Review of professions in jurisprudence. Who can a lawyer work - the specifics of the profession Jurisprudence what specialty
Description
Legal education implies a detailed study of such disciplines as civil, land, international, environmental, tax, criminal, business law; forensics, criminal procedure, and others. Here students learn:
- qualified interpretation of laws and other regulatory legal acts, and their application;
- development of regulatory legal acts in accordance with the profile of their work;
- making decisions and taking actions in accordance with the letter of the law;
- participation in litigation;
- correct execution and drafting of legal documents;
- participation in inquiries;
- correct qualification of circumstances and facts;
- analysis and assessment of expertise;
- taking measures to restore violated human rights;
- prevention of offenses and identification of the circumstances contributing to them; and much more.
Who to work with
Those who graduated from the law faculty have broad prospects in terms of choosing a future job. These can be federal, arbitration or constitutional courts, where a bachelor of jurisprudence can work as a forensic expert, bailiff, judge; prosecutor's office - at the initial stage, it is possible to work as an assistant to the prosecutor, a lawyer; law enforcement agencies (police), where it is possible to work as a precinct, investigator, policeman, criminologist, interrogator. There are wide prospects in private practice, where you can work as a legal adviser, lawyer, attorney. But the most chances are to find a job in a private company and get the position of a corporate lawyer who monitors the legal purity and legality of the company's activities. The task of a corporate lawyer also includes tracking all changes in legislation, drafting and checking the forms of contracts, consulting all divisions of the company.
Choosing a higher legal education, many applicants do not know that the direction "Jurisprudence" has many specializations and training profiles that determine the future professional career of a graduate.
In order to choose the desired specialization and navigate the training programs offered by universities, we continue to talk about some of the professions that are most in demand in the modern labor market, requiring the relevant specializations of higher legal education. In the previous issue, we talked about the professions of a legal adviser, lawyer, investigator, tax consultant, bailiff, notary, lawyer for registration of enterprises. In this issue we will talk about the professions of a magistrate, forensic expert, patent specialist and international lawyer.
Patent specialist
A patent specialist is a lawyer who knows everything about patents, protection and use of the results of intellectual activity. A patent is a document issued by a competent state authority and certifying the priority of an invention, authorship and exclusive rights to an invention. A patent is valid within the state in which it was issued. A patent can be obtained for an invention, industrial design, utility model. If the invention is used without the permission of the patentee, he can apply to the court for damages. At the same time, the patent owner has the right to issue a permit - a license to use his patented invention.
Legal protection of intellectual property (IP) objects is carried out in two main areas: industrial property law, copyright and related rights. Within these areas, a patent scientist can specialize in:
legal protection of works of literature, art, computer programs;
law and show business;
combating video and audio piracy;
legal protection of high technologies (inventions, etc.);
combating pirate theft of trademarks;
preparation of patents, licenses, contracts;
know-how (production and commercial secrets);
legal protection of IP objects on the Internet.
The duties of a patent scientist include:
formation, execution and filing of applications for registration of copyright certificates, patents, trademarks, software products, databases, etc .;
conducting patent search, patent research, compliance analysis, compiling an overview of information on the direction of the company's activities;
maintaining the company's database according to the available certificates in electronic and paper form;
preparation of license agreements, registration of the transfer of rights;
participation in courts, claim work;
export valuation;
monitoring of new inventions in Russia and abroad.
A patent attorney with extensive experience and high qualifications can become a patent attorney. A patent attorney is a certified specialist with at least 4 years of proven experience in the field and who has passed the state qualification exam. Each patent attorney is assigned a personal identification number.
Patent attorneys not only have a higher salary than patent attorneys, but also have the exclusive right to conduct certain aspects of their professional activities. For example, international applications can only be filed through Russian patent attorneys.
What should I know
In order to fulfill their professional duties, future patent scientists should know: Russian, foreign and international law in the field of intellectual property, methods of registration and re-registration of rights to IP objects, organization of technology transfer work; and must also have the skills to work with sources of patent and innovation information. In addition to the legal basis of knowledge, the graduate must be able to conduct marketing research in innovation, have economic knowledge, speak foreign languages (often requires knowledge of a technical language), be an advanced PC user. Knowledge of office work and negotiation skills are also among the skills required by a patent scientist.
How much does he earn
A budding patent specialist earns an average of 30,000-35,000 rubles a month. Several years of work in the field of patent activity increase the salary to 40,000-60,000 rubles. The small starting salary of a patent scientist is compensated by the opportunity to work part-time and part-time. In some workplaces, bonuses are provided for the successful resolution of issues. Patent attorneys receive from 60,000 rubles a month and have a free work schedule.
Where does it work
Specialists in the legal protection of intellectual property are in demand in ministries and departments, state and commercial
OVERVIEW OF PROFESSIONS IN JURISPRUDENCE
organizations, research and design institutes and high-tech enterprises, law enforcement agencies in anti-counterfeiting departments, customs services, small and medium-sized innovative businesses, intellectual property valuation firms, in the field of show business, in mass media. The shortage of specialists in this area is enormous.
World judge
The Justice of the Peace is the first link in the judicial system of the Russian Federation. In the court of this instance, even in tsarist Russia, minor civil and criminal cases were dealt with; since 1998, the institution of justices of the peace is gradually being restored in our country. Consideration of a case by a magistrate is the most accessible way of judicial protection of the population, since it is characterized not only by efficiency, but also by lower material costs for the state and citizens.
The competence of justices of the peace includes cases that do not require a complex legal assessment: criminal cases, the punishment for which does not exceed 3 years in prison, and various civil disputes over divorce, division of property, labor conflicts, property disputes. To competently resolve all these cases, a magistrate must be a universal lawyer and understand all areas of jurisprudence.
The Justice of the Peace carries out judicial activities within the boundaries of his site, which is created on the basis of the population (15-30 thousand people per site) in order to be as close as possible to the population. In total, there are about 400 sites in Moscow. At the same time, justices of the peace are included in the unified judicial system of the Russian Federation, therefore their decisions and orders are binding on all state bodies, officials, individuals and legal entities throughout the country. The decision of the magistrate can be appealed only in the next (higher) instance court - the district one.
The main task of a magistrate is to issue an impartial verdict alone with the case under consideration (without consultation and advice) after the trial. This implies high requirements for the moral status of a candidate for justices of the peace - it must be a citizen of the Russian Federation over 25 years old, not a member of any political party, not engaged in entrepreneurial activity, not combining work as a judge with other paid work, except for pedagogical or scientific work.
A magistrate must have at least 5 years of professional experience. A candidate for the office of a magistrate passes a qualification exam and only after that can he receive a recommendation from a panel of judges. The Justice of the Peace is appointed (sometimes elected) to his office for a term of up to 5 years, possibly reappointment up to the age limit of 70 years.
OVERVIEW OF PROFESSIONS IN JURISPRUDENCE
What should I know
A justice of the peace must have a higher legal education with a civil law, criminal law or judicial law specialization. In addition to a scrupulous knowledge of Russian legislation, a magistrate will certainly need: intuition and the ability to understand people, readiness for non-standard situations, observation and attentiveness to trifles, high responsibility.
You will not find announcements of vacancies for positions of justices of the peace on job search sites - announcements of competitions for this position are printed in the media. Justices of the peace receive salaries from the federal budget, and at first it is not very high: from 12,000 rubles. The existing numerous allowances for seniority, class, workload quickly increase the salary to 30,000-35,000 rubles. The salary of a magistrate is set at 60% of the official salary of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.
Expert criminalist
A forensic expert conducts expert examinations, that is, uses special knowledge in the field of science, technology, art to establish the factual data necessary for the correct solution of criminal, administrative, civil and arbitration cases. There are a lot of types of examinations, here are just a few of them: ballistic, fingerprint, computer-technical, portrait, handwriting, traceological, economic, technical.
Expertise is one of the main tools of the judicial process, it is appointed and carried out to establish the causes of death of people, the facts and methods of forging documents, as well as to establish the causes of a fire or traffic accident, etc. document, recognition of the fact of paternity and the solution of other personal and work tasks. Currently, litigants have the opportunity to choose between state expert institutions and independent experts.
The range of professional tasks solved by a forensic expert largely depends on the field of his activity. So, an expert in the department of autotechnical research of the Expert and Forensic Center (EKTs) of the Central Internal Affairs Directorate carefully studies the circumstances of the accident, examines the road traffic situation, makes a graphical analysis, conducts a technical and diagnostic study of the main car systems, examines material evidence - this is not a complete list of his work ...
A specialist in technical and forensic examination of documents conducts a handwriting examination, a chemical examination in order to establish the limitation of the production of a document. He can reveal a way
OVERVIEW OF PROFESSIONS IN JURISPRUDENCE
the production of documents in general and their details in particular, to establish the fact of a change in the original content, to identify the materials, objects and mechanisms used to produce the document. A special article is the study of documents equipped with special protective equipment.
What should I know
To successfully conduct forensic examinations, a specialist must have a set of legal and technical knowledge. In the legal block, it is especially important to know the legislation, the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Criminal, Civil and Arbitration Procedural Codes of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On Weapons". In the area of technical expertise, a forensic expert may need to be able to handle special equipment; useful knowledge in the field of natural sciences: chemistry, biology, medicine. The ability to work with a computer is especially important.
Future forensic experts in universities receive good training under the programs of higher professional education in the specialties "Forensic examination", "Law enforcement", in the direction of "Jurisprudence" with civil law or criminal specialization.
Where does he work and how much does he get?
Graduates of the aforementioned educational programs find application of their knowledge in state expert institutions, such as the EKTs GUVD, the Russian Center for Forensic Medicine, territorial subdivisions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, and in non-state ones, such as the forensic institution ANO "Forensic Science Center", independent expert agencies ... They work in legal departments, law enforcement agencies, courts and prosecutors, patent offices, insurance companies and other organizations and institutions.
A novice forensic expert receives 18,000-23,000 rubles a month. Further growth of the salary depends on the length of service and the place of application of professional skills. After 1-3 years of specialized work, a forensic expert receives 30,000-40,000 rubles a month. The salary of automotive experts is on average higher and amounts to 40,000-60,000 rubles a month.
International lawyer
Traditionally, the field of activity of a lawyer in the field of international legal relations is attractive for the applicant. An international lawyer can be considered as a kind of lawyer of an organization engaged in foreign economic activity. In this case, a lawyer has to solve all legal problems arising in connection with the activities of the organization not only in the domestic but also in the international markets.
OVERVIEW OF PROFESSIONS IN JURISPRUDENCE
The duties of a specialist in international law include:
registration and maintenance of offshore and resident foreign companies and companies registered in foreign jurisdictions;
preparation and approval of all types of contracts (sales, distribution, insurance, logistics, service, etc.) and other legal documentation in a foreign language;
representing the interests of the company in arbitration courts, claim work, development of a strategy for international litigation;
interaction with state control and supervisory authorities in the Russian Federation and abroad;
business correspondence and negotiations with foreign and Russian partners;
participation in international projects (M&A transactions, creation of a JV, building a corporate structure);
providing legal support in PR and marketing activities of the company.
What should I know
In addition to the versatile legal knowledge required by an organization's lawyer in the domestic market, an international lawyer will need specific knowledge in the field of foreign law. Of course, such knowledge from related areas of economics, management and logistics will be useful, such as: international settlements and monetary relations, securities markets and stock markets, risk management, etc. The graduate must be a confident PC user, have the skills to use automated reference legal systems.
It should be especially noted the need for high-level language training for the professional activities of an international lawyer. The level of knowledge of general English required by foreign employers is Advanced (oral and written), knowledge of legal terminology (English for Lawers) and business English (Business English) is encouraged. Possession of an additional diploma as a translator is highly appreciated. Recently, knowledge of the German language is often in demand. For a specialist in international law, it is very important to have a competent command of the Russian language, including written legal, the ability to express and formulate legal positions.
A lawyer is a specialist in the legal protection of citizens or organizations. In particular, in court. This is the most independent of all the participants in the trial.
Antikollektor is a lawyer, specialist in debt optimization, protection of borrowers from bank arbitrariness and illegal pressure from collectors.
A collector in the financial system is a person who collects and repays debts. Collectors are also called agencies that specialize in such work.
Mediator is an independent individual who mediates between the parties, organizing communications to resolve disputes. Conducts its activities on a professional or non-professional basis.
Notary is a person authorized to certify copies of documents and extracts from them, authenticity of signatures on documents, correct translation of documents from one language into another, and other notarial actions.
Patent attorney is an intellectual property specialist who handles business with government agencies.
Handwriting examination is one of the most important methods of identifying the performer of a handwritten text and his signature.
A prosecutor is a person authorized to represent the prosecution in court, as well as to monitor compliance with the rule of law in almost all areas of the country's life. And all this is done on behalf of the state.
An investigator is a lawyer who investigates crimes. If the case concerns murder, robbery, theft, then it is often impossible to do without such a specialist as an investigator. He is engaged in analytical and managerial work ...
Ballistic examination based on the science of ballistics, which examines the movement of bodies thrown in space.
The judge is the doer of justice; a person vested with judicial power who has the final say in the judicial decision-making process.
A private detective is an independent detective specialist.
Fingerprinting examination is a study that is carried out in order to establish the identity of a person by papillary drawings of fingers to clarify the circumstances of the crime
Linguistic expertise is a study of the products of speech activity aimed at establishing significant facts and obtaining answers to questions posed to an expert.
A technical and forensic examination of documents is carried out to establish the method and technical means with which these documents and their details were made, as well as to clarify the question - whether changes and corrections were made in the original version and how.
Modern society presents the legal profession as extremely prestigious and paid. Hollywood films show lawyers, lawyers and judges as some kind of "supermen" who skillfully possess rhetoric, charm, a sharp mind, and excellent logic. After such pictures, many people experience certain illusions in the legal profession, but, as you know, any medal has two sides.
About the specialty Jurisprudence
The specialty "Jurisprudence" in recent years is one of the most demanded by employers and, accordingly, "fashionable" among applicants. Graduates in the specialty "Jurisprudence" work in almost all spheres of society, regulated by law.
The word "jurisprudence" comes from the Latin iurisprudentia (m), which in turn is derived from the words iuris (law) and prudential (science, knowledge).
The profession of a lawyer
A lawyer in the modern world is a profession more than in demand. Despite the fact that every year universities graduate more and more specialists in the field of jurisprudence, in some areas there is a persistent shortage of them. One thing is certain: a competent specialist striving for career growth has excellent prospects both in terms of implementation and the amount of income.
Legal education unites a huge number of specialists in the field of various branches of law:
In other words, a lawyer is also an employee of the internal affairs bodies (police, tax service), customs, courts, and the legal profession.
Legal profession
appeared much later than the state arose. Many centuries passed before specialists in the field of law became in demand by the society. At first, they were involved exclusively in the law enforcement sphere of life, that is, in the sphere of application of state coercion. Gradually, the courts began to take upon themselves not only the application of punishments, but also the consideration of various disputes between citizens.
For most people, freedom is associated with a large chunk of someone's money. Overheard on Wall Street.
Lawyer (from Lat. Jus - right) (German Jurist, English Jurist) is a specialist in jurisprudence, legal sciences, a practitioner in the field of law.
Now the concept of "lawyer" unites all people involved in diverse professional legal activities - judges, investigators, prosecutors, notaries, legal advisers, lawyers.
This kind of activity is revered as one of the oldest human occupations.
Specialty - Jurisprudence
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How new technologies, scientific discoveries and innovations will change the landscape of the labor market in the next 20-30 years
A lawyer is a profession or specialty
Qualification - Lawyer
It is difficult to become and be a real jurist, but it is honorable and profitable. The truth is that legal education itself is a treasure, but the key to it is labor.
REMEMBER HOW MANY TIMES YOU HAVE BEEN IN DIFFICULT LIFE SITUATIONS FROM WHICH IT IS DIFFICULT TO GET OUT WITHOUT KNOWING THE LAWS?
Legal laws, regulatory legal acts, their editions, changes and additions - it is not difficult for an ordinary person to get confused in them.
Explanatory vocabulary of the profession
Government agencies, commercial firms, financial institutions, insurance companies, etc.
Training is carried out in educational institutions:
See also in the dictionary: CRIMINALIST
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The profession of a lawyer
and is today one of the most demanded. Moreover, it is still considered fashionable and prestigious among many high school graduates. This is probably why there is a lot of competition in law schools when entering higher educational institutions. As you know, a lawyer is a person who is well versed in the current legislation and applies laws in practice.
Each student who decides to become a lawyer must acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in this socially significant profession, which will allow him to implement in practice the norms of Russian and international law, to ensure law and order in various spheres of society.
Lawyers are always in demand in our country, their work is interesting and promising. Law graduates have a real chance to test their intelligence and demonstrate their skills and knowledge in practice. But at the same time, the professional path of a lawyer is thorny and long. Often you have to study thousands of documents, consult hundreds of people, and participate in complex legal proceedings. The people of this profession need special composure and organization, conscientiousness and responsibility, since the fate of a person, his well-being and well-being depend on the competence of a lawyer. A lawyer must know the LAW well, be aware of changes in legislation, since people often need "emergency urgent legal aid".
Students of the Faculty of Law A.S. Griboyedov choose a specialization after the third year, and in the last year they finally decide in which area of jurisprudence they will work after graduation.
Where can a lawyer work?
Specialists in the field of jurisprudence are needed in the systems of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Justice, the Federal Security Service, the Prosecutor's Office, tax authorities, the Federal Customs Service, legal services of other ministries and departments, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments.
Notaries certify transactions, draw up various legal documents: civil contracts, powers of attorney, statements. We all now need their services, which is why the number of private notary offices is constantly increasing. To become a natari, you need to obtain a law degree, undergo an internship at a notary, pass a qualification exam and obtain a license to perform notarial activities.
Legal advisers are engaged in legal support of activities: on interaction with executive authorities, on the sale of real estate, insurance, hotel, tourism, production and trade in goods. The most serious requirements apply to lawyers working in financial institutions. Even small firms will not sign a single contract without a lawyer. He participates in negotiations and represents his firm in court. Therefore, he needs in-depth knowledge in a wide variety of areas of law: administrative, financial, civil, banking, tax, labor and international.
Lawyers provide qualified legal assistance on a professional basis: give advice and information on legal issues both orally and in writing; draw up statements, complaints, petitions and other documents of a legal nature; represent the interests of the principal in constitutional proceedings, participate as a representative of the principal in civil and administrative proceedings, and also as defenders of the principal in criminal proceedings. Therefore, a lawyer, in addition to a lawyer's diploma, must have at least two years of work experience, pass a qualification exam and become a member of the bar association.
A lawyer can also become a judge, prosecutor, work in various positions in government, commercial or public organizations. Even more opportunities for those for whom legal education is a second higher education. Currently, lawyers who also have an economic education are highly valued in the labor market. Finally, lawyers often start their own business or receive offers to become partners in a new business.
Specialty "JURISPRUDENCE" (030501)
IMPE them. A.S. Griboyedova offers students training in the specialty "Jurisprudence" (030501), which is carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time (block) and part-time with an accelerated training program (3 - 3.5 years). For persons with a higher or secondary vocational education corresponding to the profile of the faculty, a correspondence course with an abbreviated training program is implemented.
The ratio of the full academic and classroom load of students of the specialty "Jurisprudence"
In the educational process, such forms of classroom training are used as lectures, seminars, and practical exercises. Here is the relationship between these forms.
Distribution of the classroom load of students of the specialty "Jurisprudence"
In accordance with the requirements of the State Educational Standard, the professional educational program in the field of jurisprudence includes disciplines of the general humanitarian and socio-economic, general mathematical and natural science cycles, general professional disciplines, as well as disciplines of specialization. Each cycle includes disciplines that are compulsory for study, as well as disciplines of the student's choice, established by the faculty.
Cycles of general humanitarian and socio-economic, general mathematical and natural science disciplines make up 22% of the total academic load and are mandatory for all specialties.
The quality of a graduate's professional training is determined by the study of cycles of general professional disciplines and disciplines of specialization, which occupy 78% of the total study time required to train a specialist.
Distribution of the full academic load in the specialty "Jurisprudence"
| Theory of Government and Rights | 240 |
| History of political and legal doctrines | 90 |
| History of domestic state and law | 250 |
| History of the state and law of foreign countries | 250 |
| Constitutional (state) law of Russia | 240 |
| Constitutional (state) law of foreign countries | 144 |
| Civil law (general part) | 342 |
| Civil law (special part) | 342 |
| Civil Procedure Law (Civil Procedure) | 240 |
| Administrative law | 188 |
| Labor law | 216 |
| Criminal law | 378 |
| Criminal Procedure Law (Criminal Procedure) | 240 |
| Environmental law | 132 |
| Land law | 116 |
| Roman law | 100 |
| International private law | 144 |
| International law | 132 |
| Financial right | 144 |
| Forensics | 188 |
| Civil law of foreign countries | 64 |
| Civil procedural law of foreign countries | 64 |
| Administrative law of foreign countries | 64 |
| Housing law | 76 |
| International human rights law | 60 |
| Municipal law of Russia | 132 |
| Russian business law | 108 |
| Commercial law | 96 |
| Family law | 132 |
| Criminology | 144 |
| Penal law | 64 |
| Law enforcement | 108 |
| Prosecutor supervision | 72 |
| Legal psychology | 112 |
LIST OF GENERAL PROFESSIONAL AND SPECIAL DISCIPLINES FOR THE SPECIALTY "JURISPRUDENCE"
Mandatory- Theory of Government and Rights
- History of political and legal doctrines
- History of domestic state and law
- History of the state and law of foreign countries
- Constitutional (state) law of Russia
- Constitutional (state) law of foreign countries
- Civil Law (Gen. h.)
- Civil Law (Particulars)
- Civil procedural law
- Administrative law
- Labor law
- Criminal law
- Criminal Procedure Law (Criminal Procedure)
- Forensics
- International law
- Environmental law
- Land law
- Roman law
- International private law
- Financial right
- Municipal law of Russia
- Family law
- Criminology
- Law enforcement
- Legal psychology
- Penal law
- Prosecutor supervision
- Russian business law
- Commercial law
- Civil law of foreign countries
- Civil procedural law of foreign countries
- Housing law
- International human rights law
- Administrative law of foreign countries
- Comparative jurisprudence
- Comparative theory of law
- Advocacy
- Problems of the theory of state and law
- Customs law
- Basics of information law
- Intellectual property law
- Administrative process
- Legal regulation of financial and information security
- International legal
- Civil - legal
- State - legal
- Criminal - legal
LIST OF DISCIPLINES OF SPECIALIZATIONS ON THE SPECIALTY "JURISPRUDENCE"
- International civil process
- Legal regulation of international transport
- International banking law
- Diplomatic protocol and etiquette
- world Trade organisation
- International bank settlements
- International investment law
- International commercial arbitration
- Legal regulation of foreign trade transactions
- International maritime law
- International family law
- Law of international organizations
- Labor relations in MPP
- EEC law
- CIS law
- International environmental law
- International crime and cooperation of states in the fight against it.
- Social Security Law
- Arbitration process
- Contract law
- Enforcement proceedings
- Pledge law
- Procedural features of consideration of certain categories of civil cases
- Insurance law
- Inheritance law
- Obligatory law
- Legal regulation of real estate transactions
- Legal regulation of labor relations
- Corporate law
- Consumer rights Protection
- Legal regulation of relations in the field of agricultural land turnover
- Bankruptcy
- Notary
- Legal regulation of the securities market
- Banking law
- Fundamentals of auditing
- Accounting automation
- Insurance law
- Inheritance law
- Antidumping measures in foreign trade
- Legal regulation of financial control
- Financial law of foreign countries
- Tax law
- International legal framework for foreign trade
- Administrative and legal regimes in the Russian Federation
- Suffrage
- Administrative responsibility of legal entities
- Civil service in the Russian Federation
- Currency law
- Investment Law
- Legal regulation of bankruptcy procedures
- International financial law
- Accounting basics
- Notary
- Criminal liability issues
- Qualification of crimes against the person
- Theoretical foundations of the classification of crimes
- Crimes against the interests of state power
- Accountability for crimes against public safety
- Responsibility for Crimes in the Sphere of Economic Activity
- Evidence in criminal proceedings
- Juvenile liability issues
- The fight against terrorism in Russia
- Forensic Medicine
- Forensic psychiatry
- Modern problems of criminal law
- Organized crime and the fight against it
- Crime in places of deprivation of liberty and the fight against it
- International crime and cooperation of states in the fight against it
- International criminal law
- Criminal law of foreign countries
- Problems of imposing criminal punishment
- Problems of the general part of criminal law
- Methodology for investigating crimes against the person
- Criminal procedure of foreign countries
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