Presentation - Dymkovo toy. Presentation "Dymkovo toy Discover the secrets of the haze Russian clay toy presentation

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Dymkovo toy

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Dymkovo toy (Vyatka, Kirov toy), Russian folk art craft; has long existed in the Dymkovo settlement (now on the territory of the city of Kirov). The Dymkovo toy is molded from clay, fired and painted with tempera on the ground, including gold leaf. Depicts animals, riders, ladies in crinolines, fabulous, everyday scenes. The artistic originality of the Dymkovo toy is determined by massive laconic plasticity, emphasized by a harmonious decorative painting in the form of a large geometric ornament (circles, cells of different colors, etc.).
Tea drinking

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The Dymkovo toy is perhaps one of the oldest crafts in Russia. It arose out of love for the pottery tradition of the Vyatka lands in ancient times. The name of the toy comes from the Dymkovo settlement, today it is an area of ​​the city of Vyatka. According to many researchers, the development of the Dymkovo clay toy is associated with the ritual spring holiday "whistle", which was dedicated to the sun. To take part in the holiday, you needed a clay whistle and a painted clay ball, which could be thrown over.

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The Dymkovo Vyatka toy has long become a folk sculpture. The difference between this craft and other folk crafts in Russia is that each toy is an author's creative work of hand-sculpted and painted craftswomen, and exists in a single copy. Traditionally, the fishery for Dymkovo toys does not have a serial production line.
Rooster

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Whistles had the forms of various totem animals: bear, goat, ram, deer, but in essence they were very simple, so their main function was magical, not decorative. Despite the ritual significance of the clay whistles, there is some irony with which the craftsmen sculpted them. A bear, for example, could play some musical instrument, a goat could be dressed in funny pants. Such clay figurines-whistles were sculpted by women and girls long before the holiday. This work was considered exclusively for women.
Goat

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Almost all toys are whistles, festively painted on white clay with multi-colored stripes and lines, rings and dots, circles that look like flowers.
Horse

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Ram
Horse
Deer

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Lady
In ancient times, the most common types of figurines were animals and "women" - female symbols of fertility. Only in the 19th century did the "women" dress up in bright clothes, took dishes with pies, babies and birds in their hands, settled in boats and on benches. Multi-figured compositions appeared with names such as "Sleigh Ride", "Tea Party", "Walking with Children", "At Night".

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In the 19th century, the holiday turned into a lively whistle fair, with an inevitable whistle. The magical significance of the festival has been lost. The whistles were preserved, but acquired more and more elaborate, decorative forms. If in ancient times animals were the main plot, then in the 19th century women appeared in smart clothes, with babies, birds, with baskets of pies, with rocker arms, on benches and in boats. Later, the masters of Dymkovo toys turn to urban subjects: ladies of fashion, townspeople, officers, merchants, buffoons.
Nurse

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Whatever the Dymkovo toy depicts, it can always be distinguished by its unique elegant coloring. Blue, light blue, green, yellow-orange, crimson colors look very fun on a white background. There can be up to ten of them. The ornament is always simple: cells, stripes, circles, dots, diamonds, zigzags in various combinations. But these simple geometric patterns carry some information. For example, a blue wavy stripe denotes water, crossed stripes denote the frame of a well, a circle with an asterisk in the middle denotes the sun and other luminaries.
Nurse

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Target: acquaintance with a new type of decorative and applied art - the Dumskov clay toy;
development of observation, creativity, sense of color and proportion, brush writing skills: poke, stroke, line;
education of love for the native people through the creativity of folk craftsmen.

A type: lesson - conversation with elements of theatrical play (table theater).

Equipment: Dymkovo toys, tables with large images of toys, table "Rhythm and variations of the haze ornament", gouache, brushes, paper, scissors, musical accompaniment, presentation.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment.
II. Preparation for the perception of new material.
What folk crafts do you know?
What is a fair?
Teacher's story.

Folk art is the spiritual culture of the people. For centuries, people through a song, a fairy tale, an epic, dance, architecture, household items have tried to express their understanding of life, nature, and the world in an artistic form.
From ancient times to the present day, people have tried to make household items not only comfortable, but also beautiful. The artistic talent of the people was manifested in folk crafts. The original Russian products of the masters of Khokhloma, Gorodets, Zhostovo, Polkhov-Maidan, Gzhel are appreciated not only in our country, but also abroad. In the old days, people could buy all these items at fairs.

Boris Kustudiev. "Fair" 1908

The fair is not only a bargaining, but also a great folk holiday, showing the whole variety of art of the Russian people. Many people gathered at such fairs. Festivities, puppet shows, merry-go-rounds, performances of songwriters and dancers accompanied the bargaining. All the generosity of the Russian soul is reflected in the celebration of the fair.

Attention! Attention!
Merry festivities!
Come people!
Open your mouth wide
Good people are honored here,
The fair calls us all.

Vasnetsov Apollinary Mikhailovich. Novgorod bargaining.

Why is a modern fair held?

III. Learning new material.
Listen to the poem and tell me, what kind of folk craft will we get acquainted with today in the lesson?

What is Dymkovo famous for?
With your toy!
There is no smoky color in it,
What is the grayness of the gray.
She has something of a rainbow
From dewdrops
There is something in her for joy,
Thundering like bass!
She doesn't look gingerbread -
Jubilant and festive.
In her, youth is a highlight,
It has daring and scope ...
Shine, ocher with red lead,
All over the earth in houses!
Shine, ocher with red lead,
So that everyone is light and gloomy!
And anger, and frowning like ice
Without a trace
Let under the smile of Dymkov
Will melt forever!
V. Fofanov.

(Student responses)

The topic of today's lesson is "Dymkovo toy".
Affectionately and affectionately call this toy - Haze. According to their place of birth, they are from Sloboda Dymkovo. From the high bank of the Vyatka River, on which the city of Kirov stands, one can see the Dymkovo settlement.

Why was the Sloboda named Dymkovo, and the toys were Dymkovo?
In winter, when the stoves are heated and in summer on cloudy days, the whole settlement seems to be in a haze. Here, in ancient times, the Dymkovo toy was born. The toys of the Dymkovo masters were the most striking decoration of the fair, where a festive party with a mischievous and cheerful name Svistunya took place.
He will tell about the history of the haze associated with the ancient rite - whistling and festive festivities (performance by a prepared student).
There is a legend according to which the beginning of the holiday was laid by the so-called Khlynov massacre. It was described in detail by Captain N. Rychkov who traveled in 1770-1772 to different provinces of the Russian state and M. I. Kutuzov's son-in-law, disgraced Major General N. Z. Khitrovo, exiled to Vyatka in 1811. According to them, in the XIV-XV centuries, under the fortified walls of Khlynov, foreigners who lived in the region gathered to take the city, allegedly founded by newcomers from Novgorod. Not relying only on their own strength, the inhabitants of Khlynov sent for help to the Ustyuzhan people. The Ustyuzhanians came at night, but not from the side from which they were expected. Not recognizing their friends in the dark, the Vyatka residents killed many and only in the morning saw their mistake: "I didn't know my own." In memory of the victims, a chapel was erected at the site of the massacre, and a wooden cross in it, and since then a memorial service has been held here annually - the commemoration of the innocent victims, after which the Swistoplyaska holiday began, the ritual of which included rolling clay balls from the high bank of the Vyatka down the Razderikhinsky descent, fistfights, whistles, songs and dances. Booths with an abundance of various sweets were set up and, necessarily, the sale of clay toys and whistles.
At the fair, one could always hear jokes, counting rhymes, and poems:

And at the fair the goods -
Painted samovars
Frames, flasks for sale
And pictures and steering wheels.

People buy drying
And on a wondrous toy
They stare for a long time, slowly,
How good she is!

Daring fair,
The fair is painted.
Honest people gather
And take a walk with your soul.

Do you know the name of the master who works with clay?

A potter is a craftsman who makes toys and dishes from clay.

Let's take a look at Dymkovo toys.

Typical distinctive features of the Dymkovo toy.

Snow-white toys. Before painting, they were whitewashed with chalk diluted in milk.
The pattern consists of geometric elements: circles, ovals, rings, stripes, cells, lines.
For painting toys, colors are used: yellow, blue, red, green, black, (white background).
The modern toy contains: orange, brown, pink and blue.
The rhythm and variations of the haze ornament.

In addition to a brush for painting, a seal is used - a poke for drawing small circles and dots.

To make a poke, you need to roll a strip of paper into a tube.
Remember.
The pattern must be applied immediately with a brush, without preliminary drawing with a pencil. Start drawing patterns with large elements.

IV. Securing new material.
Why was the Sloboda named Dymkovo?
What is the name of the master who works with clay?
What are the distinctive features of the Dymkovo toy?
In what elements of the painting is the poke used?
A game. Find an outfit for Dymkovo "Young Lady".

Physical education.

V. Statement of the artistic task.
(The class is divided into creative groups, each group has a specific task).
To paint stencils of Dymkovo toys, household items, plants, architectural structures (all in the style of Dymkovo painting).
(The task is performed with folk music).

Vi. Analysis of works. Lesson summary.
Homework. Each group needs to come up with a story about the fair and in the next lesson play it in a table theater using painted stencils.

MBDOU number 74 Educator: Loskutova D.V.

The technique of making a Dymkovo toy is very simple. The toys are molded from red clay mixed with river sand. The shape is molded in parts. Individual elements are connected with each other with liquid clay. The seams are wiped with a damp cloth.

After sculpting, the toy is dried and fired.

The next stage of work is whitening. The toy was immersed in a solution of ground chalk diluted in milk. The toy turned dazzling white and was ready for painting.

Then traditional patterns were applied: cells, stripes, circles, ovals, dots.

Dymkovo mistress is very smart. On the head certainly - curls, hats, kokoshniks. On the shoulders - a cape, puffy sleeves. There are frills along the bottom of a skirt or apron. In his hands - a handbag, an umbrella, a dog, a rocker, etc. The craftswomen generously "scattered" circles, cages, large and small peas over the white background. Look how beautiful This girl-soul is. Scarlet cheeks are burning, Amazing outfit.

Dymkovo cavaliers, generals of dignity, with dignity. More often they are depicted on horseback or paired with a lady. With ribbons and bows, Yes, arm-in-arm with dandies We walk in pairs, We swim with pavas.

Clay horses are racing On the stands, that there is strength. And you can't hold on to the tail, If you missed the mane.

An unknown bird has started up - Everyone marvels at it. Does not sing and does not fly, Everything burns and blazes ... This bird is not simple, Painted, golden. It's just a miracle - a trinket, Her name is a folk toy!

To this day, the Dymkovo toy continues to delight us with its brightness, brilliance, and festivity. The craft of Dymkovo toys is preserved thanks to the Dymkovo craftswomen from the city of Kirov. We are notable toys, Foldable but okay, We are famous everywhere, We and you will like it!

Teacher: Today, guys, we'll talk about toys. But not about ordinary, but about folk toys. Our homeland has long been famous for its craftsmen, for its deeds. Wherever we are, everywhere we will meet wonderful masters who know how to transform natural materials into amazing creations. The places where these craftsmen live are called the centers of folk crafts. A lot of them.

Here is the Dymkovskaya Sloboda (now the trans-river part of Kirov), which is on the Vyatka River, is famous for its craftsmen, for its Dymkovo toys.

(The teacher shows Dymkovo toys)

What is Dymkovo famous for?
With my toy.
There is no smoky color in it,
And there is the love of people.

She has something of a rainbow
From dew drops.
There is something in her for joy,
Thundering like bass

(V.Fofanov)

Affectionately and affectionately, the people call this toy - a haze. Where does this amazing name come from?

It turns out that clay toys were made in winter and early spring, when there was a long preparation for the "Whistler" spring fair. To burn the toys, the stoves were heated until late at night, and the whole settlement was in smoke, in a haze. This gave rise to the name Dymkovo, and the toys began to be called Dymkovo toys. What are these toys? Let's get a look.

(The teacher demonstrates toys, slides, presentations, etc. Draws attention to the features of the Dymkovo toy)

Some researchers associate the manufacture of this toy with the spring fair "whistle" or "whistle dance", which was once held on Mount Razderikhe (near Vyatka). The awakening of nature, the arrival of birds, hopes for the future harvest (and it was the purchase of grain that took place at this fair) - all this was in the air and gave rise to a cheerful mood, joyful anticipation, and at the same time funny toys, which was the Dymkovo toy. Initially, the Dymkovo toy was a whistle on which a simple melody or tune could be played. Later, whistles gradually gave way to a simple but very bright toy made for sale. And here there is, as it were, a change in its meaning: from an ordinary toy-whistle, it turns into a work of art that has come down to us from "deep antiquity."

- Dymkovo lady is very smart. On the head certainly - curls, hats, kokoshniks. On the shoulders there is a cape, puffy sleeves. There are frills along the bottom of a skirt or apron. In his hands - a handbag, an umbrella, a dog, a rocker, etc. The craftswomen generously "scattered" circles, cages, large and small peas over the white background.

Look how good
This soul maiden
Scarlet cheeks are burning
Amazing outfit.

(Folk art)

Dymkovo cavaliers, generals of dignity, with dignity. More often they are depicted on horseback or paired with a lady.

With ribbons and bows,
Yes, under the arm with dandies
We walk in pairs
We are sailing with pavas.

(P. Sinyavsky)

- Toys depicting animals and birds are distinguished by a special invention. Dymkovo horses with a lush mane and tail.

Clay horses are racing
On the coasters, that is the strength.
And you can't hold on to the tail,
If you missed the mane.

(Folk art)

Folk fantasy, love of colorfulness, manifests itself in the image of an ordinary cockerel. It appears exotic, with its lush tail and red comb that looks like a fancy flower. The Dymkovo cockerel is full of dignity and fighting enthusiasm. A circle is always shining on his chest - the symbol of the sun.

(Folk art)

To this day, the Dymkovo toy continues to delight us with its brightness, brilliance, and festivity. The craft of Dymkovo toys is preserved thanks to the Dymkovo craftswomen from the city of Kirov.

We are noble toys
Foldable oh well
We are famous everywhere
You will like us too!

(P. Sinyavsky)

(End of slideshow, presentations)

Question: What do all these toys have in common?

Answer: Cheerful, festive, elegant.

Question: Do you like these toys? Which one is the most? Why?

Question: How can you paint toys, what elements are better to select?

Answer: Circles, stripes, waves, rings, dots, rhombuses, etc.

Question: What colors do the masters of Dymkovo like?

Answer: Bright smart: red, blue, crimson, yellow, orange, green.

The teacher invites children to become real folk craftsmen and paint models of Dymkovo toys. Draws attention to the main stages of painting (from large to small details).

In the process of independent work, the teacher provides children with complete creative freedom, providing individual assistance. You can turn on soft folk music. At the end of the lesson, an exhibition is arranged. The children put their toys on a special stand and, together with the teacher, choose the best works. The teacher does not forget to praise each student, to mark in the toy what was best done.

Different crafts, different styles are united by Russian folk toys. This diversity reveals the richest possibilities of the folk art-figurative perception of the world, reveals the deep traditional foundations of folk art, its national originality. It includes not only the traditional peasant village art, but also the work of the townspeople handicraftsmen and urban artisans. The works created in different conditions differ in their functions, artistic and figurative structure and content. So, the Dymkovo toy is completely different, not the same as the Filimonov or Kargopol toy. And the point is not only in the originality of the form, plastics, color and ornamental structure. The differences are deeper and more fundamental. They are expressed in the things themselves. Looking at Dymkovo toys, you feel a special style of work in them. The very process of creating toys here is complex, orderly, worked out to perfection. Suburban craftswomen collected red oily clay for modeling in the spring after floods on the Vyatka River. Right there on the river bank, fine clean dry sand was prepared, with which the clay was thoroughly mixed. The sculpting of each toy is a sequential series of generally accepted memorized working techniques. First, a lump of clay was rolled into a ball, then turned into a pancake and deftly rolled into the desired shape, which was collected further in parts, covered, and complicated. The excess was cut off with a sharp torch, a kind of stack, and the traces of molding, "smears", were smoothed out with a wet rag, and then "the toy seems to be molded, even, smooth, clear." It is still far from its full readiness, drying will take 4 5 days, baking in a Russian oven for 3-4 hours, slow cooling, then “whitewashing” the toy with lump ground, well-sifted chalk diluted in milk. And again drying the toys, only now it is necessary in a draft so that the milk, souring, forms a film of casein glue on the surface of the toy, the best fixer for chalk. And now the "whitewashed" toys are ready for painting. Their coloring is also not simple, not in two or three colors and not with ordinary paints. Up to ten colors were used by Dymkovo craftswomen, and the paint was made on an egg with kvass or vinegar, that is, they wrote in tempera. And the painting itself is also multi-layered, not of the same type, has several different ornamental-compositional schemes. Cells, stripes, circles, ovals, dots are rhythmized in a wide variety of combinations. On the matte whiteness of the background, spots of fuchsin, red lead, ultramarine, stripes of green and yellow crown sound openly. Blue, pink, brown are also interwoven into the color polyphony, composed of two colors: ultramarine and magenta with chalk or red lead with soot. And on top of the painting, rhombic leaves of gold leaf shine preciously, and the toy becomes even more colorful, elegant, festive. The very process of creating a Dymkovo toy speaks of its features. In no other traditional peasant craft, we will not meet with such a complex and perfect production of toys. Dymkovo masters own a multi-figured sculptural composition, vary the form and painting in a variety of ways, use multicolor, which requires a developed taste, an accurate eye. Such high professionalism is characteristic of crafts, where the toy was the main occupation, was the subject of mass handicraft labor. It is no coincidence that toys from the Dymkovo settlement near Vyatka and from the Bolshiye Gonchary settlement near Tula so vividly resemble porcelain figurines, which they really could well have replaced.

Sun Pattern Draw patterns with a brush and a poke seal. We make our own large and small poke signet. To do this, you need to tightly curl a strip of paper, as shown in the figure. A poke is made for each paint. Draw the sun pattern using a brush and a poke seal. the sequence of the pattern is shown in the figure.

Dymkovo patterns We continue our acquaintance with Dymkovo patterns on the example of painting the decorative plumage of a turkey tail. It is necessary to complete the painting using a brush and a poke sign. Various methods of working with a brush are used: drawing wavy lines of the same thickness, applying a brush to depict a decorative flower. Pay attention to how the rhythm of the pattern matches the rounded shape of the tail.

A bird-house and a water-bearer In the decorative painting of these figures one can see a peculiar reflection of elements of folk clothing: a kokoshnik, beads, a jacket, a skirt, an apron. As in the folk costume, everything is decorated with patterns. Patterns are harmoniously combined in color. In painting the figurine of a peasant woman, you need to come up with patterns yourself. It is better to start drawing patterns with a brush with large elements.

Lady's Outfit - 2 Describe the outfit of the dandy lady. The lady's outfit strikes with beautiful patterns, an abundance of flounces. In the modeling and painting of this figurine, folk craftsmen reflected the originality of the fashion of city dwellers of bygone years. It is necessary to independently choose the elements of clothing decor on the figurine of the lady.

Modeling and painting of the Dymkovo lady Sculpt the lady as shown in the picture. The figure shows the stages of modeling by the master of Dymkovo toys. The main feature of the haze is modeling clay figurines piece by piece. for work you will need: clay (can be replaced with poastilin); plank stand (wooden, plastic or linoleum); stacks - wooden or plastic sticks with flat or rounded ends of various shapes (see picture); a jar of water; rag. The sculpted clay figurine should dry out, which will take several days. A loan can be painted without burning in a muffle furnace. First, cover it with 2-3 layers of white paint. You can take white gouache, but it is better to use water-based white paint - the white background will be brighter, cleaner. Colored patterns are applied in gouache on the dried background. If the figurine was molded from plasticine, then before painting, the surface must be degreased with crushed chalk or tooth powder.