Type of sponge structural features and vital functions presentation. Sponges. Classes: Lime, Glass, Ordinary

By the type of nutrition, sponges are biofilters. They feed mainly on the remains of dead plants and animals suspended in water, as well as on single-celled organisms. Breathe oxygen dissolved in water. Undigested food debris is thrown out through the mouth. Sponges lack tissues and organs.

Conclusions for the lesson Sponges are multicellular aquatic animals Lead an attached lifestyle Are biofilters There is a skeleton consisting of calcareous or silicon needles Absent tissues and organs Reproduce asexually and sexually Capable of regeneration Numbers 8000 species

Test your knowledge Sponge Type Test Decide which statement is correct. Write down the numbers of the correct statements. 1. Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms. 2. All sponges have tissues and organs. 3. Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton. 4. Sponges have the ability to regenerate. 5. The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores. 6. Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores. 7. The body of sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm. 8. The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them. 9. Sponges are biofilters. 10. Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Homework Read the text of the textbook on page (part 1). Answer the questions under the heading "Test your knowledge".

SPONGE TYPE

Sponges - the most primitive multicellular invertebrates. Zoologists suggest that they descended from colonial flagellates. The modern fauna includes more than 5 thousand species. Sponges are mainly marine animals attached to the bottom and underwater objects. Colonies are often formed. Organs and tissues they are absent. Almost all representatives of this type have a mineral or organic skeleton.

Body shape of the sponges resembles a glass or bag. The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores. Through them, water with dissolved oxygen and floating small organisms penetrates into the sponge, which the sponge uses as food. Water comes out of the sponge through the outlet - mouth, located at the free end of the body.

Class Lime sponges (Calcispongia) They have a calcareous skeleton, they live only in the seas, usually in shallow waters. Small sponges. Grade Glass sponges (Hyalospongia) Relatively large, deep-sea sponges, usually solitary. They have a silicon skeleton of needles of various shapes, which, when being soldered, form a lattice. Class Common sponges (Demospongia) The skeleton is silicon or organic, more often formed by a combination of both. This includes toilet sponges and freshwater sponges - badyagi. They are large and live at different depths.

Outer layer – ectoderm - consists of flat surface cells. The inner layer – endoderm - built of flagellate cells, similar to the cells of colonial flagellates. These cells capture food, which is then digested inside them. In addition, special motile amoeba cells of the inner layer also capture food and digest it. Digestion by the lips intracellular , there is no digestive system yet. There is a gelatinous substance between the outer and inner layers of cells - mesoglea. It contains cells of different functions: amoeba, which serve for digestion, mature and immature gametes, skeletoblasts, that is, cells that form the skeleton. The latter in representatives of various species is built from organic matter or from one-, three- or four-axial calcareous and flint needles located in the mesoglea.

Sponges reproduce asexually (budding) and sexually. They have a well-expressed ability to regeneration - they easily restore the integrity of the body after significant damage.

In nature, sponges play an essential role as biofilters. It has long been noted that in water bodies with significant organic pollution, numerous colonies of sponges develop, participating in the biological purification of water. The practical value of sponges is not great. A number of sea sponges, called toilet sponges, have been extracted from the bottom of the sea since ancient times and, after drying, are used for washing. There is a sponge in our fresh waters bodyag, forming growths on underwater objects. She is used in folk medicine as an external antirheumatic agent and for whitening and cleansing the skin. This action of the sponges is based on the irritating effect of waste products and mechanical action on the tissues of the skeletal formations of the sponges.

Questions and tasks 1. What type are the most primitive multicellular organisms? 2. From what organisms and when did sponges originate? 3. Where do sponges live? Why do you think the sponges did not come out onto land together with the rhinophytes? 4. Tell us about the appearance and internal structure of the sponges. 5. What kind of skeleton do sponges have? What is Mesoglea? List the chemicals that form the skeleton of the sponges. 6. How is nutrition and digestion carried out in sponges? 7. What is the role of sponges in nature? How does a person use sponges? 8. Why are the possibilities of unicellular organisms in the development of new habitats and food sources limited? 9. How do you think, how the cells of multicellular organisms differ from the cells of unicellular organisms? Why?

Sponge type

Compiled by: E.V. Bobrovskaya

Sponge type

Sponges are exceptionally peculiar Animals. Their appearance and body structure are so unusual that for a long time they did not know where to attribute these organisms to plants or animals. In the Middle Ages, for example, and even much later, sponges, along with other similar "dubious" animals (bryozoans, some coelenterates, etc.) were placed among the so-called zoophytes, that is, creatures, as it were, intermediate between plants and animals. In the future, sponges were looked at either as plants or as animals. Only in the middle of the 18th century, when they became more familiar with the vital activity of sponges, their animal nature was finally proved. Unlike a colony of protozoa, consisting of more or less uniform and independent cells.

Sponge type

Class Glass sponges

Class Lime sponges

Class Ordinary sponges

Sponge Nutrition

By the way they are fed, Sponges are filter feeders.

1 - paragastric cavity, 2 - mouth,

3 - choanaocytes (collar cells of the endoderm), 4 - ectoderm,

5 - needles of the mineral skeleton,

Sponge Regeneration

If the body of an adult sponge is pushed through the mesh tissue, then all the cells will separate from each other, like sifted through a sieve. If you then put all these individual cells in water and carefully, thoroughly mix, completely destroying all the bonds between them, then after a while they begin to gradually converge and reunite, forming a whole sponge, similar to the previous one.

Freshwater badyaga

Of the numerous family of sponges, only one genus is found in fresh water - the freshwater sponge, or bodyag. This sponge is a spongy mass, white with a green tinge, attached to stones, tree branches, or in general to some solid object under water. This is her appearance. If we examine it through a microscope, we will distinguish two masses: one solid - the skeleton and the other gelatinous, enveloping this skeleton. The first consists of flat siliceous needles, which are arranged in such a way that several needles form something like a column, and their points lie at a certain obtuse angle. These points, invisible while the sponge is in the water, appear immediately as soon as it is taken out of the water.

Using badyagi

Bodyaga is sold in pharmacies in packages of 50-100 grams. Masks from bodyaga are really widely used in cosmetic practice for the treatment of acne, resorption of subcutaneous hemorrhages (bruises), exfoliation of freckles, chloasma and other pigmentation. Causing severe hyperemia, the bodyagus dissolves infiltrates, dries out pustular rashes, causes peeling of the skin, thereby eliminating age spots - traces of former acne.

Using a toilet sponge

Since ancient times, at least since ancient times, the toilet sponge has been used by man to wash the body. Later, in the Middle Ages, it also began to be used in medicine in the form of tampons to stop bleeding and in the treatment of diseases of the thymus gland. In the latter case, the burnt sponge preparation was prescribed as an internal remedy. The effect of such a drug is understandable, since the composition of the horny substance of the sponge contains iodine. At that time, the causes of goiter diseases were not yet known, and the healing properties of burnt sponge were established exclusively by experience.

Using glass sponges

Some glass sponges have a very beautiful and graceful skeleton. The skeleton of such sponges, cleared of organic matter, is used as decoration and souvenirs. Especially beautiful is the already mentioned sponge - the basket of Venus. Her skeleton looks like a delicate openwork cylinder of such intricate and delicate structure that it seems to have been made by a skillful human hand. It is said that the first specimen of this sponge, brought to Europe, was bought for a fabulous sum of 600 marks. And to this day, the basket of Venus is considered a very valuable decoration.

The structure of the sponges

Three types of structure of sponges

Skeletal sponge needles

Sponge systematics

calcareous

common

glass

The value of sponges in nature and human life

1. Serve as food for aquatic animals.

2. They are a habitat for small animals.

3.Purify the water.

4. Used in medicine, perfumery, for polishing parts and as fertilizer.

Freshwater body sponge

Answer the questions:

1. What is the main feature of the body structure of sponges?

2.Can it be argued that sponges are multicellular animals?

3.What is the importance of sponges for the aquatic animal community and fish farming?

4.How does man use this type of animal?

.

• Sponges are biofilters.

Decide which statement is correct.

Write down the numbers of the correct statements .

• Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
• All sponges have tissues and organs.
• Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
• Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
• The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores.
• Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
• The body of the sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
• The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
• Sponges are biofilters.
• Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Decide which statement is correct.

Write down the numbers of the correct statements .

• Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
• All sponges have tissues and organs.
• Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
• Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
• The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores.
• Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
• The body of the sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
• The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
• Sponges are biofilters.
• Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Decide which statement is correct.

Write down the numbers of the correct statements .

• Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
• All sponges have tissues and organs.
• Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
• Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
• The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores.
• Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
• The body of the sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
• The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
• Sponges are biofilters.
• Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Decide which statement is correct.

Write down the numbers of the correct statements .

• Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
• All sponges have tissues and organs.
• Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
• Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
• The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores.
• Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
• The body of the sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
• The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
• Sponges are biofilters.
• Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

Decide which statement is correct.

Write down the numbers of the correct statements .

• Sponges are the most primitive multicellular organisms.
• All sponges have tissues and organs.
• Almost all sponges have a mineral or organic skeleton.
• Sponges have the ability to regenerate.
• The entire body of the sponge is permeated with pores.
• Water enters and exits the body of the sponge through the pores.
• The body of the sponges consists of two layers of cells: ectoderm and endoderm.
• The flagellar cells of the inner layer of the sponge capture food, which is then digested inside them.
• Sponges are biofilters.
• Mesoglea is a layer of superficial cells.

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Slide captions:

Sponge Type

Habitat, lifestyle 1. Freshwater or sea water 2. Attached; solitary and colonial pp. 22-23

Structure. Body shape. Bilayer * ectoderm (outer layer) - squamous epithelial cells * endoderm (inner layer) - flagellate cells

Food Filters Small plankton, dead parts of plants and animals Water is sucked in through the pores → flagella retain food, pseudopods capture → water is removed through the mouth? 1. What are the benefits of filtration? 2. Why do sponges have such a way of feeding?

Breathing by the surface of the body

Isolation by all cells through contractile vacuoles

Variety of sponges badyaga

basket of venus

sponge-vase

With the flow of water, nutrients are brought to the sponges and metabolic products are removed. Therefore, sponges develop best in places with intensive changes in the surrounding water. What adaptations should have been developed in sponges living in seas with strong currents?

SPONGE TYPE

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY TEACHER

MKOU BUTURLINOVSKAYA secondary school №4

BLACK T.M.,

YEAR 2014

History of the discovery of sponges

Zoologists still do not know exactly where, in what place of the animal kingdom to place the sponges. Sponges received the status of animal organisms only in 1825 ., and before that, together with some other sedentary animals, they were classified as zoophytes - semi-animals, semi-plants.

• Ilya Mechnikov's theory
• Ernst Heinrich Haeckel's theory

Ilya Mechnikov

Ernst Haeckel

Characteristic invertebrates

Two-layer animals:

Three-layer animals:

• Ectoderm
• Ectoderm

• Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm
• Ectoderm,
• Endoderm,
• Mesoderm

(outer layer),

(gives rise to muscle and connective tissue)

• Endoderm
• Endoderm

• Radial and bilateral body symmetry

Representatives: flatworms, roundworms, annelids, arthropods, molluscs and echinoderms

(the tissue that forms the internal organs )

• Radial symmetry of the body

Representatives: sponges and coelenterates e

• About 3 thousand species;
• In the aquatic environment, there are freshwater and marine, attached, usually colonial, live in places with the current or in the zone of ebb and flow;
• Solitary or colonial, having a calcareous (Calcareous) or silicon skeleton (Glass and Ordinary), sizes from 1mm (Glass) to 1m (Ordinary);
• Predators and filter feeders;
• Well developed passive protection in the form of needles, the release of a repelling odor, poisonous substances to protect against enemies and immobilize animals (bacteria, protozoa)
• Lack of true tissues and germ layers

Dimensions (edit) vary widely: from a few millimeters to one meter in height or more . A sponge taken out of water resembles a piece of raw liver and smells bad

Habitat .

Sponges are extremely common animals in the aquatic world of our planet. They are found in the icy water of the Arctic and Antarctic, and in the tropics, in salt and fresh water bodies.

But the species diversity of sponges most in the salty waters of warm latitudes, tropics and subtropics.

The shape of the body can be extremely variable, more often it resembles a glass or a bag. The color varies from bright yellow to dark brown.

• The body of sponges consists of different types of cells.

• But they do not form tissues. Each cell functions independently.

• Outer layer the bodies of the sponges form cells that resemble the cells of the integumentary epithelium of other multicellular animals. Among the cells of the outer layer, there are those that have a pore. These pores begin the tubular system, which penetrates the walls of the body. The openings of these tubules are surrounded by cells that can contract and close them. The tubules carry water with food particles to the inner cavity.

• This cavity is usually lined with special cells with flagella, the base of which is surrounded by a membranous collar (Fig. 58, Such cells form the inner layer .

In many sponges, they are located inside the body walls, forming flagellar chambers. The work of the flagella ensures the movement of water through the tubule system and internally

• Between the outer and inner layers of cells is intercellular substance, in which different types of cells are located. Some of them form the internal skeleton of the sponges.
• Another type of cells - amoeboid. These cells with the help of pseudopods capture food particles that are digested in their

digestive vacuoles. Moving along the body of the sponge, amoeboid cells distribute nutrients.

1 - paragastric cavity,

3 - choanaocytes

(collar cells of the endoderm

Sponge structure

2 - mouth,

4 - ectoderm,

5 - needles of mineral

6 - channel.

The main types of structure of the aquifer system of sponges

leacon

ascon

sicon

Ascon

In a number of Calcareous sponges, an increase in the size of the flagellar chambers and a reduction in the system of inlet and outlet canals occurred. Such sponges consist of a tube or branched tube system lined with choanocytes from the inside; in this case, the pores (ostia) open directly into the flagellar chambers. The aquifer system is characteristic of only two genera - Leucosolenia and Clathrina .

Sicon

The formation of the sicon is caused by the proliferation of the mesochila and the invagination of the paragastric cavity sections into it, which form the radial tubes. Choanocytes line only the flagellar tubes and disappear from other parts of the atrial cavity. The walls of the body of the sponge thicken, and the leading channels are formed between the surface of the body and the flagellar tubes. The structure of the siconal type is characteristic of only a few species (for example, for Scypha and Grantia).

Leikon

The most complex type of structure. These are colonial sponges with numerous osculums. The thick layer of mesoglea contains many skeletal elements. The body wall is penetrated by a network of channels connecting numerous flagellar chambers

CONCLUSIONS

The sponge feeds on those food particles that water brings. This is the simplest type of sponge structure - ascon ... But in most sponges, a thickening of the mesoglea occurs and flagellate cells line the invaginations, cavities. This type of structure is called sicon , and when these cavities completely go inside the mesoglea and are connected by channels with the paragastric cavity - leacon .

Sponges, moreover, usually form colonies with many openings on the surface: in the form of crusts, lumps of lumps, bushes.

Fig 3.3. Development of limestone sponge

(according to Schulze):

1 - the embryo in the body of the maternal individual, large cells stuck inside the cavity of the blastocoel; 2 - free-swimming larva, large cells protruded again; 3 - invagination of small cells carrying flagella (gastrulation); 4 - attachment and beginning of larval metamorphosis.

In addition to asexual reproduction - budding, sponges also reproduce sexually. The way the larva develops is remarkable. From the ovum, a blastula develops, consisting of one layer of cells, and at one pole the cells are small and with flagella, on the other - large ones without flagella. First, large cells invade inward (1), then protrude and the larva floats freely (2), then flagellate cells invaginate again, which become the inner layer (3).

The larva settles and turns into a young sponge (4).

The peculiarities of the embryonic development of sponges give reason to scientists to believe that their primary ectoderm (small flagellate cells) replace the endoderm. There is a perversion of the embryonic layers. On this basis, zoologists give the name to the sponges - animals turned inside out (Enantiozoa). It is interesting that the larva of most sponges is a parenchymula, in structure almost completely corresponding to the hypothetical phagocytella of II Mechnikov. It has a surface layer of flagellate cells, under which the cells of the inner loose layer are located. It can be assumed that the phagocytella switched to a sedentary lifestyle and in this way gave rise to the Sponge type. Another feature is the amazing ability of the sponges to regenerate. Even when rubbed through a sieve and turned into a slurry consisting of cells or their groups, they are capable of restoring the body. If you rub two sponges through a sieve and mix these masses, then the cells of different animals will gather in two different sponges.

In nature, sponges are essential as biofilters. Settling in reservoirs with significant organic pollution, they participate in their biological purification. The practical value of sponges is not great. In some southern countries, the fishery of toilet sponges with a horny skeleton is developed; a freshwater sponge is used in folk medicine. The sponges have practically no enemies, except for some sea stars. Others are frightened off not only by the thorny skeleton, but also by the sharp, specific smell of the substances they release. These substances are toxic to many animals. But on the other hand, sponges in cavities and voids have many lodgers and parasites - small crustaceans, worms, mollusks living under their protection.

** Task 3.1. Write captions for the figure and answer the questions:

Figure 3.4. Sponge structure (according to Pfurtscheller).

Some sponges are green in color. Why?________________ _______________________________

How many sponges are in the picture? ________

What cells are typical for sponges? _______________________________

What type of nervous system does sponges have?

__________________________________

1. ______________

2. ______________

3. ______________

4. ______________

5. ______________

6. ______________

7. ______________

8. ______________

Task 3.2.

Put in tests + against correct, or - against erroneous statements:

APPEARANCE OF MULTI-CELLULAR ANIMALS. SPONGES.

Test 1. Is it true that with an increase in size, through a large surface, heat transfer in homeothermal organisms becomes easier?

Test 2. Is it true that with a decrease in size through a large relative surface, the excretion of waste products in unicellular organisms becomes easier?

Test 3. The radius of the ball has doubled. How will the surface of the ball change?

The surface will double. ()

The surface will quadruple. ()

The surface will increase six times. ()

The surface will increase eightfold. ()

Test 4. The radius of the ball has doubled. How will the volume of the ball change?

The volume will double. ()

The volume will quadruple. ()

The volume will increase sixfold. ()

The volume will increase eightfold. ()

Test 5. What theory of the origin of multicellular animals was proposed by E. Haeckel?

Gastria theory. ()

Phagocytella theory. ()

Test 6. What theory of the origin of multicellular animals was proposed by II Mechnikov?

Gastria theory. ()

Phagocytella theory. ()

Test 7. Which organism is not a multicellular animal?

Trichoplax. ()

Volvox. ()

Badyaga. ()

Test 8. In the mesoglea of ​​the sponge there are small flagellated chambers, and the paragastric (internal) cavity is expelled by the ectoderm. What is the name of this type of sponge?

Leikon. ()

Test 9. How do adult sponges move?

They crawl very slowly. ()

They can swim, throwing water out of the mouth. ()

Forming gas vacuoles in the mesoglea. ()

Immobile. ()

** Test 10. What sponge, which contains a pair of crustaceans, is customary to give in Japan for a wedding as a symbol of eternal fidelity?

Sea orange. ()

Sea Cup. ()

Venus's basket. ()

Badyagu. ()

** Test 11. What did the village coquettes use instead of blush?

Badyagu. ()

Holothurian. ()

Red corals. ()

Test 12. What are the names of the holes in the sponges through which water is discharged outside?

Estuary, osculum. ()

Oral opening. ()

** Task 3.3. Olympiad questions (no answers).

Why are cells microscopically small?

Basic theories of the origin of multicellular animals.

Task 3.4. Key words and concepts of the chapter.

Find in the text and write down a definition or a brief description of the terms below. Try to remember them. Record the systematic position of the indicated animals.

**Blastula

** Gastrula

Intussusception

Mesoglea

Paragastric cavity

Parenchymula

Gastrea theory

Phagocytella theory

Trichoplax

Choanocytes

Skeleton

Ordinary sponges

The skeleton of the sponges develops in the mesoglea. It consists of the fibrillar collagen protein or organic matter spongin and millions of microscopic needles (spicules) formed by silica or carbonic lime Needles have a variety of shapes mu and sizes .

Lime sponges

Glass sponges

Sponge processes

Nutrition

Breath .

Food

Highlighting .

Isolation of food debris

Oxygen

Carbon dioxide

Digestive vacuole

Symbiosis sponges

Spongicol shrimp

Live in sponges in pairs

Hermit Crab with Cork Sponge

Dromia crab uses a sponge

Snake-tails (ophiura)

Sea acorn, Balianus

in a sponge.

Two generations of goats, fathers and children. Bokoplavs.

REPRODUCTION OF SPONGES

SEXUAL

SEXUAL

Budding

HEMMULES

REPRODUCTION OF SPONGES

Most sponges hermaphrodites ... Reproduction sexual and asexual. The kidneys that form on the body, as a rule, do not separate from the mother's body, which leads to the appearance of colonies of the most bizarre shape. In the sexual process, the sperm fertilizes the egg; a larva emerges from the egg, swimming for a while in the water, and then attaching itself to the bottom. Most sponges live from a few weeks to two years; horse sponge can live up to 50 years or more.

Reproduction of sponges

Larva

Sperm are released into the water and enter the body

other sponges where eggs are fertilized . .

Asexual reproduction by external budding

Reproduction of sponges

A different way of internal budding exists in the freshwater sponge badyagi. In summer, badyaga reproduces by ordinary budding and sexually. But by autumn, in the mesoglea of ​​the badyagi, the formation of special globular clusters - gemmules - by amoeboid cells is observed. Gemmula is a multicellular mass surrounded by a membrane of two stratum corneum, between which there is an air layer with small silica needles placed perpendicular to the surface of the gemmule. In winter, the body of the badyagi dies and disintegrates, and the gemmules fall to the bottom and, protected by their shell, remain until the next spring. Then the cell mass contained inside the gemmule crawls out, attaches to the bottom and develops into a new sponge

Regeneration of sponges

Sponges have a very well-developed ability to tissue regeneration : even if the sponge is cut into pieces, a new sponge will grow out of each piece after a while.

Survival sponges

The ability of freshwater sponges to endure unfavorable living conditions is remarkable. Their gemmules are very well preserved even for several years. When a pond is completely dry, for example, they can be carried to other places in a variety of ways, including with the help of the wind or by attaching themselves to the legs of birds. And if such gemmules get into the water, they give rise to a new settlement of sponges.

Sponge gemmula

. Classification

Superkingship: Eukaryotes (Nuclear )

Kingdom: Animals

Subkingdom: Multicellular

Type: Sponges

Type taxonomy

More than 95% of all species belong to ordinary sponges.

Sponge Type

The skeletal structure is the main feature of the classification of sponges.

Class

Class

Class

Lime

Glass

Common

• Have a silicon skeleton
• Live in both salt and fresh water
• Mostly colonial forms
• Needles may be missing
• Dimensions - up to 1 meter

• Have a calcareous skeleton
• Live in shallow seas and oceans
• Body diameter no more than 7 cm, expressionless, often not colored
• The needles reach 7 cm

• The needles are made of silicon and can be up to 40 cm in size
• Easily damaged forms
• Live alone or in colonies at great depths
• These sponges can be up to 50 cm in size.

CLEANSING WATER

DESTROYING THE COASTAL ROCKS

ARE A HABITAT FOR SMALL ANIMALS

USED ​​IN MEDICINE AND PERFUME

SERVES FOOD WATER ANIMALS

USED ​​TO POLISH PARTS AND AS A FERTILIZER

THE VALUE OF SPONGES