Today, most countries in the world have a market economy. And the main feature of such a system is its instability. The economy is consistently experiencing boom, peak, bust, and depression. But each new cycle introduces changes to the existing technological order, until quantity turns into quality, and production moves to a new level. The impact on the economy of such innovations will be discussed in today's article.

Cyclic development

The growth of a market economy is not going upward. It is characterized by fluctuations in business activity, which are of a periodic nature. In the neoclassical direction, they are interpreted as cycles around the existing long-term trend.

There are two views on their causes: scholastic and deterministic. The first assumes that the factors that give rise to the change in the cycle are random. Depression in this case is the result of the impact on the national economy of internal and external impulses. The deterministic point of view assumes that the change of cycles is caused by well-defined factors of recession or recovery. Similarly, these two theories explain the change in technological structures.

Business cycle phases

Traditionally, four main types of cycles are distinguished, which differ in duration and are named after the name of the scientist who noticed them: Kitchin (3-4 years), Juglar (7-11 years), Kuznets (15-25), Kondratyev (45-60). The technological structures in the economy are precisely connected with long waves. There are four phases in the cycles of entrepreneurial activity: bottom (depression), rise (recovery), peak, decline (recession). They are most clearly manifested in the medium-term fluctuations of Juglar.

Phase features

Depression (bottom) is the lowest point on the production and employment graph. It is believed that this phase cannot be long. But this assumption can easily be refuted throughout history. For example, the Great Depression of the 30s of last year lasted for ten whole years with small fluctuations in business activity in the direction of growth or decline. However, many scholars believe that such exceptions only confirm the rule.

After the depression, the economy begins to revive. Its feature is the gradual expansion of production and the growth of employment of human resources. This stage is usually characterized by low inflation rates. Innovations with a short payback period are best introduced, since the population has not yet recovered from a difficult previous period. In this phase, the demand, which was postponed during the depression, begins to be realized.

Gradually, the economy reaches the top of the cycle. This phase is characterized by the lowest inflation rates. It can disappear altogether, while production facilities are operating at maximum load. During a peak, inflation often rises. Saturation of markets increases competition, leading to falling profit margins and increasing the payback period of innovation. The farm is in need of long-term lending. Only a new technological order can sharply turn the situation in the opposite direction.

Gradually, the capabilities of the manufacturing sector are decreasing. There is a decrease in investment and business activity. This leads to an increase in unemployment and a decrease in capacity utilization. Gradually, the economy starts to approach a state of depression again. The phases of the economic cycle are repeated again. And this continues throughout the development of civilization.

Obvious reasons for cyclicality

The national economy is the aggregate of resources that provides growing consumption. During its heyday or peak, it is able to fully meet the needs of its population. During depression, most people find themselves below the poverty line. During the peak, investor returns are at their maximum. This leads to the concentration of capital in the economy, which gradually reduces the rate of return. Many investors are starting to leave the country because they do not want to receive less income than before. This provokes the beginning of the recession. A decrease in investment volumes leads to a curtailment of production activities, and the population's solvency is falling. At the same time, the crisis in one sector gradually spreads to the entire economy as a whole.

The concept of the structure of the economy

In addition to a decrease in investment volumes due to a fall in the rate of return, the cause of crises is the obsolescence of technology. And NTP often stimulates the peak. The term "technological structure" is an analogue of the concept of "wave of innovation". The latter is more often used by foreign scientists. It was first proposed in the work "Theoretical and Applied Aspects of Management of Scientific and Technological Progress" by D. S. Lvov and S. Yu. Glazyev, published in 1986.

The style, according to scientists, is a set of active breakthrough inventions that provide a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society. The economic development of the country is directly related to its perception of innovations in scientific and technological progress. The theory of technological orders made it possible to comprehend in a new way the concept of cyclicity of Nikolai Kondratyev.

Waves of innovation

Scientific and technical progress and economic growth are closely related. The waves of the technological order are creating entirely new sectors and opportunities for investment and growth. Their development, in turn, stimulates the entire economy as a whole. After the Industrial Revolution, the technological order changed five times. Scientists differ somewhat on the major breakthrough technologies. Let's consider each of the structures as interpreted by foreign scientists.

Relation of waves and phases

Economic growth is closely linked to changes in technological structures. The more time passes after the Industrial Revolution, the faster the scientific and technological progress goes. The wavelengths of innovation are getting shorter. The first lasted 60 years, and the fourth only 40. This reflects the growing potential for innovation and the ability of economies to reap commercial benefits from technological innovation. Innovation is no longer seen as the result of individual effort, but rather organized, collaborative action. The business cycle phase has a significant impact on the development and implementation of technologies. He, in turn, is a factor providing a way out of the crisis. It is difficult to predict which invention will drive the next wave of economic development. Energy saving technologies and robotics are some of the candidates.

The concept of long waves by Nikolai Kondratyev

The scheme of technological orders approximately coincides with the large cycles noted by the Russian scientist. Nikolai Kondratyev was the first economist whose work on this topic received international recognition. Before him, two Danish scientists Jacob van Gelderen and Samuel de Wolff noted the existence of fifty or sixty-year cycles. But their work has only recently been translated into other languages. In 1939, Joseph Schumpeter suggested that long waves be named after Kondratiev. The theory was further developed within the framework of the Marxist school.

Kondratyev identified three phases of the cycle: expansion, stagnation and recession. Although generally accepted is the division into four periods with a turning point between the first and the second. Kondratyev identified two waves in the 19th century. The long cycle affects all sectors of the economy. The scientist himself focused his research on prices and interest rates. With these characteristics, he described the rise and fall of the economy. The revival of business activity is characterized by an increase in prices and a decrease in interest rates, while a recession is vice versa.

Explaining Big Loops

Many scientists, including Kondratyev himself, tried to figure out why long waves arise. Today, there are four main explanations:

The next technology wave

The global financial crisis of 2008 made people think about the need for dramatic changes in the economy. Have existing technologies exhausted their growth potential? James Moody predicts that new innovations should focus on increasing resource efficiency. The sixth technological order, according to the scientist, will be associated with huge changes in the structure of the market and social institutions.

The basis for human survival is environmental protection. The sixth technological order presupposes not harvesting from numerous resources, but managing the latter in order to achieve the highest output with the least use.

Technological structure of Russia

The main task of the Russian Federation today is the transition to a new wave of innovations. If the country fails to do this, then it will only have the role of a raw material appendage to the developed states. Modern technological structures are based on energy saving, the use of nanoelectronics, artificial intelligence. The resources for the growth of the existing production have already been almost completely exhausted, therefore, not a gradual modernization is needed, but its complete reorientation. Russia needs not catching up, but advancing development.

In our articles, we often use the term "technological order", which denotes a certain stage of technological development in the history of mankind. Society has already passed through five technological modes and today lives in a period of transition to the sixth, the core of which will be nanotechnology, alternative energy, biology and medicine, cognitive technologies and a number of others. The process of formation of technological structures is closely related to the definition of leaders in the global socio-economic space, therefore, knowledge of the foundations of their origin and development is key in developing an effective strategy for public administration.

What is a technological order?

The concept of the technological order was introduced by the academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences S.Yu. Glazyev, who today is one of the largest economists in the post-Soviet space. His theory of long-term technical and economic development is one of the most systemic ones that have just emerged in the domestic humanities, and the concept of technological structures is pivotal in it. This way is a combination of several dominant technologies that determine the nature of socio-economic life in a given period of time. So, during the second technological order (the beginning of the 19th century), steam engines, coal mining and shipping dominated, in the third there was a transition to the development of inorganic chemistry, ferrous metallurgy and the massive use of railway communication, and in the fourth, an internal combustion engine, rockets, airplanes appeared. and nuclear energy.

It is clear that in one article it is not possible to present even a hundredth of this theory, therefore in our article we will only try to acquaint readers in more detail with what awaits humanity and the world economy in the future, when the sixth technological order reaches its peak in its development. Practice has shown that during the domination of one or another technological order, a nucleus of leading countries is formed, which have managed to most fully develop new technologies and related industries. This provides them with exceptional competitive advantages over other countries, as a result of which some become hegemons of the world political space, while others get the fate of "service personnel" and "raw materials appendages." In light of this, it becomes possible to understand which countries will determine the vectors of development of the world economy in the next 20-30 years, since the core of the sixth technological order has already been practically formed, which means that the main contenders for global leadership have been identified.

Leaders of the sixth technological order

The formation of the core of the technological order, as well as the leaders in the development of relevant technologies, is closely related to the volume of investments in these industries that a particular state can afford. Therefore, the leaders in the next, sixth technological order will be those countries that have invested in such areas as, for example, nanotechnology or solar energy, more than others. At the beginning of the 21st century, the countries with the largest budgets are the United States, China, Japan, the EU's locomotive countries and some others, so it is not surprising that these states are claiming leadership in the sixth technological order, since they were able to invest a sufficient amount of funds at the right time. and in the right direction.

RUSSIA'S TRANSITION TO THE SIXTH TECHNOLOGICAL LAYOUT: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS

Parshin Maxim Alexandrovich 1, Kruglov Denis Anatolievich 2
1 Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, student of the Department of Monetary Relations and Monetary Policy
2 Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, student of the Department of State and Municipal Finance

annotation
The world economy is on the verge of the first post-industrial technological order. This article is devoted to assessing the opportunities and risks associated with Russia's transition to this way of life. The experience of the leading countries in mastering the technologies of the future is considered. The analysis of the current proportions of the national economy belonging to the industrial structure and the assessment of the readiness to enter the postindustrial one are carried out. The main problems and prospects of Russia's transition to a new technological order are revealed.

CROSSOVER OF RUSSIA TO THE NEW TECHNOLOGICAL MODE: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS

Parshin Maxim Aleksandrovich 1, Kruglov Denis Anatolievich 2
1 Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Student of the Money and Credit Relations and Monetary Policy chair
2 Finance University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Student of the State and Municipal Finance chair

Abstract
The world economy is on the threshold of the first post-industrial technological mode. This article is devoted to the evaluation of opportunities and risks of crossover of Russia to this mode. It includes analysis of the current proportions of belonging of the national economy to industrial modes and evaluation of the preparedness to entrance into post-industrial mode. There are also main problems and prospects of crossover of Russia to the new technological mode.

Bibliographic link to the article:
Parshin M.A., Kruglov D.A. Russia's transition to the sixth technological order: opportunities and risks // Modern scientific research and innovations. 2014. No. 5. Part 2 [Electronic resource] .. 02.2020).

Characteristics of technological orders

Scientific and technological progress is the main engine for the development of the world economy. Its result is technological innovation, which leads to an increase in labor productivity, modernization of the means of production and transformation of the current technological order.

In the economic science of the XXI century, the theory of technological structures, which is based on the concepts of the scientist-economist ND Kondratyev, is gaining more and more relevance. According to this theory, the scientific and technological revolution develops in waves by alternating technological orders in cycles of 50-70 years in length. Such cycles end with crises, followed by the transition of productive forces to a higher level of development.

The technological order has a complex internal structure. Its core is formed by industries in which the use of this type of energy is dominant. Currently, 5 industrial and 1 post-industrial technological cycle are known. The first way was formed in 1785 and was based on the energy of water. In 1830, the discovery of the energy of steam and coal took place, which marked the transition to the second technological order. The third wave of technical and economic transformations took place in 1890-1940. At this stage, there was an introduction into the production of electrical energy. The beginning of the fourth mode was laid in 1940, it was based on the energy of hydrocarbons, on the invention and application of an internal combustion engine. The fifth technological cycle began in 1990 and is projected to last until 2040. It is based on electronic and nuclear energy.

As it joins the fifth order and assimilates its basic capabilities, the world economy prepares to meet the first post-industrial order. According to theoretical calculations, the transition to it will take place in 2040, however, due to the acceleration of scientific and technological progress, it may occur earlier. The basis of the new "Kondratyev wave" will be nano- and biotechnology.

The transition of developed countries to the sixth order

The economy of a single country cannot belong to a single technological order. The percentage of belonging to the order in force at this stage of development determines the degree of development of the state's economy. At present, the economies of the USA, Japan and China are equipped with advanced technologies to the greatest extent. In the USA, for example, the share of the productive forces of the fourth technological order is 20%, the fifth - 60%, and about 5% falls on the sixth order.

The United States is among the first to enter the first postindustrial technology cycle. Important factors for this were a stable and stable political system, an effective mechanism for economic growth and scientific and technological progress, as well as a dominant position in the system of international institutions. One of the main priorities of US government policy is the promotion of scientific and technological progress, and fundamental achievements in the field of knowledge are officially recognized as the basis of economic growth. Funding for research and development work in the United States is carried out largely at the expense of the own funds of American corporations and firms, and the share of the federal budget does not even make up a third.

Japan, a state that was destroyed about 70 years ago as a result of World War II, is currently a leader in world science and technology. According to the research company "Economist Intelligence Unit", Japan ranks first among the most developed innovative powers in the world, ahead of the United States and Switzerland. These achievements were facilitated by close cooperation of all spheres of the innovation industry, in which the state, research institutes and business entities are involved. According to the forecast estimates of the National Institute of Science and Technology Policy, during the period of the sixth technological order, Japan will achieve great results in the field of high-tech innovations, which will allow it to finally strengthen its leading position among competitors.

Russia's readiness formeeting a new way

It is too early to talk about the formation of the sixth technological order in Russia. The share of technologies of the fifth order is about 10% (in the most developed industries: the military-industrial complex and the aerospace industry), more than 50% of technologies belong to the fourth level, and almost a third to the third, which prevailed in developed countries in the 1920s. The lag of Russia in economic development from the leading countries of the world reaches 45-50 years. The complexity of the task facing Russian science and technology is that in order for Russia to enter the number of states with the sixth technological order within the next 10 years, it “figuratively speaking, needs to jump over the stage - through the fifth order”.

Put by the President of Russia V.V. For Putin, the task of "creating a smart economy" determines the need for advanced development of science and the dynamic implementation of its achievements. But the existing forms and methods of management, organization and financing of work are a big obstacle on the way to such a breakthrough. Only cardinal changes in these areas can stabilize the situation. But they are possible only if science stands out as an independent branch of the economy. The leading countries of the world have already come to this, and this allows them to possess a powerful scientific background and an active system of innovations. In Russia, however, dynamic innovative development is still only a strategic goal.

Russia's lagging behind in innovative development is also associated with the lack of a systemic legal framework governing the scientific sector. The imperfection of legislation is a great obstacle to the development of science. In 2005, the section “Fundamental research and assistance to scientific and technological progress” was eliminated in the structure of the federal budget. At present, fundamental research is included in the section "National issues", and applied research - in the section "National economy". The loss of connection between fundamental and applied research at the stage of creating financial plans indicates the ineffectiveness of the functioning of research activities. In addition, the Ministry of Education and Science, together with the Russian Academy of Sciences, is developing proposals only for the budget for basic research. The program part of investing in applied research under state programs is formed by the Ministry of Economic Development, the non-program part - by the Ministry of Finance, which refutes the principle of the unity of the technological chain.

According to V.V. Putin, the concept of socio-economic development of Russia "Strategy 2020" is designed to make Russia "the most attractive country for life by 2020." But the adoption of the draft coincided with the economic crisis, which made the guidelines outlined in the document unrealizable. At the end of 2010, the Prime Minister was instructed to update the strategy, but this issue remained unresolved due to many inherent contradictions.

An important role in the socio-economic development of Russia is played by research organizations operating on its territory, whose main task is to improve the state innovation system. These include OJSC Rusnano, OJSC Russian Venture Company, the Skolkovo Innovation Center and the Nanotechnological Society of Russia.

Prospects for the introduction of technologies of the future

The transition to the sixth technological order opens up great opportunities for humanity. The synthesis of achievements in the main technological areas (bio- and nanotechnology, genetic engineering, membrane and quantum technologies, micromechanics, photonics, thermonuclear energy) can lead, for example, to the creation of a quantum computer or artificial intelligence. It is also possible to reach a fundamentally new level in the systems of government, society, and the economy.

More recently, self-propelled vehicles, self-driving aircraft, various kinds of robots, whose intelligence develops like a human, belonged to the realm of fantasy, and any attempts to convince people that soon it would be possible to perform any physical work only with the help of thoughts caused them distrust. However, already at present, on the basis of scientific research of one of the most influential and well-known theoretical physicists of the 21st century, S.U. Hawking developed such revolutionary mechanisms as a self-driving car, a wheelchair, controlled by the power of thought. In addition, mechanisms that respond to movements without direct contact and much more are becoming widespread.

“Informatization leads to the redistribution of labor. We are striving to improve the quality of life of people. Everything will change: the machine will do the hard work, the man will do the smart, ”says Pavel Betsis, General Director of the Russian office of Cisco Systems.

The need for a transition to the sixth technological order for Russia is predetermined by a number of factors, the most significant of which is the technological backwardness of the Russian economy. “Understand, we cannot catch up,” says Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences E. N. Kablov. It is necessary to make a sharp breakthrough and reach a new level of development, using together our own achievements and the experience of the world's leading powers.

Obstacles toentry into a new way

The transition of the state economy to a new structure is a long and multifaceted process and carries a lot of associated risks. "The threat to modern society is the division of people into those who have valuable information, who know how to handle new technologies and who do not have such skills."

An acute problem of the national economy is currently an unfavorable investment climate, which jeopardizes the financial support of innovative activities and the risk of losing investments in venture business. Moreover, moreover, in connection with the increased risk of losing investment in the development of technologies of the new order, the problem of mistrust of foreign investors is aggravated.

According to the theory of N.D. Kondratyev, the transition from one technological cycle to another is accompanied by a systemic crisis. Against the background of how the economy of our state went through previous crises (1998, 2008), it is advisable to assume that the coming crisis of the productive forces of the fifth order may become a big obstacle for Russia on the way to entering the sixth. The risk of untimely overcoming the crisis is of no small importance, since the strategic task of reducing the backlog of Russia in socio-economic development from the leading countries of the world is under threat.

Overcoming all obstacles standing in the way of innovative development opens up vast horizons for Russia. The country has sufficient potential for this, it only remains to use it effectively.

Technological order- ... a set of related industries that have a single technical level and develop synchronously. The change in the dominant technological structures in the economy predetermines the uneven course of scientific and technological progress (author Lopatnikov, 2003)

The theory of periodic cycles of development of socio-economic formations is substantiated by a significant number of researchers. The largest number of supporters has a model developed by in the 20s last century, Soviet economist Nikolai Kondratyev. He drew attention to the fact that in the long-term dynamics one can observe the cyclical regularity of economic indicators. Kondratyev calculated that the phases of economic growth and recession phases alternate at intervals of 45-60 years. Such fluctuations in the economy were called "Kondratieff cycles" by their followers. The theory has a significant number of opponents and critical reviews, but nevertheless provides an opportunity to substantiate the timing of global crises, as well as periods and main drivers of active growth.

At the end of the 20th century, using new opportunities, the periods of the "Kondratieff cycles" were clarified and a model of technological orders was developed. The key characteristics of the orders are clearly illustrated in the table

"Periodization of technological orders"

Layout	Main period	Milestone event	Prevailing technologies
1	1772-1825	The first industrial revolution. R. Arkwright founded the Water frame spinning machine and textile mill in Cromford	Water engine; Iron smelting; Iron processing; Canal construction.
2	1825-1875	The era of steam. Steam locomotive "Lokomotion No. 1", Stockton-Darlington Railroad	Steam engine; Coal industry; Mechanical engineering; Ferrous metallurgy; Machine tool building.
3	1875-1908	Age of Steel. Second industrial revolution. Establishment of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works in Pittsburgh on the basis of the Bessemer converter.	Steel production; Heavy and electrical engineering; Shipbuilding; Heavy weapons; Inorganic chemistry; Standardization; Power lines.
4	1908-1971	The era of oil. The introduction of a belt conveyor at G. Ford's factories, the beginning of the production of the Ford Model T car.	Automotive; Synthetic materials, Organic chemistry; Nuclear power; Electronic industry.
5	1971-2006	EpochIT. Scientific and technological revolution. Creation of the Intel 4004 microprocessor, First use of the name "Silicon Valley"	Computer Engineering; Space technology; Telecommunications; Robotics; Artificial intelligence; Biotechnology.
6	?? 2007 - 2040 ??	Nanotechnology. Intel announced the creation of a processor with structural elements less than 45 nm.	Virtual reality technologies; Nanoelectronics; Molecular and Nanophotonics; Nanobiotechnology Nanosystem technology.

There is an opinion that Russia can get significant advantages by "jumping" from 4 Technological Mode, immediately to 6 TU, without spending resources on catching up with developed countries in technologies of 5 Technological Mode.

According to experts, the economies of Russia and the United States are represented by technologies of various modes in the following proportion:

Styling	III	IV	V	VI
the Russian Federation	30%	50%	10%	-
USA	-	20%	60%	5%

Prepared by the consultant "SEYVUR Consulting" Yanov IV based on the materials of published articles and speeches of the participants of the forum "TECHNOPROM 2013"

I looked at Karaganov's website to read what he thinks about life there. And he writes about the sixth technological order, which, they say, no one in Russia has ever heard of. I got interested. It turned out that some people are thinking about the seventh and this will be the time when psychology will merge in ecstasy with physics. I wish everyone to live.

“The concept of a technological structure was introduced into circulation by Russian economists D.S. Lvov and S.Yu. Glazyev. According to the most common point of view, the technological structure is a set of technologies characteristic of a certain level of production development. In connection with scientific and technical progress, there is a transition from lower orders to higher, progressive ones. The foundations of the subsequent technological order arise, as a rule, during the period of domination and flourishing of the previous or even pre-previous order. But until the previous order has exhausted all the possibilities of its development, the sprouts of the subsequent order remain in the shadows and do not receive wide development. It is conventionally assumed that the duration of the technological order is 50–60 years. Today, economists identify 5 existing structures and talk about the onset of the 6th.

The first way (1785–1835) arose on the basis of the development of technologies in the textile industry and the widespread use of water energy. Although at this time there were already steam engines, they had not yet received widespread use.

The second mode (1830–1890) refers to the era of the accelerated development of transport (construction of railways, steam navigation) and the emergence of mechanical production in all industries based on the steam engine.

The third order (1880-1940) is based on on use in the industrial production of electrical energy, the development of heavy engineering and electrical industry based on the use of rolled steel, new discoveries in the field of chemistry. Radio communication, telegraph, automobiles were introduced. Large firms, cartels, syndicates, trusts appeared. The market was dominated by monopolies. The concentration of banking and financial capital began.

The fourth order (1930–1990) appeared as a result of the further development of energy using oil and petroleum products, gas, communications, new synthetic materials. This is the era of mass production of cars, tractors, aircraft, various types of weapons, consumer goods. Computers and software products for them, radars appeared and became widespread. The atom is used in military and then for peaceful purposes. Mass production was organized based on conveyor technology. The market is dominated by oligopoly competition. Transnational and international companies that have made direct investments in the markets of various countries.

The fifth order (1985–2035) is based on advances in microelectronics, informatics, biotechnology, genetic engineering, new types of energy, materials, space exploration, satellite communications, etc. There is a transition from disparate firms to a single network of large and small companies connected by an electronic network based on the Internet, closely interacting in the field of technology, product quality control, and innovation planning.

The sixth technological order will be characterized by the development of robotics, biotechnology based on the achievements of molecular biology and genetic engineering, nanotechnology, artificial intelligence systems, global information networks, and integrated high-speed transport systems. Within the framework of the sixth technological paradigm, flexible production automation, space technologies, the production of structural materials with predetermined properties, the nuclear industry, air transportation will be further developed, nuclear energy will grow, the consumption of natural gas will be supplemented by the expansion of the use of hydrogen as an environmentally friendly energy carrier, and will significantly expand the use of renewable energy sources.

But what is the seventh technological order? And isn't it too early to talk about it, if even the sixth order has not yet begun? In our opinion, it is not early. As mentioned above, the shoots of the subsequent technological order always arise in the depths of the previous or even the pre-previous order. Today, our society is dominated by the fifth order. The contours of the sixth order are already clearly visible to everyone. And the shoots of the seventh order are just beginning to cut through and therefore they are visible only to those who are closely involved in the technologies of the seventh order. How will the seventh order differ from all the previous ones?

In our opinion, the fundamental difference of the seventh technological order from all previous ones will be the inclusion of human consciousness in production. It can be said differently: human consciousness will become the same productive force that science became in its time. Such technologies can be called cognitive (English conscious - consciousness). Until now, the production of any product does not require the direct participation of human consciousness: in order to press a button on the machine and start the tool into operation, muscular effort is required, and even then only at the very initial stage, and then the worker only has to observe the operation of the tool. without interfering with its work. But in order to carry out this process, you first need to make a machine and spend on this a huge amount of material, fuel, labor and time. However, when our very consciousness becomes a productive force, we gain the ability to make the product we need directly from emptiness, without resorting to to preliminary the manufacture of a machine tool or other equipment. "

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