Old industries. Great Britain: Changes in the structure of the economy and the problems of old industries The newest branch of the world industry is

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The newest industries are high-tech industries. They differ from the rest by their high science intensity, that is, by the highest level of costs for design, experimental, research and scientific work.

Such industries include: the creation of electrical equipment, microelectronics, the manufacture of high-precision radio-electronic instruments, the production of computer technology, computer science, aviation and rocket-building industries, robotics, microbiological, space and nuclear industries, and others.

The newest industrial sectors are classified as high-tech, depending on how deeply a person takes part in the technological process. The less the latter is involved, the higher the technology is considered.

The latest high-tech industries

Among the latest high-tech industries, the following stand out:

Social technologies. This industry is the sum of certain techniques and influences that are applied in order to achieve the set objectives through social development. It is also designed to solve various social problems, change the consciousness of a person and influence him. Examples of such goals, for example, in business, are -tasks for the solution of which technologies such as brain-storming, reflexive game technology, and business games are used. In politics, such a goal can be ideological influence and influence on public opinion. On a national scale, these technologies are used to create plans for the country's development.

Electronics industry and physical research. The most important developments in these industries relate to the study of electrons and electromagnetic fields, microworlds, ways to create ways to store data through electromagnetic energy, and more.

Microelectronics and the creation of artificial intelligence (in the form of computer programs and intelligent machines).

Wireless technologies, telematics and telecommunications. This industry studies and creates ways of transmitting information through laser, optical or other radiation.

Robotics is the most important R&D industry for production intensification.

- the sphere of fundamental and applied sciences, working with practical and theoretical methods of synthesis and analysis of methods of production and use of products with a predetermined atomic structure.

Alternative energy and energy conservation are promising areas that study the receipt, transmission and use of energy. So far, they are not widely spread, but they are interesting with the expected benefits in the future. This type includes nuclear, hydrogen, solar energy, waste processing and water and air purification.

Security systems is the field of study of biometrics and electronic analyzers.

Navigation technologies - creation of tracking systems and data transmission.

Defense and dual-use technology. This type includes technologies that are simultaneously used for the manufacture of weapons and for enterprises in civilian industries. This group includes rocketry, spacecraft and aircraft.

Biotechnological disciplines, microbiology. Explore the possibility of using meth odes of genetic engineering.

Nootropic research. Carrying out developments in the field of neurometabolic stimulants that change the functions of the higher parts of the brain: stimulating mental activity, improving memory, increasing learning ability, resistance to heavy loads and hypoxia.

Bioindustry and pharmaceuticals. This is the sphere of production and study of the latest enzymes, antibiotics, methods of selection using genes.

Old industries

Old industries are industries that emerged at the dawn of industrial development and are currently growing at a slower pace: coal, iron ore, metallurgy, car building, shipbuilding, textile industry, etc.

Finam Financial Dictionary.

See what "Old Industries" is in other dictionaries:

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Watch value Oldest Industries in other dictionaries

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This video tutorial is devoted to the topic "Geography of the world's industry." Thanks to the lesson, you will learn what place the industry occupies in the modern world and economy. The teacher will tell you that depending on the time of origin, all industries are divided into three groups. In addition, the knowledge gained in the previous lessons will be useful to you, because with industrial production, as well as with other sectors of the economy, there have been significant territorial shifts under the influence of scientific and technological revolution.

Theme:Scientific and technological revolution and world economy

Lesson:World industry geography

Industry is the most important branch of the national economy, exerting a decisive influence on the level of development of the productive forces of society. The sectoral structure of industry - the composition and proportion of various sectors and types of production included in it, as well as the dynamics of changes in these shares.

Industry(from the Russian. to hunt, trade) - a set of enterprises engaged in the production of tools, the extraction of raw materials, materials, fuel, energy production and further processing of products. In geography, it is considered as a branch of the economy.

The industry consists of two large groups of industries:

- Mining.

- Processing.

Since the 19th century, industry has been the basis for the development of society. And although today only about one in six people work in industry, this is still a lot - about 17%. Industry is the most important part of the world economy, and at the level of the country's economy it is the industry on which the achievements of the entire national economy of any state depend.

Rice. 1. Moscow Gas Plant. XIX century.

Depending on the time of origin, all industries are usually divided into three groups: old, new and newest industries.

Old industries: coal, iron ore, metallurgical, textile, shipbuilding.

Rice. 2. Shipyard. XIX century.

New industries: automotive, aluminum, plastics.

Latest industries ( emerged in the era of scientific and technological revolution ): microelectronics, nuclear and aerospace production, organic synthesis chemistry, microbiological industry, robotics.

Currently, the role of new and newest branches of industrial production is growing. Leading countries in terms of total industrial production: USA, China, India, Germany, Brazil, Russia, Japan, France, Indonesia, Australia, Italy, etc.

Fuel industry. The importance of the fuel industry is increasing every year, because fuel and energy consumption is increasing. Leading countries in fuel consumption: USA, China, Russia, Japan, India, Germany, France.

The oil industry is the leading branch of the global fuel and energy industry. It has a very strong influence on the world economy, and on world politics as well. The oil industry is highly capital intensive.

Commercial oil production began in the middle of the 19th century. in Russia, Romania, USA, at the beginning of XX century. it is already mined in 20 countries around the world. Currently, about 90 countries of the world are producing oil.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries(English The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries; abbreviated OPEC, English OPEC) is an international intergovernmental organization created by oil-producing countries in order to stabilize oil prices. OPEC includes 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Ecuador, Nigeria, Algeria, UAE, Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya.

Rice. 3. OPEC flag

The world's largest oil producers

(According to the International Energy Agency)


Country	Production, million tons	World market share (%)	Production, million tons	World market share (%)	Production, million tons	World market share (%)
Saudi Arabia






Venezuela
Kazakhstan
Other countries:
World oil production, total:

Countries with the largest oil reserves (billion barrels)
(ondataBP Statistical review of world energy 2011)

Worldwide - 1386.2

Main oil consumers: USA, China, Japan, Germany.

Gas industry. Natural gas provides a lot of energy, is highly transportable, and is a relatively environmentally friendly fuel. The share of natural gas in the structure of world energy consumption is growing every year.

Largest gas producers: Russia, USA, Canada, Iran, Norway, China, Netherlands, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Algeria. The largest natural gas reserves are in Russia, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia. Gas is transported through gas pipelines or in liquefied form.

Rice. 4. Urengoyskoye natural gas field

Coal industry- a branch of industry that includes the extraction (enrichment) and processing (briquetting) of brown and bituminous coal. The way coal is mined depends on the depth of its occurrence. In terms of environmental criteria and working conditions for miners, the coal industry is inferior to the oil and gas industry. Despite this, the coal industry is characterized by resilience and huge reserves of raw materials.

The largest coal-mining countries: China, USA, India, Australia, Russia, Indonesia, South Africa, Germany, Poland. Major coal exporters: Australia, South Africa, Canada.

Rice. 5. Coal mining

Homework

Topic 5, P. 1

1. Name the main regions of oil production.

2. Mark the leading countries in gas reserves on the contour map.

Bibliography

The main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Bustard, 2012 .-- 367 p.

2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10 cl. educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.

3. Rodionova I.A., Elagin S.A., Kholina V.N., Sholudko A.N. Economic, social and political geography: world, regions, countries. Study guide / Ed. prof. I.A. Rodionova. - M .: Econ-Inform, 2008 .-- 492 p.

4. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.

Additional

1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M .: Bustard, 2001 .-- 672 p .: ill., Maps .: color. incl.

2. Lib D., Lib S. The oil factor: how to protect yourself and make a profit during the coming energy crisis = The Oil Factor: How Oil Controls the Economy and Your Financial Future. - M .: "Williams", 2006. - 320 p.

3. Yergin D. Production: The World History of the Struggle for Oil, Money and Power = The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power. - M .: "Alpina Publisher", 2011. - 960 p.

4. Hine N.D. Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production of Oil = Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration, Drilling and Production. - M .: "Olimp-Business", 2010. - 752 p.

Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections

1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and those entering universities. - 2nd ed., Rev. and finished. - M .: AST-PRESS SHKOLA, 2008 .-- 656 p.

2. Oil. Article in TSB.

3. Federal State Statistics Service ().

Literature for preparing for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam

1. Control and measuring materials. Geography: Grade 10 / Comp. E.A. Zhizhina. - M .: VAKO, 2012 .-- 96 p.

2. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E.M. Ambartsumov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009 .-- 80 p.

3. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Astrel, 2010 .-- 221 p.

4. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukov. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2012 .-- 256 p.

5. The most complete edition of typical options for real assignments of the Unified State Exam: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2010 .-- 223 p.

6. State final attestation of 9th grade graduates in a new form. Geography. 2013: Textbook / V.V. Drums. - M .: Intellect-Center, 2013 .-- 80 p.

7. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MCNMO, 2011. - 72 p.

8. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: Eksmo, 2009 .-- 272 p.

9. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook of V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 "/ E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., Stereotype. - M .: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.

10. The most complete edition of typical versions of real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyov. - M .: AST: Astrel, 2009 .-- 250 p.

11. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for training students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.