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Posted On 03/26/2018

Yu.I. Rebrin
Organization and production planning
Taganrog: Publishing house TRTU, 2006

Brief theoretical part

The normalized time is the time required to complete the operation, work.

Non-standardized time occurs in case of various technical and organizational malfunctions (it is not included in the standard time).

The normalized time is subdivided:

- for the preparatory and final (tp.z.);

- main (to.s.);

- auxiliary (tvs.);

- organizational service of the workplace (tо.о.);

- maintenance of the workplace (tt.o.);

- rest and natural needs (ie).

The structure of the normalized time (execution of an operation, work) (tpc, tshk) is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Structure of piece calculation time

Preparatory and final time tp.z. - the time spent by the worker to perform the following work:

- receipt and familiarization with technical documentation (drawings, technical specifications, technological process);

- preparation of equipment (adjustment, readjustment), tools, adaptations, gauges (selection and receipt);

- actions related to the end of processing.

The preparatory and final time is spent on the entire batch of parts (products) and does not depend on its size.

In mass production tp.z. no, since parts (products) are processed constantly throughout the entire production period.

The main time tos is the time during which the technological process is directly carried out (the shape, size, physicochemical properties of the part or product change).

to.with. may be:

- manual;

- machine-manual;

- machine-automatic;

- hardware.

Auxiliary time tв., Spent on actions that directly create the possibility of performing work elements related to the main time:

- installation and removal of a part (product);

- fixing and detaching a part (product);

- measurements;

- supply and removal of tools;

- turning on and off equipment.

In the conditions of mass and batch production, when group processing methods or instrumental technological processes (thermal, galvanic, etc.) are used, the main and auxiliary time is set for a batch, depending on the throughput of the equipment. In this case, the time for one part can be determined by the formulas

where toss.par., tv.para. - respectively, the main and auxiliary time for a batch of parts (products);

n is the number of parts (products) in a batch (in a cassette, pallet, etc.).

Time of organizational service of the workplace tо.о. - the time spent on cleaning waste and the workplace, receiving and handing over tools, gauges, devices, taking over the workplace from the shift worker, etc., spent during the shift.

Workplace maintenance time tt.o .:

- time of lubrication, adjustment, change of blunt tools, etc. during the shift.

Time for rest and natural (personal) needs ten. installed to maintain the working capacity of the worker during the shift.

In accordance with the above classification of the costs of working time, its structure is established (Fig. 6.) and the calculation of a technically sound rate of time is made.

Piece time rate tpc. - it is used in conditions of mass production:

.

Time to.to. and ten. usually expressed as a percentage of the operational time top. Then

tpcs. = top. (1 + Koto. + Ken.),

where Koto. and Ken. - share of time (from top.), Respectively, for organizational and technical maintenance and rest and natural needs.

The rate of piece-calculation time tshk. - it is used in serial production, where the specific weight of the preparatory and final time is high:

;

where n is the number of parts (products) in the batch.

Production rate - the amount of products that must be produced by a worker per unit of time (hour, shift, etc.)

where Nv is the rate of production, units;

Fr.v. - fund of working time for a certain period of time (shift, month, year), in minutes, hours.

Problem number 7

According to the initial data table. 7 define:

- the norm of the piece-calculation time for processing the part;

- changeable production rate of parts.

Table 7

Labor rationing methods

The concept of labor rationing

Standards Labor rationing includes the initial values ​​that are used in calculating the duration of the corresponding work under certain organizational and technical production conditions. For example, time standards are able to establish the necessary time spent on the implementation of individual elements of technology or work process. The object of the development of time standards is represented by elements of the labor and technological process, including the types and categories of costs of working time.

Labor rationing methods

Labor rationing methods are ways of researching and designing work processes in order to establish cost and labor rates. There are two main methods of labor rationing: summary and analytical

The summary method includes an experimental, experimental statistical method and a comparison method. Total methods are characterized by setting the norms of time for the operation as a whole. In this case, the analysis of the labor process does not take place, the rationality of performing the techniques and the time spent on their implementation are not considered. Here, the definition of norms is based on the use of statistical data on the actual costs of working time.

The total method involves the installation of labor standards in the following ways: an experimental or expert method, an experimental statistical method, a comparison or analogy method.

Analytical methods of labor rationing

Analytical methods of labor rationing include calculation, research, as well as mathematical and statistical methods.

Analytical methods divide the labor process into elements.

At the same time, the design of a rational mode of operation of equipment and methods of labor of workers is carried out, norms are determined in accordance with the elements of the labor process, taking into account the specifics of the corresponding workplaces and production units. Analytical methods establish a rate for each operation.

Research methods

Research methods of labor rationing are determined on the basis of studying the costs of working time, which are necessary for the performance of a labor operation. These studies are carried out by timing observations, before which all the shortcomings in the organization of workplaces are eliminated. Further, the standardized labor operation is divided into elements, with the definition of fixing different points. Experts establish the composition and sequence of execution of the elements of the labor operation, determining the duration of the projected elements of the operation using timekeeping.

At the end of the calculations, labor standards and elements of the operation are determined. After the operation as a whole, an experimental check is carried out.

Calculation methods

Calculation methods of labor rationing establish labor standards based on the originally developed standards for the time and operating mode of the equipment. In this case, the labor operation is divided into several stages, including techniques and labor movements. Further, the rational content of the elements of operations is established, as well as the sequence of their implementation.

Subsequently, the composition and structure of the operation as a whole is designed. The time rates for the elements of the operation can be determined on the basis of the time rate or calculated in accordance with the standards of the equipment operating modes. The calculation is carried out both according to time standards and according to calculation formulas that establish the dependence of the execution time of individual elements of an operation or the entire operation as a whole on factors affecting the execution time.

Mathematical-statistical method

Mathematical and statistical methods of labor regulation involve the establishment of a statistical dependence of the time norm on factors that affect the labor intensity of the regulated work.

The use of this method may require the availability of computing hardware, certain software.

Calculation of the norm of time for the performance of the service

Mathematical and statistical methods of labor rate setting also require appropriately trained rate setters. If all these requirements are met, then the application of the method will be effective.

Examples of problem solving

Classification of labor costs

Working time for the contractor is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs this or that work foreseen or not foreseen by the production task) and break time in work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of the working time is shown in Figure 6.1.

So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production time (TPROIZ) and working time not provided for by the production task (TNEPROIZ) - the time spent on performing operations that are not characteristic of this employee, which can be eliminated.

Production task lead time includes preparatory and final, operational and service time of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time (TPZ)- this is the time spent on preparing yourself and your workplace for the performance of the production task, as well as on all actions to complete it. This type of expenditure of working time includes the time of receipt of a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing devices, tools, handing over finished products to the Quality Control Department, etc. ... Since a feature of this category of time expenditures is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given assignment, in large-scale and mass production per unit of production, this time is insignificant in magnitude and is usually not taken into account when setting standards.

Operational time (TOP)- this is the time during which the worker performs the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); repeated with each unit or a certain volume of products or works. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

Basic (technological) time (TOSN),- this is the time spent directly on the quantitative and (or) qualitative change of the object of labor, its state and position in space.

During auxiliary time(TVSP) the actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed.

Time, production and service rates: what's the difference?

It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. The auxiliary time includes the time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the working area, managing equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is attributed to workplace service time (TOBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes the time of technical and organizational maintenance of the workplace.

By the time of maintenance of the workplace (TOBSL.TECHN) includes the time for servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of this operation or a specific work (replacing a blunt tool, adjusting and adjusting equipment during operation, cleaning up production waste, inspection, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (TOBSL.ORG) - this is the time spent by the worker to maintain the workplace in working order during the shift .. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on accepting and handing over a shift, nesting at the beginning and cleaning at the end of a change of tools, documentation and other necessary for work items and materials, etc.

In some industries (coal, metallurgy, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Working hours not provided for by the production task, - the time spent by the employee to perform random and unproductive work. The performance of unproductive and casual work does not provide an increase in production or an improvement in its quality and is not included in the piece time rate. These costs should be the subject of special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Random Run Time (TSL.RAB)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production needs (for example, transportation of finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, walking for orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, adjuster, tool; performing not auxiliary and repair work provided for by the assignment, etc.).

Figure 6.1 - Classification of the performer's working time costs

Time to complete unproductive work (TNEPR.RAB)- this is the time spent on the performance of work not provided for by the production assignment and not caused by production needs (for example, manufacturing and correcting production defects, removing an excessive allowance from the workpiece, etc.)).

Apart from the above, depending on the nature of the employee's participation in the performance of the production operation, the running time can be subdivided into:

- handmade time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);

- time of machine-manual work performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or an employee using manual mechanisms;

- observation time at work of equipment (automated and hardware work);

- transition time(for example, from one machine to another in multi-station service).

Observation time, as noted, it is typical for automated and hardware production.

It can be active or passive. Active observation time equipment operation is the time during which the worker closely monitors the equipment operation, the progress of the technological process, compliance with the specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and equipment serviceability. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time for the operation of equipment - this is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the absence of other work. The time of passive observation of the operation of the equipment should be the subject of especially careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Considering the structure of the costs of working time in machine, automated, hardware processes in the time of work, it is also advisable to allocate overlapping and non-overlapping time.

Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. Overlapped can be main (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of expenditure of working time. Non-overlapping time - the time of performance of auxiliary work and work on maintenance of workplaces when the equipment is stopped. An increase in overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity gains.

As noted, working hours include and break time... There are regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks (TREGL.FER) in work includes:

- time of breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time of a break in the driver's work during the slinging of the lifted load by workers) - their elimination is almost impossible or economically inexpedient;

- breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain the normal performance of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.

Time of uncontrolled breaks in work (TNEREGL.PER)- this is the time of interruptions caused by a violation of the normal course of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:

- interruptions due to disruption of the normal course of the production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, materials, incompleteness of parts and blanks, waiting for vehicles and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, replacement tool, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.).

Sometimes these types of ad hoc breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;

- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or premature leaving it, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, occupations not related to work. They also include unnecessary (in comparison with the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.

When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate the loss of working time and their causes, all working time of the contractor is divided into productive costs and losses of working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete the production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are the object of rationing and are included in the structure of the time rate. Loss of working time includes the time of unproductive work and the time of unregulated breaks. These costs are analyzed with the aim of eliminating or minimizing them.

SEE MORE:

Calculation of technical norms of time for performing welding operations

Time rate

The most common form of measuring labor costs is the time rate, in which costs are measured in standardized man-hours (standard hours).

(For example, the norm for the manufacture of product "A" is 16 man-hours, the norm for the production of 1 meter of fabric "K" is 38 man-minutes.)

The norm of time (Nvr.) Is the reasonable time spent on the performance of a unit of work (one production operation, one part, a product of one type of service, etc.) by one or a group of workers of a specified number and qualifications in a specific production environment.

The time rate in general is calculated using the following formula:

H vr = t pz + t op + t about + t ex + t pt,

where H vr is the time per unit of production

t пз - preparatory and final time

t op - operational time

t about - time for servicing working hours

t ex - time for rest and personal needs

t Fri - the time of breaks due to the technology and organization of the production process.

Time norms are of many varieties and are central to the calculation of labor norms, since other types of norms are determined on their basis.

The norms of time are used both for the rationing of the labor of workers of any professions engaged in the performance of heterogeneous work during the shift, and for the rationing of the labor of specialists of different levels and directions.

Time rates are one of the types of labor standards that contribute to the effective operation of organizations.

Production rate

The production rate is the amount of work in pieces, meters, tons (other natural units) that must be performed by one employee or a group of employees of a specified number and qualifications per unit of time (hour, shift, month) in specific organizational and technical conditions.

The production rate in general is calculated by the formula:

H in = T cm / H bp,

where H in - the rate of production per shift;

T cm is the duration of the shift;

H vr - the rate of time per unit of work (production).

At the same time, it is established in those cases when the same regularly repeated work (operation) is performed during the shift. For example, the production rate of products "B" is 260 pcs. per shift, the rate of production of material "C" - 85 m.

Labor rationing: just something serious

The production rate indicator is recommended to be used where the time rate indicator has a relatively small value. So, if the rate of time for the production of part "D" is 12 sec / piece. and, accordingly, the production rate of this part is 300 pcs / hour.

Production rates are one of the types of labor standards that contribute to the efficient operation of organizations.

Calculation of the preparatory and final time

Preparatory and final time Tpz is spent on setting up equipment for performing each processing operation. In conditions of mass production, when no changeover is required, the value of the preparatory and final time is zero.

Calculation of time rates and production rates

In other industries, the setup time does not depend on the size of the batch of parts. This time can be reduced by using batch machining methods in which fasteners and cutting tools are largely preserved when the equipment is changed from machining parts of one name to machining parts of other names.

For CNC machines, the preparatory and final time is summed up of three components: the time for mandatory techniques, the time for additional techniques and the time for trial processing of the workpiece. Specific values ​​can be taken from the tables in the technical literature.

The required time costs include the following: installation and removal of the clamping device or readjustment of the clamping elements, installation of the software carrier or calling the control program (NC), checking the NC in the accelerated working mode, setting the relative positions of the coordinate systems of the machine and the workpiece, as well as the time for placing the tools.

Additional time is spent on receiving and handing over technological documentation, familiarization with the documentation, inspection of blanks, instructing the foreman, receiving and handing over of technological equipment.

The trial processing time is formed as the sum of the time for processing the part according to the NC (cycle time) and for performing the techniques associated with trial working strokes and accuracy control, calculating the values ​​of the correction of the position of the cutting tool vertices and entering these values ​​into the memory of the CNC device.

You can simplify the assignment Tpz, by calculating the values ​​of the preparatory and final time according to the formulas that establish the dependence Tpz, min on the number of instruments To pcs and cycle times tts = tо + tв, min:

for drilling machines Tpz = 28 + 0,25TO + t c;

for boring Tpz = 47 + TO + tts;

for milling Tpz = 36 +TO+ t c;

for turning Tpz= 24 + 3TO + 1,5 t c.

Calculation of the main time

Main time to- this is the direct cutting time, the time during which the chip is removed. For all types of processing, there are calculation formulas, the essence of which is reduced to dividing the path L (mm) of the cutting tool by the minute feed smin (mm / min), i.e. on the speed of movement of the tool relative to the workpiece (should not be confused with the cutting speed). To calculate the main time, those columns of the electronic calculation table are used, in which the length of the tool strokes is entered, equal to the length of the processed surface and the overruns of the tools; cutting diameter or cutting tool diameter; the size of the allowances; depth of cut; the number of teeth of the tools; cutting speed. The spindle speed and the number of working strokes, equal to the ratio of the allowance to the depth of cut, will be calculated independently by the computer. It is most advisable to have a calculation table, in the lines of which you write all the working strokes, and in the vertical columns - the lengths of the strokes, the processing diameters and diameters of the cutting tools, the number of working strokes, all types of feeds (per tooth, per revolution, minute), the number of teeth of the tools, cutting speed. An example of calculation is given in Appendix 5. Cutting speed and feed should be taken from section 7.8 "Calculation of cutting conditions". The computer will calculate the spindle speed by the formula .

It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the formula is entered in the cells of the calculation table to = L / s min. It applies to turning, milling, countersinking, drilling and other types of machining, in which the workpiece or cutting tool rotates. When planing, broaching, gear cutting, surface grinding and in a number of other cases, the main time is determined by other formulas, which must be entered into the corresponding cells of the Excel table.

Production rate. Technical time standard. Auxiliary time. Basic (technological) time.

Technical regulation establishes the rate of time, that is, the time required to perform a given operation in a certain production environment.

According to the rate of time per operation, the time spent on the entire program for the production of parts is calculated, the required number of workers, machine tools, the amount of electricity is determined, the requirements for grinding wheels are established, etc.

In accordance with the time norms, a production plan for the site, workshop, plant as a whole is drawn up. Depending on the time spent, workers are paid. The time spent on an operation characterizes labor productivity. The less time is spent on one operation, the more parts will be processed per hour or shift, that is, the higher labor productivity.

The production rate is understood as the number of operations (volume of work) that a worker can perform per unit of time (per shift, per hour). Knowing the duration of the shift (420 minutes, with a 7-hour working day or 480 minutes, with an 8-hour working day) and the time rate for one operation (T), determine the production rate (420: T or 480: T).

The rate of time is not a constant value, since with an increase in labor productivity, the rate of time decreases and the rate of production increases.

When determining the norm, the best organization of labor and maintenance of the workplace is provided, that is, the norm should not include the loss of time due to organizational problems in the maintenance of the workplace.

The worker's qualifications must correspond to the work to be performed; the machine operator should not perform such work that auxiliary workers are obliged to do.

The norm should not also include the loss of time to correct defects or to manufacture parts to replace rejected ones.

When calculating the time rate, the actual cutting conditions for a given operation, normal machining allowances, the use of a specific tool and fixture must be taken into account.

The technical norm of time for an operation consists of two main parts: the norm of the piece time and the norm of the preparatory and final time.

The standard of piece time is understood as the time spent on processing a part on a machine.

The norm of the preparatory and final time is understood as the time spent on familiarization with the drawing or operational sketch and the technological process of performing the operation, for setting up the machine, installing and removing tools (grinding wheels) and accessories, as well as for performing all the techniques associated with the end of a given work - delivery of finished products to the controller, delivery of tools to the tool store, etc.

Preparatory and final time is spent once for the entire batch of simultaneously processed parts. In mass production, the same operations are performed on machine tools. Therefore, the worker should not change the device, tools, get acquainted with the drawings and flow charts for the manufacture of a part many times. He does this once before performing this operation.

Therefore, in mass production, the preparatory and final time is not included in the technical standard. The processing time of a batch of parts in serial production is determined by the formula

T part = T pc n + T pz,

where T part is the time per batch, min; T pcs - piece time, min;

n is the number of parts in the batch, pcs; T pz - preparatory and final time, min. From this formula, you can determine the time to manufacture one part, if you divide the right and left sides by the number of parts in the batch

where T pc is the norm of piece-calculation time, that is, the time for an operation, taking into account the preparatory and final time. The value of T pz can be taken in the reference books of the normalizer.

It can be seen from the formula that the larger the batch of parts is processed on the machine, the smaller the fraction and, therefore, less T pc.

The unit time rate includes the following values:

T pc = T about + T in + T obsl + T from,

where T about - the main (technological) time, min; T in - auxiliary time, min; T obsl - time of service of the workplace, min; T from - time of breaks for rest and natural needs, min.

The main (technological) time T about is called the time during which the shape and dimensions of the workpiece change. The main time can be:

a) machine, if the change in shape and size is carried out on a machine without direct physical action of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with an automatic feed of the grinding head;

b) machine-manual, if the change in shape and size is carried out on the equipment with the direct participation of the worker, for example, grinding on a machine with a manual feed of the grinding headstock;

c) manual, if the change in the shape and size of the part is done manually by the worker, for example, locksmith work - scraping, filing the surface, etc.

The main machine time for grinding by the method of multiple passes is calculated by the formula

The main machine time when grinding by the plunge method is determined by the formula

In these formulas, the following designations are adopted: l is the length of the stroke of the working table when grinding this part, mm; q - side allowance, mm; n is the number of revolutions of the part per minute; s pr - longitudinal feed per one revolution of the part, mm / rev; s pp - transverse feed per one stroke of the table (cutting depth), mm / stroke or mm / min, with plunge-cut grinding;

K - the coefficient taking into account the time for the spark output is taken from 1.1 to 1.5. The length of the working stroke l when grinding with a longitudinal feed is determined by the formula l = l d - (1-2m) * B, where l d is the length of the grinding surface in the direction of the longitudinal feed, mm; m - overrun of the circle beyond the limits of the ground surface in fractions of the height of the circle; B - circle height, mm. If it is necessary to determine the number of double table strokes in min n dx, then it is necessary to find the minute longitudinal feed and the length of the working stroke, and then use the formula

where s pr - longitudinal feed in one revolution of the part; n d is the number of revolutions of the part. In turn, between the reverse feed s pr mm / rev and the feed in fractions of the height of the circle s d for one revolution of the part, there is a relationship s pr = s d B.

Substituting the indicated values ​​into the formula, for s m we get:

s m = s pr * n d = s d * B * n d mm / min.

When determining the number of revolutions of a part, when its diameter and rotation speed are known, use the formula

where v d is the rotation speed of the part, m / min;

d d - part diameter, mm.

Auxiliary time T at is the time spent on various techniques used in performing the main work and repeated with each workpiece, that is, for feeding the workpiece to the machine, for installing, aligning and clamping the workpiece, unclamping and removing the part, controlling the machine, control measurements of the part.

Auxiliary time is determined by timing. There are handbooks that indicate auxiliary times for various cases of parts processing.

According to the experimental research institute of metal-cutting machine tools (ENIMS), the auxiliary time is distributed approximately as follows:

For the supply of workpieces to the machine 5-10%

For installation, fastening, unfastening and removal of the part 15-25%

For machine control, including manual feed (retract) of the grinding head 35-50%

On the measurement of the part on the machine 20-40%

The auxiliary time should be reduced through the use of high-speed devices, mechanization and automation of monitoring and control of the machine. The shorter the off time, the better the machine will be used.

Workplace maintenance time T obsl is the time that a worker spends on caring for a workplace throughout the shift. It includes the time for changing the tool (grinding wheel), which, according to ENIMS data, is 5-7% of the total amount of time spent on adjusting and adjusting the machine during operation, for dressing the grinding wheel with diamond or diamond substitutes, amounting to 5-10% of the total cost of working time, for removing chips during work, for laying out and cleaning the cutting and auxiliary tools at the beginning and at the end of the shift, for lubricating and cleaning the machine.

To reduce the time for maintenance, it is essential to reduce the time for dressing, achieved by the use of diamond mandrels, pencils, plates, rollers, disks, automatic devices for giving commands for dressing and automation of dressing (auto-adjusting machines).

Time for rest and breaks in work for natural needs is determined for the entire shift. The time for servicing the workplace and for natural needs is set as a percentage of the operational time, that is, to the sum of T o + T in.

Based on the study of the experience of grinders, it was found that the main time spent from 30 to 75% of the total working time. The rest is auxiliary time, time for servicing the workplace, natural needs and preparatory and final time.

With a decrease in T in, T obsl, T from, T pz, T pc and T pc decreases, labor productivity increases.

Having calculated all the components of the time norm T about, T in, T obsl, T from, T pz and knowing the batch of simultaneously processed parts, determine T pc.

Knowing T pcs and the number of hours of work per shift, you can set the production rate per shift:

where 480 is the number of minutes in a shift with an 8-hour working day.

From these formulas it can be seen that the less the time rate T pcs, the greater the output per hour and shift. With well-organized work, the workers fulfill and overfulfill the output standards, which leads to the fulfillment and overfulfillment of the production plan and to an increase in labor productivity.

In addition to the calculated and technical norms of time, in the unit production they use experimental and statistical norms of time. Such norms are obtained as a result of mathematical processing of the actual time spent on the entire operation. These time norms do not take into account all the possibilities for increasing labor productivity, and therefore it is not recommended to use them.

"New accounting", N 11, 2004

An employee performs work duties for a certain period of time, called working time. The working hours of each employee are standardized. Read about how to correctly calculate this rate in this article.

The standardization of working hours is regulated by the provisions of the law, which must be known and taken into account in practice in the relationship between the employer and the employee.

Working time norm concept

The standard of working time is the number of hours that an employee must work in accordance with the terms of the employment contract, collective agreement, internal labor regulations, and other local regulations of the organization for a certain period of time.

The working time rate is used to determine the employee's wages, including for the purpose of paying for overtime work, work on weekends and non-working holidays (Articles 129, 133, 152, 153 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

When the parties to the labor contract determine the working time norm of a particular employee, it is necessary, first of all, to be guided by the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which establish the maximum working time of 40 hours per week (Article 90 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Thus, the employee's working time cannot exceed 40 hours per week, but it can be less than this value.

In some cases, the employer is obliged to set shorter working hours (for example, 36 hours or 24 hours a week). Such cases are established by laws and other legal acts in accordance with Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Working hours and minimum wages

The salary of an employee who has worked the monthly norm of working hours and fulfilled his labor duties cannot be lower than the minimum wage (Article 133 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

If, in accordance with an employment contract, a collective agreement, an agreement or a local regulatory act, an employee is assigned part-time or reduced working hours, then, having completed the full working time standard for him, such an employee has the right to receive a wage not lower than the minimum wage.

Calculation of the normal number of working hours for a certain period of time

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not define a mechanism for calculating the normal duration of working hours.

The calculation of the maximum duration of working time for periods other than a week is carried out in accordance with the Clarification "On some issues arising in connection with the transfer of days off coinciding with holidays" (hereinafter - the Clarification), approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 29, 1992 N 65, which continues to operate on the basis of Article 423 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

According to clause 2 of the Explanation, the norm of working time for certain periods of time is calculated according to the estimated schedule of a five-day working week with two days off on Saturday and Sunday based on the duration of daily work (shift):

• with a 40-hour work week - 8 hours a day;
• if the working week is less than 40 hours - the number of hours obtained by dividing the established working week by five days.

On pre-holiday days, the length of the working day is reduced by one hour (Article 95 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The norm of working time calculated in this manner, according to the Clarification, applies to all modes of work and rest.

Example 1... Let's define the normal working hours in October 2004.

According to the schedule of a 5-day working week with days off on Saturday and Sunday, the number of working days in October 2004 is 21 days.

Consequently, the working hours in October are:

• with a 40-hour work week - 168 hours (21 days x 8 hours);
• with a 36-hour work week - 151.2 hours (36 hours: 5 days x 21 days);
• with a 24-hour work week - 100.8 hours (24 hours: 5 days x 21 days).

The norm of working time calculated by us, as mentioned above, applies to all modes of work and rest. That is, the maximum working time for all employees who have not been assigned reduced or part-time working hours in October 2004 is 168 hours.

Working hours and shift schedule (work schedule)

As you know, time tracking can be:

• daily and weekly - in cases where the established daily or weekly working hours can be observed (general working hours recording regime);
• summarized - in cases when the established daily or weekly working time cannot be observed.

Summarized accounting always implies shift work. Therefore, with the summarized accounting of working time, shift schedules are necessarily drawn up.

Shift schedules are drawn up in advance before the beginning of the working period to which they relate, and must be brought to the attention of all workers whom these schedules concern, no later than one month before they are put into effect (Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Overworking or shortcomings in a separate month of the normal working time, calculated in the manner prescribed by the Clarification, cannot serve as a basis for revising the shift schedule if the overall balance of working hours corresponds to the established rate of hours during the accounting period and calendar year (clause 3 of the Clarification).

So, with the summarized accounting of working time, it is impossible to revise the shift schedule if the employee, for some reason, has not worked the standard of working time in a particular month.

Example 2... In October 2004, the working time standard for workers who have a 40-hour working week is 168 hours.

In accordance with the terms of the employment contract, the summarized accounting of working hours is applied. The accounting period is a quarter.

The total working time that the employee must work in the IV quarter of 2004 corresponds to the working time standard.

From October 2 to October 15, 2004, the employee acted as a juror in the regional court, so he did not work in October for several shifts provided for in the schedule and, accordingly, the working time norm.

The employer is not entitled to revise the employee's shift schedule in November and December 2004.

If the employer nevertheless revised the previously approved shift schedule, then all the additional time worked by the employee under the new schedule is, in our opinion, overtime work and is payable in accordance with the provisions of Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Example 3... Let's continue the conditions of example 2.

The period from October 2 to October 14, 2004, had four shifts of 12 hours each. The employer made changes to the previously approved work schedule and postponed shifts that were not worked out by the employee until December 2004.

If an employee completes these shifts, it should be assumed that overtime is taking place in December.

In accordance with Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the first two hours of overtime work are paid in one and a half amount, the rest - in double, if the collective or labor agreement does not provide for payment in a higher amount.

Thus, 46 hours (4 shifts x 12 hours - 2 hours) must be paid in double amount, and 2 hours - in one and a half amount.

Working hours and part-time accounting period

Suppose that a particular accounting period is incomplete for an employee, for example, due to the provision of an annual regular paid leave.

How, in this case, to determine the maximum duration of working hours in a given accounting period for this employee and draw up a work schedule for the shift?

In our opinion, when determining the maximum working time for such an employee, it is necessary to exclude from the calculation of working days those days on which the employee will not perform his labor duties. With a different approach, the employee will be in an unequal position with other employees of this employing organization, since for different time he will have to work the same number of hours as other employees.

Thus, when drawing up a shift schedule, it is necessary to exclude periods of time that are not taken into account when calculating the norm of working time (for example, annual regular and additional leaves).

Example 4... The employee has a summarized accounting of working hours for a 40-hour work week. The accounting period is a quarter.

The vacation schedule provides for the annual regular paid vacation of the employee from December 1 to December 28, 2004.

How to determine the maximum working hours in the IV quarter of 2004 and draw up a shift schedule for this employee?

Considering that in the period from December 1 to December 28, 2004, the employee must not perform his labor duties, this period must be excluded from the calculation when determining the maximum duration of working hours.

That is, the working time rate will be calculated as follows:

21 days x 8 hours + 21 days x 8 hours + 3 days x 8 hours - 1 hour (December 31 is a pre-holiday day) = 359 hours.

It is on the working time norm of 359 hours that you need to be guided when drawing up a schedule.

If the actual working time of a given employee exceeds the calculated standard working time, then all hours worked by the employee in excess of this standard must be paid as overtime.

Working hours and dismissal of an employee who has not completed the accounting period in full

In practice, the following production situation is encountered.

An employee who has a cumulative record of working hours is dismissed before the end of the accounting period.

How to determine the maximum working time for a given employee and, accordingly, the working time norm? Should we consider that the accounting period has ended since the employee was fired? Whether to determine the number of hours of overtime work?

In answering these questions, it is necessary, in our opinion, to proceed from the following.

The accounting period is a period of time determined by an employment contract, collective agreement, agreement or local acts of the employer, during which the employee must work out the working hours established for him in accordance with the shift schedule.

Upon dismissal of an employee, mutual obligations of the parties to the employment contract terminate (with the exception of some, for example, obligations related to the material liability of the parties or arising from an agreement on non-disclosure of commercial secrets). On the last day of work, the employer is obliged to make the final settlement with the employee (Article 80 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

With the expiration of the employment contract, all its conditions are terminated, including those related to the establishment of summarized accounting and the duration of the accounting period.

Consequently, upon dismissal of an employee, the accounting period ends for him on the last day of his work.

When determining the maximum working time for a given employee, there is no need to take into account the time period from the moment of dismissal until the end of the accounting period. The working time will be calculated for the period from the beginning of the accounting period until the moment of dismissal.

If the total number of hours worked by the employee from the beginning of the accounting period until the moment of dismissal exceeds the normal working hours in this period of time, then work in excess of the normal number of working hours will be considered overtime and will be paid in an increased amount.

Example 5... Let's take the conditions of example 4 and suppose that the employee was fired on December 1, 2004, and before that time worked in accordance with the shift schedule for 343 hours.

The maximum working time for the period from October 1, 2004 to November 31, 2004 is 336 hours for this employee (21 days x 8 hours + 21 days x 8 hours).

Thus, the employee worked 7 hours overtime (343 hours - 336 hours), which must be paid in an increased amount.

I. Mikhailov

AKDI "Economics and Life"

The basis for calculating the norms is the time norm. Time rate consists of useful costs. The composition of the time norm can be represented in the form of the following components:

Нвр = Тпз + Top + Tob + Totl + Тпт, (7.1)

where Tpz- costs of preparatory and final time;

Top - operational time costs;

Tob- time spent servicing the workplace;

Totle- time spent on rest and personal needs;

Tpt- time of breaks of an organizational and technical nature.

Operational time includes the main and auxiliary time of the operation:

Top = To + TV, (7.2)

where That - the main time of the operation;

Tv - auxiliary time of the operation.

Workplace service time subdivided into organizational and technical services:

Tob = Bargaining + Tteh, (7.3).

All standardized costs of working time, except for the preparatory and final time, are established per unit of product. Piece time rate calculated as their sum:

Tsht = Top + Tob + Totl + Tpt, (7.4).

The rate of piece-calculation time:

Hvr = Tpz + Tsht, (7.5)

where Tpz- preparatory and final time;

Tsht- piece time.

Consequently, the time norm consists of two main parts: preparatory-final and piece time.

Depending on the nature of the individual elements of time expenditure, the methodology for rationing each of them changes.

Standardization of preparatory and final time(PP), its content and duration depends on the type and organization of production, on the procedure for servicing the workplace.

IN mass production preparatory and final time is not included in the labor standard. IN serial production the norm of the preparatory and final time is 10-15% of the duration of the work shift. It is normalized for a batch of products in minutes. IN single production the norm of the preparatory and final time is 20-30% of the operational time. Normalized in minutes per work shift. For manual work the content of the costs of the preparatory and final time, as a rule, is constant and their share in the norm of time is not large. It is normalized as a percentage of the operational time or in minutes per shift.

Standardization of operational time depends on the nature of labor, takes the largest share in the norm of time. Operational time includes main and auxiliary time.

When normalizing handicrafts operational time is not subdivided into main and auxiliary, it is set as a whole, comprehensively for an operation, unit of production or volume of work
(in minutes, standard hours). The value of the operational time is determined according to the timekeeping data or on the basis of normalized data. On the machine-manual In the works, the operational time is subdivided and normalized according to the main machine time and auxiliary time.

Main time calculated according to the formulas for a certain type of equipment, depends on the operating mode of the equipment. Auxiliary time normalized on the basis of standards, timing. Depending on the type of production, the rationing of auxiliary time can be enlarged and elemental.

With consolidated standardization, depending on the nature and repeatability of operations, individual techniques can be combined based on their technological sequence in a set of techniques. It is also possible to enlarge the computational union of the elements of the auxiliary time. depending on the same factors affecting their duration (installation and removal of the part.). Enlarged rationing is used in batch and one-off production.

Auxiliary time can be: overlapping and non-overlapping.Overlapped auxiliary time overlaps with the main machine time during the operation of the equipment. Only non-overlapping time.

Time regulation maintenance of the workplace depends on two factors: the type of production and the nature of labor.

On the handicrafts in all types of production, the time for servicing the workplace is normalized, without dividing into components, as a percentage of the operational time. At machine-manual work in mass production the time for servicing the workplace is normalized as the time for the maintenance of the workplace, which is calculated as a percentage of the machine time, and the time for the organizational service of the workplace, which is normalized as a percentage of the operating time. At machine-manual work in serial production the service time of the workplace is standardized as a percentage of the operational time.
IN continuous instrumental processes the time for servicing the workplace is standardized in minutes. on the duration of the shift.

Rationing of time for rest and personal needs(Totl) depends on efforts of labor, conditions of this work... It is normalized as a percentage of the operational time at work with a high rate of work. Set in minutes for an 8 hour shift.