Ancient Greece myths. Myths of Ancient Greece (presentation) Myths and legends of Ancient Greece presentation

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Ancient Greek mythology - the mythology of the ancient Greeks, closely intertwined with their religion. She had a huge impact on the development of culture and art around the world and laid the foundation for countless religious ideas about man, heroes and gods.

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Hercules (Exploits of Hercules) Hercules is a national Greek hero. The great ancient Greek hero Hercules was the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene, daughter of the king of Mycenae. From the very birth of Hercules, the wife of Zeus, the goddess Hera, was persecuted by the fact that her husband had entered into a relationship with Alcmene. On the day before the birth of Hercules, Zeus announced that the baby who first appears on this day in the family of the descendants of Perseus will rule over all relatives. Hera, having learned about this, hastened the birth of the wife of Perseid Sfenel, who gave birth to a weak and cowardly Eurystheus. Zeus involuntarily had to agree that Hercules, born after this Alcmene, obey Eurystheus - but not all his life, but only until he performs 12 great deeds in his service.

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The first feat of Hercules: Hercules strangled a huge Nemean lion, which was born by the monsters Typhon and the Echidna and caused devastation in Argolis. Hercules' arrows bounced off the lion's thick skin, but the hero stunned the beast with his club and strangled it with his hands. In memory of this first feat, Hercules established the Nemean Games, which were celebrated in the ancient Peloponnese every two years.

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The second feat of Hercules: Hercules killed the Lernaean hydra - a monster with a snake body and 9 dragon heads, which crawled out of a swamp near the city of Lerna, killed people and destroyed whole herds. In place of each hydra's head cut off by the hero, two new ones grew, until Hercules' assistant, Iolaus, began to burn the hydra's neck with burning tree trunks. He also killed a giant cancer, which came out of the swamp to help the hydra. In the poisonous bile of the Lernaean hydra, Hercules soaked his arrows, making them deadly.

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The third feat of Hercules The Stymphalian birds attacked people and livestock, tearing them apart with copper claws and beaks. In addition, they dropped deadly bronze feathers from a height like arrows. The goddess Athena gave Hercules two tympans, with the sounds of which he scared the birds. When they flew up in a flock, Hercules shot some of them with a bow, and the rest flew in horror to the shores of the Pontus Euxine (Black Sea) and never returned to Greece.

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The fourth feat of Hercules The Kerineas doe with golden horns and copper legs, sent as punishment to people by the goddess Artemis, never knowing fatigue, rushed across Arcadia and devastated the fields. Hercules pursued the doe at a run for a whole year, reaching in pursuit of her the sources of the Istria (Danube) in the far north and then returning back to Hellas. Here Hercules wounded the doe with an arrow in the leg, caught it and brought it alive to Eurystheus in Mycenae.

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The Fifth Feat of Hercules The Erymanthian boar, possessing monstrous strength, terrified all the surroundings. On the way to fight him, Hercules visited his friend, the centaur Fall. He treated the hero to wine, angering the rest of the centaurs, since the wine belonged to all of them, and not to Foul alone. The centaurs rushed at Hercules, but with archery he forced the attackers to hide near the centaur Chiron. In pursuit of the centaurs, Hercules burst into the cave of Chiron and accidentally killed this wise hero of many Greek myths with an arrow. Finding an Erymanthian boar, Hercules drove him into deep snow, and he got stuck there. The hero took the tied boar to Mycenae, where the frightened Eurystheus hid in a large jug at the sight of this monster.

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The sixth feat of Hercules The king of Elis, Augeas, the son of the sun god Helios, received from his father numerous herds of white and red bulls. His huge stockyard has not been cleaned for 30 years. Hercules proposed to Augius to clear the stall in a day, asking in return for a tenth of his flocks. Considering that the hero would not be able to cope with the work in one day, Augeas agreed. Hercules dammed the rivers Alpheus and Penae and diverted their water to the cattle yard of Avgius - all the manure was washed from it in a day. Greedy Augeas did not give Hercules the promised payment for the work. A few years later, having already freed himself from service with Eurystheus, Hercules gathered an army, defeated Avgius and killed him. After this victory, Hercules established the famous Olympic Games in Elis, near the city of Pisa.

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The seventh feat of Hercules God Poseidon gave the Cretan king Minos a beautiful bull to sacrifice to himself. But Minos left a wonderful bull in his herd, and sacrificed another to Poseidon. The angry god sent rage on the bull: he began to rush all over Crete, destroying everything along the way. Hercules caught the bull, tamed it and swam on its back across the sea from Crete to the Peloponnese. Eurystheus ordered the release of the bull. He, again enraged, rushed from Mycenae to the north, where he was killed in Attica by the Athenian hero Theseus.

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The Eighth Feat of Hercules The Thracian king Diomedes possessed horses of wondrous beauty and strength, which could only be kept in a stall with iron chains. Diomedes fed the horses with human meat, killing foreigners who came to him. Hercules took the horses away by force and defeated Diomedes, who rushed in pursuit in battle. During this time, the horses tore apart Hercules' companion, Abder, who guarded them on the ships.

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The ninth feat of Hercules The queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta, wore a belt presented to her by the god Ares as a sign of her power. This belt wanted to have the daughter of Eurystheus, Admet. Hercules with a detachment of heroes sailed to the kingdom of the Amazons, to the shores of the Pontus Euxine (Black Sea). Hippolyta, at the request of Hercules, wanted to give the belt voluntarily, but other Amazons attacked the hero and killed several of his companions. Hercules killed seven of the strongest warriors in battle and put their army to flight. Hippolyta gave him the belt as a ransom for the captured Amazon Melanippa.

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The tenth feat of Hercules At the very western end of the earth, the giant Geryon grazed cows, who had three bodies, three heads, six arms and six legs. On the orders of Eurystheus, Hercules went after these cows. The very long journey to the west was already a feat, and in memory of him Hercules erected two stone (Hercules) pillars on both sides of a narrow strait near the shores of the Ocean (modern Gibraltar). Geryon lived on the island of Erythia. So that Hercules could reach him, the sun god Helios gave him his horses and a golden canoe, on which he himself daily floats across the sky.

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The eleventh feat of Hercules By order of Eurystheus, Hercules descended across the Tenar abyss into the dark kingdom of the god of the dead, Hades, in order to take away his guard from there - the three-headed dog Cerberus, whose tail ended with the head of a dragon. At the very gates of the underworld, Hercules freed the Athenian hero Theseus, who had grown to the rock, who, together with his friend, Periphous, the gods punished for trying to steal his wife Persephone from Hades. In the kingdom of the dead, Hercules met the shadow of the hero Meleager, to whom he promised to become the protector of his lonely sister Deianira and marry her. The ruler of the underworld, Hades, himself allowed Hercules to take Cerberus away - but only if the hero is able to tame him. Finding Cerberus, Hercules began to fight him. He half-strangled the dog, pulled him out of the ground and brought him to Mycenae. The cowardly Eurystheus, at one glance at the terrible dog, began to beg Hercules to take her back, which he did.

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The twelfth feat of Hercules Hercules had to find a way to the great titan Atlas (Atlanta), who holds the firmament on his shoulders at the edge of the earth. Eurystheus ordered Hercules to take three golden apples from the golden tree of the Atlas garden. To find out the way to the Atlas, Hercules, on the advice of the nymphs, watched the sea god Nereus on the seashore, grabbed him and held him until he showed the right way. On the way to the Atlas through Libya, Hercules had to fight the cruel giant Antaeus, who received new powers by touching his mother - Earth-Gaia. After a long fight, Hercules lifted Antaeus into the air and strangled him without lowering him to the ground. In Egypt, King Busiris wanted to sacrifice Hercules to the gods, but the angry hero killed Busiris along with his son.

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Herodotus Herodotus is an ancient Greek historian, nicknamed "the father of history". One of the first geographers and travel scientists. Based on what he saw and questioned information, he gave the first general description of the then known world. To write his famous "History", he is supposed to have traveled almost all the famous countries of his time: Greece, Southern Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, Babylonia, Persia, visited most of the Mediterranean islands, visited the Black Sea, Crimea (up to Chersonesos ) and in the land of the Scythians. The author of essays devoted to the description of the Greco-Persian wars, describing the history of the Achaemenid state, Egypt and others, gave the first description of the life and life of the Scythians.

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The Legend of Arion This story is told in Corinth and on the island of Lesvos. In former times, Arion lived in the city of Mephimna, famous for his incomparable playing on the cithara. For many years he served with Periander, ruler of Corinth. But the time came when he wanted to go to Italy and Sicelia. Having earned great wealth there, Arion set out on his way back. He hired a ship from Corinthian sailors, who turned out to be dishonest people. They envied the wealth of Arion and decided to throw him overboard on the high seas. No matter how Arion begged the shipbuilders, it was not possible to soften their hearts. They ordered the poor man to either take his own life, or immediately throw himself into the sea. Then Arion asked for his last wish: to let him sing in the full dress of a singer, standing on the rowers' bench. After finishing the song, "he, as he was in all his attire, rushed into the sea." The ship sailed away. Despair gripped Arion's heart, but he was not destined to drown. A dolphin caught him on his back and carried him to Tenar. Rejoicing at the unexpected rescue, Arion went ashore and headed straight for Corinth. In his homeland, he told Periander everything that happened to him, but the tyrant (ruler) did not believe the story. He imprisoned Arion, and then ordered the shipmen to be brought to him. At first, the shipbuilders wanted to deceive Periander. They said that Arion lives and lives somewhere in Italy. But suddenly Arion suddenly appeared in front of the shipbuilders in the same dress in which he threw himself into the sea. "The amazed shipbuilders could no longer deny their guilt, as they had been caught." The greedy sailors were punished, and Arion returned his wealth. Since then, there has been a sacrificial gift from Arion on the Tenar - a copper statue depicting a man on a dolphin.

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Homer "Odyssey" In "Odyssey" Homer tells how the Greeks quarreled with the Trojans and went to war against them (all their kings). Odysseus did not want to go, but he was forced, for the company. When the Greeks won the war, Odysseus went home by sea, but because of the resentment against him, the god Poseidon constantly got into trouble (Scylla and Charybdis ate the ships, the witch turned the companions into pigs, some were killed by the cyclops). Finally, Odysseus for some time was left alone to live on the island with a nymph, but he really wanted to go home and she gave him a raft. Returning home, Odysseus realized that he was considered dead and a crowd of admirers was hiding behind his wife. He changed his clothes, put on his make-up, entered his house and killed them all. And then he lived with Wife Penelope happily ever after.

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Myths of Ancient Greece (Hellas) Myths are stories,
created many years ago.
Many of them talk about
life of gods and heroes.
The Greeks believed that
there are many gods.
The main one is Zeus the Thunderer.
The gods dwell on the mountain
Olympus.

Argos

Gods and Heroes of Ancient Greece.

Zeus
Graia
Orpheus
Hercules
Athena
Charon
Achilles
Perseus
Icarus
Daedalus
Theseus
Hades
Hermes
Poseidon
Hypnos and
Thanatos
Medusa Gorgon
Atlanta
Prometheus
Odysseus
Jason

Zeus.

Zeus is the supreme god.
God of the sky, thunder and
lightning, supreme
guardian
justice,
patron saint
and strangers. A son
titan Kronos and Rhea.
Casting down to Tartarus
his father Kronos,
became the lord of the gods and
of people. Attributes
Zeus were aegis
(shield), scepter, sometimes
Eagle;
seat
was considered Olympus (Zeus the Olympian). Brother Aida,
Demeter and Poseidon.
Zeus corresponds
Roman Jupiter.

Hypnos and
Thanatos
Hypnos is the personification of sleep,
deity of sleep. The son of Nikta-night
and the twin brother of Thanatos death. Father of the god of sleep Morpheus.

Athena

Athena (Pallas Athena)
- goddess of just war and
victory, as well as wisdom,
knowledge, arts and crafts;
warrior, patroness
cities and states, sciences and
crafts, intelligence, dexterity,
ingenuity,
daughter of Hera and beloved daughter of Zeus.

Hades

Hades (Hades, Pluto) -
god of the underworld and
the realms of the dead. His
name means
"Invisible" and
replaces another name,
inspiring people
religious horror. Hades
- also the kingdom itself
dead. Into this kingdom
never penetrate
the lights of a sun.
Cerberus

Charon

To the kingdom of Hades across the river
Acheron ferries souls
deceased old Charon. Here
flows sacred for
people and gods the river Styx and
comes out of the bowels of the earth
the source of Summer, giving
oblivion to everything earthly.
The dark fields of Hades overgrown
wild tulips, and over
light shadows are worn
dead, whose groans are like
quiet rustle of leaves.
Three-headed ferocious dog
Cerberus (Cerberus), on the neck
which with a hiss
snakes move, let
he doesn't let everyone out here
nobody. Neither
joy or sorrow of the earth
life.
Charon

Daedalus and Icarus

Daedalus ("Skillful") Born in Athens, where
became famous as a skilled architect and
inventor. Was sentenced to death for
what he killed out of the envy of his more
a talented student - Talas's nephew,
throwing him off the cliff of the Acropolis. The gods, however,
helped him escape to Crete, where he was
adopted by Minos. On his behalf, he built
Labyrinth for keeping the Minotaur. Minos
rewarded Daedalus generously and offered
stay forever in Crete, for which Daedalus
answered with a refusal. Minos forbade to take
Daedalus on ships. Then he fled from him
through the air on wings of feathers,
bonded with wax, having made together with
son Icarus flight from Fr. Crete on
coast of M. Asia, then to Sicily. Icarus,
rising too close to the sun (from
rays of which the wax melted), fell into the sea.

Hermes

Depicted in winged
sandals and a helmet with
wings.
God of trade, profit,
intelligence, dexterity,
deception, theft and
eloquence giving
wealth and income in
trade, the god of gymnastics.
Patron saint of heralds,
ambassadors, shepherds and
travelers; patron
magic and astrology.
Messenger of the gods and
guide of the souls of the dead in
the underground kingdom of Hades.
Invented measures, numbers,
the alphabet and taught people.

Medusa Gorgon

Gorgons - three sisters (Feno, Euryale and
Medusa), winged female monsters with
snakes for hair, with fangs; sight
The Gorgons turned all life into stone. From
of the three Gorgons, the only mortal is Medusa,
Perseus killed her. Gorgons lived in the west near
the shores of the Ocean, next to the Hesperides.
In the beginning, the gorgons were beautiful
girls. Athena began to envy them, and
her initiative, the girls were expelled to the extreme
West. There, their appearance gradually changed:
the heads of the gorgons were covered with dragon scales,
they have grown huge fangs, copper hands
and golden wings. However, this did not satisfy
the envy of Athena. To kill a mortal
Medusa she chooses Perseus, who with
with the help of the gods he coped with the task.

Graia

Grayi - (Greek old woman),
two or three daughters
the stormy sea of ​​Forkis and
the depths of Keto, sisters
gorgon. Have had
lovely Lanites and
gray from birth
hair. Agreed
help Perseus find and
kill the gorgon Medusa
after the hero
stole from them
the only one for three
an eye and a single tooth.

Orpheus and Eurydice

Orpheus is a Thracian singer, the son of the Muse Calliope and
god Apollo Wonderful singing enchanted the gods and
people, tamed the wild forces of nature. Orpheus
took part in the campaign of the Argonauts to Colchis, and,
although he was not a great warrior, it happened that
it was he who saved his comrades with his songs. So,
when the Argo sailed past the island of sirens, Orpheus
sang even more beautifully than the sirens, and the Argonauts did not
succumbed to their spell.
No less than his art, Orpheus
became famous for his love for his young wife
Eurydice. Orpheus descended to Hades for Eurydice and
charmed the guard of Cerberus with his singing. Hades and
Persephone agreed to release Eurydice, but with
condition that Orpheus will go ahead and not
will look back to look at his spouse. Orpheus
violated this prohibition, turned to look at her, and
Eurydice disappeared forever. Out on the ground, Orpheus did not
lived without a wife for a long time.
Musay's teacher or father.

Perseus

Perseus Famous hero,
son of Zeus and Danae, daughter
Argos king Acrisius.
Acrisia was once
it is predicted that he will die from
grandson's hands. To avoid
this, Acrisius concluded Danae
into a copper tower where there was
access to no mortal.
To the mortal, yes, but Greece was
inhabited not only by mortals
people ... Zeus contrived
infiltrate the tower to Danae's
the form of a rain of gold, in
result through the set
time she gave birth to Perseus.

Danae is the mother of Perseus.
Perseus is portrayed with his head
Medusa Gorgon.

Poseidon

Poseidon
(in Roman mythology, Neptune) -
in Greek mythology, one of
the main Olympic gods.
It can be assumed that
he was originally associated with
an ancient deity
revered in the form of a horse. About
the nickname says it
Poseidon Hippias, mentioned
among the sons of Poseidon horses
and the fact that he was later revered
as a patron of horse breeding; v
his honor was arranged
Isthmian games with equestrian
running.

Who are called heroes in myths?

The hero is a son or
descendant of a deity and
mortal man.

Parthenon

Atlanta

When the heart is heavy and the chest is cold
Come to the steps of the Hermitage at dusk.
Where without drink and bread, forgotten for centuries,
Atlanteans hold the sky on stone hands ...

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Myth and mythology. Myth is a peculiar form of the world perception of an ancient man, a desire to cognize the world. Myth as an aesthetic phenomenon. The main categories of myths. The rise of myths. Myth (from the Greek mythos ("mythos") - legend, legend) is the most ancient form of man's presentation of his worldview. Mythology 1) A set of myths (stories, stories about gods, heroes, demons, spirits, etc.), reflecting the fantastic ideas of people in pre-class and early class society about the world, nature and human existence. 2) Science that studies myths (their origin, content, distribution).

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In the process of transferring knowledge, information about ordinary and unusual phenomena from generation to generation, a special form of consolidating the memory of mankind is formed - a myth. Myths Ancient man in the form of myths and legends tried to answer such global questions as the emergence of the most important phenomena of nature, animals and humans. A significant part of mythology was made up of cosmogonic myths dedicated to the origin and structure of the universe as a whole. Much attention in myths is paid to various stages of people's life, the secrets of birth and death, knowledge of posthumous existence or non-existence, various tests that a person undergoes on the path of life. A special place is occupied by myths about the achievements of people: making fire, inventing crafts, developing agriculture, taming wild animals, etc.

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Etiological myths (literally "causal", that is, explanatory) are myths that explain the appearance of various natural and cultural characteristics and social objects. Cosmogonic myths tell about the origin of the cosmos as a whole and its parts, connected in a single system. Part of the cosmogonic myths are anthropogonic myths - about the origin of man, the first people, or tribal ancestors (the tribe in myths is often identified with "real people", with humanity). Calendar myths are closely connected with the cycle of calendar rituals, as a rule, with agricultural magic, focused on the regular change of seasons, especially on the revival of vegetation in the spring (solar motives are also interwoven here), to ensure the harvest.

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Heroic myths record the most important moments of the life cycle, are built around the biography of the hero and may include his miraculous birth, trials by older relatives or hostile demons, the search for a wife and marital trials, the fight against monsters and other feats, the death of the hero. Eschatological myths about "last" things, about the end of the world, arise relatively late and are based on the models of calendar myths, myths about the change of eras, and cosmogonic myths. In contrast to cosmogonic myths, eschatological myths tell not about the emergence of the world and its elements, but about their destruction - the destruction of land in a global flood, chaos of space, etc.

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Mythological heroes and characters. Heroes (from the Greek. Usually mythological heroes were endowed with great physical strength and cruelty. The main difference between heroes and gods is that heroes are mortal. Most heroes are warriors who destroy ancient monsters and fight among themselves. With the development of ancient culture, heroes, in addition to traditional military prowess, began to be endowed with special wisdom, musical gift or cunning. The heroes-diviners (Tiresias, Amphiarai, Kalchant, Trophonius, Pug (diviner), Branch, Idmon), hero-masters (Daedalus, Zeta and Amphion), hero-musicians (Orpheus, Lin), legislators (Theseus) stand out. A peculiar niche was occupied by Odysseus, the cunning hero. The hero is called upon to fulfill the will of the Olympians on earth among people, ordering life and introducing justice, measure, laws into it, despite the ancient spontaneity and disharmony. Usually the hero is endowed with exorbitant strength and superhuman capabilities, but he is deprived of immortality, which remains the privilege of a deity. Hence the discrepancy and contradiction between the limited capabilities of a mortal being and the heroes' desire to assert themselves in immortality.

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Olympus Olympus (O l u m p o z) is a mountain in Thessaly where the gods live. The name Olympus is of pre-Greek origin (a possible connection with the Indo-European root ulu / uelu, "to rotate", that is, an indication of the roundness of the peaks) and belongs to a number of mountains in Greece and Asia Minor. On Olympus are the palaces of Zeus and other gods, built and decorated by Hephaestus. The gates of Olympus are opened and closed by the mountains (daughters of Zeus and Themis) when they ride out in golden chariots. Olympus is thought of as a symbol of the supreme power of a new generation of Olympian gods who defeated the titans.

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Zeus Zeus, Diy (Z e u z) · supreme deity, father of gods and people, head of the Olympic family of gods. Zeus is a primordial Greek deity; his name is of purely Indo-European origin and means "bright sky". In antiquity, the etymology of the word "Zeus" was associated with the roots of the Greek words "life", "boiling", "irrigation", "that through which everything exists." Zeus is the son of Kronos (hence the names Zeus Kronid, Kronion) and Rhea, he belongs to the third generation of gods who overthrew the second generation - the titans.

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Zeus's father, fearing to be deposed by his children, swallowed every time the child just born by Rhea. Rhea deceived her husband, letting him swallow a wrapped stone instead of the born Zeus, and the baby, in secret from his father, was sent to Crete on Mount Dikta. According to another version, Rhea gave birth to Zeus in the cave of Mount Dikta and entrusted his upbringing to the Kurets and Koribants, who fed him with the milk of the goat Amalfea. It was in Crete that the most ancient fetishistic symbols of reverence for Zeus of Crete were preserved: a double ax (labrys), a magic weapon that kills and gives life, a destructive and creative force.

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Apollo Apollo, in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and the Titanide Leto, the twin brother of the virgin goddess of the hunt Artemis. He occupied one of the main places in the Greek and Roman traditions and was considered an arrow god, a soothsayer, a luminous patron of the arts.

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Dionysus Dionysus, (Roman. Bacchus, Bacchus) in Greek mythology, the eternally young god of the fertile forces of the earth, vegetation, viticulture and winemaking, known as the "god with bull's horns", because he loved to take the form of this mighty animal, the son of Zeus and the Theban princess Semele. Zeus, who appeared before the princess in a flash of lightning, accidentally incinerated his mortal beloved, but managed to snatch the premature Dionysus from the flame and sewed him into his thigh. In due time, God gave birth to a child and gave it to nymphs to raise. Having matured, Dionysus, wandering through the candle, met Ariadne, abandoned by Theseus, and married Pei. Dionysus was famous as a god who frees people from worries and removes the fetters of measured life, therefore the procession of Dionysus was ecstatic; it was attended by satyrs, bacchantes and maenads.

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Neptune Neptune is one of the most ancient gods of the Roman pantheon. He was identified with the god of Greek mythology Poseidon. In ancient Rome, on July 23, a holiday was celebrated in honor of the god Neptune, hoping in this way to save the harvest from drought. Almost nothing is known about the origin of this god, but there is no doubt that Neptune has always been associated with water. The god's retinue consisted of such deities as Salacia and Vanilia. The Romans identified Salacia with the Greek goddesses Thetis and Amphitrite. Basically, Neptune was revered by people who were somehow connected with the sea: sailors, merchants, fishermen. This god was also credited with the protection of horses. In honor of the equestrian Neptune, festivities and equestrian competitions were held.

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Jupiter Jupiter, in Roman mythology, the almighty god of the sky, the king of the gods. Jupiter was revered as the supreme deity, the lord of thunder and lightning. One of his nicknames - Lucetius ("luminous") - says that he was also considered the god of light. The image of Jupiter combines the features of many ancient Italic deities. He was credited with patronage of agriculture, protection of borders; God monitored the observance of oaths and granted the commanders victory in battle. The Roman generals, returning with triumph from their campaigns, brought thanksgiving sacrifices to Jupiter and carried laurel wreaths to his temple.

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Aurora Aurora in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of the morning dawn. The word "aurora" comes from the Latin aura, which means "predawn breeze". The ancient Greeks called Aurora the ruddy dawn, the rosy goddess Eos. Aurora was the daughter of the titan Hiperion and Theia (in another version: the sun - Helios and the moon - Selena). From Astraeus and Aurora came all the stars burning in the dark night sky, and all the winds: stormy northern Boreas, eastern Evrus, humid southern Not and gentle western wind Zephyr, carrying abundant rains.

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Athena Athena, in Greek mythology, the goddess of wisdom, just war and crafts, daughter of Zeus and the Titanide Metis. Zeus, having learned that the son of Metis would deprive him of power, swallowed his pregnant wife, and then he himself gave birth to a completely adult Athena, who, with the help of Hephaestus, came out of his head in full military attire. Athena was, as it were, part of Zeus, the performer of his plans and will. She is the thought of Zeus, realized in action. Her attributes are a snake and an owl, as well as aegis, a goatskin shield, decorated with the head of a serpentine Medusa, possessing magical powers, frightening gods and people. According to one version, the statue of Athena, palladium, allegedly fell from heaven; hence her name is Pallas Athena.

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Themis Themis, in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of justice. The Greeks called the goddess by different names, for example Temida, Temis. Themis was the daughter of the sky god Uranus and Gaia, the second wife of Zeus and the mother of numerous offspring. Her daughters were the goddesses of fate - moira. In one of the legends, Themis acts as the mother of the titan Prometheus, who dedicated her son to the secret of the fate of Zeus. The Thunderer was to die from one of his children, born to Thetis. In the myth of Prometheus, it is said that the hero discovered this secret only after thousands of years of torment, to which Zeus had doomed him. In Olympia, the inhabitants of Ancient Greece set altars to Zeus, Gaia and Themis next to each other, which shows how much they honored this goddess of law and order.

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Hades Hades, Hades, Pluto ("invisible", "terrible"), in Greek mythology, the god of the kingdom of the dead, as well as the kingdom itself. Son of Kronos and Rhea, brother of Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Demeter and Hestia. When the world was divided after the overthrow of his father, Zeus took the sky for himself, Poseidon - the sea, and Hades - the underworld; the brothers agreed to rule the land together. The second name of Hades was Polydegmon ("recipient of many gifts"), which is associated with the countless shadows of the dead living in his domain. The messenger of the gods, Hermes, conveyed the souls of the dead to the ferryman Charon, who transported only those who could pay for the crossing through the underground river Styx. The entrance to the underworld of the dead was guarded by the three-headed dog Cerberus (Cerberus), who did not allow anyone to return to the world of the living.

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Hercules Hercules - in Greek mythology - Greek folk hero, the son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene. In the service of Eurystheus, Hercules performed twelve labors: -1- strangled the Nemean lion with his hands; -2- killed the Lernaean hydra -3- caught the Erimanthian boar alive; -4- caught the Kerineys doe; -5- exterminated the Stymphalian birds; -6- got the belt of Hippolyta, the queen of the Amazons; -7- cleared the stables of Avgius; -8- mastered the Cretan fire-breathing bull; -9- defeated King Diomedes; -10- stole the cows of Geryon and the three-headed giant; -11- got the golden apples of the Hesperides; -12- defeated the guardian of Hades, the hellish dog Kerber. Hercules was portrayed as: - a child strangling a snake; - young men resting after a heroic deed or performing a heroic deed; - a mighty bearded man, armed with a club and dressed in the skin of the Nemean lion he killed

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Achilles Achilles, Achilles (A c i l l e u z) one of the greatest heroes of the Trojan War, the son of the Myrmidonian king Peleus and the sea goddess Thetis. In an effort to make her son invulnerable and thus give him immortality, Thetis tempered him in fire at night, and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day. One night, Peleus, seeing his young son on fire, snatched him out of his mother's hands (Apollod III 13, 6). According to another version (Stat. Ach. III I 269 trace), Thetis bathed Achilles in the waters of the underground river Styx, in order to make him invulnerable, and only the heel by which she held him remained vulnerable (hence the expression "Achilles heel") ... Offended by the intervention of Peleus, Thetis left her husband, and he gave Achilles to be raised by the wise centaur Chiron, who fed him with the entrails of lions, bears and wild boars, taught him to play the sweet-sounding cithara and sing

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Odysseus Odysseus (O d u s s e u z), Ullis (Ulixes) · king of the island of Ithaca, son of Laertes and Anticlea (Homer "Iliad", IX 308). The genealogy of Odysseus is closely related to the general character of the hero - clever and cunning. According to some versions of the myth, Odysseus is the son of Sisyphus (Soph. Philoct. 417, 1311; Eur Iphig. A. 524), who seduced Anticlea even before her marriage to Laertes (Schol. Soph. Ai. 190). Moreover, Anticlea's father Autolycus - "the great perjurer and thief" (Hom. Od. XIX 396 next) was the son of Hermes and helped him in all the tricks (396-398); hence the hereditary, coming from Hermes, the intelligence, practicality, dexterity of Odysseus.

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Medea Medea, in ancient Greek mythology, a sorceress, the daughter of the Colchis king Eetus and the oceanids Idia, the granddaughter of Helios.

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Europe Europe, in Greek mythology, the daughter of the Phoenician king Agenor, who became the subject of passion of the thunderer Zeus. Flying over the city of Sidon, Zeus saw the girls leading round dances in the meadow and weaving wreaths of bright flowers. The most beautiful of all was Europe - the daughter of a local king. Zeus descended to earth and appeared in the guise of a wonderful white bull, located at the feet of Europa. Europe, laughing, sat down on his broad back. At the same moment, the bull rushed into the sea and carried her to the island of Crete, where Europe gave birth to Zeus three sons - Minos, Radamanthus and Sarpedon, and then married the local king Asteria ("star"), who adopted her sons from God. Zeus graciously bestowed upon the rival the mighty copper pelican Talos, who was supposed to guard Crete, bypassing the island three times a day. And he placed a divine bull in the sky - the constellation Taurus, as a reminder to Europe of his great love for her.

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Narcissus Narcissus, in Greek mythology, an unusually beautiful son of the Boeotian river god Kephissus and the nymph Liriope. When the parents asked the soothsayer Tiresias about the future of the child, the sage replied that Narcissus would live to old age if he never saw his face. Narcissus grew up as a young man of rare beauty, and many women sought his love, but he was indifferent to everyone. Among those rejected by him was the nymph Echo, who dried up from grief so that only a voice remained of her. Offended by the inattention of Narcissus, the women demanded the gods to punish him, and the goddess of justice Nemesis heeded their pleas. Once, returning from a hunt, Narcissus looked into an unclouded source and, seeing his reflection in the water, fell in love with it. The young man could not tear himself away from the contemplation of his face and died of self-love. According to legend, a field of amazing plants and herbs appeared at the place of the death of Narcissus, in the center of which a healing flower, marked by austere beauty, grew, which was named after the young man.

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Ancient myth: the origin of the world and the gods: "The Birth of Zeus", "Olympus". "In the beginning there was a word ... Everything through it began to be ..." Gospel of John (Chapter 1) Initially, there was only eternal, boundless, dark Chaos. It was the source of life. Everything arose out of boundless Chaos - the whole world and the immortal gods. He was, as it were, the raw material from which everything that ever existed came into being. Obeying an unknown force that made it rotate and create, Chaos gave birth to the most ancient thing that was in our incipient Universe - Time. The Greeks called him Chronos. And now everything happened in time, because space was still in its infancy. Chronos gave birth to three elements - Fire, Air and Water. But this is after the Earth appeared. Following Chronos, Eros and Anteros emerged simultaneously as twin brothers. (Subsequently, such a double birth is very common and was considered by the Greeks almost sacred) Eros - Love, and Anteros - Denial of Love.

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Chaos gave birth to something similar to itself - Erebus, as an incarnation of Darkness. Behind him - Niktu - the dark starless Night. And also the Incomprehensible Abyss - Tartarus. Tartarus was emptiness itself, a black hole. Throughout history, the Gods have used its depths as punishment for the defeated. No one could escape the Abyss on their own. Tartarus was the most horrible place in the universe. But from the Darkness and Night were born the Eternal Light - Ether and the Shining Day - Hemera. "The Black Night and the gloomy Erebus were born out of Chaos. But the night Ether gave birth to the radiant Day, or Hemera: She conceived them in the womb, with Erebus in love." Hesiod: "The Origin of the Gods" Erebus and Nikta also had children: gloomy Charon - a carrier across the Styx River in the kingdom of the dead and three daughters - the twins of Tisiphon, Alecto and Megera - the goddess of vengeance Erinia. The remnants of the primeval Chaos were already spinning at a tremendous speed and turned into an Egg. This egg was the embryo of the Earth. But then it split into two parts. The upper half of the shell became the Starry Sky - Uranus, the lower half - Mother Earth - Gaia. And the liquid that spilled over the body of the Earth - by the Endless Sea - Pontus. He became Gaia's first husband. The second was Uranus-Sky. All of the Olympian gods originated from their marriage.

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Homer Homer is an ancient Greek poet. To date, there is no convincing evidence for the reality of the historical figure of Homer. According to ancient tradition, it was customary to represent Homer as a blind wandering aedom singer, seven cities argued for the honor of being called his homeland. He probably came from Smyrna (Asia Minor), or from the island of Chios. It can be assumed that Homer lived around the 8th century BC. Homer is credited with the authorship of two of the greatest works of ancient Greek literature - the poems The Iliad and The Odyssey. In ancient times, Homer was recognized as the author of other works: the poem "Batrachomachia" and a collection of "Homeric hymns". Modern science assigns only the Iliad and the Odyssey to Homer, and there is an opinion that these poems were created by different poets and at different historical times. Even in ancient times, the "Homeric question" arose, which is now understood as a set of problems associated with the origin and development of the ancient Greek epic, including the relationship between folklore and literary creativity itself.

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Biographical information about Homer, cited by ancient authors, is contradictory and hardly plausible. "Seven cities, arguing are called the homeland of Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca, Athens" - says one Greek epigram (in fact, the list of these cities was more extensive). Ancient scholars cited various dates regarding the life of Homer, from the 12th century BC (after the Trojan War) to the 7th century BC; there was a widespread legend about a poetic contest between Homer and Hesiod. As most researchers believe, Homeric poems were created in Asia Minor, in Ionia in the 8th century BC, based on mythological legends about the Trojan War. There is late antique evidence of the final editing of their texts under the Athenian tyrant Pisistratus in the middle of the 6th century BC, when their performance was included in the festivities of the Great Panathenae.

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"Iliad" and "Odyssey" The works of Homer, the poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" are the first monuments of ancient Greek literature known to us in time, and at the same time the first literary monuments in Europe in general. Containing a huge number of different sorts of legends and being very significant in size (in the Iliad there are 15693 lines of poetry, in the Odyssey there are 12,110 lines), these poems could not appear suddenly, in the form of a work of only one genius writer. Even if they were compiled by one poet, they are compiled on the basis of centuries-old folk art, in which modern science establishes a reflection of the most diverse periods of the historical development of the Greeks. These works were recorded for the first time only in the second half of the 6th century. BC NS. Consequently, folk materials for these poems were created even earlier, at least two or three centuries before this first recording, and, as modern science shows, Homeric poems reflect even more ancient periods of Greek, or perhaps even pre-Greek history. The plot of Homeric poems is different episodes of the Trojan War. Troy and the region where this city was the capital, Troas, were in the northwestern corner of Asia Minor and were inhabited by a Phrygian tribe. The Greeks who inhabited the Balkan Peninsula waged wars in Asia Minor for many centuries. One such war, with Troy, was especially engraved in the memory of the ancient Greeks, and many different literary works and, in particular, several special poems were dedicated to it. They told about the Trojan War, about the reasons that caused it, about the capture of Troy and about the return of the victorious Greeks to their homeland. To understand the content of the Iliad and the Odyssey, it is necessary to know in general all the legends about the Trojan War, since both poems depict only individual moments of this war.

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Greek myths tell that the Earth, weighed down by an overgrown population, asked Zeus (the supreme deity of the ancient Greeks) to spare her and reduce the number of people living on it. For the request of the Earth, at the behest of Zeus, the Trojan War begins. The closest reason for the war was that Paris, the son of the Trojan king Priam, kidnapped Helen, the wife of the Spartan king Menelaus. To avenge this abduction and return Elena back, Menelaus's brother and the king of Argolis, neighboring Sparta, Agamemnon, advises Menelaus to gather all the Greek kings with their retinues and start a war with Troy. Among the attracted Greek kings, they especially stand out - the swift-footed Achilles, king of Phthia, striking in his power, and Odysseus, king of the island of Ithaca (west of the Balkan Peninsula). All Greek tribes send their troops and their leaders to Aulis, from where the general Greek army moves across the Aegean Sea and lands near Troy, which is several kilometers from the coast. Agamemnon is elected the supreme leader of the entire Greek army. The war has been fought with varying degrees of success for 10 years. And only after 10 years, the Greeks manage to get into the city itself, burn it, kill the men, and take the women prisoner. In the Iliad and Odyssey, only allusions to the war in general are scattered. But in the poems there is no special narration either about the reasons for the war, or about its first 9 years, or about the capture of Troy. Both poems are each devoted to a special plot, namely, the Iliad - one episode from the tenth year of the war, and the Odyssey - the legends about the return of Odysseus after the war to his homeland.

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"Odyssey". The main content of the "Odyssey" is the legends about the return of Odysseus to Ithaca after the end of the war with Troy.

Religious ideas of the ancient Greeks about the world of gods Religious ideas and religious life of the ancient Greeks were in close connection with their entire historical life. The gods lived on Mount Olympus. There was a hierarchy between them, as between people: there were the main Gods, minor, demigods (heroes in Greek mythology, for example Hercules). The gods were present in the life of the Greeks as naturally as the whole of Greek nature. They often interfered in the lives of people, competed with each other for influence on a person.

THE BIRTH OF ZEUS Cronus was not sure that power would forever remain in his hands. He was afraid that the children would rise up against him and find him to the same fate to which he had doomed his father Uranus. He was afraid of his children. And Cronus commanded his wife Rhea to bring him the children who were born and mercilessly swallowed them. Rhea was horrified, seeing the fate of her children. Already five were swallowed by Cronus: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Aida (Hades) and Poseidon.

Rhea did not want to lose her last child either. On the advice of her parents, Uranus - Heaven and Gaia - Earth, she retired to the island of Crete, and there, in a deep cave, her youngest son Zeus was born. In this cave, Rhea hid her son from her cruel father, and gave him a long stone wrapped in swaddling clothes to swallow instead of his son. Krohn did not suspect that he was deceived by his wife.

Zeus, meanwhile, was growing up in Crete. The nymphs Adrastea and Idea cherished little Zeus, they fed him with the milk of the divine goat Amalfea. Bees carried honey to little Zeus from the slopes of the high mountain of Dikta. At the entrance to the cave, young kuretas hit their shields with swords whenever little Zeus cried so that Cronus would not hear him crying, and Zeus would not suffer the fate of his brothers and sisters.

ZEUS CROWNS THE CROWN. THE FIGHT OF THE OLYMPIAN GODS WITH THE TITANS The beautiful and mighty god Zeus has grown and matured. He rebelled against his father and forced him to bring back the children he had absorbed into the world. One after another, the monster from the mouth of the Crones of his children - gods, beautiful and bright. They began a struggle with Cronus and the Titans for power over the world.

Finally, Zeus decided to release from the bowels of the earth the hundred-handed giants - the Hecatoncheires; he called them for help. Terrible, huge as mountains, they emerged from the bowels of the earth and rushed into battle. They tore off whole rocks from the mountains and threw them at the titans. Hundreds of rocks flew towards the Titans as they approached Olympus. The earth moaned, a roar filled the air, everything around was vibrating. Even Tartarus shuddered from this struggle.

Zeus threw fiery lightning and deafening thunders one after another. The fire engulfed the entire land, the seas boiled, smoke and stench covered everything with a thick veil. Finally, the mighty titans wavered. Their strength was broken, they were defeated. The Olympians fettered them and cast them into gloomy Tartarus, into eternal darkness. At the copper indestructible gates of Tartarus, one hundred-handed hecatoncheires stood guard, and they are guarding so that the mighty titans do not break free from Tartarus again. The power of the titans in the world has passed.

THE FIGHT OF ZEUS WITH TYPHON But the struggle did not end there. Gaia - Earth was angry with the Olympian Zeus for doing so harshly with her defeated children - the titans. She married the gloomy Tartarus and gave birth to the terrible hundred-headed monster Typhon. Huge, with a hundred dragon heads, Typhon rose from the bowels of the earth.

With a wild howl he shook the air. The barking of dogs, human voices, the roar of an angry bull, the roar of a lion were heard in this howl. A stormy flame swirled around Typhon, and the earth trembled under his heavy steps. The gods shuddered with horror. But Zeus, the thunderer, boldly rushed at him, and the battle broke out.

Hundreds of fiery arrows rained down - the thunderbolts of Zeus; it seemed that from their fire the very air was burning and dark thunderclouds were burning. Zeus incinerated Typhon all of his hundred heads. Typhon collapsed to the ground; such heat emanated from his body that everything around him melted.

Zeus raised the body of Typhon and threw it into the gloomy Tartarus, which gave birth to him. But in Tartarus, Typhon also threatens the gods and all living things. He causes storms and eruptions; he begat with the Echidna, half-woman - half-snake, the terrible two-headed dog Orff, the hellish dog Cerberus, the Lernean hydra and the Chimera; Typhon often shakes the ground.

The great Thunderer Zeus saw her, fell in love with her and kidnapped her from Thetis. The gods magnificently celebrated the wedding of Zeus and Hera. Iris and the Harites clothed Hera in luxurious clothes, and she shone with her young, majestic beauty among the host of the gods of Olympus, sitting on a golden throne next to the great king of gods and people, Zeus.

All the gods brought gifts to the mistress Hera, and the goddess Earth - Gaia raised from her bowels as a gift to Hera a wondrous apple tree with golden fruits. Everything in nature glorified Queen Hera and King Zeus. Hera reigns on high Olympus. She commands, like her husband Zeus, thunder and lightning, at her word dark rain clouds cover the sky, with a wave of her hand she raises formidable storms.

The great Hera is beautiful, hairy, lily-handed, from under her crown wondrous curls fall in a wave, her eyes burn with power and calm greatness. The gods honor Hera, honor her and her husband, the cloud-exterminator Zeus, and often consults with her. But there are frequent quarrels between Zeus and the Hero. Hera often objects to Zeus and argues with him on the advice of the gods. Then the thunderer becomes angry and threatens his wife with punishment. Then Hera falls silent and restrains his anger. She remembers how Zeus subjected her to scourging, how he bound her with golden chains and hung her between earth and sky, tying two heavy anvils to her feet.

Hera is powerful, there is no goddess equal to her in power. Majestic, in long luxurious clothes, woven by Athena herself, in a chariot drawn by two immortal horses, she drives off Olympus. The chariot is all made of silver, the wheels are made of pure gold, and their spokes sparkle with brass. The fragrance spreads on the ground where Hera passes. All living things bow before her, the great queen of Olympus.

APHRODITE Aphrodite was originally the goddess of the sky, sending rain, and, apparently, also the goddess of the sea. The myth of Aphrodite and her cult was strongly influenced by the Eastern influence, mainly the cult of the Phoenician goddess Astarte. Gradually, Aphrodite becomes the goddess of love. The god of love Eros (Cupid) is her son. Not the pampered, windy goddess Aphrodite to intervene in bloody battles. She awakens love in the hearts of gods and mortals. Thanks to this power, she reigns over the whole world.

No one can escape her power, not even the gods. Only the warrior Athena, Hestia and Artemis are not subject to her power. Tall, slender, with delicate features, with a soft wave of golden hair, like a crown lying on her beautiful head, Aphrodite is the personification of divine beauty and unfading youth. When she walks, in the splendor of her beauty, in fragrant clothes, then the sun shines brighter, flowers bloom more magnificently.

Wild forest animals run to her from the thicket of the forest; birds flock to her as she walks through the forest. Lions, panthers, leopards and bears meekly caress her. Aphrodite walks calmly among wild animals, proud of her radiant beauty. Her companions Ora and Harita, the goddess of beauty to grace, serve her. They dress the goddess in luxurious clothes, comb her golden hair, and crown her head with a sparkling diadem.

Near the island of Kythera, Aphrodite, the daughter of Uranus, was born from the snow-white foam of the sea waves. A light, caressing breeze brought her to the island of Cyprus. There, young Ora were surrounded by the goddess of love who emerged from the waves of the sea. They clothed her in golden-weaved clothes and crowned her with a wreath of fragrant flowers ..

Wherever Aphrodite walked, flowers flourished there. The whole air was full of fragrance. Eros and Gimeroth led the wondrous goddess to Olympus. The gods greeted her loudly. Since then, the golden Aphrodite, forever young, the most beautiful of the goddesses, has always lived among the gods of Olympus.

APOLLO The god of light, the golden-haired Apollo, was born on the island of Delos. His mother Latona, driven by the anger of the goddess Hera, could not find shelter anywhere. Pursued by the dragon Python sent by the Hero, she wandered around the world and finally took refuge on Delos, which in those days was rushing along the waves of the stormy sea. As soon as Latona entered Delos, huge pillars rose from the depths of the sea and stopped this deserted island.

But then the god of light Apollo was born, and streams of bright light flooded everywhere. They filled the rocks of Delos like gold. Everything around bloomed, sparkled: the coastal rocks, and Mount Kint, and the valley, and the sea. The goddesses gathered on Delos loudly praised the born god, offering him ambrosia and nectar. All nature around rejoiced along with the goddesses.

THE FIGHT OF APOLLO WITH PYTHON AND THE BASE OF THE DELPHIAN ORACLE Young, radiant Apollo rushed across the azure sky with a cithara in his hands, with a silver bow over his shoulders; golden arrows rang loudly in his quiver. Proud, exultant, Apollo rushed high above the earth, threatening everything evil, everything generated by darkness. He strove to the place where the formidable Python lived, who pursued his mother Latona; he wanted to take revenge on him for all the evil that he had done to her.

Apollo quickly reached the gloomy gorge, the abode of Python. Cliffs rose all around, reaching high into the sky. Darkness reigned in the gorge. Along its bottom, a mountain stream rushed swiftly, gray with foam, and mists swirled over the stream. The terrible Python crawled out of his lair. His huge body, covered with scales, wriggled between the rocks in countless rings. Rocks and mountains trembled with the weight of his body and moved.

Furious Python gave everything to devastation, he spread death around. The nymphs and all living things fled in terror. Python rose, mighty, furious, opened his terrible mouth and was about to devour the golden-haired Apollo. Then there was a ringing of the bowstring of a silver bow, like a spark flashed in the air a golden arrow that knew no miss, followed by another, a third; arrows rained down on Python, and he fell lifeless to the ground.

The triumphant victory song (pean) of the golden-haired Apollo, the winner of Python, sounded loudly, and the golden strings of the god's cithara echoed it. Apollo buried the body of Python in the ground where the sacred Delphi stood, and founded a sanctuary and an oracle in Delphi to divine in it the will of his father Zeus to people.

From a high bank far out into the sea, Apollo saw a ship of Cretan sailors. Disguised as a dolphin, he rushed into the blue sea, overtook the ship and flew up like a radiant star from the sea waves at its stern. Apollo brought the ship to the pier of the city of Chris and through the fertile valley led the Cretan sailors, playing on the golden cithara, to Delphi. He made them the first priests of his sanctuary.

ARES The god of war, the frantic Ares, is the son of the thunderer Zeus and Hera. Zeus does not like him. He often tells his son that he is the most hated by him among the gods of Olympus. Zeus does not love his son for his bloodthirstiness. If Ares had not been his son, he would have cast him long ago into gloomy Tartarus, where the titans languish. The heart of the fierce Ares delights only in fierce battles. Furious, he rushes amid the roar of weapons, screams and groans of battle between the fighters, in gleaming weapons, with a huge shield. Behind him rush his sons, Deimos and Phobos - horror and fear, and next to them the goddess of discord Eris and the goddess of murder, Enyuo.

The battle boils, rumbles; Ares rejoices; the warriors fall with a groan. Ares triumphs when he slays the warrior with his terrible sword and hot blood rushes to the ground. It strikes indiscriminately both to the right and to the left; a pile of bodies around a cruel god. Ares is ferocious, violent, formidable, but victory does not always accompany him. Ares often has to give in on the battlefield to the warlike daughter of Zeus, Athena - Pallas. She defeats Ares with wisdom and a calm consciousness of strength.

Often mortal heroes gain the upper hand over Ares, especially if they are helped by the light-eyed Athena - Pallas. So the hero Diomedes struck Ares with a copper spear under the walls of Troy. Athena herself directed the blow. The terrible cry of the wounded god spread far across the army of Trojans and Greeks. As if ten thousand warriors screamed at once, entering into a fierce battle, so cried out in pain, covered with copper armor Ares. The Greeks and Trojans shuddered in horror, and the frantic Ares rushed, enveloped in a gloomy cloud, covered in blood, with complaints about Athena to his father Zeus. But Father Zeus did not listen to his complaints. He does not love his son, who only enjoys strife, battles and murders.

POSEIDON AND THE DEITY OF THE SEA Deep in the depths of the sea stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the Thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker of Poseidon. Poseidon rules over the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the sea prophetic elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she was leading a round dance with her sisters - the Nereids on the coast of the island of Naxos. Deep in the depths of the sea, stands the wonderful palace of the great brother of the Thunderer Zeus, the earth shaker of Poseidon. Poseidon rules over the seas, and the waves of the sea are obedient to the slightest movement of his hand, armed with a formidable trident. There, in the depths of the sea, lives with Poseidon and his beautiful wife Amphitrite, the daughter of the sea prophetic elder Nereus, who was kidnapped by the great ruler of the sea depths Poseidon from her father. He once saw how she was leading a round dance with her sisters - the Nereids on the coast of the island of Naxos.

The god of the sea was captivated by the beautiful Amphitrite and wanted to take her away in his chariot. But Amphitrite took refuge with the titan Atlas, who holds the firmament on his mighty shoulders. For a long time Poseidon could not find the beautiful daughter of Nereus. Finally a dolphin opened her hideout to him; for this service Poseidon placed the dolphin among the celestial constellations. Poseidon kidnapped the beautiful daughter of Nereus from Atlas and married her.

Since then, Amphitrite lives with her husband Poseidon in an underwater palace. High above the palace, sea waves rustle. Hundreds of sea deities surround Poseidon, obedient to his will. Among them is the son of Poseidon Triton, who, with the thunderous sound of his trumpet from the shell, causes formidable storms. Among the deities are the beautiful sisters of Amphitrite, the Nereids. Poseidon rules over the sea. When he in his chariot, harnessed by marvelous horses, rushes over the sea, then the eternally rustling waves part and give way to the ruler Poseidon.

Equal to the beauty of Zeus himself, he quickly rushes along the endless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then, like mountains, sea waves rise, covered with white crests of foam, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea shafts beat with a noise on the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm dies down, the sea is calm again, exactly like a mirror, and it splashes barely audibly at the shore - blue, boundless. Equal to the beauty of Zeus himself, he quickly rushes along the endless sea, and dolphins play around him, fish swim out of the depths of the sea and crowd around his chariot. When Poseidon waves his formidable trident, then, like mountains, sea waves rise, covered with white crests of foam, and a fierce storm rages on the sea. Then the sea shafts beat with a noise on the coastal rocks and shake the earth. But Poseidon extends his trident over the waves, and they calm down. The storm dies down, the sea is calm again, exactly like a mirror, and it splashes barely audibly at the shore - blue, boundless.

Many deities surround the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon; among them is the prophetic old man of the sea, Nereus, who knows all the hidden secrets of the future. Lies and deceit are alien to Nereya; he reveals only the truth to gods and mortals. The advice given by the prophetic elder is wise. Nereus has fifty beautiful daughters. Young Nereids are splashing merrily in the waves of the sea, sparkling among them with their divine beauty. Holding hands, they float in a line from the depths of the sea and lead a round dance on the shore under the gentle splash of the waves of a calm sea quietly running on the shore. The echo of the coastal rocks then repeats the sounds of their gentle singing, like the quiet roar of the sea. Nereids patronize the sailor and give him a happy voyage.

Among the deities of the sea - and the elder Proteus, changing, like the sea, his image and transforming, at will, into various animals and monsters. He is also a prophetic god, you just need to be able to catch him unexpectedly, master him and force him to reveal the secret of the future. Among the companions of the earth shaker Poseidon is the god Glaucus, the patron saint of sailors and fishermen, and he has the gift of divination. Often, emerging from the depths of the sea, he opened the future and gave wise advice to mortals. The gods of the sea are powerful, their power is great, but the great brother of Zeus, Poseidon, rules over all of them.

All seas and all lands flow around the gray-haired Ocean - god - titan, equal to Zeus himself in honor and glory. He lives far away on the borders of the world, and the affairs of the earth do not disturb his heart. Three thousand sons - river gods and three thousand daughters - oceanids, goddesses of streams and springs, at the Ocean. The sons and daughters of the great God of the Ocean give prosperity and joy to mortals with their ever-rolling living water, they give it to the whole earth and all living things.

THE KINGDOM OF DARK AID (PLUTO) Deep underground reigns the inexorable, gloomy brother of Zeus, Hades. His kingdom is full of darkness and horror. The joyful rays of the bright sun never penetrate there. Abyss leads from the surface of the earth to the sad kingdom of Hades. Gloomy rivers flow in it. All the chilling sacred river Styx flows there, the waters of which the gods themselves swear.

Cocytus and Acheron roll their waves there; the souls of the dead announce their gloomy shores with their groaning, full of sorrow. In the underworld, the sources of Lethe, which give oblivion to all earthly waters, also flow. In the gloomy fields of the kingdom of Hades, overgrown with the pale flowers of asphodel, ethereal light shadows of the dead rush. They lament their bleak life without light and without desire. Quietly, their groans are heard, subtle, like the rustle of withered leaves driven by the autumn wind. There is no return to anyone from this kingdom of sorrow. The three-headed hellish dog Kerber, on whose neck snakes move with a menacing hiss, guards the exit. The harsh, old Charon, the carrier of the souls of the dead, will not carry a single soul through the gloomy waters of Acheront back to where the sun of life shines brightly. The souls of the dead in the dark kingdom of Hades are doomed to an eternal joyless existence.

In this - that kingdom, to which neither the light, nor the joy, nor the sorrows of earthly life reach, is ruled by the brother of Zeus, Hades. He sits on a golden throne with his wife Persephone. He is served by the unforgiving goddesses of vengeance Erinia. Terrible, with whips and snakes, they pursue the criminal; do not give him a minute of peace and torment him with remorse; nowhere can one hide from them, everywhere they find their prey. At the throne of Hades sit the judges of the kingdom of the dead - Minos and Radamant. Here, at the throne, the god of death Thanat with a sword in his hands, in a black cloak, with huge black wings.

These wings blow like a grave cold when Thanat flies to the bed of a dying man to cut off a lock of hair from his head with his sword and pluck out his soul. Next to Thanat and gloomy Kera. On their wings they fly, frantic, across the battlefield. The Kera rejoice seeing the slain heroes fall one after the other; with their blood-red lips they fall to the wounds, greedily drink the hot blood of the slain and tear out their souls from their bodies.

Here, at the throne of Hades, and the beautiful, young god of sleep Hypnos. He silently flies on his wings above the ground with poppy heads in his hands and pours a sleeping pill from his horn. He gently touches the eyes of people with his wonderful rod, quietly closes his eyelids and plunges mortals into a sweet sleep. The mighty god Hypnos, neither mortals, nor the gods, nor even the thunderer Zeus himself can resist: and Hypnos closes his formidable eyes and plunges him into a deep sleep.

The gods of dreams are also worn in the dark kingdom of Hades. Among them there are gods who give prophetic and joyful dreams, but there are gods and terrible, oppressive dreams that frighten and torment people. There are gods and false dreams, they mislead a person and often lead him to death. The kingdom of the inexorable Hades is full of darkness and horror. There is a terrible ghost of Empus with donkey legs wandering in the darkness; it, having lured people into a secluded place in the darkness of the night by cunning, drinks all the blood and devours their still quivering bodies.

The monstrous Lamia also roams there; she sneaks into the bedroom of happy mothers at night and steals their children to drink their blood. All ghosts and monsters are ruled by the great goddess Hecate. She has three bodies and three heads. On a moonless night, she wanders in deep darkness along the roads and by the graves with all her terrible retinue, surrounded by Stygian dogs. She sends horrors and heavy dreams to earth and destroys people. Hecate is called as a helper in witchcraft, but she is also the only helper against witchcraft for those who honor her and sacrifice to her at the crossroads where three roads diverge. The kingdom of Hades is terrible, and it is hateful to people.

Slide 1

The oldest were deities that embodied the forces of nature. From the union of Gaia - earth and Uranus - the sky, the titans appeared, the oldest was Ocean, the youngest was Kronos. According to mythology, Kronos decided to take revenge on his father for imprisoning his Cyclops brothers in tartarus. While Uranus slept, Kronos dealt him a heavy blow and became the king of all the gods. Children of Kronos - the gods, led by Zeus, in a fierce battle with the titans, won a victory and shared the power over the world.

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Gods

Mount Olympus was considered the home of the twelve supreme gods, led by Zeus. Thunderer Zeus became the king of gods and people, Poseidon - the seas, springs and waters, Hades - the dark underworld. Hera, the wife of Zeus, was the patroness of marriage and family, Zeus's sister, Demeter, was the goddess of fertility, and the other sister, Hestia, was the patroness of the house. The beloved daughter of Zeus, Athena, was revered as the goddess of military wisdom and wisdom in general, she patronized knowledge and crafts.

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Heroes

In addition to myths about the gods, there were legends about heroes, the most beloved of which was Hercules, who performed twelve great deeds. Myths and legends about gods and heroes were formed into whole cycles, which later became a source of plots for literature, drama and sculptures.

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Childhood of Hercules

Alcmene, the mother of Hercules, who descends from Perseus, and Zeus is the father - the king of the gods. Zeus tells the gods that the next baby, which belongs to the genus of Perseus, will be the ruler of the Peloponnese. Hera, the wife of Zeus, realizes that her husband deceived her. It delays the birth of Hercules and hastens the birth of Eurystheus. Zeus cannot break the oath, and Eurystheus receives power. So Hercules has been in the service of his cowardly relative for many years. When Hercules was a baby, Hera sent two snakes to his cradle. She wanted to kill Hercules. The brother of Hercules, the son of Alcmene and Amphitryon, seeing the snake, squealed, and Hercules grabbed and strangled the snake with his bare hands.

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12 labors of Hercules

Strangling of the Nemean lion The killing of the Lernean hydra The extermination of the Stymphalian birds The capture of the Kerinean fallow The taming of the Erymanthian boar and the battle with the centaurs Cleaning the Augean stables The taming of the Cretan bull Victory over the king Diomedes (who threw the strangers to the girdles of Jappa to devour the tsars) apples from the garden of the Hesperides Taming the guardian of Hades - the dog Cerberus Choking the Nemean lion Killing the Lernean hydra Exterminating the Stymphalian birds Capturing the Kerinean doe Taming the Erimanthian boar and the battle with the centaurs Cleansing the Augean stables Taming the Cretan bull with the help of the Iberian horse by the Victory , Queen of the Amazons Abduction of the cows of the three-headed giant Geryon Abduction of golden apples from the garden of the Hesperides Taming the guardian of Hades - the dog Cerberus

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Strangulation of the Nemean Lion Hercules receives an order from Eurystheus, he must get the skin of a lion that lives near the city of Nemeus. No weapon can hurt this lion.

Hercules tries to hit the lion with arrows, but to no avail. Then Hercules decides to drive the lion into his den and stuns him with a blow of a club and strangles him with his hands. With the claws of the same slain lion, he removes the skin. Hercules puts on the skin of a Nemean lion, and he becomes invulnerable

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Taming the Erymanth Boar

The Erymanthian boar was the most terrible beast for the inhabitants of Psophis, because through the fault of this beast, people lost most of the harvest. Mycenaean king Eurystheus ordered Hercules to catch a boar. Hercules chased the boar, driving it into deep snow, tied it up and brought it to Mycenae.

Slide 8

Animal Farm of King Avgius

According to legend, Avgius possessed numerous herds, for which huge stables were built in the barnyard, manure was not exported from here for years; the cleaning of the barnyard of Avgius in one day became one of the exploits of Hercules: he blocked the river Alpheus with a dam and directed its waters to the barnyard. According to the condition, he was to receive a tenth of his flocks as a reward for this from Avgius, but Augeas did not give what he had promised. The expression "Augean stables" became winged and means "a strong disorder, neglect in business."

Slide 9

Apples of the Hesperides

On the shores of the Ocean, at the very end of the earth, there was a wonderful tree that brought golden apples. This tree grew in the beautiful garden of the giant Atlanta, holding the sky on his shoulders. This magic tree was looked after by the nymphs of Hesperides, the daughter of the giant, and it was guarded by a terrible hundred-headed dragon named Ladon, whose eye could see even in a dream. After long wanderings, Hercules came to the country where the giant Atlas held the sky on his shoulders. Atlas promised Hercules to get golden apples for him, if he agrees to hold the firmament on his shoulders for this time. Hercules agreed and lifted the sky onto his mighty shoulders. Atlas went at this time for apples and brought them to Hercules. He invited the hero to hold the sky for more, and he himself promised to take the golden apples to distant Mycenae for this. Hercules figured out the trick of Atlas, and was able to deceive him. Having received the apples, the hero returned to Mycenae.

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Cerberus the dog

Upset, Eurystheus realizes that he will not be able to get rid of Hercules. The twelfth feat for Hercules: he must bring Cerberus, who guards the kingdom of Hades, Eurysthea. In the hope that Hercules will not return from the kingdom, but Hercules copes with this feat. To do this, Hercules has to strangle the dog, and then release him into the kingdom of shadows to guard the kingdom. Hercules with his mighty hands strangles Cerberus, the three-headed dog guarding Hades.

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Hercules and DeianiraHeracles has completed his exploits, but his trials do not end. He chooses Princess Deianira as his wife. When traveling, they need to swim across the river, which is overflowing. Deianira sits on the back of the centaur Nessus, this centaur wants to kidnap her. Then Hercules decides to shoot an arrow at the centaur, dying, the centaur advises his wife to collect his blood in order to keep her husband's love. But after a few years, Hercules falls in love with another woman. Then Deianira decides to use the magic blood of the centaur. But the blood of Ness, who died from an arrow smeared with poison, has already turned into poison. The death of the hero Writhing in pain, trying to tear off all the clothes that are soaked in Ness's blood and are peeled off along with the skin. Deianira realizes that she herself killed her husband and commits suicide. Hercules throws himself into a large fire to get rid of his torment. He becomes a hero, whom the gods admit to Olympus and endows with immortality. Hercules dies in the fire and gains immortality. He remains the most famous Greek hero.

Slide 12

The image of Hercules in art

Hercules is a very popular hero, films are made about him, music is created, even computer games.

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