Innovative development of Russia: problems of formation and development prospects. Problems and prospects for the development of innovative activities of the enterprise National Mining University

Annotation. The article deals with the problems of innovation and its development in the Stavropol Territory. Attention is drawn to the importance of innovation for the development of the modern economy, the conditions for the development of innovation at the regional level are outlined. The statistical analysis of the determinants of innovation activity in the Stavropol Territory is carried out, the main directions of the implementation of the innovative potential of the region are presented.

Keywords: innovations, innovation activities, investments, innovative development, technological equipment, infrastructure.

Innovation is understood as the process of development and implementation of innovations, which is a cyclical, discrete algorithm and is defined as a set of structurally interrelated actions.

Innovation activity is one of the basic foundations for the development of a modern economy due to the fact that it allows you to optimize it, both in the context of maximizing the results of activities and in the context of reducing costs. A vivid example of the importance of innovation is energy conservation and infrastructure projects in the field of rational lighting, which maximize the performance of several sectors of the economy at once. It can be stated that the development of innovative activities, at various levels from the region to an individual enterprise, is the foundation for increasing competitiveness, and hence economic efficiency.

World experience allows us to conclude that the most important thing is the development of innovative activities at the regional level, since this allows us to actualize economic growth and, in the future, create a whole cluster of economic entities with high competitiveness. As an example of such clusters, one can cite zones of advanced development, such as California. However, in order for the development of innovative activity to be effective, it is necessary to comply with a number of conditions, primarily related to the field of management, investment, support of innovative development by the state and interested commercial and non-commercial structures.

The most important conditions on which the effective development of innovative activity at the regional level is based are:

Implementation of social partnership policy;

Lack of shortage of labor resources;

Sufficiency of investments;

Satisfactory state of the infrastructure;

Management efficiency.

Compliance with these conditions, in the course of the development of innovative activities, makes it possible to level the regional economic lag, disproportions in economic sectors, to solve the problems of lack of production capacity, inefficiency and obsolescence of processing industries and other significant problems for the Russian economy. First of all, this is achieved by creating and expanding markets (for example, introducing innovations related to augmented reality), as well as creating fundamentally new products and technological principles (as an example, we can cite the emergence of smart materials, etc.)

Consider the problem of the development of innovation and innovation potential within the Stavropol Territory. The Stavropol Territory is a region with developed industrial and agricultural complexes, transport and telecommunications infrastructure. In the region, there is a significant concentration of universities, a favorable geopolitical situation, which creates the preconditions for accelerating the formation of an economy of an innovative type and a real opportunity to become the center of innovation in the entire North Caucasus Federal District. The foregoing allows us to conclude that SC d generally corresponds to the conditions described earlier for the effective development of innovative activity.

However, the needs for innovative development are many times greater than the resources that the budget of the UK has, as well as extra-budgetary funds that can be allocated in the context of the innovative development of the region. This thesis is confirmed by Rosstat data, on the basis of which the overall depreciation of infrastructure in the period from 2014 to 2017 increased by more than 20%, while the growth of fixed assets and depreciation of production in the region shows dynamics close to zero.

In order to determine the most optimal ways to solve the problem, we will conduct a statistical analysis of the parameters associated with innovation, in particular, business activity, economic growth, the level of technological equipment of business entities and infrastructure, and the specifics of investment in the middle class. For the purposes of statistical analysis, we used Spearman's rank correlation criterion, as well as factor analysis of the stated data set. The results of factor analysis are presented in tables 1-2. It should be noted right away that the considered factors explain ≈ 92% of the variance of the considered array.

Table 1

The structure of factors that have a significant impact on the development of innovation in the UK

Factors	Factor structure	Percentage of variance
	1.Volume of investments and funds; 2. The nature of the investment (based on the source); 3. Business activity.
	1. Availability of markets; 2.Aggregate demand in available markets; 3. The effectiveness of the promotion.
	1. Technological equipment; 2. Deterioration of infrastructure 3. Funds allocated for depreciation.

Based on the data presented in Table 2, it can be concluded that the most significant factor influencing innovation in the NC is the availability of investments and funds, primarily investments at the local and federal levels. It is investments that determine business activity, which is extremely important for innovative development. This thesis is also explained by the fact that since 2014 there has been a significant drop in foreign investment, due to the complex political environment, which dictates the need to develop new approaches in public policy to investment activities.

The second most important factor is the level of access of economic entities to markets with high aggregate demand, as well as the effectiveness of promoting their goods and services. This parameter in the UK is quite favorable, despite some difficulties in entering the European and other foreign markets. As an example, we can cite Energomera Concern, whose activities were almost unaffected in the period from 2014 to 2018.

The third most important factor is technological equipment and its dynamics, the state of infrastructure. This factor has the lowest rank, based on the impact on innovation, requires attention due to the previously noted problems in this channel, which are recorded in the middle class.

The above is confirmed in the course of the correlation analysis of the factors considered, with the effectiveness of innovation, the data are presented in Table 2. The table shows the results of the correlation analysis, which allow us to conclude that in order to optimize innovation, it is necessary to focus on investments and problems of the IC infrastructure, development business activity, the actualization of social partnership as a priority of state policy.

table 2

Correlation analysis of the relationship of innovation in the middle class with the declared factors

p≤0.05 - *, p≤0.01 - **.

It is important to note that it is almost impossible to implement an innovative update on the old technological base. That is why the way out is to carry out an innovative update on a fundamentally new basis for those industries and industries where it is possible to master the production of fundamentally new products, competitiveness and expansion of sales in the market, in order to use additional revenues to expand the front of technological breakthroughs and industries. This requires the definition of innovative priorities, designed for 10-15 years, built on the basis of flexible planning. This experience has proven itself well during the economic breakthrough of the Ruhr area and the creation of Fukushima as a high-tech cluster.

Based on the analysis, the following directions of development of innovative activity in the middle class can be identified.

Development of general infrastructure, as well as subsidies and state support for the development of biotechnology, pharmaceutical, chemical industry, agro-industrial complex, nanotechnology, microelectronics and materials for the electronic industry, alternative energy, digital economy sectors, as sectors with the greatest growth potential in the UK.

Pursuing a targeted policy in the field of human resource formation, specialized specialists in your declared industries, as well as specialists in the field of innovative management.

In our opinion, the presented trajectory of development will best allow realizing the innovative potential of the middle class.

Bibliography:

Aydinova A.T. 2014. No. 12 P. 44–48
Kosinova E.A., Belkina E.N., Kazarova A.Ya. Pricing: theory and practice Stavropol, 2012 - 166 p.
Small innovative entrepreneurship: study guide / S. V. Valdaitsev, N. N. Molchanov, K. Pezoldt. - Moscow: Prospect, 2011 .-- 536 p.
Management of innovative projects: textbook / [V. L. Popov and others]. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2011 .-- 334 p.
UFSGS North Caucasus Federal District http://stavstat.gks.ru/

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITIES OF THE ENTERPRISE

I. S. KONDRASHOVA, E. V. KIREEVA

The article examines the environment of functioning of domestic enterprises, defines the range of main problems and ways to solve them, as well as the prospects for the development of innovative activities of the enterprise.

Key words: problems, prospects, enterprise, innovation, innovative development.

To intensify economic development and increase the competitiveness of the Russian economy, it is now important to ensure not so much the quantitative growth of macroeconomic indicators as the creation of favorable opportunities for the use of scientific and technical, production, resource and intellectual potential. This is due to the development of the innovation sphere. And therefore, one of the most urgent macroeconomic tasks is the study of the problems of innovative activities of the enterprise and the development of tools to stimulate the innovative activity of both industrial enterprises and organizations of a scientific, technical and scientific and educational profile, the creation of a developed innovative infrastructure that contributes to the qualitative improvement of innovative processes.

In the last decade, innovative business has shown significant potential. The growth rates of large and small innovative enterprises are quite high, but the lack of competitiveness of their products in comparison with Western standards often hinders the penetration of domestic goods into the international market.

The problems of innovation are becoming more and more urgent. This is a reflection of the growing understanding of society that the renewal of Russia, all spheres of its life is impossible without innovations in production, management, and finance. It is innovations that lead to a renewal of the market, an improvement in the quality and expansion of the range of goods and services, the creation of new methods of production, sales of products, and an increase in management efficiency.

The main subjects of the innovation process are the primary links of the economic system - enterprises, which, by the whole logic of the functioning of the market mechanism, are promoted to the center of those necessary changes that are associated with the interest of society in highly effective innovations.

In this regard, theoretical research in the field of innovative activities of enterprises has intensified in recent years, nevertheless, many issues still await their solution. Therefore, the study of the mechanisms of effective management of the innovative activity of an enterprise in modern market conditions is relevant.

Innovative activity is often interpreted as an activity involving the use of high technologies. More and more often, business leaders say that the company provides support for innovation.

Many enterprises are trying in one form or another to carry out innovative activities on their own, specially creating for this subsidiary structures or innovation centers designed to promote the promotion and use of innovative products. Specialists are hired who are versed in patent and licensing activities, intellectual property protection and other components necessary for the commercial use of innovations.

One of the most important problems in innovation is the problem of organizing this activity, that is, the problem of management. Analysis of the activities of a number of enterprises allows us to conclude that the increasing importance of

acquires the quality of management. The qualifications of a manager and a leader are becoming the most important factor in ensuring the effectiveness of the innovation process. In this situation, the manager is required to masterfully possess the entire set of management tools. As a rule, the problem of high-quality management is solved by attracting highly qualified external managers and constant training of personnel. However, problems of a different plan arise here - there is a growing shortage of high-level managers, moreover, they are very expensive. Personnel training very often turns out to be insufficiently effective.

The reason is that the training of management personnel is carried out on the principle of teaching individual components of management and, very rarely, in the management procedure itself. This is also due to the lack of real management experience among the majority of university teachers. Of course, for the successful implementation of the goals of a project, knowledge in a specific subject area is needed, but knowledge of the basics of management, the theory of organizations, marketing, and personnel management is also necessary. Does it mean that knowledge of these components of management ensures good management of innovation activities? Naturally not, because almost no one anywhere teaches a manager the ability to build his managerial actions in time, based on the current situation.

Today, out of many socio-economic problems, the problem of enhancing innovative activity in its acuteness comes to one of the first places. Many problems of the formation of an innovative market have taken on a deep character. An attempt to introduce a liberal model in conditions of a qualitatively different structure of costs and prices in comparison with the West, led to the fact that the restructuring of the economy took on a regressive character. This objectively leads to the curtailment of knowledge-intensive industries, the elimination of incentives for highly productive work, the innovative activity of Russian enterprises is almost everywhere reduced.

By now, it has become obvious that it is necessary to develop mechanisms for activating and developing industries of the industrial complex based on the effective use of their innovative potential.

The enterprises are faced with the question not only to remain the leading link in the industry, but also to be competitive both in the domestic and foreign markets. The leading role is given to

innovations that can play a key role in enhancing structural transformations in the economic recovery, stable operation of industrial enterprises.

Innovation has an impact on the national economy primarily through science and technology policy. This helps to expand production, improve its technical level, prevent excessive moral and physical wear and tear of fixed assets, and ensure the release of competitive products.

Analysis of the state of innovation activity of enterprises indicates that its low level is caused by a structurally regressive decline in production in conditions of destruction of the previous mechanisms of the economy's functioning with the slow formation of new market mechanisms for regulation and self-regulation of the economy.

Solving the problems of increasing the innovative activity of domestic enterprises requires an integrated approach, a combination of macroeconomic policy measures with measures at the microeconomic level, national actions with the initiatives of the enterprises themselves. A combination of economic, organizational and administrative-legislative measures is important.

For Russia, the functioning of the subjects of innovation activity is complicated by the specific characteristics of this sphere: the underdevelopment of the system of project and venture financing, the lack of its own research, experimental and industrial-implementation base, and an acute shortage of specialists in innovation management. In order to solve these problems, public authorities implement regulatory impacts on the innovation system through the development and implementation of measures of state support for innovation entities based on the consolidation of financial resources of the regional budget and extra-budgetary sources.

It is important to note that many regions of Russia, in general, possessing a high scientific and technical potential, nevertheless, have an insufficient level of development of the regional innovation system, which is a consequence of:

1) insufficient innovation attractiveness of the innovation sphere in comparison with other sectors of the economy;

2) an imperfect system of professional training for the innovation sphere;

3) technological backwardness and, as a result, low competitiveness of the products of some engineering industries;

4) underdevelopment of the sphere of small innovative enterprises, which have the necessary flexibility for rapidly changing market conditions;

5) the lack of a mechanism for the implementation of the results of intellectual activity in the real sector of high-tech production;

6) insufficient level of development of the infrastructure of the regional innovation system

Among the main directions for solving the indicated problems should be attributed to increasing the efficiency of enterprise development management, and first of all, ensuring a balance of current and strategic innovation activities, increasing the justification for choosing its promising areas, reducing riskiness, adapting enterprise development management to the changing environment.

Small innovative enterprises, as the most flexible, adaptive and creative organizational form, should be indicator structures that determine the directions of innovative development and generate innovative ideas. Based on foreign experience, such enterprises are of great interest to large companies, which buy them along with innovative ideas. Unfortunately, today we are forced to state the low level of innovation activity of small enterprises, and, therefore, it is not yet possible to use this component to the full extent of its potential as a factor in the development of the regional innovation system.

we, including financial, informational, consulting, marketing support;

7) the absence of a system of expertise, competitive selection and venture financing of scientific and technical projects that ensure the creation of high-tech products;

8) lack of venture capital organizations operating on the principles of project financing and management of innovative projects.

Analyzing the environment of functioning of domestic enterprises, we see a certain range of main problems and directions for their solution (Table 1).

The creation and development of an innovative environment is a large-scale and complex task, which cannot be solved without well-thought-out and coordinated effective actions on the part of the authorities, economic and scientific communities.

Therefore, when organizing innovation, it will be correct to proceed from the fact that although the market economy is more receptive to innovation than the directive, this does not happen automatically. Well-developed direct and feedback links are required between all participants in the innovation process.

Coherence is key to success due to limited financial and human resources and time constraints. Only with a coordinated plan can you avoid diffusion of effort, duplication of functions by different actors and project downtime. The economic community, represented by industrial enterprises, must responsibly and professionally express its desire to develop an effective dialogue with the authorities to determine profitable directions.

Table 1

The system of main problems of the functioning of domestic enterprises and ways to solve them

Problems Directions of solutions

1) Lack of financial resources, leading to the search for sources of financing and rational use of available funds due to the validity of the choice of promising areas of innovation; 2) Lack of balance in the distribution of enterprise resources between current and strategic innovation activities; 3) Increased riskiness due to both the small scale of the enterprise and the uncertainty of the result; 4) The need for systematic and technological re-equipment of production with modern equipment; 5) Limited opportunities for marketing activities; 6) Imperfection of personnel motivation, given the increased importance of individual specialists 1) Ensuring a balance of current and strategic innovation activities; 2) Increasing the validity of the choice of promising areas of innovation; 3) Providing conditions for reducing the risk of innovative activities of MNEs; 4) Determination of rational financial and time conditions for enhancing innovation; 5) Assessment of the state and planning of innovative activity of MNEs; 6) Functional and structural description and consolidation of responsibility for the implementation of the MNE management process

development of an innovative mechanism in the field and resource provision of economic growth.

In conclusion, I would like to note that the state and the economic community act as partners in joint actions that regulate the growth of activity in the innovative activity of the enterprise. Coordination of joint efforts of the state and the economic community is one of the most important organizational tasks that will allow solving the problems existing in the innovation activities of enterprises and thereby ensuring sustainable innovative development of the Russian economy.

Literature

1. Galstyan MV Development of innovative activity of enterprises in the conditions of market relations: on the example of the machine-building complex of the Amur region: dis. ... Cand. economic sciences. M., 2005.

2. Kovalenko AA, Tsurikov SV System of factors of innovative development of an enterprise // Siberian financial school. 2008. No. 2.

3. Mamontov V. D., Osadchaya T. G. Russian entrepreneurship: trends towards a new economy // Socio-economic phenomena and processes. Tambov. 2011. No. 9.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE

I. S. Kondrashova, Ye. V. Kireyeva

In article the environment of functioning of the domestic enterprises is considered, the circle of the main problems and a way of their decision, and also prospect of development of innovative activity of the enterprise is defined.

Key words: problems, prospects, enterprise, innovations, innovative development.

The last two decades for Russia have been characterized by attempts to move into a post-industrial society. This is reflected in the growing influence of science on socio-economic development, intensification of the processes of creation and dissemination of knowledge, as well as the intensification of innovation. In all this, research organizations play a primary role - the main generators of new knowledge.

The search for new knowledge is a key stage in scientific and technological progress, and with a sufficient variety of modern institutional forms of production and implementation of knowledge, science still serves as their main sources and carriers. Its core is legally independent specialized research organizations, namely, scientists engaged in research activities in them.

According to official statistics, from 1990 to 2005, the number of scientists in Russia decreased from 1.119 million to 381 thousand, that is, almost three times. To this number it is imperative to add graduate students. Now there are 72 thousand budget-funded places for graduate students across the country, with a recruitment of 26 thousand per year. There are about 450 thousand researchers in total. However, even those researchers who are on the staff of numerous research institutes are not ready to fully engage in research activities. Thus, out of 450 thousand specialists, only 100 thousand spend more than half of their working time on scientific work, and the rest earn money in commercial organizations.

If we pay attention to the migration of scientific personnel, then in internal migration the main stream of scientific personnel is directed to business, private entrepreneurship and government structures, where people with a good education are especially needed. This is because scientific activity in Russia is not very profitable, because science is what makes knowledge out of money, and innovation is what makes money out of knowledge.

As a result of external migration, the United States has been the main consumers of Russian scientists for almost 20 years. They account for about 30% of the emigrated specialists. Germany receives 20% of Russian scientists, in Israel they make up about 40% of the total number of scientists. However, in recent years, the geography of the distribution of Russia's scientific potential has begun to change. The countries of the East are showing great interest in our researchers in connection with the development of nuclear programs. A lot of Russian nuclear scientists work in Iran, China and South Korea, North Korea.

As mentioned earlier, the main reason for the migration of Russian scientists is insufficient funding. Following the results of 2009 Russia spends about $ 2 billion on research and development, which is almost 4 times less than in China, 7 times less than Japan and 17 times less than the United States.

According to the government, in 2010, 200 billion rubles are allocated for science in Russia: 80 billion for fundamental, 120 billion for applied. You can calculate whether this is a lot or a little. It is most convenient to count in "graduate student / years". As a guideline, the salary of a graduate student can be set at 45 thousand rubles. ($ 1500, € 1150) - less than most European countries, but close to Spain and South Korea. In a year with taxes (13% of personal income tax, 26.2 -34% of the UST) and overhead costs (15%), this turns out to be 1 million rubles. That is, there is some competitiveness. For the successful development of science, the salary of employees (scientists, engineers, etc.) must be higher, i.e. it is necessary to count at least 1.5 million rubles. per person per year. The total will be: 381 thousand scientists * 1.5 million rubles. +72 thousand post-graduate students * 1 million rubles. = 650 billion rubles. per year, only for wages and invoices (in fact, the maintenance of the "office"). If we add to this the costs of equipment, travel, conferences, etc., the total budget should be $ 1 trillion. rub. per year, i.e. should be 5 times more than planned.

However, it is not only the state that is to blame for the low level of development of Russian innovative business; there is a share of the blame for the extremely low level of R&D funding in Russia by the private sector. There is no demand for innovation in the country. The share of costs for technological innovation in our industry is 1.2%, including the extractive industry - only 0.8%. Russian business expenditures on R&D are only about 0.3% of GDP (7-10 times less than in developed countries).

In terms of government spending on R&D per capita ($ 86), Russia lags behind the leaders by 2-4 times, and in private spending - 10-20 times. Even China, with its huge population, is already almost one and a half times ahead of Russia in terms of per capita expenditures of the private sector on R&D.

Russia is the only country in the world where the share of spending on civil science (0.4% of GDP) is less than on defense R&D (0.6%). But even this is not able to ensure the maintenance of the military-strategic balance with the United States, Europe and China. The degradation of the scientific and technical complex led to the fact that, despite the growth of the state defense order, the production of weapons fell to a scanty level. The military-industrial complex cannot become an oasis of technological progress against the background of the growing primitivization of the Russian economy as a whole. Indeed, in the United States, for several decades, the most modern technologies have been flowing from the civilian sector to the military, and not vice versa.

As for the enterprises engaged in R&D, in modern Russia, state unitary enterprises (SUEs) and state institutions predominate among them, and their capabilities in transferring the results of scientific and technical activities (RNTD) and the creation of new companies are limited. This leads to serious difficulties in the commercialization of their research and development results, complicates the establishment of new technology companies and, accordingly, impedes the development of public-private partnerships.

Currently, more than 80 technology parks, even more innovation and technology centers, more than 100 technology transfer centers, 10 national innovation and analytical centers, 86 scientific and technical innovation centers, over 120 business incubators, 15 innovation consulting centers and other organizations are registered in Russia. innovative infrastructure. There are 688 innovation infrastructure organizations in total.

Innovations are implemented only by 9.4% of Russian enterprises. Even in Eastern European countries, there are at least twice as many innovative enterprises, and in Germany, for example, it is 8 times more. Our share of innovative products is only 5.5%. Even in the field of aircraft and spacecraft production, only 34.3% of enterprises are engaged in innovations. Only 2.3% of industrial enterprises were engaged in marketing innovations in 2006. The industry leading by this parameter among low-tech is the production of cigarettes (8.6%), which is explained by "intense competition". The highest share of innovators is among large enterprises integrated into holdings, as well as among not very large high-tech companies. But in small business there are very few innovators - even among those who are engaged in high-tech business. Innovation is not very effective. 1995-2006 the annual cost of innovation has doubled, and the volume of innovative products - by only 49%.

Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine

NATIONAL MINING UNIVERSITY

FINANCIAL - ECONOMIC FACULTY

ESSAY

in the discipline "Regional Economics and Ecology"

Problems and prospects of innovative development of enterprises

Performed:

Yaskovets A.V.,

student gr. OAfe-10-1

Supervisor:

D.V. Kabachenko

Dnipropetrovsk

INTRODUCTION

The current stage of development of the world economy is characterized by an important acceleration of the pace of scientific and technological progress, which causes constant changes in the structure and dynamics of public needs and, as a result, sharpens competition in the supply of new goods and services, as well as improving their quality characteristics.

In this regard, the stability of the economic situation of most business entities is largely determined by the pace and scale of innovation, which allows a timely and quick response to competitive conditions that are constantly changing by using a variety of innovations, ensuring better and more complete satisfaction of market needs.

Therefore, the development of the innovation sphere, through which the achievements of scientific and technological progress are promoted into production, is a particularly relevant area that needs serious attention from sectoral management bodies and other business entities that take part in innovation processes.

1. Features of innovation

In modern conditions, all processes of applying new knowledge are associated with market relations. Practice shows that innovations are aimed at the market and meeting its needs.

The process of introducing innovations covers almost all aspects of the enterprise. The very search for effective organizational forms of innovation management is based on a skillful combination of scientific, innovation and market factors. The introduction of these searches into production is innovation.

So, innovative activity is the practical use of innovative, scientific and intellectual potential in mass production in order to obtain a new product that meets consumer demand for competitive goods and services.

Innovative activity involves a whole range of scientific, technical, organizational, financial and commercial activities.

The expediency of choosing a method and option for technological renewal depends on the specific situation, the nature of the innovation, its compliance with the profile, resource and scientific and technical potential of the enterprise, market requirements, stages of the life cycle of equipment and technology, and the specifics of industry affiliation.

The lifecycle concept of innovation plays a very important role in determining both the maximum output, sales and profits, and the life cycle of a particular innovation.

The fundamental differences between the innovative activity of the enterprise and the current production are that the assessment of the current state of the enterprise, including equipment and technology, is based on identifying the conditions for success based on past experience and prevailing trends.

Innovation activity is characterized by the acceleration of the rate of creation of innovations, their diffusion, which contributes to the deepening and expansion of structural changes in the economy, an increase in the size of the market and the satisfaction of existing and emerging needs.

Restructuring the economy on market principles requires ensuring world-class quality of manufactured goods, timely updating of products by enterprises and maximum interest in introducing innovations; high innovative activity based on its own developing potential. At the same time, world practice shows that state support for innovative activities is objectively necessary.

At present, the effectiveness of an enterprise's innovative activity is determined primarily by the presence of a well-functioning system of investment, lending, taxation, operating in relation to the innovative sphere of scientific research.

The innovation sphere is: 1) a system of interaction between innovators, investors, manufacturers of competitive products, services and developed infrastructure; 2) the market of innovations (innovations), the capital (investment) market and the market of pure competition for innovations. Therefore, the management of the innovation process is becoming the key to the modern organization of innovation activities at the micro and macro levels.

Thus, the innovative activity of an enterprise is not limited only to the creation and implementation of innovations, but also includes the development of appropriate structures, organizational forms of management and management at industrial enterprises.

How is the innovation activity of firms and corporations carried out in developed countries?

In most developed countries, regulation and stimulation of innovation occurs mainly through national research programs and various levels of government participation. The fundamental criterion for the development of programs is the voluntary participation of the state, corporations and firms, while each participant is guided by his own interests. The effectiveness of using these programs to concentrate national resources in key areas of scientific and technological progress is especially indicative of the experience of the Japanese economy. Since Japan has a minimum of its own natural resources, the country's government views science and innovation policy as an essential means of stimulating overall economic growth and increasing the country's international competitiveness. Japan's policy is focused on exporting products with the aim of gaining trade leadership in a range of high-tech products that allow for a large share of added value. It should be noted that the Japanese government does not manage industrial development in a directive manner, rather there is a mutual partnership between the parts of the government apparatus and the industrial sectors, based on pragmatic decisions, mutual respect, coordinated activities aimed at achieving common goals.

France has the highest level of centralized regulation of innovation, where research is recognized as a national program and presented in the form of five-year strategic research plans.

In England, there is no system of centralized regulation of innovation activity, but there is a well-developed interaction mechanism that allows coordinating the development of innovations at the state level.

In the United States, economists and sociologists see in venture capital business evidence that the American economy is entering the recovery phase of the new “Kondratiev cycle.

The innovative activity of the enterprise is based on such principles as the priority of innovative production; profitability of innovative production; flexibility of innovative production, which means that management should provide freedom of action for the subjects of innovation, rejection of strict regulations, and encouragement of entrepreneurship.

An essential factor in the innovation activity of the enterprise is that the innovations used by it are limited in time by market cycles, i.e., by the time limit when this innovation has a sales market, after which the economic and technological potential of the innovation is exhausted and timely switching of resources is necessary for implementation into the production of other innovations.

In conditions of developed market relations, the innovative activity of an enterprise is characterized by complete economic independence and legal freedom in making economic decisions, that is, the enterprise itself decides which resources to use, it itself determines the volume of products and its prices. The independence of the economic activity of an enterprise means that it does not receive gratuitous assistance from anyone and is financially responsible for all its decisions, that is, it acts and makes economic decisions within its budget. At the same time, the innovative activity of the enterprise is aimed at achieving the main goal - ensuring maximum profit. It is known that in a market economy, the source of profit is not only the possibility of price changes or cost savings, but also the timely renewal of products, the appearance on the consumer market of products that differ in novelty from the existing product. In this case, innovative enterprises receive additional profit for the monopoly on knowledge (the so-called "scientific and technical rent").

Removal of duties on the latest imported equipment and technologies can play a large role in strengthening self-financing of enterprises and firms. The same task is intended to fulfill the depreciation policy, which should be built taking into account market conditions and the need for an accelerated renewal of the production and technical apparatus of enterprises.

Preferential taxation is of great importance for the formation of self-financing of innovative activities of enterprises, especially those of them that invest their funds in the development of the sphere of innovation. Tax policy should be such that its main function is to stimulate innovation and, on this basis, expand the tax base.

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