterprises"
Theme:
"Mastering the production of new products »
Introduction
The creation of new types of products is carried out in the process of preparation for production, which is carried out outside the framework of the production process.
The process of preparing for production is a special type of activity that combines the development of scientific and technical information with its transformation into a material object - a new product.
The preparation process is subdivided into the following works: research, design, technological, production, economic.
Engineering works (research, technical and organizational development) are the main ones for the preparatory stage.
The next stage is the processes of manufacturing and testing models, prototypes and series of machines. These are called experimental manufacturing processes.
The effectiveness of the process of renewing products at machine-building enterprises is largely determined by the correctness and rationality of the chosen method of transition to the production of new products. The nature of the renewal of manufactured products depends on a number of factors:
The resources at the disposal of the enterprise that can be used to organize the development of new products (capital investments and their materialization in the form of production facilities, equipment, technological equipment, as well as human resources);
Differences in the degree of progressiveness of the products being mastered and removed from production;
The degree of preparedness of the enterprise for the development of new products (completeness and quality of technical documentation, the degree of readiness of technological equipment and equipment, the level of qualification training of personnel, the presence of additional production facilities, etc.);
Design and technological features of products;
Production type;
Demand for products manufactured by the enterprise;
The level of unification of the products being mastered and removed from production.
The methods of transition to the release of new products used in mechanical engineering differ, first of all, in the degree of overlapping the time of release of the replaced and mastered models (or the presence of a break between the end of the release of the replaced model and the beginning of the release of the mastered model), as well as the ratio of the rate of decrease in the release of discontinued production and the rate of increase in output. assimilated products. However, with all the variety of options for the process of renewal of engineering products, determined by various manifestations of the above factors, it is possible to distinguish characteristic methods of transition to new products: sequential, parallel and parallel-sequential.
The sequential transition method is characterized by the fact that the production of new products begins after the complete cessation of production of products discontinued
The continuous-sequential variant is characterized by the fact that the release of the mastered product begins immediately after the termination of the release of the product being discontinued. The organization of development according to this option is much more complicated from the organizational and technological point of view. A high degree of completeness is required for the technological preparation of the production of a new product for the beginning of its development.
The parallel method is characterized by the gradual replacement of products removed from production by newly mastered ones. In this case, along with a reduction in the production of the "old" model, there is an increase in the output of the "new" one. The duration of the alignment time is different. This method is most often used in mechanical engineering, both in mass and serial. Its main advantage in comparison with the sequential method is that it is possible to significantly reduce (and in some cases completely eliminate) losses in the total output during the development period.
In mass production, a parallel-step-by-step version of the parallel method is used. It is characterized by the fact that the process of updating the manufactured products is carried out in several stages, during which the release of transitional models is mastered, which differ from the previous model in the design of individual units and assemblies. At each stage, not the final product of the enterprise is updated, but only its individual constituent elements.
The parallel-sequential transition method is widely used in mass production in the development of new products that differ significantly in design from the removed ones. At the same time, additional capacities (sections, workshops) are created at the enterprise, where the development of a new product begins - technological processes are worked out, personnel qualification training is carried out, and the release of products to be replaced is organized. After the completion of the initial period of development in the main production, the production of products subject to replacement continues. After the completion of the initial development period, there is a short-term shutdown, both in the main production and at additional sites, during which the equipment is being redeveloped. At the same time, the equipment of additional sections is transferred to the shops of the main production. Upon completion of work in these workshops, the release of new products is organized.
The disadvantage of this method is the obvious loss in the total output of products during the stoppage of production and at the beginning of the subsequent period of mastering a new product in the shops. However, carrying out the initial stages of development in additional (temporary) sections allows later, when the release is deployed, to ensure high rates of increase in the release of a new product.
1. Organization of mastering the production of new products
1.1 Characteristics of the process of mastering production
The development of production is the initial period of industrial production of new products, during which the achievement of the planned design technical and economic indicators (primarily the design production of new products per unit of time and the corresponding design labor intensity and unit cost) is ensured. The allocation of this period is advisable only for conditions of mass and serial types of production, which are characterized by the stability of the range of products manufactured by the enterprise over a certain period of time; in a single production, the development period is practically absent, since the update of the nomenclature is associated with the release of each new single product or a small batch.
During the period of development, the design and technical refinement of the new product and the adaptation of the production itself to the release of new products continue. Therefore, one of the characteristic features of this period is the dynamism of the technical and economic indicators of production.
During this period, a significant number of design and technological changes are received, which not only require adjustments to the technical documentation, but also changes in already mastered technological operations, technological equipment, and sometimes processes in general.
The introduction of changes leads to a stretching of the development period and an increase in costs. During the period of development, many workers, especially those employed in the main shops of enterprises of mass production, have to re-master technological operations, serviced equipment, technological equipment, i.e. to acquire professional skills in the changed production and technical conditions.
It takes time to develop rational work practices.
In addition, the main characteristics of the development process - the duration of this period, the dynamism of costs - largely depend on the readiness of the enterprise to ensure an extensive serial or mass production. With a high degree of readiness of special equipment and tooling for the beginning of the expanded production of products, it is possible to significantly reduce the development period, to ensure a slight excess of the labor intensity of the first industrial products in comparison with the design labor intensity.
With a significant discrepancy between the level of technological equipment at the beginning of development to the level that is provided for ensuring the design release of products - the development period is delayed, there is a significant excess of the labor intensity and cost of products of the first years of production in comparison with the design indicators. A high level of readiness of fixed assets to start production requires significant capital investments, which in some cases may turn out to be excessively large. There is also a risk of abandoning some part of the technological equipment with an intensive flow of design changes during the equipment period. Therefore, for certain types of products, depending on the types of production, the optimal amounts of equipment are usually established by the beginning of the development period.
1.2 Organizational and planned preparation of production
Organization of production of new products requires not only the creation of new technological processes and changes in production techniques, but also changes in the forms and methods of organization of labor and production, changes in the structure of personnel.
Organizational preparation of production is a set of works and processes aimed at developing a project for the organization in time and space of the production process of manufacturing a new product, a system for organizing and remuneration of labor, a system of material and technical support, a regulatory framework for intra-plant planning for products that are first put into production.
The development of new products is an integral stage in the preparation of production, during which the adjustment and development of the designed technological processes, forms of organization of production, achievement of the planned volume of production, achievement of the planned technical and economic indicators of products are carried out.
In modern conditions, the preparation of production involves the participation of departments of mechanical engineering enterprises in the introduction of new products in the field of operation. Manufacturing enterprises not only supply products, but also prepare product consumption and post-production services.
The consumer enterprise should be convinced of the effectiveness of the new product, help him organize its correct use and disposal. Best of all, these tasks can be performed by an enterprise that has created a new product, therefore, it is necessary to prepare the sale of products, services and the use of products by the consumer.
The implementation of the preparation of production requires the solution of a number of problems: ensuring the scientific, technical and industrial integration of work on the creation of an organizational structure; development of special planning and management methods.
Production preparation planning.
Correct coordination of design, technological and organizational solutions throughout the entire period of preparation for production.
Planning tasks include the following:
Determination of deadlines for the completion of the development, guaranteeing the implementation of the plan within the target time frame;
Determination of the scope of work;
Compliance with costs within the plan.
The implementation of tasks is carried out in plans. The implementation of the outlined plans for the technical preparation of production is ensured by: a rational organizational structure of the bodies engaged in the technical preparation of production; planning system; regulatory framework.
The structure of the bodies for the technical preparation of production depends on the complexity of the tasks to be solved, and therefore can be changed by the corresponding order of the head of the organization.
The planning system consists of three stages:
1) large-scale planning - a thematic plan for the future (work order);
2) clarification of the thematic plan, its detailing (coordination and coordination of work with individual performers);
3) operational planning and management (clarification of work for the calendar year and segments of the year).
The choice and use of standards, consolidated or differentiated, depends on the planning stage. The most precise norms should be at the stage of operational planning.
Normative base for planning works on technical preparation of production:
· Selection of planning and accounting units according to the stages of technical preparation of production (a set of documentation, models, detail, technical processes, etc.);
· Standards of quantitative ratios, which make it possible to establish the amount of work for either a stage or a stage of work, or for a specific work;
· Standards of labor intensity for the station, stage or type of work. Such standards have been developed by industry institutes and are recommended as standard;
· Standards for the duration of the cycle for the station, stage or type of work on the technical preparation of production.
Based on scientific and technical forecasts and target programs for the development of a certain direction of new technology, taking into account the plans for the development of the industry and the enterprise, calendar plans are being developed for the preparation and development of new types of products.
For these purposes, various forms and methods of scheduling are currently used and matrix, line and network diagrams are being built. Matrix forms of graphs are a table where the rows of the left side of the table provide stages, stages, work performers and planned results, and at the intersection of rows and columns give the timing of the stage of the type of work for a specific object.
The use of line and network diagrams is more widespread.
Linear use is when a small number of executions are involved in the development of a question or problem and not many events are monitored, and network use is used in complex systems with a large number of executors and events.
The linear calendar schedule of technical preparation of production is usually built in such a way that the stages of design preparation for production are carried out sequentially, and technological and planned preparation - in parallel. This is due to the fact that each stage of the design preparation of production must be completed with the agreement and approval of it by the customer, and only after that the next stage can be qualitatively developed.
Linear schedules of technical preparation of production have some disadvantages: difficulties in planning operations; inability to rebuild the schedule; vaguely regulated relationships between the performance of work by individual bodies and performers; the impossibility of a clear analysis and forecasting of the further progress of work. These disadvantages have led to the use of network diagrams, which have the following advantages:
· Clear regulation of the scope of work, their consistent implementation and interrelation of performers;
· Visibility of the relationship of different events and work and the ability to quickly revise the schedule due to deviations from the planned lines;
· The ability to take into account the dynamics of development and the opinions of different specialists;
· The use of probabilistic standards for solving the general problem.
Organization of mastering the production of new products
2.1 Terms of assignment
production of a new product labor intensity
The company plans to organize the production of a new product using its own and borrowed funds. Market research has been carried out, which made it possible to focus on a certain value of the project price of the product C pr. And give a forecast of the expected project sales volume q np. It is assumed to pursue a certain pricing policy in the production and sale of products, thereby influencing the expected sales volume in each year of production (the values of the coefficient of elasticity of demand k 3 are established, while the expected sales volume reacts to price changes in the interval ± ∆ from the value of C pr. And ).
WHEN PERFORMING THE JOB, IT IS NECESSARY:
1. Duration of the period of mastering the production of a new product - t OCB.
2. For each j-y year of product production:
a) the maximum possible annual production N max year. j;
b) the average labor intensity of a unit of production T cf. j.
II . Using given values of k e, and ∆, justify for each year of production the planned price C pl and the expected planned sales q pl. j. For the planned production development option:
a) the average annual cost per unit of production S cp. j.
b) the cost of the annual production volume S year. j;
c) proceeds from the sale of products W year. j
d) profit from the production and sale of products P year. j;
e) the average annual number of the main workers C cp. j;
f) the wage fund for the main workers of the F OT. j.
2) justify the tactics of returning borrowed funds.
III . Rate economic feasibility of mastering the production of a new product. Suggest possible ways of using the profit received in each year. Execute a summary table of the main indicators reflecting the planned version of mastering the production of a new product.
IV ... Use graphic presentation of the calculated indicators in the form of diagrams, graphs.
Data used to complete the job.
1. The new product is supposed to be produced within 5 years (t n = 5 years);
2. The design labor intensity of manufacturing a mastered product is T ov = 120 n-h;
3. Average monthly output of steady production (project output) N months.osv = 60 editions / month;
4. Capital costs to ensure the design output (design capital costs) K pr = 2 million rubles;
5. The intensity of labor intensity reduction during the development period (exponent b) depends on the availability factor k r and is calculated by the formula b = 0.6 - 0.5k r;
6. Data used in the aggregated calculation of the cost of manufacturing a product:
- costs for basic materials and components M = 565 rubles / piece;
- the average hourly wage rate for basic workers is 1 hour = 12 rubles / hour;
- additional salary of basic workers α = 15%;
- unified social tax β = 35.6%;
- shop indirect costs k c = 150%;
- general production costs k on = 30%;
- non-production costs k VP = 5%.
Asked by options:
1. Own capital investments of the enterprise by the start of production K c = 1.2 million rubles;
2. Possible bank loan for the development of the production of the product K b = 0.4 million rubles;
3. The loan repayment period is t to p = 4.0 years;
4. Interest rate for a loan RUB. 5% / year;
5. The coefficient of the annual increase in the interest rate when the loan repayment period is exceeded k y = 2.0;
6. Expected design number of sales by years of product production q np: 1 year - 300 pcs / year, 2 year - 500 pcs / year, 3 year - 950 pcs / year, 4 year - 1200 pcs / year, 5 year - 1000 pcs / year;
7. Labor intensity of manufacturing the first product (initial labor intensity) T n = 400 n-h;
8. Average monthly production of products for the period of development N m ec = 32 pcs / month;
9. Increase in the cost of the product for each percentage of underutilized capacities k p = 0.2,%;
10. The coefficient of elasticity of demand k e = 3.0%;
11. The interval of price change ∆ = 36% .
12. The design price of the product C pr.i = 7.6 thousand rubles.
2.2 Calculated part
1. Determination of initial capital costs:
K n = K s + K b = 1.2 + 0.4 = 1.6 (million rubles)
K c - own capital investments;
K b - a possible bank loan;
2. Determination of the availability factor of fixed assets:
K g = K n / K pr = 1.6 / 2.0 = 0.8
K pr - design capital costs;
The value of the coefficient is quite high; such a position of the enterprise will provide obvious benefits by reducing the development period, i.e. already at the beginning of the development period it will be possible to reach the level of production costs close to the design one.
3. Determination of the exponent b of the development curve:
b = 0.6 - 0.5 * K g = 0.6 - 0.5 * 0.8 = 0.2;
4. Determination of the serial number of the product of mastered production:
T n - the complexity of the manufacture of the first product;
T os - design labor intensity of manufacturing a mastered product;
N ref = = 1372 (ed.)
5. Duration of the development period:
t ref = N ref / N month = 1372/32 = 43 (month) = 3.5 (year)
N m ec - average monthly production of products for the period of development;
6. Determination of the total labor intensity of products manufactured during the period of development:
T sum = (T n / (1-b))
7. Construction of a production development schedule (Fig. 1).
Determination of segment OE:
ОЕ = t ov · (1 - N months / N ov) = 43 · (1 - 32/60) = 20 (months) = 1.7 (years)
According to the schedule, the value of N months is determined, which is required to calculate the average monthly output in each year of the development period. As a result, the serial number of the product is established for each of these years. The data is tabulated:
8. Determination of the labor intensity of the product by years of development:
T sum1 = T n / 1- b
T cf1 = T sum1 / N ref = 22500/120 = 188 (n-h)
T sum2 = T n / 1-b
T cf2 = T sum2 / N ref = 45000/348 = 129 (n-h)
T sum3 = T n / 1-b N ov max 1- b = 400 / 0.8 (1020 0.8 - 469 0.8) = 59000 (n-h)
T cf3 = T sum3 / N ov = 59000/552 = 107 (n-h)
T sum4 = T n / 1-b N ov max 1- b = 400 / 0.8 (1717 0.8 - 1021 0.8) = 65860 (n-h)
T av4 = T sum4 / N ref = 65850/697 = 94 (n-h)
T sum4 = T n / 1-b N ov max 1- b = 400 / 0.8 (2437 0.8 - 1718 0.8) = 62500 (n-h)
T cf4 = T sum4 / N ov = 62500/720 = 87 (n-h)
∑T sum = 254850 (n-h)
9. Determination of the error in calculating the total number of products planned for production during the development period (∂ 1) and the total labor intensity of these products (∂ 2):
∂ 1 = │ ((N ref - ∑N max year) / N ref) │ 100%
∂ 1 = │ ((1372–2437) / 1372) │ · 100% = 77.6%
∂ 2 = │ ((T sum - ∑T sum) / T sum) │ 100%
∂ 2 = │ ((161253 - 254850) / 161253) │ 100% = 58%
10. Comparison of the maximum possible output of products N max year and projected sales volumes (Fig. 2). Formation of a plan for the production and sale of products by years:
| Production year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| N max year | 120 | 348 | 552 | 697 | 720 |
| q sales | 300 | 500 | 950 | 1200 | 1000 |
Rice. 2. Comparison of the maximum possible output of products N max year and project sales volumes by years of production
The demand is favorable, twice the supply. It is possible to envisage a price increase of 36% (the limit value for a variant of the task), while the possible sales volume decreases by 60%
q sales = 
= 120 ed;
N pl. year1 = 120 ed.;
q ex 1 = 120 ed.;
C area 1 = 7.6 1.36 = 10.34 thousand rubles.
The demand is favorable. You can raise the price by balancing supply and demand. Allowable decrease in sales volume to the level of 350 items, i.e. 100% = 30%.
This will happen when the price rises by = 15%
N pl. year1 = 348 ed.;
q ex 1 = 348 ed.;
C area 1 = 7.6 1.15 = 8.74 thousand rubles.
The demand is favorable. Allowable (equilibrium) decrease in sales to 552 items, i.e. for 398 pcs. (950–552), or 100% = 40%. The price will rise by = 20%.
N pl. year1 = 552 ed.;
q ex 1 = 552 ed.;
C area 1 = 7.6 · 1.2 = 9.12 thousand rubles.
The demand is favorable. Allowable (equilibrium) decrease in sales to 697 items, i.e. for 505 pieces, 100% = 40%,
The price will rise by = 20%.
N pl. year1 = 697 ed.;
q ex. 1 = 697 ed.;
C area 1 = 7.6 · 1.2 = 9.12 thousand rubles.
The demand is favorable. Allowable (equilibrium) decrease in sales to 720 items, i.e. 280 pcs., 100% = 28%,
The price will rise by = 14%.
N pl. year1 = 720 ed.;
q ex. 1 = 720 ed.;
C area 1 = 7.6 1.14 = 8.66 thousand rubles.
Planned program of production and sales of products by years
11. Unit cost, annual production cost, sales proceeds, profit by years of production.
The cost of a unit of production at any point in the development period:
M- costs for basic materials and components, rubles / ed;
L j- costs for basic wages of basic workers, rubles / ed;
k c, k op, k vn- accordingly shop floor, general production and non-production costs,%;
α –
β - unified social tax, %.
The quantity L j, calculated by the formula:
where 1 hour is the average hourly wage rate for basic workers, rubles / hour.
The costs of the enterprise for the manufacture of products in the j-th year:
S year j = S av. j * N year j
N year j - planned annual production in the j-th year, units / year;
Revenue from product sales:
W year j = C pl j q pl j
Ts pl j is the selling price of the product, rubles / ed;
q pl j - expected sales volume, items / year;
The profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products in the j-th year:
P year j = W year j - S year j
Required average annual number of main workers in the j-th year:
F d - the actual annual fund of working time of one worker, h;
k in - the average rate of compliance with the norms;
The general wages fund of the main workers in the j-th year:
L j = 188 12 = 2256
S cf1 = = 8551 rub. = 8.6 thousand rubles.
S year1 = 8.6 * 120 = 1032 thousand rubles.
W year1 = 10.34 * 120 = 1240 thousand rubles.
P year1 = 1240-1032 = 208 thousand rubles.
L 2 = 129 12 = 1548
S av2 = = 6053.6 rubles. = 6.05 thousand rubles.
S year2 = 6.05 * 348 = 2105.4 thousand rubles.
W year2 = 8.74 * 348 = 3041 thousand rubles.
P year2 = 3041 - 2105.4 = 935.6 thousand rubles.
L 3 = 107 * 12 = 1284
S av3 = = 6676.53 rubles. = 6.7 thousand rubles.
S year3 = 6.7 * 552 = 3698.40 thousand rubles.
W year3 = 9.12 * 552 = 5034.24 thousand rubles.
P year3 = 5034.24 - 3698.40 = 1335.84 thousand rubles.
L 4 = 94 12 = 1128
S av4 = = 4572.12 rubles. = 4.5 thousand rubles.
S year4 = 4.5 * 697 = 3136.5 thousand rubles.
W year4 = 9.12 * 697 = 6356.64 thousand rubles.
P year4 = 6356.64 - 3136.5 = 3220.14 thousand rubles.
L 5 = 87 12 = 1044
S cf5 = = 4275.8 rubles. = 4.3 thousand rubles.
S year5 = 4.3 * 720 = 3096 thousand rubles.
W year5 = 8.66 * 720 = 6235.2 thousand rubles.
P year5 = 6235.2 - 3096 = 3139.2 thousand rubles.
12. Tactics of return of borrowed funds.
Bank loan 400 thousand rubles, interest on the loan - 5%, can be paid based on the results of the first two years.
13. Average annual number of main workers by year of production.
14. Fund for wages of basic workers.
α – additional wages of basic workers,%;
= RUB 311 328 = 311 thousand rubles.
conclusions
| Indicators | 1 year | 2 year | 3 year | 4 year | 5 year |
| N max year j | 120 | 348 | 552 | 697 | 720 |
| T cf j | 188 | 129 | 107 | 94 | 87 |
| S cf j | 8,6 | 6,05 | 6,7 | 4,5 | 4,3 |
| S year j | 1032 | 2105,4 | 3698,4 | 3136,5 | 3096 |
| W year j | 1240 | 3041 | 5034,24 | 6356,64 | 6235,2 |
| P year j | 208 | 935,6 | 1335,84 | 3220,14 | 3139,2 |
| WITH Wed j | 12 | 23 | 30 | 38 | 36 |
| 311 | 620 | 815 | 7979,9 | 8644,3 |
The lowest costs of the enterprise for the manufacture of products (prime cost) in the 1st year (1,032 thousand rubles). The highest costs of the enterprise for the manufacture of products (prime cost) in the 4th year (3967 thousand rubles).
The lowest revenue from product sales falls on the 1st year (1240 thousand rubles). The highest proceeds from the sale of products were in the 4th year (6356.64 thousand rubles), the highest profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products in the 4th year (3220.14 thousand rubles). The lowest profit of the enterprise from the production and sale of products falls on the 1st year (208 thousand rubles). The smallest required average annual number of main workers in the 1st year (12 hours), the largest required average annual number of basic workers falls on the 4th year (38 hours).
The lowest total wage fund for basic workers in the 1st year (311 thousand rubles). The highest total wage fund for basic workers in the 5th year (8644.3 thousand rubles).
A characteristic feature of the period of production development is the dynamics of technical and economic indicators of production, primarily labor, material and cost costs for the manufacture of products.
There is an excess of labor intensity and cost of products of the initial period in comparison with the final one.
Bank loan 400 thousand rubles, interest on the loan -5%, (400x0.5 = 200 thousand rubles) can be paid based on the results of the first two years. (agreement with the bank to repay the loan within 2 years).
This option for mastering the production of a new product should be considered economically feasible.
The profit of the first 2 years will be used to repay the loan and% on it. In the future, the profit can be used to improve the material and technical equipment of the enterprise, the development and implementation of innovations.
Literature
1. Fatkhutdinov R.A. Organization of production. Textbook. M .: INFRA-M, 2000.
2. Organization of production at the enterprise. A textbook for technical and economic specialties. Edited by O.G. Turovets and B.Yu. Serbinovsky. Publishing house CENTER-MART, 2002.
3. Organization and planning of engineering production. Textbook. Edited by Yu.V. Skvortsova, L.A. Nekrasov. M .: "High school", 2003.
4. G.A. Kotekin, L.M. Tit. Organization of production. Tutorial. Minsk: I.P. Ecoperspectiva, 1998.
5.L.A. Glagoleva Workshop on the course organization, planning and management of an enterprise in the engineering industry. Tutorial. M .: Higher school, 1981.
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