The fastest submarine in the world. The fastest submarine in the world The fastest submarine in the world

On April 7, 1989, one of the largest tragedies in the history of the Russian Navy's submarine forces took place. As a result of a sudden fire in the Norwegian Sea, the submarine "Komsomolets", the only submarine of the project 685 "Plavnik", sank to this day, which is still considered the record holder for diving depth. For centuries, people dreamed of building ships that could move under water, but the first real submarines were not built until the 19th century. And then they were used for military purposes. Currently, submarines are used in the navies of 33 countries, including Russia. And it is the domestic submarines that hold a number of world records: diving depth, speed, maneuverability and hull size.

The deepest submarine - K-278 "Komsomolets" (project 685 "Plavnik")

Work on this project began in the USSR in 1966. His goal was to create a submarine with an increased immersion depth, making it invulnerable to enemy weapons and radars. The task turned out to be difficult: the design phase lasted almost 8 years and was completed only in 1974. The construction of the K-278 submarine of the Fin project took a little over five years, from April 22, 1978 to May 3, 1983, when the submarine was launched. After successful sea trials, the K-278 entered the Northern Fleet and in August 1984 set a world record for diving depth - 1020 meters. At the same time, the Fin was not only capable of being at this depth without harm to itself, but also made torpedo firing from it. It was assumed that the maximum immersion depth for this submarine will be 1250 meters. In February 1989, the K-278 was named "Komsomolets". NATO military specialists, who did not know the official names of Soviet military equipment, gave the Komsomolets the code designation Mike. This submarine was the pride of the Russian submarine building. Unfortunately, she managed to complete only three military services.
At 11 a.m. on April 7, 1989, during the return of the submarine from the last mission, a fire broke out inside it, which could not be liquidated. At 11.14 "Komsomolets" surfaced, but the fire continued. By this time, rescue ships were already heading for the submarine in distress. At about 16.30, a series of explosions occurred inside the K-278, and water began to penetrate into the aft compartments. The crew began to prepare for the evacuation, but events developed too quickly. At 17.08 the submarine sank. The rescue ship that arrived at the scene managed to save only 27 of the 69 crew members. It was not possible to establish the exact causes of the tragedy. According to one version, the whole thing was in the design flaws of the K-278, according to others - in the inept actions of the crew. Currently, the sunken Komsomolets lies at the bottom of the Norwegian Sea.

The largest submarine - "Akula" (project 941)

In the early 1970s, a project was launched in the United States of America to create a new solid-propellant missile with a range of more than 7,000 km, as well as nuclear submarines with an increased level of stealth and the ability to carry 24 such missiles. This series of submarines was named "Ohio". In response to this, the USSR began the development of new R-39 (RSM-52) intercontinental ballistic missiles. In terms of flight range (more than 8300 km), as well as some other characteristics, the R-52 was superior to the new American Trident I missile, but it was almost twice as long and three times heavier. For such missiles, new missile submarine cruisers were needed. This is how Project 941 Akula submarines were created, which became the largest submarines in the world. In the NATO classification, they were named SSBN Typhoon. On September 23, 1980, the first Shark was launched. Its greatest length (that is, the distance between the points of the ship most distant from each other along the length) is 172 meters, the greatest width is 23.3 meters. The Akula's underwater displacement is more than twice the surface displacement: 48,000 tons versus 23,200 tons. When submerged, half of the submarine's weight falls on ballast water, for which Project 941 received the nickname "Vodovoz".
Thanks to the new sonar noise reduction system, "Akula" has become the quietest domestic submarine in its class. In addition, she was, perhaps, the most comfortable submarine in the world: there was a place for a gym, a lounge for relaxation, a solarium and a "living corner" in it. The "Akula" even has a swimming pool measuring 4m2m and a depth of 2m, which is filled with seawater with the possibility of heating, as well as a sauna sheathed with oak planks. The officers' cabins are equipped with TVs and air conditioners. It was this increased comfort that gave Project 941 another nickname - "The Floating Hilton". From 1981 to 1989, 6 submarines of this type were built. Three of them have been disposed of by now (as they say among sailors - "sawed on pins and needles") as part of the implementation of the SALT-2 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty. Two more submarines from this series underwent maintenance repairs in the late 1990s and early 2000s, and the last, Dmitry Donskoy, is currently being used to test the latest Russian ballistic missile Bulava.

The fastest submarine - K-222 (project 661 "Anchar")

Work on this boat began in 1959. The goal of the project was to create a new high-speed submarine with a titanium alloy hull, as well as an improved nuclear power plant and the ability to launch cruise missiles from under water. In order to stimulate the search for new technical solutions, it was forbidden to use existing equipment, instruments, equipment and automation systems. In fact, the new submarine was made from scratch, which significantly increased the terms of its design and construction, and also increased its cost. For its high cost, this submarine received the nickname "Goldfish" in the navy. The result was a unique submarine that has no analogues in the whole world, called the K-162. In terms of its running and maneuvering qualities, it surpassed all the submarines that existed at that time in the Soviet Union and abroad. In 1969, the construction of the K-162 was completed. On state tests at 80% reactor power, it developed a speed of 42 knots, which was 4 knots higher than its specification requirements. In 1971, at full power, she showed a speed of 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h), which to this day is considered an absolute speed record among submarines.

However, it was found that at a speed of more than 35 knots, the turbulent flow around the hull of the submarine creates noise, which at the central station of the boat reached 100 decibels. This deprived the boat of stealth and interfered with the work of the crew. In addition, in the process of operation, low reliability of mechanisms and equipment was revealed. In 1970, K-162 was transferred to the Northern Fleet, and in 1971 it made its first military campaign (from the Greenland Sea to the Brazilian depression). In 1978 this submarine was renamed K-222, in 1988 it was put into reserve. In 2008, its dismantling began. In the NATO classification, the K-222 was called Papa.

The most maneuverable submarine - "Lira" (project 705, 705K)

These small submarines were designed as high-speed interceptors, capable of overtaking and destroying enemy submarines detected by locating means before information about their location becomes obsolete. When creating them, the designers deviated from some of the foundations of submarine shipbuilding, which made it possible to implement a number of innovative technical solutions. Especially for these submarines, new materials and technical means were created based on the latest achievements of science and technology of that time. For the manufacture of the hull and some other structural elements, titanium alloys were used, which made it possible to reduce the weight of the boat and increase its strength. One of the challenges faced by the creators of the 705 project was a combination of a small (about 2000 tons) displacement and high speed, which required a powerful reactor. In May 1960, the project was finally approved, but three years later it became clear that the design of the interceptor submarine was incomplete. Then it was decided to increase the displacement of the submarine, as well as double the number of compartments and the size of the team.
So in 1977 the submarine 705K ("Lira") appeared, an improved version of the project 705. Its surface displacement was 2300 tons, underwater - 3180 tons, and the maximum speed was 41 knots. In other words, the speed of movement of 705K was second only to "Anchar". The Lyra was capable of reaching full speed in one minute, she could chase any naval ship or break away from pursuit from any enemy. The highest maneuverability of this submarine is characterized by its ability to make a 180 ° turn at maximum speed in 42 seconds and start moving in the opposite direction. To service the new submarine, a crew of 32 people was required. Submarines of the project 705K, which bore the name Alfa in the NATO classification, were in service for 20 years. During their operation, not a single person from the crew died, however, significant shortcomings were identified that impede the effective use of these submarines. In 1990, almost all Lira were expelled from the fleet. The submarine K-123, which was undergoing major repairs from 1983 to 1992, was disabled only in 1997.

France will remember January 30, 1915 for a long time. On this day, during the First World War, Germany for the first time in the history of mankind used a new top-secret and newest weapon - a submarine.

The design of the first German submarine belongs to the German zoologist and philanthropist Dr. Schottlander. It was planned that it would be used exclusively for research purposes. But the First World War crossed out all the plans of the zoologist. No less shocked were the inhabitants of the port of Le Havre on the northern coast of France: they were attacked by the latest German weapons, with which they did not know how to fight.

The 99th anniversary of the combat use of submarines is a great occasion to remember the coolest submarines. Be sure: during this time, humanity managed to turn them into a real atomic horror.

Los Angeles-class nuclear-powered submarine (USA)

Los Angeles-class submarines are the backbone of the US Navy's nuclear fleet. Their main task is to detect enemy submarines and collect intelligence information. 62 boats were built, 44 of which are still in operation. Maximum surface speed - 37 km / h, underwater - 60 km / h. The boat is powered by nuclear fuel with a power reserve of 30 years.

To make it easier for ordinary readers to understand the real speed of submarines, here and further we indicate it in kilometers, not knots.

Source: shipspotting.com

Rubis-class nuclear submarine (France)

Rubis-class nuclear submarines first touched the water only in 1979. These submarines are the most inexperienced generation of French nuclear submarines. It is not for nothing that several accidents happened to them (in 1993 and 1994), in which 10 people died. Six units were built, which, surprisingly, are still in operation. Maximum surface speed - 27 km / h, underwater - 47. The submarine can dive to a depth of three hundred meters. Crew - 57 people.

Source: matome.naver.jp

Nuclear submarines "Viktor-3" (USSR)

The USSR did not graze the rear either. Therefore, they came up with the Viktor-3 - a submarine with a low level of external noise, steep characteristics, convenience and reliability. Not a single submarine was lost, not a single one had serious accidents. In the west, for its elegant appearance and impressiveness, this underwater monster received the respectful name "Black Prince".

Unfortunately, out of 26 built units, only four are in service today. Maximum speed - 57 km / h, sailing autonomy - 80 days.

Source: wikipedia.org

Nuclear submarine project 945 "Barracuda" (Sierra Class)

The main advantage of this class of submarines is their great immersion depth. The reinforced titanium hull of the Barracuda allows it to go under water for 500 meters. Only four units were built, two of which are in service. The difference between the maximum surface (18 km / h) and underwater (59 km / h) boat speed is surprising. The autonomy of the course is 200 days, the crew is 61 people.

Source: warhistoryonline.com

Nuclear submarine of project 093 "Shan"

Submarines of this class are the newest type of submarines in China. Designed to replace the obsolete 091 series. It is planned to build 8 units, but at the moment there are only 3 boats. The maximum underwater speed is 65 km / h, the autonomy of sailing is 80 days, the power reserve is unlimited.

Source: commons.wikimedia.org

Nuclear submarine "Trafalgar"

Prior to the Astute-class submarine project, the Trafalgar-class boats were the fastest and most modern nuclear-powered submarines in the Royal Navy. A distinctive feature is a special sonar, which, according to experts, is the most modern and sensitive sonar in the world.

6 of the seven built submarines still guard the Kingdom's coastal waters. Under water, Trafalgars accelerate to 60 km / h, the maximum diving depth is 300 meters, the crew is 130 people.

Source: pungunsun.com

Nuclear submarines of the "Astute" type (Great Britain)

These are the largest and most powerful nuclear submarines in the Royal Navy. The boat is armed with 38 torpedoes, has a water-jet engine and a modern nuclear reactor. The developers claim that Astute is technically much more complex than the Shuttle spacecraft.

The British planned to build seven boats of this type. But due to the complexity of the submarine's technology, there is only one unit so far. Maximum underwater speed - 54 km / h, sailing autonomy - 90 days, diving depth - 300 meters, crew - 98 people.

More than 50 years ago, the Soviet military submarine K-162 set a world record for the speed of movement under water - more than 80 kilometers per hour. Not a single torpedo in those days could keep up with this submarine missile carrier. Following him, the Soviet Union released more than a dozen high-speed submarine "aircraft carrier killers" into the World Ocean. But now not one of them is gone. Who torpedoed the Russian high-speed submarine fleet and how?

Exactly half a century ago, the submarine K-162 (also known later as K-222) was included in the lists of ships of the USSR Navy. The boat itself as such at that time was not yet - it was only being built on the stocks of "Sevmash". However, neither the military, nor the domestic shipbuilders had the slightest doubt that the K-162 would be completed in a few years, put into operation, and enter service.

This confidence, apparently, was based on the fact that the first nuclear submarine of project 661 "Anchar" was to mark the emergence of a completely new class of submarines in the Soviet Union, designed for torpedo-missile attacks on enemy aircraft carrier formations.

Let me remind you that by the middle of the last century, a new military strategy was finally formed in the United States, which provided for the creation of total domination of this country in the vastness of the World Ocean. The main tool for this was the build-up of the power of the naval offensive forces in the form of aircraft carrier strike groups (AUG). The USSR, which by that time had not yet recovered from the war, had no money to build aircraft carriers. And there were, in fact, no effective means of dealing with them in the open ocean. The firing range of torpedoes of Soviet submarines of that time did not exceed 3-4 km. And in order to fire a missile salvo at the American AUG, Soviet submarines would first have to surface, which deprived the attack on the AUG of any surprise. Therefore, the political and military leadership of the USSR set before the Soviet designers and engineers the task of creating a cruise missile, which from an underwater launch could hit large surface ships at a distance of several tens of kilometers, and the corresponding underwater carrier of this weapon.

Such a missile system P-70 "Amethyst" in OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomey was created in the late 60s of the last century. A low-flying anti-ship missile (ASM) with an underwater launch, of course, was inferior to ASM launched from the surface in range (up to 80 km) and in terms of warhead weight. However, at that time it was a revolutionary step. Firstly, no one in the world had such a rocket yet, and secondly, Soviet shipbuilders managed to create a unique ship for carrying and launching these missiles.

The carrier of the P-70 - the submarine K-162, developed by TsKB-16 (now "Malachite") under the leadership of Academician Nikolai Isanin, at that time was, in fact, the quintessence of Soviet military engineering shipbuilding thought. In the Soviet shipbuilding school, it somehow happened that the degree of technical novelty in the creation of the head, and then the serial project should not exceed 20-25% compared to the previous generation of boats. In the case of the experimental boat pr. 661, the designers were expressly prohibited from using existing solutions. As a result, this boat was designed and built for more than 10 years - from the end of the 50s of the last century to December 31, 1969, when the acceptance certificate was signed and the ship entered service. But what kind of boat it was !!!

Almost 400 completely new technical solutions were implemented in the first "Anchar". Especially for him, for example, a two-shaft nuclear steam power plant with a capacity of 40 thousand liters was developed. with., on each shaft (this power was twice as powerful at that time as the power of any submarines in the world). This installation included two autonomous groups of equipment on the port and starboard sides and consisted of two reactors, two main turbo-gear units, two autonomous turbine generators and auxiliary equipment. The reserves of nuclear fuel in the reactors could provide more than four round-the-world voyages at full underwater speed without recharging the reactor core. The steam power plant was controlled by the operator remotely from the control station, by setting the required mode with automatic output to power according to a given running mode using an automated protection and control control system. The degree of automation and telemetry on the K-162 was generally an order of magnitude higher than that used at that time on Soviet and foreign nuclear submarines. So does the degree of comfort for the crew. The K-162 was even outwardly radically different from the Soviet 1st generation nuclear submarines - cruise missile carriers (Project 659, 675). While the former were narrow and long, with pointed noses, the body of the Anchar resembled a whale with a large, rounded nose.

However, the main difference between the K-162 and all existing submarines in the world at that time was the material from which its durable hull was made - titanium. Unlike low-magnetic steels, from which hulls of all submarines in the world were built and are now being built, titanium alloy has a higher strength, non-magnetic and corrosion resistance. True, at that time, not only in the USSR, but also in the world, there were no technologies for manufacturing large titanium parts and welding them together with the necessary strength characteristics. Therefore, to build the first titanium submarine, about 120 meters long, the entire Soviet titanium industry was radically transformed. As a result, the Zaporizhzhya and Berezniki titanium-magnesium plants were able to produce large ingots weighing four to six tons for submarines, and at Sevmash, the most advanced welding production of titanium alloys with argon-helium protection was created.

The result of all these efforts was a nuclear submarine with 10 installations for underwater launching of cruise missiles, which, in state tests at the end of 1969, with a reactor power of 80% at a depth of 100 meters, developed a speed of 42 knots (77 km per hour). A year later, the new Soviet submarine officially set a world record for underwater speed, accelerating at the same depth to a speed of 44.7 knots (almost 83 km per hour). What this meant for a potential enemy, Russian sailors demonstrated in 1971, when the K-162 in the Atlantic Ocean "sat down on the tail" of the US 6th Fleet strike aircraft carrier "Saratoga", returning from the Mediterranean to Miami, and chased him for several hours. , periodically overtaking an aircraft carrier under water (its speed at that moment was 30 knots).

Thus, thanks to the submarine of the Anchar project, the Soviet Union received a powerful means of fighting against submarines and aircraft carrier formations of a potential enemy. These boats could swiftly approach enemy ships, effectively attack them from under the water, and just as swiftly escape from under attack. "Anchar" at that time physically could not catch up not only the enemy ships, but also the torpedoes launched by them towards the new Soviet submarines (torpedo speed in the 70s of the last century did not exceed 25 knots in target search mode and 40 knots in rendezvous mode with her).

However, the submarines of pr.661 "Anchar" never entered the series. Having served for almost 20 years, in 1988 the K-162 was withdrawn from the Navy and disposed of in the fall of 2010.

The most obvious reason that the Anchar never went into production is the cost of the boat. The titanium hull of the submarine, according to the general director of "Malakhit" Vladimir Dorofeev, costs 5-6 more than the hull of low-magnetic steel. And even taking into account the enormous mobilization capabilities of the Soviet era, the economy of the USSR, obviously, could not pull the serial construction of the submarine pr.661 "Anchar". According to some reports, the cost of the first boat could be up to 1% of the annual GDP of the Soviet Union during the 60s of the last century. The second circumstance that influenced the fate of the Anchar project was the boat's acoustic visibility. On the one hand, the titanium hull made this boat almost invisible to enemy sonars. But only up to a speed of 35 knots. When the boat accelerated above this speed, a strong external hydrodynamic noise appeared, created by the turbulent flow when flowing around the submarine hull. Moreover, in the area of ​​the central post of the boat, this noise reached the level of 100 decibels. This is tantamount to the noise of a one-meter carriage passing by a few meters away from you, or a nearby roll of thunder. Moreover, no one in the world knew about this - this fact was revealed just during the operation of the K-162. And so far no one really knows what to do about it. Therefore, the speed of all large Russian and American submarines of the third or fourth generation, built in the last fifteen years, according to open data, does not exceed 35 knots.

As a result, the Anchar project was transformed in two directions. Even during the construction of K-162 in Severodvinsk, in Nizhny Novgorod, at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard according to the design of the Lazurit Central Design Bureau to carry the new Amethyst cruise missiles, they began to build Project 670 Skat nuclear submarines. Due to the steel hull, they were relatively cheap, had less displacement than the "Anchar" (3580 tons of surface displacement against 5197 tons), went under water at a speed of 25 knots, but they coped with their task of guarding enemy aircraft carriers. In the 60-70s of the last century, a total of 17 such boats were built, each of which had 8 P-70 launchers. All Skaty were destroyed from 1991 to 1994.

The Anchar passed the baton at speed to the Lira nuclear submarines. They also had titanium hulls, and these small (surfaced displacement of 2300 tons) boats could reach speeds of up to 41 knots. There were no missiles on them - only torpedoes, since the boats of this series were intended to search for and destroy enemy submarines. At the same time, the boats turned out to be extremely nimble - they needed no more than 1 minute to accelerate to full speed, and in 42 seconds the boat could turn 180 degrees. According to open data, from 1971 to 1981, 7 such boats were built in Leningrad and at Sevmash. All of them were withdrawn from the fleet also in the early 90s of the last century. This is how, in fact, the history of Soviet high-speed submarines with titanium hulls ended. Further, the designers followed the path of using other technical solutions to increase the speed of submarines to 35 knots. At the same time, several submarines with titanium hulls, built in Soviet times, are still in the Russian Navy - two boats of Project 945 Barracuda (one of them is being modernized), two boats of Project 945A Kondor, and, presumably , one boat of Project 941 "Akula" (its strong hull is also made of titanium alloys). But that is another story.

In 2008, the Sevmash enterprise began dismantling the K-222 nuclear submarine. At first glance, this was an ordinary event. Submarines, like any other equipment, use up their resource and are written off. Not all submarines manage to become a museum, most are cut to pieces. The boat K-222, previously numbered K-162, could not become a monument to itself and was scrapped. So sadly ended the fate of the record-breaking submarine, which gave its country not only several achievements, but also a number of useful technologies.

The boats K-162 began in 1959, when the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree "On the creation of a new high-speed submarine with a new type of power plants and the development of research, development and design work for submarines." A very difficult task was set before TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malakhit"). It was required to create a submarine, the characteristics of which would be superior to those of previous submarines, and also to solve a number of technical issues. The main tasks facing the designers were as follows. Provide the possibility of rocket firing from an underwater position, as well as achieve the maximum possible underwater speed. It is noteworthy that in the terms of reference for the new project there was an unspoken ban on the use of existing materials, equipment and weapons. In other words, the customer, represented by the Ministry of Defense and the Council of Ministers, wanted to see a completely new design made using new technologies.

The chief designer of the project, which received the index 661 and the name "Anchar", was appointed N.N. Isanin. From the fleet, the project was supervised by the captain of the 2nd rank Yu.G. Ilyinsky. The work on creating a new high-speed boat was very, very difficult. Almost four hundred organizations took part in the project in one way or another: shipbuilders, metallurgists, electronic engineers, etc. By joint efforts in 1960, a pre-draft version of project 661 was prepared. It is noteworthy that in the course of preliminary work, almost two dozen main and auxiliary versions of the project were worked out. At this stage of development, all the nuances of the design and equipment were actively discussed. For example, new Amethyst cruise missiles, old surface-launched missiles, or modified torpedoes with increased range were proposed as the main weapons for the new submarine. In addition, steel, aluminum or titanium could become the main construction material. As a result of analyzing the possibilities and prospects of each option, it was decided to make a new boat out of titanium and equip it with Amethyst cruise missiles with an underwater launch capability.

Soon after the completion of the pre-draft design, the preparation of a full-fledged "white" project began. In 1961, it was approved, and about a year later, the construction of the lead submarine began at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. It should be noted that the official laying of the K-162 nuclear submarine took place only at the end of 1963. The fact is that during the assembly work of the first structural elements, some technical flaws appeared. It took additional time to fix them. Even after the solution of these problems, the construction of a new submarine went on for a long time and with great difficulties. First of all, the delay in the deadline was affected by the lack of titanium, which was needed not only for the new submarine, but also for the construction of some aircraft and missiles. As a result, the K-162 submarine was launched only in December 1968.

Project 661 involved the creation of a double-hull submarine with extensive use in the design of titanium parts. The light hull of the boat had a circular cross-section, but its stern part was made according to the "bifurcated stern" scheme. Two fairings carried the shafts of two propellers, spaced from each other by five meters. This scheme received the unofficial name "pants" and was later used in several projects of submarines. Inside the lightweight body was placed a durable one that had an original design. In the bow of the submarine, it consisted of two partially overlapping horizontal cylinders (the section of this design resembles the number 8). Each of them had a diameter of five and a half meters, but because of the overlapping sections, the height of the entire structure was equal to nine meters, which coincided with the diameter of the cylindrical middle and aft part of the solid hull. Interestingly, the "pipes" of the bow of the rugged hull were considered separate compartments. In the upper cylinder - the first compartment of the boat - torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, a stock of torpedoes, loaders, etc. were placed. In addition, the first compartment housed a missile control post. The second compartment contained part of the batteries and hydroacoustic equipment. The third compartment (located immediately after the "eight-shaped" part of the sturdy hull) contained living quarters and other batteries. The fourth compartment was intended for the central post, the power plant control post and several auxiliary rooms. The fifth compartment was given for the reactor, the sixth - for turbines, the seventh - for turbine generators and switchboards, and in the eighth there were compressors, auxiliary equipment, etc. Finally, in the stern, in the ninth compartment, rudder drives were mounted. The bow rudders were placed at the front of the boat and, if necessary, retracted under the light hull.

When developing a reactor for Project 661, two options were considered: water-water and with a metal coolant (an alloy of lead and bismuth). As a result of comparing the complexity of structures and prospects, the first option was chosen. With less efficiency, such a reactor could be built within a few months and did not require additional investment of time and money. As a result, the boat received two reactors with its own steam generating units (V-5R, 250 tons of steam per hour), turbo-gear units GTZA-618 and alternating current turbine generators (380 volts, 50 hertz) OK-3 with a capacity of 3000 kilowatts each. Despite the use of the already mastered water-water scheme, several original technical solutions were used in the design of the reactors of the project 661 boat, which increased the efficiency of the work. Finally, a rather bold decision was the exclusion of standby diesel generators from the power equipment. In case of problems with the main power plant, the submarine was equipped with two groups of silver-zinc batteries, 152 cells each.

The new high-speed submarine project involved the use of the latest electronic systems. So, navigation in the surface and underwater positions was planned to be carried out using the all-latitude system "Sigma-661", automatic control of the course and depth was assigned to the complex "Shpat", and general ship systems and devices were controlled using the "Signal-661" system. The "ears" of the new submarine was the MGK-300 "Rubin" hydroacoustic complex. He could simultaneously accompany two targets and at the same time issue data on them to the weapons control system. The detection of mines was carried out by the "Radian-1" system. For visual observation of the environment, the project 661 submarine was planned to be equipped with a PZNS-9 periscope with a built-in coordinate calculator. Finally, the boat's equipment included two radar stations and a system for determining nationality "Nichrome".

In the first compartment of Project 661 boats, four 533-mm torpedo tubes with auxiliary equipment and ammunition load of 12 torpedoes were placed. Torpedo fire control was assigned to the Ladoga-P-661 complex, and the design of the vehicles made it possible to attack targets from a depth of up to 200 meters. The main armament of the Project 661 boats were to be the P-70 "Amethyst" anti-ship cruise missiles, developed at OKB-152 under the leadership of V.N. Chelomeya. In the bow of the boat, on the sides of the "eight" of the first two compartments, ten containers with missiles were placed, five per side. The missiles were intended to be launched from a submerged position. To do this, the boat had to go to a depth of 30 meters and fill the container with water. At the command of the crew of the submarine, the rocket left the container with the help of the starting engine, and after lifting into the air, the sustainer solid-propellant was turned on. All missiles could be fired in two volleys with an interval of several seconds. Despite the difficulties with development and testing, the Amethyst missile became the world's first anti-ship missile with an underwater launch. It is noteworthy that the missile containers were not located vertically, but at an angle of 32.5 ° to the main plane of the submarine. The fact is that with a vertical launch, it would be necessary to complicate the missile control system in order to bring it to a horizontal low-altitude trajectory. With an oblique launch, this task was much easier, which influenced the placement of missile containers.

The complexity of the development and construction of a new boat, the design of which was dominated by titanium parts, led to a rather high cost of the project. Because of this, even before the end of the assembly, the submarine K-162 was nicknamed "Goldfish", hinting at the cost of metal raw materials. Nevertheless, at the end of 1968, the submarine was launched, and a little later, its tests began. In 1969, during tests, the K-162 was able to reach an underwater speed of 42 knots (about 78 km / h). At the same time, the power plant operated only at 80% of its full capacity. Thus, the calculated maximum speed, set by the original terms of reference, was exceeded by four knots.

On December 18, 1970, the submarine that entered service with the USSR Navy set a world speed record, which has not been broken to this day. With manual control of the turbo-gear unit and reactor protection, it was possible to bring the power plant to 97% of its maximum power. At a depth of 100 meters, this allowed the boat to accelerate to 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h). Before and after the K-162, not a single submarine in the world went at such a speed. When accelerating to high speeds, several interesting phenomena were observed. For example, upon reaching the threshold of 35-36 knots, hydrodynamic noise appeared from the eddies of the oncoming stream flowing around the boat. This unexpected phenomenon could unmask the submarine when performing a combat mission, but it was considered a sufficient price for high speed. In addition, in a number of cases, the submarine could evade pursuit by enemy ships.

Soon after the secret record was set, the crew of the K-162 boat had the opportunity to test the speed potential in practice. In the fall of 1971, during the K-162 campaign in the Atlantic Ocean, the paths of the Soviet submarine and the American aircraft carrier Saratoga crossed. As a result, an entry appeared in the logbook of the American ship, stating that for several hours he tried to break away from an unknown submarine, but could not do it even at full speed, at a speed of 30 knots. The sub, in turn, maneuvered around the aircraft carrier, but did not lag behind. Commander K-162 1st-Class Captain Yu.F. After this incident, Golubkov noted that the characteristics of the boat made it possible to choose the most convenient position for attacking enemy ships.

The service of the submarine K-162, with interruptions for repairs, continued until 1984, when it was laid up. In 1978, the boat was renamed K-222, and under this number she finished her service. In March 1989, the "Golden Fish" was expelled from the combat strength of the Navy, and ten years later the flag was lowered. Then, for several years, K-222 stood at the pier awaiting disposal, which began in 2008.

Unfortunately, the submarine K-162 or K-222 remained the only ship of Project 661. Along with its high running characteristics, it turned out to be too expensive for mass production. The rugged titanium case, for all its advantages, was very difficult to manufacture. In addition, by the end of the eighties, the main armament of the boat, the P-70 Amethyst missile, had become obsolete. It is also worth noting that by the same time the potential enemy had new sonar systems capable of guaranteed detection of the K-162 at sufficiently large distances. The high noise of the boat at high speeds only exacerbated this situation. In light of the development of anti-submarine aviation, the high-speed submarine simply did not have a chance. Therefore, the "Goldfish" was left alone, and then written off.

Nevertheless, the experience gained in the design and construction of the K-162 was not in vain. The developments in titanium structures were actively used in several further projects, and weapons in the form of P-70 missiles were used on Project 670 Skat submarines.

Based on materials from sites:
http://deepstorm.ru/
http://atrinaflot.narod.ru/
http://vmfrussia.ru/
http://flot.com/
http://vpk.name/

Submarine speed

Submarine speed

1) surface - the speed of the submarine on the surface. It is provided for diesel-electric (diesel) submarines with diesel engines, for nuclear submarines - for the main power plant. Considering that the main advantage of the submarine is its relative secrecy of actions, surface speed does not play a significant role in the activities of the submarine,

2) Underwater - the speed of movement of the submarine in a submerged position. With sufficient depth, there is no wave resistance, which makes it possible to achieve a higher speed of movement with the same energy costs as the surface movement.

EdwART. Explanatory Naval Dictionary, 2010

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