Presentation of the political system in the 30s

Great leader, our beloved
father,
No, not words are addressed to you
these,
And that love of ordinary people
hearts,
Which cannot be compared to anything
in the world.

State power in the USSR is actually
carried out by the communist party.
Appointment and
bias
officials
in the country
Nominated
candidates for
deputies of the Soviets
PARTY
BODIES
Only members of the CPSU (b) occupied everything
responsible state
posts

The role of the party in the life of the state
Approved
the laws
the USSR
Defined
external
USSR policy
POLITBURO
Decided
questions
planning
Defined
internal
USSR policy
What is the role in the Soviet political system
played VKP (b)?

USSR symbols
Flag. Coat of arms. Anthem of the USSR

The role of ideology
Marxism-Leninism- official
state ideology
From libraries
were seized and
destroyed
all works
political and
ideological
opponents
the Bolsheviks.

The role of ideology
The education system has also undergone changes.
Curricula and content have been redesigned
training courses. They were based on the Marxist-Kolenin interpretation of not only
social science courses, but sometimes
natural sciences.

The role of ideology
Control over funds played a special role
mass media through which
disseminated official
views and their explanation. Penetration of others
ideological views from abroad have become
impossible.

The role of ideology
In the 30s. a new round of repression began against
churches. The campaign of "solemn"
dropping bells from temples and sending them to
remelting for the needs of industrialization. Usually
the church was closed and turned into a warehouse or a club, and
the priest was arrested or sent into exile
together with fists.

The role of ideology
Union
filmmakers
Union
artists
Ideological
control
Union
composers
Union
writers
Union
architects
Ideological control over activities
intellectuals along with party bodies
carried out creative unions.

In what ways
was installed
in the country
Role
ideology
ideological unanimity?
Unions
October
Ideological Pioneer
control
organization
Komsomol
Members of official mass organizations
there were representatives of all categories of the population.

One of the elements of the political regime of the USSR
the personality cult of Stalin became.
Cult of personality -
exaltation
role of one
human,
attributing to him
in life
defining
influence on the course
historical
development.

Formation of the personality cult of Stalin
December 21, 1929 Stalin turned 50 years old. Before
it was not customary to publicly celebrate anniversaries
party and state leaders. Leninist
the anniversary was the only exception.

Formation of the personality cult of Stalin
The newspaper Pravda dedicated articles to Stalin,
greetings, letters, telegrams, stream
praises and flattery. The initiative was taken up by others
newspapers, from metropolitan to regional, magazines,
radio, cinema.
Stalin is pride, this is the banner,
Stalin is happiness, this is life.
Stalin is work, daring, strength,
Stalin is the youth of the earth.

Formation of the personality cult of Stalin
Soviet propaganda created around Stalin
semi-divine halo of the infallible
"A great leader and teacher."

Formation of the personality cult of Stalin
Kursk ring
In the name of Stalin and his
closest associates
cities, factories,
collective farms, military equipment.
Stalin's station today
metro Semenovskaya

Settlements
Stalin, 1949-1956 - Varna, Bulgarian People's Republic
Stalinabad, 1929-1961 - Dushanbe, Tajik SSR
Stalingrad, 1925-1961 - Volgograd (formerly Tsaritsyn), RSFSR
Staliniri, 1934-1961 - Tskhinvali, South Ossetian Autonomous Okrug (Georgian SSR)
Stalino, 1924-1961 - Donetsk (formerly Yuzovka), Ukrainian SSR
Stalinogorsk, 1934-1961 - Novomoskovsk (formerly Bobriki), RSFSR
Stalinsk, 1932-1961 - Novokuznetsk, RSFSR
Oraşul Stalin, 1950-1960 - Brasov, Romania
Chiteti Stalin (Qyteti Stalin), 1950-1990 - Kuchova, Albania
Stalinogród, 1953-1956 - Katowice, Poland
Stalinstadt, 1953-1961 - Eisenhüttenstadt,
Germany (a newly built city that included a city
Fürstenberg and a number of villages)
Stalinváros, 1951-1961 - Dunaujvaros, Hungary
(a newly built city on the site of the village of Pentele)
Stalinsky, 1939-1961, working village in the Moscow region,
RSFSR - Vostochny settlement as part of Moscow
Stalinsky (settlement of the Stalin factory), a workers' settlement in
Moscow region.
Stalindorf, the village of Izluchistoe in the Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukrainian SSR
Stalinaul - Leninaul village, Dagestan, RSFSR.

Formation of the personality cult of Stalin
“... And on the same days, at a distance behind the ancient
stone wall
It is not a person who lives, but an act: an act that grows with
the globe of the earth ".
B. Pasternak
“We live with the great Stalin,
and we are strong in strength alone,
and Stalin leads us
to communism by the Leninist way ”.
M.Aliger
“And grateful people
The leader hears a voice:
"We came
Say - where Stalin is, there is freedom,
Peace and greatness of the earth ”.
A. Akhmatova

What are
reasons for establishing
cult
personality
Formation
personality cult
Stalin
Stalin?
“Stalin is deeper than the ocean,
Higher than the Himalayas, brighter
sun.
He is a teacher of the Universe "

Mass repression
The Shakhty affair served as a signal for
deploying pest control from
the number of scientific and technical intelligentsia
in all sectors of the national economy.
Massive repressive campaign against
kulaks and middle peasants. The law "about five
spikelets ", according to which even for
minor theft relied on
shooting.
Under the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs,
A special meeting. It is in the absence
the accused could send "enemies
people "
into the link.

Repression (Latin repressio) - suppression
political opponents.
Political repression is a coercive measure
applied for political reasons.
Stalinist repression - massive
repression carried out in
USSR in the 1930s - 1950s and
usually associated with a name
I.V. Stalin, the actual
head of state in this
period.

Mass repression
The reason for the deployment of massive repressions was
murder of 12/01/1934 S. Kirov. In a few hours
after this tragic event, a law was passed on
the introduction of a "simplified procedure" for the consideration of cases on
terrorist acts and organizations. Henceforth the investigation
had to be fast-tracked and finished
your work within ten days.

Mass repression
The indictment was served
the accused one day before the trial in
court; the cases were heard without the participation of the prosecutor and
defender; requests for clemency were prohibited.
The execution sentences were given in
execution immediately after their announcement.

Where do you see the socio-political meaning
Mass repression?
repression
massive
Resolution
government of 7 April
1935 ordered
"Minors,
from 12 years old
age convicted of
committing thefts, in
infliction of violence,
bodily harm, in
murder or attempts to
murder, attract to
criminal court with
applying all measures
criminal punishment ",
including the death penalty.

In 1936, the first of the major Moscow
trials of the leaders of the internal party
opposition. In the dock were
closest associates of Lenin - Zinoviev,
Kamenev and others. They were accused of the murder of Kirov, of
attempts to kill Stalin and his close
comrades-in-arms, as well as to overthrow the Soviet regime.

Show trial trials
Enemies of the people caught red-handed
"The stench of the gangster underground
the cause of Trotsky, Zinoviev-Kamenev, breathes upon us. Gadina
creeps up to what is for us
most expensive. Millions of eyes
aiming with ardent love on
Comrade Stalin. He is everyone's hope
oppressed. He is the father of all
fighting for happiness
humanity ".
"Think
"Chop off
"Put away
only,
head on
roads
they
creep! "
reptile
wanted
“
"Shoot! Put away
take away
"Destroy
u tenfold
us Stalin,
how smelly
our
bastards out of the way! "
vigilance".
jackals ".
father. "

Show trial trials
A. Vyshinsky
Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky said: “The enraged
I demand to shoot the dogs - every one of them! "
The court granted this requirement.

Show trial trials
Caricature of Trotsky,
Radek, Pyatakova
K. Radek
G. Pyatakov
In 1937, the Pyatakov-Radek trial took place.
Old charges - Kirov's murder, preparation
attempts on Stalin and other leaders. However
new subjects also appeared: Trotsky abroad and his
supporters in the country colluded with the Nazis with
the purpose of seizing power in the USSR.

Show trial trials
M.N. Tukhachevsky
I.P. Uborevich
I.E. Yakir
The next terrible blow fell on the army.
The main figures of the process: M.N. Tukhachevsky, I.E.
Yakir, I.P. Uborevich. Only eight people
who also admitted that they are “German
spies. "

Only in the top leadership of the army were
destroyed:
out of 5 marshals - 3
of 5 army commanders I
rank - 3
of 10 army commanders II
rank - 10
of 57 commanders
buildings - 50
of 186 divisions - 154

Show trial trials
In March 1938, the Moscow trial took place. Were
the former head of the government Rykov was shot
and the "favorite of the party" Bukharin.

Show trial trials
At the same time, a secret department was created in the NKVD,
engaged in the destruction of political
opponents of the authorities who find themselves abroad. In August
1940 Trotsky was assassinated in Mexico by order of Stalin.
Victims of Stalin's
regime became the leaders of the white movement, the monarchist
emigration.

Show trial trials
In the 20-30s. of the total number of convicts
According to the official
data,
in 1930-
biennium on
political
motives
to the highest
at least 1953
punishments
prosecution 749
in the counterrevolutionary,
was sentenced
421 people, of which 43952
anti-state
activities
human
(or 5.9%) -in the 20s
biennium and 705 469 was
(94,1%) -
repressed
3.8yymln. human.
in the 30s

Constitution of the USSR. She served a kind
a screen covering the repressive regime
democratic and socialist
clothes.

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
The constitution was
adopted 5 December 1936
at the VIII All-Union
emergency convention
Councils. Stalin
stated that the Soviet
society
"Realized what
the Marxists
called the first
phase of communism, -
socialism".

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
liquidation
Liquidation
private
property
Economic
criteria
liquidation construction
socialism:
victory
state
collective farm
own
Exploitation
human
human

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
Political background
the USSR
Councils of Deputies
workers
The governing
core
societies
Communist
the consignment
Official
State
ideology
Marxism-Leninism

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
Higher
governing body
The Supreme Council
the USSR
Advice
Union
Advice
Nationalities
in between sessions
Legislative
power
Executive
power
Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the USSR

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
RSFSR
Belarusian
SSR
Ukrainian
SSR
Armenian
SSR
Georgian
SSR
Azerbaijan
SSR
Turkmen
SSR
Kazakh
SSR
Kyrgyz
SSR
Uzbek
SSR
Tajik
SSR

Constitution of "victorious socialism"
The Constitution provided all citizens of the USSR
regardless of their gender and nationality, the main
democratic rights and freedoms: freedom of conscience,
words, seals, assemblies, personal integrity
and housing, as well as direct equal suffrage.

What
In what
role
consisted
was called
inconsistency
play this
Constitution
"The winner
socialism "
document
Of the Constitution
in life
the USSR
country?
1936?
cultural prerequisites for free
Majority
member norm
Of the Constitution
found themselves
empty
development of each
society,
and building
declaration.
Socialism
"In Stalinist style"
had
relics
state.
Own
and political
very
likeness
with a Marxist
formal power
concentrated
in hand
Stalin and
understanding
socialism. His apparatus.
the goal was
not
party-state
They were
creation alienated
economic,
political and
from the people.

National policy
Read the tutorial
pp. 185-186
What are the facts
testified to
curtailment of the course of the 20s. on
development of national
cultures?

1 slide

2 slide

1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. 2. Ideologization of public life. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 4. Mass repression. 5. Illustrative trials. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism". Lesson plan.

3 slide

What features were most characteristic of the political system of the USSR in the 30s? Lesson assignment.

4 slide

The implementation of grandiose socio-economic plans led to the formation of totalitarianism. Power was concentrated in the hands of the top party leadership. It destroyed democratic freedoms, opposition, subordinated society to its interests. Not a single law was adopted without the approval of the Politburo. It determined the main directions of domestic and foreign policy. Gradually, the party itself changed and the rank-and-file members were removed from the real solution of issues. 1. Formation of a totalitarian regime. Politburo. 1936 g.

5 slide

Party control over the media played a huge role in the formation of totalitarianism. The termination of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid the influence of other ideological views on the population. In education, the study of the Marxist-Leninist foundations of all sciences came to the fore. In 1932, it began. attack on creative unions In 1934, all writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers, headed by M. Gorky. 2. Ideologization of public life. Demonstration against the fists.

6 slide

Subsequently, similar unions arose among cinematographers, artists, composers. Those who worked within the framework of the official ideology were supported by material benefits and privileges. The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, the Komsomol, Pioneer and Octobrist organizations. Sportsmen, inventors, women, etc. were united in various organizations. 2. Ideologization of public life. Confiscation of icons.

7 slide

Stalin's personality cult became a characteristic feature of the political life of this period. On December 21, 1929, on the 50th anniversary of Stalin, the country learned that it had a great leader. He was declared “the first disciple of Lenin ". Soon, Stalin began to attribute all the country's successes. He was called" great "," wise "," waiting for the world flight of riat "," the great strategy of the five-year plan. 3. Formation of the personality cult of Stalin. 1932 poster

8 slide

At the same time, there was a formation of punitive bodies to persecute dissidents. In the 1930s, the last trials of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks took place. The "Shakhty affair" of 1928 led to repressions against bourgeois specialists. This was followed by a campaign against the kulaks. In 1932, the Law on Three Spikelets gave rise to the persecution of even the poorest peasantry. In 1934, a special meeting in the NKVD received the right to send "enemies of the people" to the colonies out of court. 4. Mass repression. Prisoners at the construction site of the White Sea Canal.

9 slide

The reason for the deployment of mass repressions was the murder of S. Kirov on 1.12.34; were present, pardons were prohibited, and death sentences were carried out immediately. In 1935, the law was amended, and adolescents from the age of 12 fell under its actions. The families of "enemies of the people" began to be treated as criminals. 4. Mass repression. The funeral of S.M. Kirov

10 slide

In the mid-1930s, Stalin began to liquidate all the disaffected. In 1936, a trial took place in the case of Zinoviev, Kamenev and their supporters. The defendants were accused of the murder of Kirov, an attempt on Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded that they be shot and the court you bore a death sentence, a thief. Following these were followed by new processes. 5. Illustrative trials. L. B. Kamenev. G.E. Zinoviev.

11 slide

In 1937 the heroes of the civil war - Tukhachevsky, Yakir, Uborevich and other military commanders were shot in the "case of marshals". In March 1938, N. Bukha-rin, A. Rykov, K. Radek and others. The country plunged into an atmosphere of fear. The secret department of the NKVD overtook its victims even abroad - in 1940, Leon Trotsky was killed in Mexico. 5. Illustrative trials. K.Radek N.I. Bukharin

12 slide

The “Great Terror” was intended to relieve social tension caused by the failures of the economic and political decisions of the leadership. The Constitution adopted on December 5, 1936, proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and disguised the totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the construction of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership of the means of production. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism". Constitution of 1936.

13 slide

The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was the state ideology. The Supreme Soviet became the supreme body of the state. The USSR included 11 union republics. In real life, most of the norms of the Constitution were not fulfilled, and “Stalin's socialism” had a very distant resemblance to what Karl Marx wrote about. 6.Constitution of "victorious socialism". 1936 poster.

The murder of S.M. Kirov December 1, 1934 Repressions are punitive measures, punishments applied by the state. The political system in the USSR in the 30s of the XX century. Conformism - opportunism, lack of own positions; passive acceptance of the existing order, prevailing opinion. Totalitarian regime- This is a political regime in which the state seeks to establish absolute (total) control over various aspects of the life of each person and society as a whole. The main features of totalitarianism in the USSR: * Absence of opposition; * One-party system; * Splicing of the party and state apparatus; * Team economy; * Fight against religion; * Destruction of literature that does not fit into the ideological framework; * State control over the media; * International isolation of the state; The cult of personality is the exaltation of the role of one person, ascribing to him during his lifetime a decisive influence on the course of historical development.

Stalin is deeper than the ocean, higher than the Himalayas, brighter than the sun. He is the teacher of the universe

1937 – 1938

years of the "Great Terror"

Organizers and perpetrators of terror

N.I. Ezhov - head of the NKVD

G.G. Yagoda - the creator of the GULAG system

The main administration of the camp and places of imprisonment (GULAG) - subdivision NKVD USSR, USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Justice of the USSR, who was in charge of the places of mass forced confinement and detention in 1934-1960.

Official statistics of the NKVD

1,344,923 arrested; 681,692 were shot.

The famous historian Conquest calls the number of victims "BT"

12-14 million people arrested; at least 1 million people were shot.

The Commission of the Central Committee of the CPSU in 1962 called even more:

19 million arrested; at least 7 million were shot.

"Black Raven" who took away the arrested

"Troika" delivers a verdict

Political repression against the party elite. Shot 1936-1937

Zinoviev

Repressions against the leadership of the army. Shot

Vasily Blucher

Marshall Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Repressed in 1937

out of 5 marshals - 3
out of 9 army commanders of I rank - 5
out of 10 army commanders of II rank - 10
out of 57 corpsmen - 50
of 186 divisions - 154
out of 16 army commissars of I and II ranks - 16
out of 26 corps commissars - 25
out of 64 divisional commissioners - 58
out of 456 regiment commanders - 401

The meaning of mass repression:

put things in order in the country;
elimination of the enemies of Soviet power;
to shift the responsibility for failures onto "enemies of the people";
the desire to destroy the thinking part of society;
the need for a large number of forced labor.

For seventeen months I scream, I call you home, I threw myself at the executioner's feet, You are my son and my horror. Everything is confused forever, And I can't make out Now who is the beast, who is the man, And how long is the execution to wait. (A.A. Akhmatova "Requiem") Anna Akhmatova "Epilogue". I learned how faces fall, How fear peeps out from under my eyelids, How hard pages are written in cuneiforms, Suffering displays on my cheeks, How curls of ash and black become Silver suddenly, A smile fades on the lips of submissive, And fear trembles in a dry laugh. And I pray not for myself alone, but for everyone who stood there with me And in the bitter cold, and in the July heat Under the red, blinded wall.

In 1991, the President of Russia issued a decree establishing the Day of Remembrance for Victims of Political Repression - this date is October 30.

1. 30s in the history of my native land, in the history of my family.
2. Tell about show trials in the 30s. (1-2 examples)
3. What goals did Stalin pursue by organizing open demonstration trials?

Answer the test question 1. The beginning of collectivization
refers to
1) 1921 -1922
3) 1928-1929.
2) 1925 -1926
4) 1933-1934.
- When the decision was made to
collectivization?
- What is collectivization, was it
is it necessary?

Answer the test question

The Great Turning Point is associated with
transition from
1) surplus to the tax in kind
2) NEP to "military communism"
3) various forms of economy to solid
collectivization of agriculture
4) state property to
private
- What are the 2 interrelated processes
took place in the village? How did they go?

3. Read an excerpt from the document and
specify the name of the policy with which
he is connected.
“It has been five months since we
evicted ... do you really think that
are we fists? No, we are not fists, but we
workers, our calloused hands
now like skeletons; we are not
dispossessed, but plundered by local
by the authorities ".
1) nep
2) "Red Guard attack on capital"
3) collectivization
4) the fight against unearned income

2.Late than others happened
event
1) X Congress of the RCP (b)
2) the death of V.I. Lenin
3) acceptance of the first
USSR Constitution
4) the shooting of the royal family
In Ekaterinburg

Answer the test question

The main socio-economic impact
policies of total collectivization can
count (several options)
1) alienation of peasants from property and
labor results
2) elimination of economic incentives for development
agricultural production
3) the elimination of exploiting elements in
the village
4) elimination of "agrarian overpopulation"
- What are the consequences of collectivization can you
name another?

Answer the test question

What meant the absence of Soviet peasants in
30s passports
1) the actual attachment of peasants to the collective farm
2) the abolition of the passport regime in the country
3) equalization of peasants in rights with other strata
population
4) permission for freedom of movement in the country
and beyond
What can you tell about the situation
collective farm peasantry in the USSR

4. Write the years of the first five-year plans
I - I -
II i -
What was built? (2-3 objects)
What is GULAG? (decipher,
explain)

Lesson question

Highlight the main features
totalitarian political
regime, finally
formed in the USSR in
30s.
What is a political regime?

What is a totalitarian political regime?

Totalitarianism (from Lat.totalis - all,
whole, complete; lat. totalitas - wholeness,
completeness) - political regime,
striving for complete (total)
state control over all spheres
life of society and man, subordination
his power is the dominant elite.
Who became this elite of society (r.t. 1)
What changes have occurred in the party?

1.All state power was exercised by the party represented by the Politburo and the party apparatus
Politburo.
1936 g.
Implementation of grandiose socio-economic
plans led to the formation of totalitarianism.
Power was concentrated in the hands of the highest party leadership. She destroyed democratic freedoms, opposition, subjugated society
their interests. No law was passed without
approval of the Politburo. It identified the main
directions of domestic and foreign policy. Pos
the party itself, its rank-and-file members, has gradually changed.
were removed from the real solution of issues.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (y. 173)

1. All state power
carried out by the Communist Party in
the face of the Politburo and the party apparatus,
those. the party apparatus performed
functions of the state apparatus. V
The USSR had a one-party
politic system.
2. The party itself was liquidated
the last remnants of democracy (r.t. 1)
3. The USSR was dominated by 1 Marxist-Koleninist ideology

In what ways ideological unanimity was established in the country (173-175)
Demonstration
against
Kulakov
(document, p. 173)
1. A huge role in the formation of totalitarianism was played by
party control over the media.
2. The termination of contacts with the West made it possible to avoid
influence on the population of other ideological views.
3. The study of the Marxist-Kolenin foundations of all sciences came to the fore in education.
4. Repression against the church, churches were closed and
turned into a warehouse or a club.
5. In 1932, an attack on creative unions began. In 1934
all writers were united in the Union of Soviet Writers
which was headed by M. Gorky.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (173-175)

4. Control over the media
and the processing of the mass consciousness of the population.
Establishment of the "iron curtain" - the system
measures aimed at external insulation
USSR from other countries.
5. The existence of a system of mass
official organizations, which included
representatives of all categories of the population (1934 Writers' Union - Trade Unions, Komsomol
(14 years old), october, pioneers, with the help of which
it was easier to control.
6. State control over all areas
life of society

What was the goal of universal coverage of the population with civic organizations
Confiscation
icons.
Subsequently, similar alliances arose among filmmakers, artists, composers.
worked within the framework of the official ideology, supported by material benefits and privileges.
The rest of the population also consisted of public organizations-trade unions, the Komsomol,
pioneer and October organizations. V
various organizations have united
athletes, inventors, women, etc.

What are the reasons for the formation
1932 poster (r.t. 3)
the personality cult of Stalin.
The characteristic feature of poly
the cultural life of this
period was the cult of the lich
Stalin's news. 21 December 1929, on the day of the 50th anniversary of Stalin, the country
found out that she has ve
the dashing leader, he was
declared "the first student of Lenin." Soon
Stalin was credited with all the country's successes. He was called "great", "wise", "in
waiting for the world flight
riata "," the great strategist of the five-year plan.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (u. 17579, r.t. 3.4)

7. The cult (deification) of the personality of I.V. Stalin-
exaltation of the role of 1 person,
attributing to him during his lifetime a defining
influence on the course of historical development.
8. Mass repression and terror, physical
elimination of political opponents (Prove)
9. The existence of a strong repressive
apparatus, a punitive body for
persecution of dissidents.

What do you see the socio-political meaning of mass repression?
Prisoners
on construction
Belomorkanal.
1.In n. 30s passed the last trials of the esser
and the Mensheviks.
2. The "Shakhty affair" of 1928 led to repressions in
the attitude of bourgeois specialists.
3. Then came the campaign against the kulaks.
4. In 1932, the Three Spikelets Law gave rise to
the persecution of even the poorest peasantry.
5. In 1934, a special meeting in the NKVD received the right
out of court to send "enemies
of the people "in the colony How?

Mass repression.
Funeral
S.M. Kirov
The reason for the deployment of massive repressions was
the murder of 1.12.34 S. Kirov - after him there was
6.the decision was made to conduct an investigation into
"Terrorist cases" in an abbreviated manner, during
10 days, the prosecutor and the lawyer were absent from the trial,
pardons were prohibited, and death sentences
were carried out immediately.
7. In 1935, the law was amended, and
adolescents from the age of 12 - were prosecuted
court with all criminal penalties
including the death penalty.

Demonstration trials.
G.E.
Zinoviev.
L. B.
Kamenev.
In the mid-1930s, Stalin began to liquidate
all the dissatisfied. V
1936 the trial in the case of Zinoviev took place,
Kamenev and their supporters.
nili in the murder of Kirov, the attempted murder of Stalin and other crimes. Prosecutor A. Vyshinsky demanded them
shot and the court passed the death sentence. These were followed by new trials.

Show trials (p. 181 2 c.)
N.I.
Bukharin
K.Radek
In 1937, in the "case of marshals" were shot
civil war heroes
ny-Tukhachevsky, Yakir,
Uborevich and other military commanders. In March
1938 N.Bukharin, A.Rykov, K.Radek and
other country sank
into the atmosphere of dread.
Secret department of the NKVD
overtook their victims
even abroad - in 1940
in Mexico was killed
L. Trotsky.

Constitution of "victorious socialism".
Constitution
1936 of the year.
The Great Terror was
designed to relieve social tension, you
called eco failures
nomic and political decisions of the leadership. The same goal
the Constitution adopted 5 de
December 1936 She provo
proclaimed democratic rights and freedoms and
masked a totalitarian regime. The Constitution proclaimed the construction of socialism in the USSR and the creation of state and collective-farm-cooperative property for funds
production.

Signs of totalitarianism in the USSR (y. 178-180, r.t. 6)

10. Proclaimed by the Constitution of 1936
civil rights and freedoms have become
empty formality.
11. Centralized planning
economy, domination of the state
property.
12. Tightening of national policy:
Russification of the peoples of the USSR, reduction
political and economic rights of the allies and
autonomous republics, the fight against national
traditions, primarily with Muslim ones.

6.Constitution of "victorious socialism".
Poster
1936 of the year.
The Soviets were declared the political basis of the state, and Marxism-Leninism was the state ideology.
The Supreme Soviet. The USSR included 11 union republics.
In real life, most of the provisions of the Constitution are not
were carried out, and "Stalinist socialism" had
very distant similarity with what K.
Marx.

Industrialization(or industrial revolution) (lat. Industria). This process is associated with the development of new technologies, especially in industries such as energy and metallurgy. Various authors note the following key factors of industrialization: political and legislative reforms, the availability of natural resources, as well as a relatively cheap and skilled labor force.

Elimination of technical and economic backwardness
Achieving economic independence
Building a powerful defense industry
Priority development of basic industries

From 1928 to 1940 9 thousand large enterprises were built.
In terms of industrial production, the USSR took 1st place in Europe, 2nd in the World
The qualitative lag of the Soviet industry has been overcome
Stopped import of industrial products
A powerful defense industry has been created

Various approaches to the implementation of industrialization.

1) Stalin's group advocated accelerated industrialization and the rapid development of heavy industry.

2) The group of Bukharin and Rykov believed that the uniform development of agriculture and industry was a more acceptable option.

3) The group of Sokolnikov and Shanin believed that, first of all, it was necessary to develop agriculture.

Imbalance in the development of industry.

1) Lagging behind the light industry.

2) Lagging food industry.

3) Lack of consumer goods.

The goals of collectivization.

1) creation of large

collective farms

2) providing the country

food.

The social composition of the Soviet countryside in the mid-1920s in numbers was as follows:

8-10% - peasants-kulaks
65% - middle peasants
35% are poor.

Collectivization methods.

2 points of view: Stalin and Bukharin

Stalin advocated forced collectivization

Bukharin advocated gradual collectivization

The results of collectivization.

By the end of the 1930s, 98% of the peasants were on collective farms.
State stocks of grain in comparison with 1928 by the end of 1930 increased by 2 times.
Cities, armies, construction sites were provided with food.