Tsiolkovsky scientist presentation. Presentation-project in physics on the topic "K.E. Tsiolkovsky"

K.I. Tsiolkovsky is a Russian scientist, a pioneer of astronautics and rocketry. Born on September 17 (29), 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye near Ryazan. After suffering scarlet fever in childhood, he almost completely lost his hearing, which made it impossible for him to enter an educational institution. Educated independently, in 1879 passed exams for the title of teacher. He taught physics and mathematics at the Borovsk district school of the Kaluga province, and then at the gymnasium and the diocesan school in Kaluga, where he worked until his retirement in 1920.

The first published work on airships was "Controlled metal balloon" (1892), in which the scientific and technical substantiation of the design of an airship with a metal shell was given. The airship project, which was progressive for its time, was not supported: the author was denied a subsidy for the construction of the model.

Tsiolkovsky came up with the idea of ​​building an airplane with a metal frame. The article "Airplane, or Bird-like (Aviation) Flying Machine" (1894) provides a description and drawings of a monoplane, which in its appearance and aerodynamic layout anticipated the designs of aircraft that appeared 1518 years later.

Tsiolkovsky built in 1897 the first wind tunnel in Russia with an open test section, and developed an experimental technique in it. But the work on the airplane, as well as on the airship, did not receive recognition from the official representatives of Russian science. The scientist had neither funds nor moral support for further research. KE Tsiolkovsky's wind tunnel Many years later, in 1932, he developed a theory of the flight of jet aircraft in the stratosphere and a scheme for the design of aircraft for flight at hypersonic speeds.

In the 1890s, Tsiolkovsky began research related to the use of jet propulsion to create interplanetary flying vehicles. In 1903 the article "Investigation of World Spaces by Reactive Devices" was published. In it, the scientist derived the equation of motion of the rocket as a body with variable mass.

Tsiolkovsky substantiated the possibility of using rockets for interplanetary communications, predicted the phenomenon of weightlessness, outlined the foundations of the theory of liquid-propellant rocket engines, considered and recommended for use various fuels (as the most effective mixture of liquid oxygen and hydrogen). K.E. Tsiolkovsky's missile schemes

In 1929 Tsiolkovsky published his work Space Rocket Trains, in which he outlined the theory of a special type of composite rockets, the prototype of modern multistage rockets. Soyuz-2 three-stage rocket with longitudinal-transverse separation

Tsiolkovsky is the founder of the theory of interplanetary communications. His research for the first time showed the possibility of achieving cosmic speeds, proving the feasibility of interplanetary flights. He was the first to study the issue of a rocket as an artificial satellite of the Earth, put forward the idea of ​​creating near-earth stations using the energy of the Sun and intermediate bases for interplanetary communications. Considered medical and biological problems arising during long space flights.

The scientist was influenced by N. Fedorov's "philosophy of the common cause". In his works of a philosophical nature, he developed the doctrine of "panpsychism" ("monism"), according to which the cosmos is a living and animate being. Tsiolkovsky is the author of a number of science fiction works, as well as research in the field of linguistics, biology, etc.

Tsiolkovsky was the first ideologist and theorist of human space exploration. In this regard, he put forward projects for a new organization of mankind, in which the ideas of social utopias of different historical eras are intertwined. In creating an ideal society, Tsiolkovsky assigned a decisive role to science. He owns the famous phrase: The planet is the cradle of the mind, but you can't live forever in the cradle

In 1923, the book by the German scientist G. Obert Rocket to the Planets was published, which popularized the idea of ​​a space rocket without any references to close calculations and projects of Tsiolkovsky. After that, Tsiolkovsky's research began to be popularized in the USSR. His works were of great importance for the formation of interest in rocket and space technology in the country and, as a result, attracting various kinds of enthusiasts to practical work in this area.

In connection with the 100th anniversary of the birth of the scientist in 1954, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR established a gold medal named after V.I. KE Tsiolkovsky "For outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communications". Monuments to the scientist were erected in Kaluga and Moscow; a memorial house-museum was created in Kaluga; The State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics and the Pedagogical Institute in Kaluga and the Moscow Aviation Technological Institute bear his name. A crater on the Moon is named after Tsiolkovsky. State Museum of Fine Arts named after K.E. Tsiolkovsky in Kaluga

Abroad, information about Tsiolkovsky's work in the field of cosmonautics began to spread in Germany in 1920, in the USA - in 1921, in France - in the second half of the 1920s. In 1965, NASA published the Collected Works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in English translation. In 1973, a new section dedicated to Tsiolkovsky was created at the National Museum of Aviation and Cosmonautics in Washington, DC.

The works of Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky contributed significantly to the development of rocket and space technology in the USSR and other countries. Tsiolkovsky was the first who began to seriously think about space flights and began to make scientific calculations and write articles on this score. He passionately promoted airship building and drew public attention to it. Finally, he drew the attention of researchers to the need for extensive work in the field of experimental aerodynamics.

1 slide

2 slide

3 slide

“Thought, fantasy, fairy tale inevitably come first; they are followed by scientific calculation and, in the end, execution is crowned with thought ”(KE Tsiolkovsky) Since the time of Ancient Greece, there have been myths about flights - Icarus and Daedalus. But already at the border of the XIX-XX centuries, the foundations of cosmonautics as a science were laid, the founder of which is considered to be Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. Tsiolkovsky's ideas created only a theoretical basis for future flights. It took another half century of development of science and technology to translate these ideas into reality.

4 slide

The decision to create a museum of K.E. Tsiolkovsky was made by his fellow countrymen after receiving on January 11, 1967, a letter from the first cosmonaut of the planet, Yu. A. Gagarin, in response to an invitation to visit the homeland of the founder of theoretical cosmonautics. The distance is not short, from Ryazan to the village of Izhevskoe about 200 km along a moderately bumpy road. A map and a description of the route, how to get to the museum by car, are available at the end of the post.

5 slide

6 slide

7 slide

Mother. Maria Ivanovna Yumasheva Father. Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky at the age of 5 In June 1849, the Spassky district forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky settled in Izhevsk with his wife Maria Ivanovna. They rented an apartment on the central Krasnaya Street in the house of a wealthy merchant D.P. Mikhailov. In this house on September 5 (17), 1857, the fifth child in the Tsiolkovsky family, Konstantin, was born.

8 slide

Constantine was then already in his twenty-first year. In Ryazan, he continued to engage in self-education and scientific research, begun in Moscow. The earliest of the extant scientific works of K.E. Tsiolkovsky belong to this Ryazan period: his astronomical drawings and youthful sketches for the future book "Dreams of the Earth and the Sky", published in 1895. 1890, the VII Department of the Russian Technical Society reviewed the project all-metal airship Tsiolkovsky. And although the author was denied a monetary subsidy, the idea itself and theoretical calculations were found to be correct.

9 slide

The doctrine of bathyspheres for the study of the depths of the seas and oceans Research in the field of airship is also interesting. In the photo of K.E. Tsiolkovsky and models of airships designed by him (1913) Airplane of K.E. Tsiolkovsky (project 1895)

10 slide

House-museum of the great Russian scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky is located on the outskirts of the city of Kaluga near the Oka River. Tsiolkovsky lived here for 29 years. Here, scientists wrote dozens of important works on aeronautics, aviation, jet propulsion, astronautics and other problems.

11 slide

12 slide

13 slide

In 1879, Konstantin Georgievich Tsiolkovsky built the world's first centrifugal machine (the predecessor of modern centrifuges) and conducted experiments with various animals on it. 1883 Tsiolkovsky builds and launches a hot air balloon over Borovsk 1897 Tsiolkovsky KG builds a wind tunnel. This pipe became the second in Russia.

14 slide

The projectile looks like a wingless bird from the outside, easily dissecting the air. Most of the interior of the projectile is occupied by two substances in a liquid state: hydrogen and oxygen. Both liquids are separated by a septum and are joined together only little by little. The rest of the chamber, of lesser capacity, is assigned to accommodate the observer and all sorts of devices.

Slide 1

Slide Description:

Slide 2

Slide Description:

Slide 3

Slide Description:

Slide 4

Slide Description:

Biography For the second published work "The Mechanics of the Animal Organism" Tsiolkovsky was elected a full member of the Russian Physicochemical Society. Stoletov introduced Tsiolkovsky to his student Nikolai Zhukovsky, after which Tsiolkovsky began to study the mechanics of controlled flight. The material accumulated by him was used as the basis for the project of a controlled balloon. So Tsiolkovsky called the airship, since the word itself had not yet been invented at that time. Tsiolkovsky was the first to suggest the idea of ​​an all-metal airship, and built a working model of it. At the same time, the scientist created a device for automatic control of the airship's flight, as well as a scheme for regulating its lift.

Slide 5

Slide Description:

Biography Tsiolkovsky managed to publish a description of his project in the journal "Scientific Review" and thus secure the priority for this invention, despite the refutation of the project by the Russian Technical Society due to a similar proposal from the Austrian inventor Schwartz. In 1903 he published the book "Exploration of World Spaces by Jet Devices", where he first proved that the only device capable of making space flight is a rocket. The doctrine of a jet starship was only noticed when it began to be published a second time, in 1911-1912, in the well-known and richly published metropolitan journal "Bulletin of Aeronautics". Thanks to the early works of Tsiolkovsky, its priority was proved. In this article and its subsequent sequels (1911 and 1914), he laid the foundations of the theory of rockets and liquid propellant rocket engine. He was the first to solve the problem of landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets without an atmosphere.

Slide 6

Slide Description:

Slide 7

Slide Description:

Biography Tsiolkovsky defended the idea of ​​the diversity of life forms in the Universe. He was the first to propose a "retractable hull at the bottom" - the chassis. He was responsible for the development of the principle of movement on an air cushion, which was realized only many years later. Tsiolkovsky died on September 19, 1935.

Slide 1

"The planet is the cradle of reason, but you can't live in the cradle forever." K. E. Tsiolkovsky

Slide 2

K.E. Tsiolkovsky was born on September 17, 1857 (according to the new calendar) in the village of Izhevsk in the family of a poor forester Eduard Ignatievich Tsiolkovsky, where he was one of 13 children. He grew up as a smart, inquisitive and impressionable child. Already in these years, the character of the future scientist was formed - independent, persistent and purposeful. Childhood

Slide 3

At the age of 14, he suffered a great misfortune - he fell ill with scarlet fever and, as a result of complications, almost completely lost his hearing. He had to study on his own. Childhood

Slide 4

In the fall of 1879, Konstantin Eduardovich passed the exam at the Ryazan gymnasium for the title of teacher of district schools as an external student, and three months later he was assigned to the small town of Borovsk, Kaluga province. At this time, the first works of Tsiolkovsky were published - "Theory of gases" and "Mechanics of the animal organism" (1880-81). He was admitted to the Russian Physicochemical Society. Youth

Slide 5

From 1884 Tsiolkovsky worked on the problems of creating an airship and a "streamlined" airplane, and from 1886 on rockets for interplanetary flights. He was systematically engaged in the development of the theory of motion of jet vehicles and proposed several of their schemes. In 1892 Tsiolkovsky moved to Kaluga, where he taught physics and mathematics at the gymnasium and the diocesan school. In the same year, his work "Controlled Metal Balloon" (about an airship) was published. In 1897 Tsiolkovsky designed the first wind tunnel in Russia with an open working part.

Slide 6

In 1892 Konstantin Eduardovich and his family moved to Kaluga, where they lived in a small house on the outskirts of the city.

Slide 7

It was in Kaluga that his immortal creation, "Exploration of world spaces with jet devices", was born, which laid the foundation for astronautics.

Slide 8

▪ The versatility of Tsiolkovsky's scientific work is striking. He is working on solar and tidal energy problems, a project for an underwater vehicle for exploring the ocean depths and transport on an "air cushion". ▪ In Soviet times, Tsiolkovsky was mainly concerned with the theory of rocket motion (rocket dynamics). In 1926-29, he developed the theory of multistage rocketry, solved important problems related to the movement of rockets in an inhomogeneous gravitational field, landing a spacecraft on the surface of planets devoid of atmosphere, considered the influence of the atmosphere on the flight of a rocket, put forward ideas for creating a rocket - an artificial satellite of the Earth and near-earth orbital stations. In 1932 Tsiolkovsky substantiated the theory of the flight of jet aircraft in the stratosphere.

Slide 9

The scientist died on September 19, 1935. Tsiolkovsky was buried in his favorite country park, which now bears the name of this scientist.

Slide 10

The presentation tells the story of a Soviet scientist, a genius who became the founder and legislator of today's cosmonautics. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is considered not only a Soviet scientist. This is also our teacher. The most important discovery of the scientist is the scientific substantiation of the derivation of the equation of jet propulsion. His research allowed the world to fly to the stars, since without Tsiolkovsky, a rocket would hardly have been created.

The scientist and founder of space is the author of a huge number of scientific works that propelled the USSR to a leading position in the field of astronautics. Thanks to this, Gagarin was the first to ascend into space. The development tells in detail about the life and achievements of K.E. Tsiolkovsky, about the important moments of his biography.

Schoolchildren learn that life-long deafness has become the result of the illness, but this did not in any way hinder the development of his scientific activity. Konstantin Eduardovich is called a genius, because due to deafness, this nugget could not attend school and comprehend science on his own.