What is a plan of the area. Site plan and geographic map Symbols on the site plan

Which shows a small area of ​​the terrain on a large scale. If the area plan is drawn up on a smaller scale (from 1:10 000 to 1 000 000), then such a plan is called topographic map... A terrain plan is used in various domestic, tourist and economic areas for orientation on the terrain.

Knowing how to plan a small area of ​​the area, you can make a plan for a large area. The work of drawing large plans is complex, requires great precision and is performed by specialist topographers with the help of precision instruments. When creating plans, topographers use various instruments, with the help of which they accurately determine the position of geographic objects, the distance between them, and their height. Very often, for drawing up plans, they use aerial photographs, that is, photographs of the terrain taken from an airplane. On the plan, we see the terrain from above, like from an airplane, reduced many times.

Creation of a plan of the area

Suppose that it is necessary to draw up a plan of the area depicted in the figure (Fig. 19).

Having installed a tripod with a tablet near the spruce (from here we will start shooting), draw a linear scale and draw an arrow showing the north-south direction. Now we place the tablet so that the direction of the arrow on the plan coincides with the direction of the compass arrow, that is, we orient the tablet along the sides of the horizon.

All local objects that we come across during the shooting, we will put on the plan with conventional topographic signs.

First of all, on the plan, you should depict a tree from which we start shooting, and stick a pin near the symbol "tree". This will be our starting point.

Now, putting the target ruler on the tablet so that its edge touches the pin, aim with its upper edge at another tree growing near the bend in the road, and draw a line of sight on the plan.

After that, we can draw a segment of the path from the tree to the bend of the road on the plan with a conventional sign. To do this, we measure the length of the road section and plot this distance on the plan to scale. In addition, using conventional signs, we show that there is a bush to the right of the road, and a meadow to the left. The second stop will be at a bend in the road. Here we set up a tripod, orient the tablet, draw trees with conventional signs and, sticking a pin, sight on the bridge.

Moving from the trees to the bridge, we stop at the house and put it on the plan. Then we apply the bridge. The width of the river can be measured by crossing the bridge and shown to scale on the plan. You can determine the direction of the flow of water in the river and denote it on the plan with an arrow.

In this way, a plan is made for a small area of ​​the terrain. Ultimately, the plan should look like this (Fig. 20).

Now, more and more, when drawing up plans, they use photographs of the terrain taken from an airplane. Such photographs are called aerial photographs, and the process is called aerial photography. Using these images, specialists draw up plans of the area quite quickly and accurately.

First, the scale of the plan is large, for example: at 1 cm - 200 m. Geographic maps, on the other hand, have a small scale.

1. Consider an aerial photograph and a plan of the same area on flyleaf 1 in the textbook. Write down how they differ. What information is missing from the aerial photograph, but is there on the terrain plan?

Answer:

The aerial photograph is absent, but the terrain plan contains the following information: the scale of the plan, the water's edge, absolute heights and elevation lines on the terrain, the names of settlements and geographical objects, the species of trees have been clarified, as well as some triplets.

2. Fill in the table, indicating the types of images of the Earth's surface, their advantages and disadvantages.

Answer:

3. Draw your own conventional signs.

Answer:

4. Consider the symbols in the figure. Self-sign the meaning of each symbol. Check yourself on the atlas and rate your work.

Answer:

Why do you think these symbols were combined into three groups?

Answer:

Vegetation, Hydrography, Settlements and Transport routes.

5. Establish a correspondence between conventional signs and their meanings.

Answer:

6. Three mistakes were made in the construction of the area plan. Write them out

Answer:

The numerical, named, linear scale of the plan is not indicated. It is not signed how many meters the contours are drawn.

7. Consider the plan of the area in the picture. Imagine that you are walking along the highway from the village of Berezkino to the village of Rechnoye. List all the objects that you come across along the way.

Answer:

Road, bridge, Kamelanka river, machine-tractor workshop, well, windmill, silo, buildings.

What is a site plan... To carry out many household works: building houses and roads, planning tourist routes - you need a very detailed image of the area, on which each house would be applied, and sometimes even a separate tree. Such an image is called a plan of the area. This is a drawing of a small area of ​​the earth's surface, made with conventional signs on a large scale.

Look at figure 1. It shows a plan of the area.

The unevenness of the Earth's surface on the plans is shown with the help of special lines - contour lines - and elevation marks. Horizontals - lines on a plan or map connecting points on the earth's surface with the same height 89 above sea level or above the level taken as a reference point. Determine how many meters the contours are drawn on the plan shown on the endpaper of the textbook.

Look at Figure 2. Note: if the slope is steep, the horizontal lines on the plan will be located close to each other, but if it is gentle, they will be far away. Small lines drawn perpendicular to the contours - bergstrokes show in which direction the slope is going down.

1. Site plan. 2. The relief on the terrain plans is depicted using contour lines. 4. Central part of St. Petersburg. 5. Plan of the central part of St. Petersburg.

Geographic objects on the terrain plans are depicted with special conventional signs. The direction from south to north on the ground plan is usually indicated by an arrow.

City plans convey information about the location of streets and squares, water bodies (lakes, rivers), as well as architectural and historical monuments.

It is very important to be able to use the site plan. So, for example, being in an unfamiliar city, but having its plan, you can find the desired street, shop, pharmacy, museum. The builders, using the terrain plan, decide where it is better to build a new road, to build settlements in the newly developed areas.

Distinctive features of the area plan from the geographical map... A terrain plan and a geographical map is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane where geographic objects are depicted by conventional symbols. But the plan of the area and the geographical map have the following distinctive features.

1. The plans depict small areas - an orchard, a school site, a city area, etc. Therefore, they are drawn on the largest scales, for example, "1 cm - 5 m" or "1 cm - 25 m". And the maps show much larger territories, for example, a region, region, republic, state, mainland and even the world as a whole. And they draw them on a smaller scale, for example, in "1 cm - 1 km" or in "1 cm - 100 km".
2. When constructing plans, the spherical shape of the Earth is not taken into account, and it is considered that the surface areas shown on the plans are flat. On the contrary, when building maps, the shape of the planet is always taken into account.
3. Meridians and parallels are necessarily drawn on maps, but not on plans. On the plans, the direction to the north is, as a rule, the direction up, to the south - down, to the east - to the right, to the west - to the left. On the map, the direction to the north - south is determined by the meridians, to the west - east - by the parallels.
4. The plans are detailed images of the area. Various objects according to their outlines and sizes are shown on the plans the same as they really are, but only reduced in scale. On maps, most of the objects are depicted without preserving their outlines and sizes to scale.

Questions and tasks

Tasks 1-7 are carried out according to the plan of the area on the flyleaf of the textbook.

1. Consider the site plan carefully. In what direction and at what distance from the ferry on the river Nit is the windmill?

1-2. Symbols of the plan of the area.

1. You argued with your friends who will get to the ferry faster. You will move by bike from the village of Lesnoy, and your rivals will walk from the end of the ravine. Who will win the argument?
2. You are going on an exciting trip for the weekend. In which direction will you sail on the raft along the Nit River?
3. You need to ride a bike from the village of Petrovo to the ferry and back. Which way will it be easier for you to go?
4. Determine the azimuth from the ferry to the windmill using a protractor.
5. On which bank of the Nit River is the mixed forest located?
6. What forest will you meet on the way from the ferry to the village of Petrovo?
7. Ilya Muromets mounted a good horse and rode out of the village. After driving on a dirt road past a windmill through a field, he entered a mixed forest. A narrow path led him to a crossroads, from where there was a clearing to the right, leading to the forester's house, to the left - a walking path to the swamp, and straight ahead - an improved dirt road to a spring with living water. Draw the path of Ilya Muromets with conventional signs.
8. Find in the text of the paragraph how the area plan differs from a geographical map, and systematize their features in a notebook in the form of a table:

How are terrain objects indicated on the plan? What is the use of the plan in human economic activity?

Look closely at Figure 16. Here, the wavy long blue line is the river; the area with the image of a tree is a forest; small brown dots - sand; numerous boxes - houses, villages; green area with small circles - garden.

Rice. 16. Site plan.

Plan terrain is called an image on top of a small area of ​​the Earth's surface on paper in a reduced form (in Latin planum - plane).
According to the plan, you can find out the general features of the area, the location of objects and accurately determine the distance between them.
The shape of the objects on the plan is the top view of the objects. Therefore, one-, two- and multi-storey buildings look the same, since only the area they occupy is applied to the paper (Fig. 17).

Rice. 17. Drawing terrain objects on the plan.

To distinguish objects on the plan, it becomes necessary to write their names on top. But then the whole drawing would consist of inscriptions. And it would be difficult to understand such a drawing. Therefore, in order to make it easy to imagine the nature of the area, use conventional signs(fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Symbols.

In many cases, the drawing or color of conventional signs shows the features of the objects depicted on the plan. For example, the designations of a lone tree, a windmill, a road sign, and many other signs resemble their appearance. A group of homogeneous objects closely related to each other, occupying a certain surface of the earth, is painted with homogeneous paints. For example, the water surface is painted with blue paint, the forest is green, the area with the designation of shrub plants is pale green, etc.

3. Absolute and relative heights. To depict the relief of the earth's surface on the plan, it is necessary to know the heights of the points. There are mountains, hills, lowlands on earth. How high or low they are can be found by comparing their heights relative to the same level. The surface of the ocean or sea is taken as the initial level, which is taken as 0.
Absolute height call the height of a point on the earth's surface, measured from sea or ocean level (in Latin absolute- unlimited, unconditional). On the territory of the former Soviet Union, the absolute height of the earth's surface is measured relative to the level of the Baltic Sea. There the height is Ohm.

Rice. 19. Positive and negative altitudes.

The height of points located above sea level is considered positive, and those located below - negative (Fig. 19). The difference in height from one point on the earth's surface to another is called relative altitude.
For example, if the top of a hill is 20 m higher than its base, then this will be the relative height. The relative heights on the earth's surface are determined using the instrument level.

Rice. 20. Level.

The simplest level can be easily made by yourself. A wooden plank is nailed horizontally onto the top of the 1 m high rail. A plumb line is installed on it on a cord, which is used to check the correctness of the level of the bar (Fig. 20).
To determine the height of the hill, one student, standing at the foot of the hill, directs the level to its slope. The second student drives the peg into the indicated location. This means that the place of the hammered peg from the level is 1 m higher. Next, the level is transferred to the peg and directed to the next point. Thus, moving up the slope, determine the relative height of the top of the hill from its bottom (Fig. 21).

Rice. 21. Measuring the height of the hill.

4. Horizontal lines. On the terrain plan and topographic map, the relief of the earth's surface is depicted horizontal lines(in Greek horizon - delimiting). Contours are lines that connect points with the same height.

Horizontal lines can be compared to water level lines located at a certain height of the earth's surface. Figure 22 shows how the water level, as it rises, gradually fills the hill. 1 - water floods the bottom of the hill. 2, 3, 4 - water, which rises 1 meter each time, floods certain parts of the hill.

Rice. 22. The image of the hill by horizontals.

The contours on topographic maps are drawn through certain heights (1 m, 2.5 m, 5 m, 10 m, etc.). The magnitude of these heights depends on the scale of the map and on the nature of the earth's surface. For example, on a topographic map with a scale of 1: 10,000, on a flat plain, horizontal lines are drawn every 2.5 m, and on hilly terrain - every 5.0 m.
To easily determine the nature of the earth's surface, numbers on the map indicate the heights of some contours and points. The upper part of the figure is always directed upwards, and the lower part is directed towards the lowering of the height. In addition, the direction of the slope is shown by a line perpendicular to the horizontals bergstrich(in German berg- mountain, hatch- line) (fig. 23).

Rice. 23. Determination of the difference in relief forms by numbers and bergstrikh. The location of the numbers shows the rise and fall of the terrain.

Some forms of the earth's surface (cliffs, ravines, etc.), which cannot be designated by horizontals, are depicted using additional conventional signs.

5. The significance of the plan for human activity. A plan is essential in daily life. Before any major construction of a plant, factory and hydroelectric power plant can begin, a plan of the area must be drawn. To make a road, build a building, you need a plan. The agricultural specialist also plans the sowing work. The plan helps you navigate the area when hiking and traveling. Therefore, the ability to understand the plan, to put it on paper, if necessary, is very beneficial.

1. What is a plan?

2. How is the surface of the earth depicted on the plan?

3. What is called absolute and relative altitude?

4. What are contours? five.

What is bergstrich used for?

6. What is the use of the plan in human economic activity?

7. Draw conventional signs in a notebook and remember what they mean.

8. Using a level, determine the height of the hill or the depth of the ravine.

Before making a decision on the construction of any economic facility, on the laying of roads, on the placement of land, it is necessary to have an image of the area. It can be in the form of a drawing or photograph. They are usually made from the surface of the Earth, so it is not always visible on them what size and shape this area has, some objects obscure others. The image of the terrain can be in the form in which the terrain is shown from above, however, not all objects on them resemble their actual view on the terrain, not all objects of the terrain can be identified (a detached tree, bush, key, mill). Aerial photographs do not show the names of settlements, it is difficult to identify here the trees that make up the forests. The most convenient and complete way of depicting a terrain is a plan.

A terrain plan is a drawing that depicts a small part of the earth's surface from above in a reduced form. It shows what the area is doing, what objects are located on it. According to the terrain plan, you can determine the relative position of these objects, the distance between them, a given place and much more.

The significance of the site plan is enormous. He is a faithful assistant to man in the study of nature, housekeeping, for tourism and in the defense of the country. In agriculture, the area plan is necessary for the placement of agricultural facilities, determination of the size of arable land, hayfields, pastures. According to the plans, the site for the construction of economic facilities, buildings, the laying of roads, communication routes, and power lines is established. All these objects are first outlined on the terrain plan. All emergency services have such plans. They allow you to quickly approach the scene of the accident.

The terrain plan, as well as, is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane. But the plan is different from.

The plan depicts small areas of the terrain, so they are drawn on a large scale, for example, 1 cm - 5 km. The maps show significant areas of the terrain - the mainland, the state, the world as a whole. And draw them on a smaller scale: 1 cm - 1 km, or 1 cm - 100 km, 1 cm - 250 km.

When building plans, the curvature of the spherical surface of the Earth is not taken into account and it is considered that the surface areas are a plane. When building maps, the curvature of the earth's surface is always taken into account.

The plans are very detailed depictions of the area, right down to the freestanding tree. The maps show only large objects: large rivers, lakes, mountains, cities. On the plan of Moscow, many streets are clearly visible, and on the map Moscow is indicated by an asterisk.