Types of fixed assets valuation. Material resources of the company: fixed assets and working capital of fixed assets, which is the difference

Fixed assets are means of labor that repeatedly participate in the production process, while maintaining their natural form, gradually wearing out, transferring their value in parts to newly created products. These include funds with a service life of more than one year and a value of more than 100 minimum monthly wages. Fixed assets are subdivided into production and non-production assets.

Production assets are involved in the process of manufacturing products or providing services (machines, machines, devices, transmission devices, etc.).

Non-productive fixed assets are not involved in the process of creating products (residential buildings, kindergartens, clubs, stadiums, clinics, sanatoriums, etc.).

The following groups and subgroups of fixed assets are distinguished:

Buildings (architectural and construction facilities for industrial purposes: workshop buildings, warehouses, production laboratories, etc.).
Structures (engineering and construction facilities that create conditions for the implementation of the production process: tunnels, overpasses, highways, chimneys on a separate foundation, etc.).
Transfer devices (devices for the transmission of electricity, liquid and gaseous substances: electrical networks, heating networks, gas networks, transmissions, etc.).
Machinery and equipment (power machines and equipment, working machines and equipment, measuring and regulating instruments and devices, computers, automatic machines, other machines and equipment, etc.).
Transport vehicles (diesel locomotives, wagons, automobiles, motorcycles, carts, carts, etc., except for conveyors and conveyors included in production equipment).
Tools (cutting, impact, pressing, sealing, as well as various devices for fastening, mounting, etc.), except for special tools and special equipment.
Production equipment and accessories (items to facilitate the performance of production operations: work tables, workbenches, fences, fans, containers, racks, etc.).
Household inventory (office and household items: tables, cabinets, hangers, typewriters, safes, duplicators, etc.).
.Other fixed assets. This group includes library funds, museum values, etc.

The specific weight (in percentage) of various groups of fixed assets in their total value at the enterprise represents the structure of fixed assets. At machine-building enterprises in the structure of fixed assets, the largest share is occupied by: machinery and equipment - on average about 50%; buildings about 37%.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor and the production capacity of the enterprise, fixed production assets are divided into active and passive. The active part of fixed assets includes machinery and equipment, vehicles, tools. The passive part of fixed assets includes all other groups of fixed assets. They create conditions for the normal operation of the enterprise.

Accounting and valuation of fixed assets

Fixed assets are recorded in physical and value terms. Accounting for fixed assets in kind is necessary to determine the technical composition and balance of equipment; to calculate the production capacity of an enterprise and its production units; to determine the degree of its wear, use and renewal time.

The source documents for the accounting of fixed assets in kind are the passports of equipment, workplaces, enterprises. The passports provide detailed technical characteristics of all fixed assets: the year of commissioning, capacity, degree of deterioration, etc. The enterprise passport contains information about the enterprise (production profile, material and technical characteristics, technical and economic indicators, equipment composition, etc.) necessary for calculating production capacity.

The cost (monetary) assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total value, composition and structure, dynamics, the amount of depreciation deductions, as well as to assess the economic efficiency of their use.

There are the following types of monetary value of fixed assets:

Valuation at historical cost, i.e. at the actual costs incurred at the time of creation or acquisition (including delivery and installation), in prices of the year in which they were manufactured or purchased.
Replacement cost estimate, i.e. at the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of revaluation. This cost shows how much it would cost to create or acquire previously created or acquired fixed assets at a given time.
Valuation based on initial or replacement value, taking into account depreciation (residual value), i.e. at a cost that has not yet been transferred to finished products.

The residual value of fixed assets Fost is determined by the formula:

Fost = Fnach * (1-Na * Tn),

where Fnach is the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets, rubles; Na - depreciation rate,%; Тн - the term of use of fixed assets.

When evaluating fixed assets, they distinguish between the cost at the beginning of the year and the average annual. The average annual cost of fixed assets of the FSG is determined by the formula:

Fsrg = Fng + Fvv * n1 / 12 - Fvyb * n2 / 12,

where Fng is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year, rubles; Фвв - the cost of the introduced fixed assets, rubles; Fvyb - the cost of retired fixed assets, rubles; n1 and n2 - the number of months of functioning of the fixed assets introduced and retired, respectively.

To assess the condition of fixed assets, such indicators are used as the coefficient of depreciation of fixed assets, which is defined as the ratio of the cost of depreciation of fixed assets to their full value; the coefficient of renewal of fixed assets, calculated as the cost of fixed assets introduced during the year attributable to the cost of fixed assets at the end of the year; retirement rate of fixed assets, which is equal to the value of retired fixed assets divided by the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year.

In the process of functioning, fixed assets are subject to physical and moral deterioration. Wear and tear is understood as the loss of their technical parameters by fixed assets. Physical wear is operational and natural. Operational wear is a consequence of production consumption. Natural wear and tear occurs under the influence of natural factors (temperature, humidity, etc.).

Obsolescence of fixed assets is a consequence of scientific and technological progress. There are two forms of obsolescence:

A form of obsolescence associated with a reduction in the cost of reproduction of fixed assets as a result of improving technology and technology, the introduction of advanced materials, and an increase in labor productivity.

A form of obsolescence associated with the creation of more advanced and economical fixed assets (machinery, equipment, buildings, structures, etc.).

Assessment of obsolescence of the first form can be defined as the difference between the initial and replacement cost of fixed assets. The assessment of obsolescence of the second form is carried out by comparing the reduced costs when using outdated and new fixed assets.

Depreciation of fixed assets

Depreciation refers to the process of transferring the value of fixed assets to the created products. This process is carried out by including part of the cost of fixed assets in the cost of manufactured products (work). After the sale of products, the enterprise receives this amount of funds, which it uses in the future to purchase or build new fixed assets. The procedure for calculating and using depreciation deductions in the national economy is established by the government.

Distinguish between the amount of depreciation and the rate of depreciation. The amount of depreciation deductions for a certain period of time (year, quarter, month) is the monetary value of the depreciation of fixed assets. The amount of depreciation charges accumulated by the end of the service life of fixed assets must be sufficient for their full restoration (acquisition or construction).

The amount of depreciation deductions is determined based on the depreciation rates. The depreciation rate is the established amount of depreciation deductions for full restoration for a certain period of time for a specific type of fixed assets, expressed as a percentage of their book value.

The depreciation rate is differentiated for certain types and groups of fixed assets. For metal-cutting equipment weighing over 10 tons. a coefficient of 0.8 is applied, and with a mass of over 100 tons. - coefficient 0.6. For metal-cutting machine tools with manual control, the following coefficients are used: for machine tools of accuracy classes H, P - 1.3; for precision machine tools of accuracy class A, B, C - 2.0; for metal-cutting machines with CNC, including machining centers, automatic machines and semi-automatic machines without CNC - 1.5. The main indicator that predetermines the rate of depreciation is the service life of fixed assets. It depends on the period of the physical durability of fixed assets, on the obsolescence of the existing fixed assets, on the availability in the national economy of the ability to ensure the replacement of outdated equipment.

The depreciation rate is determined by the formula:

Na = (Фп - Фл) / (Тsl * Фп),

where Na is the annual depreciation rate,%;
Фп - initial (book) cost of fixed assets, rubles;
Fl - liquidation value of fixed assets, rubles;
Тsl - standard service life of fixed assets, years.

Not only labor instruments (fixed assets) are depreciated, but also intangible assets. These include: rights to use land plots, natural resources, patents, licenses, know-how, software products, monopoly rights and privileges, trademarks, trademarks, etc. Depreciation on intangible assets is calculated monthly according to the norms established by the enterprise itself.

The property of enterprises subject to depreciation is grouped into four categories:

Buildings, structures and their structural components.
Cars, light trucks, office equipment and furniture, computers, information systems and data processing systems.
Technological, energy, transport and other equipment and tangible assets not included in the first and second categories.
Intangible assets.

The annual depreciation rates are: for the first category - 5%, for the second category - 25%, for the third category - 15%, and for the fourth category, depreciation deductions are made in equal shares over the life of the corresponding intangible assets. If it is impossible to determine the useful life of the intangible asset, then the amortization period is set at 10 years.

In order to create economic conditions for active renewal of fixed assets and acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it was recognized expedient to use accelerated depreciation of the active part (machinery, equipment and vehicles), i.e. full transfer of the book value of these funds to the created products in a shorter time frame than provided for in the rates of depreciation deductions. Accelerated depreciation can be carried out in relation to fixed assets used to increase the output of computer technology, new progressive types of materials, instruments and equipment, and to expand the export of products.

If fixed assets are written off before their book value is fully transferred to the cost of production, the unaccounted depreciation deductions are reimbursed at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise. These funds are used in the same manner as depreciation charges.

Use of fixed assets

The main indicators reflecting the final result of the use of fixed assets are: capital productivity, capital intensity and the utilization rate of production capacity.

Return on assets is determined by the ratio of the volume of output to the value of fixed assets:

Kf.o. = N / Fs.p.f.,

where Kf.o. - return on assets; N is the volume of manufactured (sold) products, rubles;
Fs.p.f. - the average annual cost of fixed assets, rubles.

Capital intensity is the reciprocal of the return on assets. The utilization rate of production capacity is defined as the ratio of the volume of products produced to the maximum possible production per year.

The main directions for improving the use of fixed assets are:

technical improvement and modernization of equipment;
improving the structure of fixed assets by increasing the share of machinery and equipment;
increasing the intensity of the equipment;
optimization of operational planning;
advanced training of employees of the enterprise.

Fixed assets of enterprises, recorded in monetary terms, represent fixed assets. Monetary value of fixed assets is reflected in the accounting at initial, replacement, full and residual value.

There are several types of assessments of fixed assets associated with their long-term participation and gradual wear and tear in the production process by changing the conditions of reproduction during this period: according to the initial replacement and residual value.

The initial cost of fixed assets is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or purchasing funds, their delivery and installation. It is used to determine the rate of depreciation and the amount of depreciation, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use.

Scientific and technological progress affects the change in the conditions and factors of production of fixed assets, and, consequently, the change in their production costs and, accordingly, current market prices and tariffs. Currently, inflation has a primary impact on the current prices and tariffs at which fixed assets are purchased.

Over time, fixed assets are reflected on the balance sheet of the enterprise according to a mixed assessment, i.e. at the current market prices of their creation or acquisition. Thus, the assessment of fixed assets at their original cost in modern economic conditions does not reflect their actual value, and therefore it becomes necessary to revalue fixed assets and bring them to a single cost measure. For this purpose, the assessment of fixed assets at replacement cost is used.

Replacement cost is the cost of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; as a rule, it is established during the revaluation of funds.

As a result of the revaluation of fixed assets, their replacement cost increases sharply and, as a result, the financial and economic indicators of the enterprise deteriorate. Therefore, for enterprises whose financial performance may significantly deteriorate as a result of revaluation, depreciation indexation decreasing coefficients are applied.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This is how the residual value of fixed assets is determined, which is the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Physical wear is understood as the gradual loss of fixed assets of their original use value, which occurs not only during their operation, but also during their inactivity (destruction from external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion) Physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on their quality, their technical improvement ( construction, type and quality of materials, quality of construction of buildings and installation of machines); features of the technological process (values of speed and cutting force, feed, etc.); the time of their validity (the number of days of work per year, shifts per day, hours of work per shift), the degree of protection of fixed assets from external conditions; the quality of maintenance of fixed assets and their maintenance, from the qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear occurs unevenly even for the same elements of fixed assets. Distinguish between full and partial depreciation of fixed assets. When fully worn out, existing assets are liquidated and replaced with new ones (capital construction or current replacement of worn out fixed assets). Partial wear and tear are reimbursed through repairs.

The physical wear and tear of fixed assets can be calculated by the ratio of the actual service life to the standard, multiplied by 100. The most correct method is to examine the condition of the object in kind.

Obsolescence is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form); as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machinery and equipment (obsolescence of the second form). Under the influence of these forms of obsolescence, fixed assets become backward in terms of their technical characteristics and economic efficiency.

In modern conditions, accounting for obsolescence is becoming increasingly important. The emergence of new, more advanced types of equipment with increased productivity, better service and operating conditions often makes it economically feasible to replace old fixed assets even before their physical wear and tear. Untimely replacement of obsolete equipment leads to the fact that more expensive and poorer quality products are produced on it in comparison with those produced on more advanced machines and equipment. This is completely unacceptable in a competitive market.

The main source of covering the costs associated with the renewal of fixed assets, in the transition to market relations, self-financing of enterprises are the own funds of enterprises. They accumulate over the entire service life of fixed assets in the form of depreciation charges.

In everyday practice, fixed assets are accounted for and planned at historical cost. It represents the cost of acquiring or creating fixed assets. Machines and equipment are accepted on the balance sheet of the enterprise at the price of their purchase, including the wholesale price of this type of labor, delivery costs and other procurement costs, installation and installation costs. The initial cost of buildings, structures and transmission devices is the estimated cost of their creation, including the cost of construction and installation work and all other costs associated with the implementation of this facility.

Over time, fixed assets on the balance sheet of an enterprise are accounted for at a mixed estimate, i.e. at current prices and rates of the year of their creation or purchase.

Assessment of fixed assets at historical cost is needed to determine the amount of fixed assets assigned to a given enterprise.

The replacement cost expresses the cost of reproduction of fixed assets at the time of their revaluation, i.e. it reflects the costs of acquiring and creating means of labor in prices, tariffs in force during the period of revaluation of their reproduction.

To determine the replacement cost, fixed assets are regularly revalued using two main methods:

1) by indexing their book value;
2) by direct recalculation of the book value in relation to the prices formed on January 1 of the next year.

With their help, it is possible to achieve a uniform assessment of the fixed assets of industry in accordance with the modern cost of their restoration, which makes it possible to more accurately establish wholesale prices for means of production, lending for capital investments.

The full value of fixed assets (book value) is calculated without taking into account the value that is transferred in parts to finished goods.

Residual value is the difference between the original cost and the accrued depreciation (the value of fixed assets not transferred to the finished product). It allows you to judge the degree of depreciation of labor instruments, plan the renewal and repair of fixed assets. There are two types of residual value:

1) it is determined at the initial cost, determined as depreciation is charged;
2) at the replacement cost, determined by expert advice in the process of revaluation of means of labor.

The main production assets, participating in the production process, transfer their value in parts to the finished goods produced or services rendered. The monetary expression of the transferred part of the value of fixed assets is called depreciation. Depreciation is carried out to accumulate the necessary funds for the subsequent restoration and reproduction of fixed assets. Depreciation charges are included in the cost of goods and are realized when they are sold. The amount of depreciation deductions (as a percentage of the book value of fixed assets) is the depreciation rate (set on the basis of cost reimbursement and accumulation of funds for their subsequent full and partial restoration). The depreciation rate represents the ratio of the annual amount of depreciation to the initial cost of any means of labor, expressed as a percentage, and is calculated using the formula:

where: Fb - book value;

Fl - liquidation value;

Тн is the standard service life of the means of labor.

The level of depreciation depends on each component of this formula, but the main value is the standard service life of the means of labor. The lower limit of the depreciation rate is the period of wear and tear of the means of labor, at which subsequent overhaul becomes unnecessary. The upper limit of the depreciation rate is due to the shortest service life of fixed assets, at which the economic effect of replacing existing assets with new ones exceeds the efficiency of their modernization and repair.

Depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets under the 1997 Law of Ukraine "On Taxation of Enterprise Profits", Article 8, is interpreted as a gradual attribution of costs for their receipt, production or improvement to reduce the adjusted profit of a taxpayer within the limits of depreciation deductions established by this Law.

Depreciation is a way of accumulating funds for the reproduction of fixed assets.

The amount of depreciation deductions (AB) is determined by the formula:

where: Фn - the cost of fixed assets,

Na is the rate of depreciation deductions as a percentage.

Depreciation methods:

Straight-line method, that is, depreciation is charged in equal parts over the years of the term of service.

The double-declining balance method is a depreciation method at a rate that is twice as fast as compared to the straight-line depreciation method. In this case, the accrual of depreciation is applied not to the initial cost, but to its balance after write-offs made in previous years.

Accelerated depreciation method - intended for fixed assets, which belong to the third group of fixed assets, acquired after 1.01.99, and which are sent for the production of products with prices unregulated by the state. Accelerated depreciation rates:

1st year - 15%
2nd year - 30%
3rd year - 20%
4th year - 15%
5th year - 10%
6th year - 5%
7th year - 5%

The sum of years method is based on maximizing the rate of deductions in the first years of using fixed assets with their gradual decrease and minimization in the following years. In this case, depreciation deductions are annually reduced by a constant amount, which is called the difference.

Depreciation (depreciation) method, a cumulative method, in which the depreciation amount is distributed over the years during the standard operating life of an item of fixed assets through a cumulative number. The capitalization ratio consists of several components: risk-free rate, risk premium, low liquidity premium, investment management premium, compensation fund factor

Accrual of depreciation in proportion to the volume of production - the method of calculating depreciation based on the natural indicator of the volume of production in the reporting period and the ratio of the initial cost of the object and the estimated volume of production for the entire useful life of the object of fixed assets.

The half year principle is a depreciation method whereby all assets purchased during the year are depreciated as if they were purchased in the middle of the year.

Since July 1, 2000, accounting for fixed assets has been regulated by the Regulation (standard) of accounting 7 "Fixed Assets".

All indicators of the use of fixed assets are combined into three groups:

* indicators of extensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use over time;

* indicators of intensive use of fixed assets, reflecting the level of their use in terms of capacity (productivity);

* indicators of integral use, taking into account the cumulative influence of all factors.

The first group of indicators includes: the coefficient of extensive use of equipment, the coefficient of equipment shift, the coefficient of equipment utilization, the coefficient of the shift mode of the operating time of the equipment.

An important task of the national economy is to increase the utilization of fixed assets. The effectiveness of their use is characterized by a number of indicators. Indicators of the use of fixed assets in mechanical engineering are divided into two groups - generalizing and private.

The efficiency of the use of fixed assets in industry is determined by natural and cost indicators. General natural indicators:

* coefficient of the cost of equipment operation;

* indicators of equipment loading;

* coefficients of using the fund of working time, the use of equipment for machine and auxiliary time.

Partial natural indicators give a one-sided characteristic of the efficiency of fixed assets, therefore they resort to cost indicators:

* capital productivity;

* capital intensity;

* capital-labor ratio.

Generalizing indicators depend on many technical, organizational and economic factors and express the final result of the use of fixed assets. These include capital productivity and capital intensity.

Return on assets for an enterprise or industry is determined by the ratio of commodity, gross or net, output to the average annual value of fixed assets. The rate of return on assets (output per 1 hryvnia of fixed assets) is calculated by the formula:

Ф ф = N B / Ф cf. , (1.3)

where: N B - annual output of marketable (gross), net production, UAH;

F Wed - the average annual cost of fixed assets, UAH.

The higher the return on assets, the better the fixed assets are used. The inverse of the rate of return on assets is called the capital intensity and represents the amount of fixed assets (in value) attributable to each hryvnia of manufactured products:

Private indicators characterize the level of use of fixed assets, depending on individual factors, for example, time, capacity (per unit of time), the degree of renewal.

The coefficient of extensive equipment utilization characterizes the level of its use in time and is determined for each group of the same type of equipment according to the formula:

k e.d. = F f.o. / F n. , (1.4)

where: F f.o. - time actually worked by the equipment, hours;

F p. - the time of possible use of the equipment (regime, planned or actual fund of time), h;

One of the important indicators of equipment utilization is the shift ratio. The actual shift factor of the equipment is determined by the ratio of the number of machine shifts worked out by the equipment of the enterprise, workshop per day, the number of installed equipment:

k o.m. = (h 1 + h 2 + h 3) / с 0, (1.5)

where: h1, h2, h3 is the number of actually worked machine shifts in shifts I, II and III;

с0 - the total number of machines and equipment at the disposal of the enterprise, workshop.

The shift ratio is currently not high enough. An increase in the shift ratio, even by a small amount, allows many enterprises to produce more products. In mechanical engineering, constant work is being carried out to increase the shift ratio and increase the number of hours of equipment operation.

The level of utilization of machinery and equipment in terms of power and productivity is characterized by the coefficient of intensive use, which in general form is calculated by the formula:

k r.m. = t tech / t fact, (1.6)

where t tech is a technically justified rate of time per unit of production (work);

t fact - actually spent time to change the unit of production (units of work).

The intensity of equipment loading is also characterized by the coefficients of its use in terms of machine time k m and power capacity k em. :

k m. = t m / t pcs. ; k em = (M fakg - M h.x.) / M eff. , (1.7)

where: t m - machine time (in general);

t pcs. - piece time rate; Mfact - the actually used capacity of the equipment for the execution of the technological process;

Мх.х. - power consumed at idle;

M eff is the effective power of the equipment, equal to the product of the engine (drive) power by the efficiency (6).

Almost any industrial enterprise has fixed assets and fixed assets. What are these resources?

What are fixed assets?

Under fixed assets it is customary to understand the share of production assets used in the process of releasing goods by an industrial enterprise for a long time. For example, it can be machine tools, cars, robots.

As fixed assets wear out, their value is written off to production costs through depreciation. In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, fixed assets include only those resources that are to be used for 1 year or more.

What are fixed assets?

Under fixed assets can be understood:

fixed assets, which are reflected in accounting in value form;
tangible fixed assets (while intangible assets are classified as intangible assets).

Thus, fixed assets can have the same economic characteristics as fixed assets: long-term use - from 1 year or more, as well as write-off as expenses as they are depreciated. It can be noted that in accounting, the indicators of the value of fixed assets minus the corresponding write-offs form net fixed assets.

Comparison

The main difference between fixed assets and fixed assets is the order in which these terms are applied in relation to the context.

So, if we talk about accounting, then it most often uses the concept of "fixed assets". The term "fixed assets" is usually used in the context of economic analysis.

In some Russian laws, the term "fixed assets" is used synonymously with the concept of tangible fixed assets, while intangible assets are referred to differently - as intangible assets.

Having determined what is the difference between fixed assets and fixed assets, we reflect the conclusions in the table.

Introduction ………………………………………………………..…….. 3

Chapter 1 Fixed Assets …………………………………........... 4

1.1 Classification and structure of fixed assets ……… ...… .4

1.2 Accounting and appraisal of fixed assets ............................................. ... .6

1.3 Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets …………………… ..9

Chapter 2. Production capacity of the enterprise ….. 16

2.1 Methodology for calculating production capacity ……… .18

2.2 Types of production facilities. Load balance

equipment …………………………………………………… .20 Conclusion ……………………………………………………………… .. ... 23

References …………………………………………………….… 24

Introduction

The transfer of the economy to market relations is dictated by the logic of the development of productive forces at the stage of transition to a system of free enterprise using various forms of ownership.

A radical restructuring of industrial production based on the introduction of a new economic mechanism orients the industrial organization towards the economically sound use of all elements of production. Their clear interaction with a rational structure of the means of production makes it possible to ensure the normal economic activity of enterprises. An integral part of the means of production is the fixed capital of production (fixed production assets), which occupies the highest share in the structure of the property complex. Fixed capital is directly involved in the creation of material values and is closely interconnected with the competitiveness of products.

For the normal operation of the enterprise, such a component as accounting and planning of fixed assets is very important. Accounting for the availability and movement of funds is necessary in order to know the situation with regard to the provision of the enterprise with them, which allows it to produce products in the volume and on time required by the market.

It is known that fixed assets wear out during operation. To reimburse the cost of fixed capital, a depreciation fund is used, which is formed from depreciation deductions received on the settlement account of an industrial enterprise after the sale of products.

This course work reveals the essence and characteristics of fixed assets, talks about how to evaluate them. Also, a large role is assigned to the production capacity of the enterprise.

Chapter 1 Fixed Assets

1.1 Classification and structure of fixed assets

To carry out production activities, an enterprise uses limited economic resources, which, in our most general classification, are subdivided into:

1) material resources (land and capital)

2) labor resources (labor and entrepreneurial ability).

Instead of the term "economic resources" in microeconomics, which primarily include the economy of the enterprise, the term "factors of production" (production factors) is used.

The factor "land" includes all natural resources used in the production activities of the enterprise, land, subsoil, water and forest resources.

All funds advanced into the activities of the enterprise can be called capital. The capital of the enterprise is divided into fixed and circulating.

The first includes fixed assets, unfinished long-term financial investments and intangible assets. The latter do not have a physical expression, but are valuable for the enterprise (a set of patents, trademarks, rights to intellectual property, computer software, databases, etc.).

The most important component of such capital is fixed assets (fixed assets).

Fixed assets - This is a set of production, material and material values that act in the production process for a long period of time, while maintaining their natural-material form throughout the entire period and transfer their value to products in parts as they wear out in the form of depreciation deductions.

By participation in the production process, fixed assets are divided into production and non-production.

To the main production assets includes funds that are directly involved in the production process (machinery and equipment, vehicles) or create conditions for the production process (industrial buildings, structures). Basic non-productive assets are objects that satisfy the cultural and everyday needs of workers (residential buildings, medical institutions , canteens, cafes, etc.).

Fixed assets are also called non-current, or low-current, assets, and immobilized funds: in terms of value, they constitute a significant part of the authorized capital of the enterprise.

In accordance with the All-Russian Classifier, the main funds, according to their purpose, are divided into the following types:

· building;

· Structures;

· cars and equipment;

· Vehicles;

· Production and household equipment;

· Cattle working, productive and breeding;

· Perennial plantings;

· Other types of fixed assets.

The ratio of various groups of fixed assets in the total value, expressed as a percentage, is structure of fixed assets.

The structure of fixed assets of various industries and enterprises is determined by a number of factors, among them: the nature and volume of products, the technical level of production, the level of specialization and cooperation, climatic and geographical conditions of the location of the enterprise.

Depending on the degree of direct impact on the objects of labor, fixed assets are divided into active and passive. The active part includes machines, equipment, measuring and control devices and devices, etc. The passive part includes those groups of fixed assets that create conditions for the normal execution of the production process: buildings, structures, transmission devices, etc.

The proportion of the active part of fixed assets characterizes the progressiveness of the structure of fixed assets.

Fixed assets are also characterized by the specific weight of the value of fixed assets (equipment) of various age groups in the total value of assets. To analyze the age structure of equipment, the following age groups are usually used: up to 5 years old, from 5 to 10 years old, from 10 to 20 years old and over 20 years old.

1.2 Accounting and evaluation of fixed assets.

Fixed assets in the production process act in natural and monetary form.

Accounting for funds in kind is necessary to determine the technical composition of fixed assets, the production capacity of the enterprise, the degree of use of equipment and other purposes.

Natural indicators are contained in the passports of enterprises, including the characteristics and number of individual objects.

Monetary or value assessment of fixed assets is necessary to determine their total volume, dynamics, structure, value transferred to the cost of finished products, as well as to calculate the economic efficiency of investments.

The monetary form of accounting for fixed assets is carried out in the following areas:

1. Initial cost fixed assets include the cost of purchasing equipment (building a building), transportation costs for delivery and installation costs. At their initial cost, funds are taken into account, their depreciation and other indicators are determined.

2. Replacement cost these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions. It is established, as a rule, during the revaluation of fixed assets.

3. Residual value - represents the difference between the original or replacement value of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

4. Liquidation value- the cost of selling worn-out or decommissioned individual objects of fixed assets.

Revaluation of fixed assets - this is the definition of the real value of fixed assets (fixed assets) of organizations at the present stage of the formation of a market economy and the creation of prerequisites for the normalization of investment processes in the country.

To determine the full replacement cost of fixed assets, two methods are used: index and direct assessment method.

Index method provides for the indexation of the book value of individual objects using indices of changes in the value of fixed assets, differentiated by types of buildings and structures, types of machinery and equipment, transport and other fixed assets, by regions, periods of manufacture and acquisition.

Direct assessment method the replacement cost of fixed assets provides for a direct recalculation of the value of individual objects at documented market prices for new objects, as of January 1 of the corresponding year.

When revaluating equipment intended for installation and incorrect objects by the direct recalculation method, their physical and moral obsolescence is additionally taken into account. Land plots and natural resources are not subject to revaluation.

The development of scientific and technological progress, the desire of enterprises to produce competitive products lead to the development of new technologies based on progressive instruments of labor.

As a result, this process leads to the creation of high-performance machines and equipment that are more economical to operate. As a rule, such active fixed assets are of high value. Their acquisition in the context of insufficient investment activity is difficult, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. World experience has convincingly shown a way out of this situation - the development leasing.

After studying the materials in Chapter 6, the student should:

know

The essence of fixed assets and working capital as material resources of the company;

be able to

Analyze the structure of the firm's fixed assets and the factors affecting it;

own

The composition of the working capital and working capital of the company and the factors affecting its changes.

Fixed assets of the company. The essence and value of fixed assets

The successful functioning of the company is possible with the effective use of all property and, first of all, fixed assets and working capital.

■ Fixed assets (OF)- these are material values used as means of labor, which act in unchanged natural form for a long period of time and in parts transfer their value to the cost of products, works, services.

In the practice of accounting and statistics, fixed assets include labor instruments with a service life of at least one year and a cost not less than the established standard. Depending on the nature of the participation of fixed assets in the process of expanded reproduction, they are divided into production and non-production fixed assets.

Production fixed assets function in the sphere of material production, repeatedly participate in the production process, wear out gradually, and their value is transferred to the manufactured product in parts as it is used. They are replenished by capital investments.

Non-productive fixed assets - residential buildings, children's and sports facilities, other cultural and household facilities that are on the balance sheet of the enterprise. Unlike production fixed assets, they do not participate in the production process, their value disappears in consumption. They are reproduced at the expense of the firm's net profit.

The role of fixed assets in the labor process is determined by the fact that in their totality they form the production and technical base and determine the capabilities of the enterprise for the production of products, the level of technical equipment of labor. The accumulation of fixed assets and an increase in the technical equipment of labor enrich the labor process, impart a creative character to labor, and raise the cultural and technical level of society.

The overwhelming and most important part of the material resources of society is embodied in fixed assets. They constitute the main part of the country's national wealth.

Fixed production assets should be systematically updated. The growth of fixed assets, especially tools of labor, and the improvement of their quality on the basis of the latest technical and scientific achievements increase the technical equipment of labor, are the most important condition for the production of high-quality products with lower labor costs, an increase in labor productivity and a decrease in production costs.

Composition, structure, types and valuation of fixed assets

Despite its economic homogeneity, fixed assets differ in their intended purpose and service life. Fixed production assets are classified according to the following criteria:

- by types (groups): land plots and natural resources owned by the enterprise on the basis of property rights; building; structures; transmission devices; cars and equipment; measuring and control devices, devices and laboratory equipment; Computer Engineering; vehicles; tools and devices with a service life of more than 12 months; production and household equipment; on-farm roads; capital investments in land improvement and in rented buildings, premises, equipment and other objects related to fixed assets, etc .;
- according to the degree of activity in the production process: active and passive;
- by belonging: own and rented;
- for participation in the production process: cash, installed, working according to plan and actually working, reserve and spare, mothballed.

The enterprise distinguishes between the production (species) and age structure of fixed assets.

Production (specific) structure of fixed assets Is the share of certain types of fixed assets in their total value (in percent).

The most important factors affecting the specific structure of fixed assets are:

- the scope of the enterprise;
- the nature of products, works, services;
- the level of mechanization and automation of production;
- the level of specialization of production;
- the volume of production;
- the territorial location of the enterprise.

The higher the share of the active part of fixed assets, the higher the output, other things being equal, the higher the rate of return on assets. Therefore, improving the structure of fixed assets is seen as a condition for the growth of production, reducing the cost of production, increasing the firm's cash savings.

The ratio of individual age groups of active fixed assets (in percentage) represents the age structure of fixed assets. In the practice of industrial enterprises, active fixed assets are divided into the following age groups: equipment with a service life of up to 5 years, from 5 to 10 years, from 10 to 15 years, from 15 to 20 years, over 20 years.

Factors affecting the age structure of fixed assets:

- the age of the enterprise;
- progressiveness of the products;
- enterprise development strategy;
- innovation and investment policy of the enterprise;
- the financial condition of the enterprise.

The structure of fixed assets can be improved by:

- equipment renewal and modernization;
- improving the structure of equipment by increasing the share of progressive types of machine tools and machines, especially machines for performing finishing operations, automatic and semi-automatic machines, universal modular machines, automatic lines, machine tools with numerical control;
- optimal use of buildings and structures, installation of additional equipment in free areas;
- Correct development of construction projects and high-quality implementation of construction plans for enterprises;
- elimination of excess and little-used equipment and installation of equipment that provides more correct proportions between its individual groups.

For the effective management of fixed assets, their objective assessment is of great importance. In the practice of accounting and analysis of fixed assets, natural and monetary forms are used. When evaluating fixed assets in kind, the number of machines, their productivity, capacity, the size of production areas and other quantitative values are established. This data is used to calculate the production capacity of an enterprise, plan a production program, etc.

Monetary, or value, assessment of fixed assets is necessary for planning the expanded reproduction of fixed assets, determining the degree of wear and tear and the amount of depreciation, indicators of the use of fixed assets, calculating their structure, compiling the balance sheet of the enterprise.

There are the following types of valuation of fixed assets.

Full initial cost fixed assets - this is the sum of the costs of manufacturing or acquiring funds, their delivery, intermediary and consulting services, installation work, etc. It is used to determine the depreciation rate and the amount of depreciation charges, profit and profitability of enterprise assets, indicators of their use. At this cost, the newly acquired funds are credited to the balance sheet of the enterprise.

Replacement cost- these are the costs of reproduction of fixed assets in modern conditions; it is established during the revaluation of funds. Enterprises have the right not more than once a year (at the beginning of the reporting year) to revalue fixed assets at replacement cost by indexation or direct recalculation with the attribution of the arising differences to the additional capital of the company, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

During operation, fixed assets wear out and gradually lose their original (replacement) value. To assess their real value, it is necessary to exclude from them the cost of the depreciated part of the funds. This will be residual value fixed assets, which is the difference between the initial or replacement cost of fixed assets and the amount of their depreciation.

Liquidation value fixed assets - this is the cost of selling worn-out and discontinued fixed assets (often the price of scrap).

Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets

There are two types of wear and tear - physical and moral.

Under physical wear and tear understand the gradual loss of fixed assets of their initial use value, which occurs not only during their operation, but also during their inactivity (destruction from external influences, atmospheric influences, corrosion). The physical wear and tear of fixed assets depends on the quality of fixed assets, their technical improvement (design, type and quality of materials, the quality of construction of buildings and installation of machines), the characteristics of the technological process (values of speed and cutting force, feed, etc.), their duration (the number of days of work per year, shifts per day, hours of work per shift), the degree of protection of fixed assets from external conditions, the quality of maintenance of fixed assets and their maintenance, from the qualifications of workers and their relationship to fixed assets.

Physical wear and tear occurs unevenly even for the same elements of fixed assets. Distinguish between full and partial depreciation of fixed assets. At complete depreciation, existing assets are liquidated and replaced with new ones (capital construction or current replacement of worn-out fixed assets), partial wear and tear is reimbursed by repair. The physical deterioration of fixed assets can be calculated by the ratio of the actual service life to the standard, multiplied by 100. The most correct method is to examine the condition of the object in kind.

Obsolescence- this is a decrease in the cost of machinery and equipment under the influence of a reduction in socially necessary costs for their reproduction (obsolescence of the first form) or a decrease in their value as a result of the introduction of new, more progressive and cost-effective machines and equipment (obsolescence of the second form). Under the influence of these forms of obsolescence, fixed assets become backward in terms of their technical characteristics and economic efficiency.

Obsolescence of the second form can be considered as partial and complete wear and tear, as well as its latent form. With partial obsolescence, there is a partial loss of the use value and value of the machine. Its gradually increasing size in individual operations eventually reaches such values when it becomes expedient to use it in other operations, in other production conditions, where it will still be quite effective. Full obsolescence means complete depreciation of the machine, when its further operation becomes unprofitable. An outdated car is either disassembled for spare parts, or written off as scrap metal. The latent form of obsolescence implies the threat of depreciation of the machine due to the fact that there is a task to develop new, more productive and economical equipment.

In modern conditions, accounting for obsolescence is becoming increasingly important. The emergence of new, more advanced types of equipment with increased productivity, better service and operating conditions often makes it economically feasible to replace old fixed assets even before their physical wear and tear. Untimely replacement of obsolete equipment leads to the fact that more expensive and poorer quality products are produced on them compared to those manufactured on more advanced machines and equipment, and this is absolutely unacceptable in conditions of market competition.

It is possible to eliminate wear by renewing fixed assets.

Depreciation- this is the transfer in parts of the value of fixed assets during the standard service life or standard operating time for manufactured products and the subsequent use of this value to reimburse the consumed fixed assets. The transferred value of fixed assets in the composition of products leaves the sphere of production and enters the sphere of circulation. After the sale of products, a part of the amount of money corresponding to the transferred value of fixed assets goes to sinking fund, in which it accumulates to a value corresponding to the original cost. The amortization fund is used to purchase new fixed assets to replace worn-out ones.

Depreciable property is divided into depreciation groups in accordance with the period of its normative (useful) use. The enterprise determines the normative period of use independently on the date of commissioning of this facility based on the classification of fixed assets.

The useful life of an item is determined based on the expected life of the item, taking into account its productivity and power; expected physical wear and tear, depending on the mode and operating conditions and other factors; regulatory and other restrictions on the period of use (for example, use under a lease).

Fixed assets are combined into the following depreciation groups: Group I - with a period of use from 1 to 2 years inclusive; II - over 2 to 3 years inclusive; III - over 3 to 5 years inclusive; IV - over 5 to 7 years inclusive; V - over 7 to 10 years inclusive; VI - over 10 to 15 years inclusive; VII - over 15 to 20 years inclusive; VIII - over 20 to 25 years inclusive; IX - over 25 to 30 years inclusive; X - useful life over 30 years.

Depreciation is calculated using one of the following methods:

- uniform method (linear);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the standard volume of products, works (method of units of production);
- the method of writing off the cost in proportion to the useful life of the object (method of the sum of numbers);
- diminishing balance method (double residual method). Application of any of the depreciation methods for

a group of homogeneous objects of fixed assets is produced during the entire standard period of use of objects. During the reporting year, depreciation deductions, regardless of the method used, are accrued in the amount of 1/12 of the annual amount.

1. Uniform method is the most common. Its essence is in the uniform accrual of the annual depreciation amount during the entire standard service life of the object. With this method, depreciation is calculated based on the initial cost of the object of the fixed assets and the depreciation rate calculated from the standard service life of this object.

Using the linear method, the annual depreciation rate for each depreciable property is determined by the formula

where is the annual depreciation rate to the original (replacement) cost of the depreciable property (in percent); - the standard service life of the given object.

where is the amount of depreciation charges for the year; - the full initial cost of the object.

Example 6.1. An object worth 630 thousand rubles was purchased. with a standard service life of 5 years. The annual depreciation rate will be

The disadvantage of this method is that during the life of the equipment there are downtime, breakdowns and incomplete loading. This leads to the fact that in real production the equipment wears out unevenly over time. In addition, this method does not take into account the obsolescence of fixed assets.

2. Product unit method it is recommended to use it for those fixed assets, the wear of which is most influenced by the number of goods, works, services produced with their help (for example, for vehicles). With this method, the depreciation rate per unit of production (work, services) is determined by the formula

where is the depreciation rate per unit of production; - the normative quantity of products for a given object.

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

where is the actual or planned volume of production.

Example 6.2. The initial cost of the object is 840,000 rubles. Standard volume of production in value terms -

1,000,000 tons. Actual output in the billing period is 45,000 tons.

The depreciation rate per unit of production will be

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be

Methods 3 and 4 are accelerated depreciation methods, since they make it possible to write off most of its value in the early years of the facility's service. These methods are recommended for those objects that quickly become obsolete and with an increase in the service life of which the costs of their maintenance increase, the cost of their services (computers, communications, etc.) decreases.

3 Method of the sum of numbers. The essence of this method is that the annual depreciation rate decreases with an increase in the standard service life of the object.

The annual depreciation rate is determined by the formula

where is the next year of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order); - the sum of the number of years of the standard service life of the object (years are taken in reverse order).

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year is determined by the formula

Example 6.3. The initial cost of the object is 300,000 rubles. The useful life is 5 years.

The sum of the numbers of years of the standard service life of the object required to calculate depreciation with this method is determined as 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15 (years).

The annual depreciation rate will be: in the 1st year:

in the 2nd year:

in the 3rd year:

in the 4th year:

in the 5th year:

The amount of depreciation deductions for the year will be: for the 1st year

for the 2nd year

for the 3rd year

for the 4th year

for the 5th year

4. Double residual method

Differences compared to the linear method.

1. The annual depreciation rate calculated in the 1st way is multiplied by the rate increase factor, which is equal to or close to 2:

where is the rate of increase in the norm.

2. The annual amount of depreciation deductions is determined not from the full initial cost of the object, but from its residual value at the beginning of each reporting year:

where is the residual value of the object.

Example 6.4. An object worth 50,000 rubles was purchased. standard service life of 4 years. The rate of acceleration of the norm is 2.

Annual depreciation rate

The annual rates of the depreciation amount are as follows:

for the 1st year: ; residual value - 300,000 (rubles);

for the 2nd year: ; residual value - 120,000 (rubles).

Forms of reproduction of fixed assets

With this method, depreciation is charged in two stages. At the first stage - using the double residual method until 80% of the total initial cost of the object is written off. At the second stage, when the residual value of the object reaches 20% of its full initial cost, depreciation is charged on it in the following order:

- the residual value of the object is fixed as its base value for further calculations;
- the amount of depreciation deductions for a month is determined by dividing the base cost by the number of months remaining until the end of the standard period of use of the object.

Reproduction of fixed assets is a complex process that includes the following interrelated stages: creation, consumption, depreciation, restoration and replacement.

The reproduction of fixed assets can be extended and simple.

Forms of extended reproduction of fixed assets:

- construction of new enterprises. The advantages of this form are that the enterprise is equipped with new equipment, can produce new types of products, and new jobs are created. The disadvantage is that large investments are required, their payback period is long, and the period for mastering production capacities is long;
- expansion of production is an increase in the volume of production at an operating enterprise due to the construction and commissioning of new workshops, buildings. Advantages: less investment is required per unit of production, capacities are quickly mastered. Disadvantage: a significant proportion of investment goes to passive funds;
- reconstruction of the enterprise - involves not only rebuilding and redeveloping workshops, but also re-equipping them with new equipment. Benefits: Most of the investment goes to active funds, less investment is required per unit of output. Disadvantage: stoppage of production for the period of reconstruction;
- technical re-equipment is the replacement of active fixed assets without changing passive ones. Benefits: Almost all investments go to active funds. Disadvantage: outdated passive funds;
- modernization of equipment is the improvement of existing equipment by replacing individual outdated parts of it with more progressive ones and (or) installing various devices that make it possible to increase labor productivity and product quality. Benefits: minimal investment. Disadvantage: The technique remains outdated.

Forms of simple reproduction of fixed assets:

- replacement of physically worn-out equipment with exactly the same or similar new one;
- equipment repair: a) routine (minor), which is carried out without stopping the production process, without disassembling equipment (elimination of minor breakdowns); b) medium (partial disassembly of equipment, replacement of individual worn out parts); c) overhaul (complete disassembly of equipment with the replacement of all worn out parts). As a rule, modernization is carried out simultaneously with a major overhaul.

Indicators of the use of fixed assets

All indicators of the use of fixed assets are divided into private and generalizing.

Private indicators characterize the efficiency of using only certain types of fixed assets. For example, the efficiency of using a blast furnace is characterized by the indicator: iron removal from 1 m2 of the blast furnace hearth. This indicator cannot characterize the efficiency of using any other types of fixed assets.

Generalizing indicators characterize the efficiency of using various types of fixed assets. Among these indicators, the following are most common.

Return on assets. The result of the better use of fixed assets is, first of all, an increase in the volume of production. Therefore, a generalizing indicator of the efficiency of fixed assets should be based on the principle of commensuration of the produced product with the entire set of fixed assets used in its production. This will be the indicator of output per 1 ruble of the cost of fixed assets (return on assets). To calculate the value of return on assets, the formula is used

where is the return on assets, rubles; - annual output of marketable products, rubles; - the average annual cost of fixed assets:

where is the cost of fixed assets at the beginning of the year; - the cost of the introduced fixed assets during the year; - the cost of retired fixed assets; NS - the number of months from the date of commissioning of fixed assets to the end of the calendar year; T - the number of months from the date of disposal of fixed assets until the end of the calendar year.

Capital intensity production - the reciprocal of the return on assets. It shows the share of the cost of fixed assets attributable to each ruble of manufactured products. If capital productivity should tend to increase, then capital intensity - to decrease.

Indicators of intensive use of fixed assets characterize their use over time.

The coefficient of extensive use of equipment (Ke) is determined by the ratio of the actual or planned number of hours of equipment operation to the effective fund of equipment operation time on average per year

where is the actual (planned) time fund of a piece of equipment on average per year, h; - effective (useful) fund of time for a piece of equipment on average per year, h.

The effective (useful) life of a piece of equipment is calculated as follows:

where is the number of calendar and non-working (weekends and holidays) per year, respectively; - the number of work shifts; - duration of the shift, h; % pr is the percentage of regulated downtime for equipment repairs.

Extensive use of equipment is also characterized by shift ratio its work, which is defined as the ratio of the total number of equipment worked out during the estimated period of machine-tool shifts to the total number of machines:

where is the number of worked-out machine shifts; M is the total number of cars.

Enterprises should strive to increase the shift factor of the equipment, which leads to an increase in output with the same available funds.

The main directions of increasing the shift of equipment operation:

- an increase in the level of specialization of workplaces, which ensures an increase in the serial production and equipment utilization;
- increasing the rhythm of work;
- reduction of downtime associated with shortcomings in the organization of maintenance of workplaces, providing machine operators with workpieces, tools;
- the best organization of repair work, the use of advanced methods of organizing repair work;
- mechanization and automation of labor of basic and especially auxiliary workers. This will free up labor and transfer it from heavy auxiliary work to main work in the second and third shifts.

Equipment intensive use ratio is determined by the ratio of the actual (planned) volume of production on the main technological equipment to its capacity. To calculate this indicator, use the formula

where Uf (p) is the actual (planned) volume of production.

Integral equipment utilization factor characterizes its use in terms of time and power at the same time and is defined as the product of the coefficients of intensive and extensive use of equipment.

Ways to improve the use of fixed assets

The successful functioning of fixed assets depends on how fully extensive and intensive factors for improving their use are realized. Extensive improving the use of funds implies that, on the one hand, the operating time of the existing equipment in the calendar period will be increased, and on the other hand, the share of the operating equipment in the composition of all equipment available at the enterprise will be increased.

The most important areas for increasing the operating time of equipment:

- reduction and elimination of in-shift equipment downtime by improving the quality of equipment repair service, timely provision of main production with labor force, raw materials, fuel, semi-finished products;
- reduction of all-day equipment downtime, increase of the shift ratio of its work.

An important way to improve the efficiency of the use of fixed assets is to reduce the amount of unnecessary equipment and the rapid involvement of unidentified equipment in production. The death of a large number of means of labor reduces the possibility of an increase in production, leads to direct losses of materialized labor due to their physical wear and tear, because after long-term storage equipment often becomes unusable. Other equipment in good physical condition turns out to be morally obsolete and is written off as physically worn out. Although the extensive way to improve the utilization of fixed assets has not yet been fully mastered, it has its limits.

Intensive improving the use of fixed assets presupposes an increase in the degree of equipment utilization per unit of time. An increase in the intensive load of equipment can be achieved by modernizing existing machines and mechanisms, establishing the optimal mode of their operation. Work under the optimal mode of the technological process ensures an increase in production without changing the composition of fixed assets, without increasing the number of employees and with a decrease in the consumption of material resources per unit of production.

The intensity of the use of fixed assets is also increasing through the technical improvement of tools of labor and the improvement of production technology, through the elimination of "bottlenecks" in the production process; reducing the time to achieve the design productivity of equipment, improving the scientific organization of labor, production and management, the use of high-speed methods, advanced training and professional skills of workers.

The development of technology and the related intensification of processes are not limited. Therefore, the possibilities of intensively increasing the use of fixed assets are not limited either.

An essential direction of increasing the efficiency of using fixed assets is to improve their structure. Since the increase in output is achieved only in the leading shops, it is important to increase their share in the total value of fixed assets. An increase in fixed assets of auxiliary production leads to an increase in the capital intensity of production, since there is no direct increase in output in this case. But without the proportional development of auxiliary production, the main workshops cannot function with full dedication. Therefore, the establishment of the optimal production structure of fixed assets at the enterprise is the most important direction for improving their use.

In a set of measures to improve the use of fixed assets, the correct application of economic levers and incentives is essential. The improvement of operational planning, automated accounting of work and a comprehensive analysis of the use of labor instruments are aimed at the same. The increase in capital productivity is facilitated by the improvement of the qualifications of workers, as well as material and moral encouragement of workers for the careful and efficient use of equipment.