Aerospace engineering. The aerospace complex is the national treasure of Russia. Small aircraft for civil aviation

Maintaining Russia's leading position in the space industry

Industry

The aerospace industry in terms of development rates surpasses most other industrial sectors and is of great general economic and scientific importance for any state. Modern aerospace enterprises introduce and use the latest scientific and technical achievements, constantly modernize production.

The use of composite materials makes it possible to improve the functional characteristics of space-rocket vehicles.

Development of modern Russian rocket and space technology and equipment

Benefits of using carbon composites

Due to their high specific strength and resistance to high temperatures, as well as resistance to vibration loads and low specific gravity, carbon composites have begun to be widely used in radio space and aviation technology.

The use of composite materials in the aerospace industry can reduce the weight of the final product and thereby reduce operating costs and fuel consumption.

High strength
High rigidity
Weight quality
Resistant to high temperatures, magnetic waves and radiation
High corrosion resistance
Vibration resistance

Aerospace Benefits of Carbon Fiber Composite Parts

The material is tens of times stronger than standard steel grades

Carbon composite connectors are many times more reliable than products made of brass, aluminum, nickel, bronze and stainless steel

Comparative characteristics of carbon fiber and other materials

Fiber type		Tensile strength, MPa	Tensile modulus, GPa	Elongation at break,%	Density, g / cm3
Carbon (based on PAN precursor)	high strength with standard module	3500-5000	200-280	1,4-2,0	1,75-1,80
	high strength medium modulus	4500-7000	280-325	1,7-2,1	1,73-1,81
	highly modular	3500-5000	325-450	0,7-1,4	1,75-1,85
	ultra-high modulus	2500-4000	450-600	0,7-1,0	1,85-1,95
Glass	E-glass	2500-3800	70-75	4,5-4,7	2,5-2,7
Glass	S-glass	4000-4500	80-90	5,0-5,3	2,5
Organic	Aramidnoe	3000-3600	60-180	2,4-3,6	1,45
Organic	Polyethylene	200-3000	5-170	3-80	0,96
Steel	high-strength	1200-2800	200	3,5	7,8
Steel	stainless	800-2000	190	3,0	7,8
Basalt		3000-4800	90-110	3,0	2,6-2,8
Borne		3500-4000	350-400	0,5-0,7	2,6

Application

Carbon fiber is a traditional material for today's aerospace industry. On its basis, body parts and interior parts are made.

Thanks to the fibrous structure, carbon fiber parts redistribute internal stress and block the expansion of small cracks. Consequently, such parts are destroyed less often than metal ones. In addition, antenna reflectors, spacecraft traverses, transition modules and inter-block structures are produced from carbon composites.

5 times lighter than steel

1.8 times lighter than aluminum

Historical reference

It was the aerospace industry that drove the development of mass production of carbon fiber. In the 60s of the last century, the search for an alternative material to the traditional ones led the designers to the conclusion about the efficiency of using carbon. This was due to the fact that this material has high heat resistance, lighter weight, high specific strength and rigidity, resistance to various environments.

The content of the article

AVIATION AND SPACE INDUSTRY, a set of enterprises engaged in the design, production and testing of aircraft, rockets, spacecraft and ships, as well as their engines and on-board equipment (electrical and electronic equipment, etc.). These businesses are owned by the state or private owners. The aerospace industry is of great political and economic importance. It largely determines the industrial potential and prestige of the state: its enterprises supply their products to domestic and foreign markets, provide orders for other sectors of the economy, and provide a large number of jobs.

SALES MARKETS

The sale of aerospace products is carried out in five main areas.

Military aircraft and missiles.

Military aircraft vary in purpose. Fighters intercept enemy aircraft, attack air and ground targets, and perform patrol and reconnaissance flights. The missions of the bombers are to defeat distant ground targets. Attack aircraft are used to destroy nearby objects; they are smaller than bombers and are inferior to them in bomb load. Spotting aircraft operate in conjunction with attack aircraft. The purpose of transport and training aircraft is clear from their names. Certain types of transports, fighters and attack aircraft are used as refueling aircraft or carriers of electronic warfare. Helicopters are especially effective as a means of rescue, but there are types of them that perform the functions of attack aircraft and transport aircraft. There are military aircraft for solving many other special tasks.

Space technology.

Orders for space technology usually come from governments and their agencies. In the United States, these problems are managed by NASA (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in Russia - by the Russian Space Agency. The spacecraft can be manned or unmanned. The vehicles returned to Earth, when entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, first move along a ballistic trajectory, and in the dense layers of the atmosphere and before landing, they use parachutes or wings. An example of a winged vehicle is the US Space Shuttle. Spacecraft are launched into space by launch vehicles. Modified ballistic missiles are often used as launch vehicles. For scientific research in space, special research rockets are also used, the dimensions of which are relatively small.

Air Transport.

People actively use air routes; the demand for large passenger aircraft continues to grow today. The production of civil aircraft is carried out in parallel with the production of military transports. The release of civil aircraft is a kind of defensive reaction of aircraft companies to the vagaries of unstable markets for military and space technology.

Airliners vary in design and size depending on the estimated number of passengers and the range. Larger vehicles are usually used on longer routes. A small plane weighs ~ 10 tons and takes on board up to 10 passengers. The Boeing 747 takes 331 to 550 people and weighs 300 to 400 tons. The Boeing 747-400 has a flight range of almost 13,000 km. Many transport aircraft only carry cargo. The Anglo-French consortium and the Soviet Union at one time produced supersonic airliners. The Anglo-French airliner "Concorde" still operates regular flights.

Small aircraft for civil aviation.

This category includes aircraft used for business and personal purposes. Business jets - usually jet or turboprop - have a capacity of up to 40 people (including the crew) and a payload of 3 to 35 tonnes. Private jets are smaller and usually have piston engines. Private flights are expensive and ultimately waste time; over long distances, private jets do not compete with airliners, and at short distances - with cars.

FEATURES OF THE AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY

The manufacturing equipment of the aerospace industry matches the complexity of its products. It widely uses both the latest machine tools and the manual labor of skilled craftsmen. Many rocket and space technology assemblies require precision machining and must function even more reliably than aircraft products; the production areas of such enterprises are more like laboratories than factory workshops. In contrast, the production of personal airplanes still shares the same sheet metal fabrication methods that were used in aircraft construction in the 1930s. Research and development work precede the release of all new types of products of the aerospace industry, except for small civil aircraft (their production often borrows the results of research from other areas of technology).

For the company's success in the aerospace market, certain conditions are necessary, namely: 1) technical competence and consistency of the staff; 2) sufficient experience in the production of products according to their design developments; 3) skillful organization of sales of finished products; 4) diversification of production; 5) cost effectiveness; 6) financial stability. Airliners and space technology appear to be promising for the long-term development of the industry. The contraction in the arms market, it seems, can be offset by the volume of sales in other market sectors, sufficient to generate acceptable profits. In terms of the pace of development, the aerospace industry has surpassed other industries and has acquired a decisive importance for modern civilization.
see also AEROSPACE AIRCRAFT DESIGN; AERONAVIGATION; AVIATION ON-BOARD INSTRUMENTS; AVIATION POWER PLANT; AVIATION CIVIL; AVIATION-SPACE CONSTRUCTIONS; ROCKET; SPACE RESEARCH AND USE; SPACE SHUTTLE.

The aerospace industry of our industry is a huge complex of enterprises, scientific and production teams. Special importance was attached to the development of aviation and astronautics in the country. We were pioneers in the study of new human capabilities for the development of airspace.

The scientific and technical base of the aerospace complex has always developed in the context of priority funding. This state policy yielded results - by the beginning of the 90s, a single unique experimental and experimental base was created in the country, representing a truly national wealth. Only the aviation industry in Russia today has 336 enterprises, including 126 serial plants and 134 design bureaus, 6 state research centers and 15 research institutes. The scientific and technical potential of aircraft research institutes and design bureaus allows the development, testing and serial production of aircraft for any purpose. A similar base is available only in the leading companies in the USA, England and Germany.

1992-1998 there was a significant reduction in the production of aircraft. In particular, the production of civil aircraft and helicopters has decreased 15 times. But, nevertheless, if in 1995-1997. the decrease in the volume of production continued, then already in 1998 the decline in the output of civilian products slowed down and there was some growth in the total volume. However, it happened due to the export of arms and military equipment.

On the whole, I think, the current state of the aviation industry in the Russian Federation does not in any way correspond to its role and significance in ensuring national security, meeting transport needs and solving other national economic problems. Today the situation is determined by problems of both general nature and specific to the aviation industry. A special feature is that enterprises have already spent funds for the development of serial production of new aircraft. The production facilities are basically preserved and are ready to be used to increase the production of the latest aircraft and helicopters. Both foreign and domestic investments can be attracted only if aviation equipment is liquid (the possibility of pledging it with the virtual absence of state support in the form of government guarantees), which is achievable only upon obtaining a Western certificate of airworthiness.

The stabilization and development of aviation industry enterprises today is possible only with the implementation of a set of measures aimed at solving the priority problems of the industry and determining its future prospects. This is the restructuring of debts to the budgets of all levels, primarily to enterprises that have maintained a steady production of aircraft and helicopters; approval of the Concept for the development of civil aviation equipment for the period up to 2015 and the development of principles for financing these works from the budget on a repayable basis, that is, the provision of funds mainly to integrated structures focused on the creation of a specific project; development and submission to the State Duma of the draft Federal Law “On Aviation Leasing”, which provides, among other things, for leasing companies with government guarantees of up to 85% of the cost of the leasing project, as well as the application of effective accelerated depreciation rates to aircraft that are objects of financial leasing; introduction of a moratorium for several years on the sale of shares in federal-owned enterprises; maximum use of the released production capacities in the interests of the regions; accelerating the conclusion of an intergovernmental agreement on aviation security with the European Community, similar to the one concluded with the United States in 1998.

The expansion of the scale of the exploration and use of outer space has now become one of the world's leading trends. Understanding the strategic importance of space has led to the fact that more than 120 countries are already engaged in space activities, and 20 of them are very active. The basis of the space activity of our country is a successfully operating orbital group of vehicles and a potential created over 50 years (the rocket and space industry, cosmodromes, flight control and cosmonaut training centers, a unique experimental testing base and highly qualified personnel). Without this powerful potential, not a single large-scale socio-economic, information and defense program can be effectively implemented at present.

The peculiarities of the Russian Federation are a huge range of territories, potentially rich, but largely unexplored natural resources, a large length of sea and land borders. However, despite the extremely important role of space assets in ensuring national defense and security, economic development and international cooperation, space programs do not receive real state support corresponding to their importance. The level of funding provided by the Federal Law “On Space Activities” in the amount of up to 1% of GDP is not provided. Chronic underfunding in 1996-1998 led to a threatening situation in the implementation of both the Federal Space Program and international obligations. In 1997, the government's debt amounted to 1.7 billion rubles. The difficult situation persisted in 1998. Almost all of this puts the enterprises and organizations of the rocket and space complex on the brink of bankruptcy, the outflow of qualified personnel continues from the industry.

Without emergency measures, the space infrastructure will start to fall apart. We understand that the security and status of the Russian Federation as a space power depend on further decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Taking into account the special importance of space activities in the state defense order for 1999 and subsequent years, it is planned to provide priority and stable financing of the industry in the interests of defense, security, economy, science and international cooperation in the amount of 0.35-0.4% of GDP, as well as to attract funds from extrabudgetary sources for earmarked and additional funding. At the same time, the allocated funds will be directed to solving the most important tasks: monitoring the natural environment, providing weather services, monitoring emergency situations; coordinate-time support; salvation of those in distress; ensuring a unified information space, security, continuous communication, radio and television broadcasting; development of orbital manned flights, creation of new materials and high-purity substances; obtaining fundamental results in various scientific fields, including in the context of international integration; implementation of international agreements on the creation of the International Space Station, astrophysical observations and planetary exploration; global oversight of the military and economic activities of states, control of arms reduction treaties and other aspects of defense and security.

At the same time, I would like to note that one of the ways to significantly increase the efficiency of space activities is to pool efforts at the interstate level through the establishment of close ties with the national space agencies of the countries of the world. An important place in Russia's international space activities is occupied by its participation in the work of UN bodies, intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations. To date, intergovernmental and interstate agreements on cooperation in space activities have been concluded with 15 countries, and inter-agency agreements with 14. Including with the USA, France, Japan, Germany, China, India, Canada, all CIS countries and many others.

Relying on its space potential, the Russian Federation can stabilize the economy, provide a qualitatively new level of solving defense problems and tasks of international cooperation, and strengthen its positions in the world community. One of the promising areas of interaction between countries in space is becoming military-technical cooperation (MTC) in ensuring global international security in all its aspects, and therefore in ensuring political stability over vast territories, up to entire continents.

Experts not only in Russia, but also in other states came to the conclusion about the possibility of military technical cooperation in creating an integrated system of global security for the world community. An integrated system of space and ground-based means of collective use could include the world system of environmental observation of the Earth; a comprehensive system for monitoring and controlling military activities; television and relay systems; navigation and search and rescue system integrated with ground services; system of meteorological support. Such an integrated system is capable of ensuring the implementation of measures to maintain political security aimed at excluding exacerbation of international relations. The possibility of creating a European space observation system is currently being considered. Russia's integration into international space activities helps to strengthen its position in the world community, strengthen its authority and influence, as well as the understanding of our interests by other countries.

Another important problem today is military-technical cooperation. Military-technical cooperation with foreign countries is one of the main areas of work of the military-industrial complex, which gives a significant return and the opportunity to receive significant financial support for the aerospace industry. In the external market, we successfully compete with other countries. As you know, a special government commission coordinates the work of various enterprises in the field of military-technical cooperation. The current operational work on interaction is carried out by the Ministry of Trade of Russia. Its tasks include coordinating the actions of subjects of military technical cooperation in the world arms market. These entities are state-owned intermediary companies - Rosvooruzhenie, Promexport, Russian Technologies, as well as the manufacturers of military equipment themselves, which have received the right to independently enter the market.

As for the largest company Rosvooruzhenie, after the change of its leadership, prompt measures are needed to restore settlements with manufacturers of weapons and military equipment. Urgent negotiations are required to replace Inkombank and Oneximbank with others that are more financially stable. Measures should be developed to increase the volume of exports. Compared to 1996, it decreased by more than $ 1 billion, and for 9 months of last year, the delivery plan was implemented only by 45%.

Among the priority tasks in the field of military-technical cooperation is improving the coordination of firms' actions in the foreign market. Companies abroad must pursue a unified state policy, therefore, any competition between Russian subjects of military-technical cooperation must be excluded. Special attention should be paid to significant contracts for the supply of Su-30MKI to India, ships to China and others. Until now, this work has not been up to date.

Along with this, it is planned to continue work on technical assistance and the creation of large facilities (airfields, repair plants). We have real opportunities to significantly increase the number of contracts for the repair and modernization of equipment previously supplied abroad. It is necessary to “turn to face” the so-called small contracts, the supply of spare parts and components. If we do not intensify work on the additional equipment and construction of special facilities abroad, then our competitors will intercept it.

Another direction in the military-technical cooperation is the conclusion of contracts for the performance of research and design work, including in international cooperation. We have proposals from Boeing, McDonald Douglas, British Aerospace for the joint development of weapons systems, including for third countries. We are carefully studying them and the Government will do its utmost to promote cooperation in this area.

In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that only a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of aviation and astronautics will make it possible to preserve the industrial, scientific and personnel potential of these industries, which are national treasures. The prudent use of this potential can be a source of scientific and technological progress in all areas of science, technology, economy and defense of the country, which will provide Russia with a worthy place in the world community.

Aerospace industrial complex - the national treasure of Russia

Stabilization and further development of space and aviation enterprises are possible only if the state draws up and materialize a comprehensive set of measures aimed at solving acute problems of the aerospace industry. This set of measures should include re-structuring of debts accumulated by the enterprises before the budgets of all levels, as well as validation of the Concept for civil aircraft development in the period up to the year 2015. What is also needed is to prepare workable financial schemes to handle the problem of investments into expensive research-and-development programs. Moreover, it is necessary to prepare and put into force a federal law on leasing operations with civil aircraft. Taking account of a high importance of space activities, reflected in the State military order for 1999 and the following years, it is planned to give space programs a high priority in terms of allocating budgetary funds. These plans call for providing the space industry with guaranteed financing, amounting to 0.35-0.4% of the gross national product (GNP).

20th February 1999 9:38. Category Views: 2233

Production of civilian helicopters in Russia in 1997-2009, units

Main article: Aviation industry of Russia

Strategy for the development of the Russian aviation industry for the period up to 2015 Assets of the Russian aircraft industry are concentrated in two specialized integrated structures: the United Aircraft Corporation (it includes the largest aircraft manufacturing enterprises) and Oboronprom (it includes the largest helicopter and engine manufacturing enterprises). These companies include 214 enterprises and organizations, including 103 industrial, 102 research institutes and design bureaus. The total number of people employed in the Russian aviation industry is more than 411 thousand people. The largest scientific centers of aircraft construction are: VIAM, TsIAM, TsAGI, LII, GosNIIAS, ONPO "Technology".

In terms of the volume of military aircraft production, Russia is in second place in the world, helicopter manufacturing is in third place in the world (6% of the world helicopter market).

In 2010, the revenue of Russian aviation enterprises amounted to more than 504 billion rubles, of which 31% was the share of aircraft construction, 18% - helicopter construction, 24% - engine construction, 8% - aggregate construction, 11% - instrument engineering, 8% - production of special equipment. More than 100 military aircraft were produced in Russia this year.

After the BRIC summit in April 2010, it became known that negotiations are underway with the Brazilian aerospace corporation Embraer on the joint development and production of an aircraft for Russian regional aviation. Probably, we are talking about using the capacities of the Kazan Aviation Plant.

There are estimates according to which, in the event of a merger of the Russian and Ukrainian aviation industries, the aircraft builders of the two countries are able to form the third most important - after the United States and Western Europe - the center of world aircraft construction. In April 2010, the UAC and the Ukrainian state-owned company Antonov agreed to establish a company to coordinate the joint production of An-124 aircraft, the production of An-148, An-70 and An-140 aircraft. It is also assumed that UAC will gain control over Antonov in exchange for a block of shares in UAC.

Russian manufacturers of the aviation industry cooperate (cooperation, joint production) with almost all the world's leading manufacturers, including Boeing corporations, Airbus, Snecma, Brazilian Embraer, a number of Italian concerns from the Finmeccanica group (for example, Agusta Westland, Alenia Aeronautica), with French manufacturers ( 12 companies), with Chinese manufacturers, with a number of Ukrainian factories.

Recently, Russian aircraft manufacturers have signed multibillion-dollar firm contracts for the supply of civil aircraft to foreign air carriers (SSJ-100 and MS-21, totaling more than $ 7 billion).

The structure of Roskosmos, according to the agency's official website, includes 66 enterprises. ... The largest enterprises of the space industry:

OJSC RSC Energia im. S. P. Koroleva ",
GKNPTs them. M. V. Khrunicheva,
Information satellite systems named after academician M.F. Reshetnev
TsSKB-Progress,
NPO Mashinostroeniya,
JSC NPO Energomash named after academician V.P. Glushko,
JSC "State Rocket Center named after Academician V. P. Makeev" (JSC "GRTs Makeev"),
Research and Production Association named after S. A. Lavochkina.

As of 2006, Russia had about 11% of the world market for space services. According to the State Strategy for the Development of the Rocket and Space Industry, the share of products of the Russian rocket and space industry in the world market by 2015 should reach 15%.

In terms of the intensity of space activity (by the number of launched spacecraft and the number of launched spacecraft), Russia has occupied a leading position over the past few years.

In terms of funding for civil space activities, according to recent data, Russia ranks sixth in the world.

At present, the Roscosmos agency has concluded intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in space activities with 19 countries; among them the USA, Japan, India, Brazil, Sweden, Argentina and countries belonging to the European Space Agency (ESA)

In March 2010, France ordered 14 Soyuz carrier rockets from Russia for $ 1 billion. In November 2011, in the light of the successful cooperation between the Russian Federation and France during the preparation and launch of the launch vehicle from the French Kourou cosmodrome, it became known that a contract had been concluded for the construction of 21 Soyuz launch vehicles, the estimated cost of at least 32 billion rubles. (in addition to this contract, Russian and French specialists will also develop a new generation launch vehicle)

See also the International Aviation and Space Salon (MAKS) (Contracts were signed in the amount of: in 2005 - $ 5 billion, in 2007 - $ 3 billion, in 2009 - $ 10 billion).

AVIATION AND SPACE INDUSTRY
a set of enterprises engaged in the design, production and testing of aircraft, rockets, spacecraft and ships, as well as their engines and on-board equipment (electrical and electronic equipment, etc.). These businesses are owned by the state or private owners. The aerospace industry is of great political and economic importance. It largely determines the industrial potential and prestige of the state: its enterprises supply their products to domestic and foreign markets, provide orders for other sectors of the economy, and provide a large number of jobs.
SALES MARKETS
The sale of aerospace products is carried out in five main areas.
Military aircraft and missiles. Military aircraft vary in purpose. Fighters intercept enemy aircraft, attack air and ground targets, and perform patrol and reconnaissance flights. The missions of the bombers are to defeat distant ground targets. Attack aircraft are used to destroy nearby objects; they are smaller than bombers and are inferior to them in bomb load. Spotting aircraft operate in conjunction with attack aircraft. The purpose of transport and training aircraft is clear from their names. Certain types of transports, fighters and attack aircraft are used as refueling aircraft or carriers of electronic warfare. Helicopters are especially effective as a means of rescue, but there are types of them that perform the functions of attack aircraft and transport aircraft. There are military aircraft for solving many other special tasks.

FLIGHT TESTS of the F-117 Stealth fighter, one of the most advanced twin-engine aircraft of this type.

START OF BALLISTIC ROCKET "Trident". On the right is the mast of a nuclear submarine that launched a missile.

The purpose of combat missiles is related to their size. Ballistic missiles are usually heavy and large in size; the largest of them are intercontinental. The main part of the trajectory of such rockets lies outside the earth's atmosphere. Smaller missiles are usually designed for ranges up to hundreds of kilometers and are controlled throughout the flight; the smallest of these are classified as projectiles.
Space technology. Orders for space technology usually come from governments and their agencies. In the United States, these problems are managed by NASA (NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration) - the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, in Russia - by the Russian Space Agency. The spacecraft can be manned or unmanned. The vehicles returned to Earth, when entering the dense layers of the atmosphere, first move along a ballistic trajectory, and in the dense layers of the atmosphere and before landing, they use parachutes or wings. An example of a winged vehicle is the US Space Shuttle. Spacecraft are launched into space by launch vehicles. Modified ballistic missiles are often used as launch vehicles. For scientific research in space, special research rockets are also used, the dimensions of which are relatively small.

ROCKET START "Ariane" (European Space Agency).

RESEARCH SATELLITE "Pioneer A"

Space can be used for a variety of purposes - commercial, scientific and military. In recent decades, military programs have intensified, therefore, to protect the country from attack from space, the TsUKOS of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and the Office of Space Systems of the US Air Force were created with the task of using and maintaining artificial earth satellites. The creation of the Shuttle aerospace transport system was supposed to reduce the cost of this service.
Air Transport. People actively use air routes; the demand for large passenger aircraft continues to grow today. The production of civil aircraft is carried out in parallel with the production of military transports. The release of civil aircraft is a kind of defensive reaction of aircraft companies to the vagaries of unstable markets for military and space technology. Airliners vary in design and size depending on the estimated number of passengers and the range. Larger vehicles are usually used on longer routes. The small plane weighs 10 tonnes in the AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY and takes on board up to 10 passengers. The Boeing 747 takes 331 to 550 people and weighs 300 to 400 tons. The Boeing 747-400 has a flight range of almost 13,000 km. Many transport aircraft only carry cargo. The Anglo-French consortium and the Soviet Union at one time produced supersonic airliners. The Anglo-French airliner "Concorde" still operates regular flights.

PASSENGER AIRLINER "Boeing-747" in the assembly shop of the Seattle aircraft plant.

Small aircraft for civil aviation. This category includes aircraft used for business and personal purposes. Business jets - usually jet or turboprop - have a capacity of up to 40 people (including the crew) and a payload of 3 to 35 tonnes. Private jets are smaller and usually have piston engines. Private flights are expensive and ultimately waste time; over long distances, private jets do not compete with airliners, and at short distances - with cars.
FEATURES OF THE AIRCRAFT AND SPACE INDUSTRY
The manufacturing equipment of the aerospace industry matches the complexity of its products. It widely uses both the latest machine tools and the manual labor of skilled craftsmen. Many rocket and space technology assemblies require precision machining and must function even more reliably than aircraft products; the production areas of such enterprises are more like laboratories than factory workshops. In contrast, the production of personal airplanes still shares the same sheet metal fabrication methods that were used in aircraft construction in the 1930s. Research and development work precede the release of all new types of products of the aerospace industry, except for small civil aircraft (their production often borrows the results of research from other areas of technology). For the company's success in the aerospace market, certain conditions are necessary, namely: 1) technical competence and consistency of the staff; 2) sufficient experience in the production of products according to their design developments; 3) skillful organization of sales of finished products; 4) diversification of production; 5) cost effectiveness; 6) financial stability. Airliners and space technology appear to be promising for the long-term development of the industry. The contraction in the arms market, it seems, can be offset by the volume of sales in other market sectors, sufficient to generate acceptable profits. In terms of the pace of development, the aerospace industry has surpassed other industries and has acquired a decisive importance for modern civilization.
see also
AEROSPACE AIRCRAFT DESIGN;
AERONAVIGATION;
AVIATION ON-BOARD INSTRUMENTS;
AVIATION POWER PLANT;
AVIATION CIVIL;
AVIATION-SPACE CONSTRUCTIONS;
ROCKET;
SPACE RESEARCH AND USE;
SPACE SHUTTLE.
LITERATURE
Gimmelfarb A.D. The basics of design in aircraft construction. M., 1980 Technology of aircraft construction. M., 1982 Gatland K. et al. Space technology: an illustrated encyclopedia. M., 1985 Glushko V.P. The development of rocketry and astronautics in the USSR. M., 1987 Svishchev G.P. Aviation: an encyclopedia. M., 1994

Collier's Encyclopedia. - Open Society. 2000 .

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