Logistics practice represents management. Logistics as a science and as an economic activity. Material flows. The role of logistics in modern conditions

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"The proposed material of the tutorial is divided into 11 topics and is devoted to logistics - the science of managing flow processes in a market economy. The sequence of presentation of the material allows you to get an idea of ​​the main functional
areas of logistics, logistic methods of "consolidated" material flow management.
In planning logistics systems, the main thing is to create new business opportunities that provide the organization / enterprise with the ability to constantly search for the optimal development strategy based on special mechanisms for its implementation.
Logistics objects - material, financial, information flows and flows of services on the way from the primary
source to the final consumer. The main objectives of the discipline: the study of the conceptual apparatus; assimilation of the principles and methods of logistic knowledge of organizations / enterprises as complex artificial systems; consideration of possibilities
application of the theory and methodology of logistics in enterprises, etc.
Logistics as a discipline in the system of training economists and managers is associated with the following disciplines: philosophy,
economic theory, management, organization theory, development of management decisions, enterprise economics, marketing, statistics, informatics, etc. "

1.1. Development of logistics as a science and its practical implementation.

Logistics (from the Greek word logistike) is the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics is becoming a thing of the past. In the Roman Empire, there were ministers who bore the title "logisticians", or "logistics", who were involved in the distribution of food.
It is believed that logistics has grown into a science thanks to military affairs, which includes such a wide range of issues as planning, command and supply, determining the location of troops, as well as building bridges, roads, etc. Over time, under the influence of various factors, logistics began to move from the military sphere to the sphere of economic practice, taking shape as a theory of the management of commodity and material resources in the sphere of circulation, and then production.
A logistics technology was developed for the interaction of various types of transport (within a transport hub), which was the basis for the development of a unified European transport system of the European Union countries.

1.2. Logistics in the economy

In economics, logistics is understood as scientific and practical activities related to the organization, management and optimization of the movement of material (raw materials, goods, semi-finished products) and accompanying (information and financial) flows from the source of raw materials to the final consumer (Figure 1.1).
To control the movement of a material flow, it is necessary to know how to influence this flow:
choice of vehicle;
selection of the optimal transportation route;
determination of the optimal level of stocks in warehouses; selection of the number and location of warehouses
and wholesale bases;
determination of the optimal size of the finished packaging
products, etc.

The main goal of optimal management of the movement of material flow is to increase competitiveness due to:
reducing the cost of moving goods;
optimization of stocks along the entire route;
reducing the transit time of goods from the primary source to the consumer;
improving the quality of customer service.

The use of logistics is explained by a number of reasons, among which three can be distinguished.
1. Reaching the limit of production efficiency made it necessary to search for unconventional ways to create competitive
advantages. Entrepreneurs began to pay attention not only to the product itself, but also to the quality of its delivery. Cash invested in distribution began to influence the position of the supplier in the market. In logistically organized material supply chains, the cost of goods delivered to the end consumer turned out to be lower than the cost of the same goods that passed along the traditional route.
2. The increase in the cost of energy resources forced to look for methods to increase the efficiency of transportation, it took coordinated actions of all participants in the logistics process.
3. The application and development of logistics became possible due to the introduction of computer technologies, which made it possible to manage material flows at all stages of movement.
In modern economics, there are three stages of improving logistics as an economic discipline.

At the first stage of logistics development (Fig. 1.2) transport, transshipment terminal, warehouse began to work according to a single schedule, a single technology, for the final economic result.

The container in which the cargo is shipped is selected taking into account the transport, and the characteristics of the transported cargo determine the choice of transport
etc.

The second stage in the development of logistics characterized by the extension to the production process (Fig. 1.3). From the point of view of the development of logistics, it is characterized by:
centralizing physical distribution;
long-term planning in the field of logistics;
reduction of stocks in material-conducting chains;
determination of distribution costs;
implementation of measures to reduce the cost of promoting goods.

The use of logistics in production has made it possible to reduce stocks, improve the quality of service through timely execution of orders, improve the use of equipment, etc.

Stage Three characterized by the complete integration of all elements of the logistic material flow (Fig. 1.4). An example of such integration is the development of transport and technological systems. This is due to the emergence of specialized vessels: container ships, timber carriers, package carriers, specialized transshipment complexes, warehouse equipment, etc. which in turn contributed to the development of industries involved in the provision of logistics services.

1.3. Logistics. Macro and micrology

The definition of logistics is usually given in a broad and narrow sense.
In a broad sense, logistics is the science of managing and optimizing material flows, service flows and related information and financial flows in a particular micro-, meso- or macroeconomic system to achieve its goals.
In a narrow sense (from a business standpoint) logistics is an integral management tool that contributes to the achievement of strategic, tactical or operational goals of a business organization through effective (in terms of reducing overall costs and meeting end-consumer requirements for the quality of products and services) management of material and (or) service flows, as well as related to them flows of information and funds.

Logistics, like economics, is subdivided into macro and micro levels.
Macrologistics solves issues of management of material flows belonging to several industrial, trade, transport enterprises located in different regions or countries. Micrologistics addresses local issues within one enterprise.

Let us give examples that reflect both of these concepts: 10 000 tons of cargo per year pass through the warehouse of the wholesale trading base (micro-logistics); the countries of the European Community form a single internal market (macrologistics); the annual freight turnover of the European transport complex is up to 10 billion tons (macrologistics); the warehouse's turnover is 15 times higher than the average stock (micro-logistics).

1.4. Material flow and its meters

The main object of research, management and optimization in logistics is the material flow. It is formed as a result of transportation, storage and performance of other material operations with raw materials, semi-finished products and finished products - from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.

Material flows can flow between different enterprises or within one enterprise. Areas of passage of material flows are shown in Fig. 1.5.

Material flows are subdivided according to the following main characteristics:

In relation to the enterprise: external (flows in the external environment for the enterprise and has a direct relationship to it), internal (formed as a result of an operation within the enterprise), input (comes from the external environment and can be determined by the sum of the value of material flows when unloading cargo), output (comes from the enterprise to the external environment). If the enterprise stores stocks at the same level, the input material flow will be equal to the output;
by natural-material composition: single-assortment and multi-assortment - the construction of the logistics process depends on these parameters;
quantitatively: massive, large, medium, small, etc.;
by degree of compatibility: compatible and incompatible, etc.

Material flow- these are goods, goods considered in the process of applying various operations to them and attributed
to the time interval. Operations include unloading, transportation, sorting, storage, etc. Dimension
material flow is a fraction, in the numerator of which the unit of measurement of the cargo is indicated (pieces, tons, etc.),
and the denominator is a time unit (day, month, year, etc.). For example, the material flow of building materials
is 4000 t / year; material flow for loading by crane is 200 containers / day.
The qualitative composition of the stream changes as it moves along the chain. First, between the source of raw materials and the first processing
the enterprise, as a rule, moves mass homogeneous cargo: crude oil, iron ore, coal, raw sugar, grain, etc. At the end of the chain, the material flow is represented by goods ready for consumption: gasoline, flour, packaged sugar, etc. Between individual industries , workshops move various parts, blanks, semi-finished products.

In order to control the material flow, it is necessary to know its characteristics and dimensions. Material flow meters are:
weight of cargo or number of places, volume, type of cargo;
transportation distance (kilometers, miles);
direction of movement (place of departure, place of destination);
lot number - the mass or number of pieces of cargo to be shipped at a time, on one vehicle, in one direction;
travel time and parking time at transshipment points or stocks in production.
Material flows are formed as a result of the activities of various enterprises and organizations. At the same time, the key role in their management is played by:
* transport companies and forwarding companies;
* wholesale enterprises;
* intermediary organizations;
* Manufacturing enterprises (warehouses of raw materials and finished products, where a variety of logistics operations are performed).

1.5. Material flow classification

Material flows can be classified according to various criteria.

In relation to the logistics system material flow is divided into external, internal, input and output (Fig. 1.6).
The external flow takes place in the external environment for the enterprise.
In this case, not all flows are meant, but only those that have something to do with this organization. For example, the external will be the flow of raw materials for a processing plant until it is delivered to its warehouse. When it arrives at a warehouse and moves within an enterprise, it will be internal to this enterprise. At the entrance to the enterprise, it will be called inbound, and after processing and delivery from the finished product warehouse, it will be called outbound.

Quantitatively material flows are divided into mass, large, medium and small. A mass flow is considered to be when it is transported by several vehicles, for example, a train, several dozen cars; large flows - several wagons, cars; medium - single wagons, cars; small - the amount of cargo is insufficient to load one vehicle.
By specific gravity material flows are divided into heavy, lightweight, and examples of the former are metals, ore, and the latter - timber cargo, tobacco products, etc.
By consistency of goods material flows are divided into flows of bulk, liquid and general cargo.

The first are:
grain, raw sugar, timber, coal, etc., transported without containers;

to the second - oil and oil products, liquefied gas, wine, etc .;

to the third - metals and equipment, as well as other goods transported in containers, containers, boxes.

1.6. Volume prediction methodsmaterial flow

It is often necessary to determine the volume of material flow in the coming period in order to make a decision on expanding or curtailing activities, forecasting income or expenses. The simplest and most common method is considered to be the method of extrapolating the volume of the material flow. There are several extrapolation methods. The most common are two of them:
1) by the average level of a number of dynamics;
2) by the average rate of growth of the series.

1.7. Functional areas of logistics

There are five main functional areas of logistics.
1. Transport logistics, which solves the issues of material flow management in transport areas. Transport work performed in the process of bringing the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the final consumer.
Transport operations carried out by logistics can be divided into two large groups, performed:
special transport organizations (public transport);
transport owned by the manufacturer of finished products (non-transport enterprises).

Transport logistics has no clear boundaries. It can be used for any transportation.
2. Production logistics, which solves the problem of creating material goods or providing material services. The bulk of the work is carried out within the territory of one enterprise.
The participants in the production process interact as a result of not concluded contracts, but decisions made
enterprise management system.
3. Information logistics, which rationalizes the organization of the movement of flows. Information systems provide material flow management using microprocessor technology, information technology and other components of the informatization process, achieving effective management of information flows. Information logistics is closely intertwined with all functional areas of logistics.
4. Procurement logistics, which solves issues related to the provision of raw materials and materials to the enterprise. Analysis is carried out among suppliers, contracts are concluded and their performance is monitored. A mechanism is used to influence the supplier in case of violation of the terms of delivery and prompt measures are taken to correct the situation. The area of ​​interaction, which constitutes the main content of procurement logistics, is determined by the terms of the contract with suppliers and the composition of the functions of the supply service within the enterprise.
5. Distribution logistics, which solves the problem of selling finished products. To solve these problems, two options for promoting finished products are used: the manufacturers themselves and trade and intermediary enterprises are engaged in the sale.

1.8. Logistics functions

Among the logistics functions at the level of business organization, experts identify basic, key and supporting
functions.
TO basic logistic functions include: supply, production and sales. These three functions are carried out by almost any manufacturer.
As key logistics functions experts identify the following:
maintaining customer service standards;
procurement management;
transportation;
Inventory Management;
management of ordering procedures;
management of production procedures;
pricing;
physical distribution, etc.

Logistics solutions play a decisive role in the operations of delivering goods of the required quality at a specified time and place, as well as bringing services to the consumer. Maintaining customer service standards, ensuring a given level of product quality, distribution of goods and after-sales service are the primary tasks of the logistics management of any enterprise. The ideology of total quality management has spread widely, and mandatory certification of goods and services has been adopted using the ISO 9000 series of standards.
Much attention in logistics management is paid to the procurement procedures for material resources to ensure
production goals. Organization and management of procurement include a set of tasks such as the selection of suppliers of material
resources, planning the need for resources, determining rational terms and volumes of their supplies, organizing contractual work, choosing the forms of supplies and types of transport for the delivery of material resources to the production departments of the enterprise, etc. The importance of procurement procedures is also explained by the fact that the factors of time and location of suppliers, the quality of material resources have a great influence on the amount of logistics costs.

Without movement, there is practically no material flow, therefore one of the key integrated logistics functions is associated with transportation. At the same time, the transportation process itself is considered in a broader sense than the actual transportation of goods, namely, as a set of transportation processes, loading and unloading, forwarding and other related logistic operations. The importance of transportation is not least due to the fact that the costs of transportation in some sectors of the economy reach 2/3 of the total logistics costs. Transportation management usually involves solving problems such as choosing a carrier and a forwarder, choosing a mode of transport, determining rational routes, selecting a vehicle
for a certain type of cargo, etc.
Inventory management of material resources and finished goods is the process of creating, controlling and regulating the level of stocks in the supply, production and marketing of products. Whereas the location factor is of decisive importance in the transportation of products, the time factor is of decisive importance in inventory management. There is always a certain need for stocks of material resources and finished products, which play the role of a buffer between suppliers of material resources and production, on the one hand, and between production and consumers of finished products, on the other. Reducing the risks of shortages, stocks at the same time play a negative role, freezing financial resources in large volumes of inventory; In this regard, the most important task of logistics management is to optimize the level of stocks in supply chains and systems while ensuring the required level of customer service. The high costs of creating and maintaining inventory levels (accounting for 20 to 60% of total logistics costs) underscore the importance of this key logistics function.

The order procedure management function determines the order of receipt and processing of orders, the moments of time for receiving finished products or providing services to the consumer, and also initiates the work of the corporate distribution network or logistics
intermediaries for the delivery and sale of products to consumers; Although the costs of this key logistics function are not as high as transportation or inventory management, its importance in modern business is very high, since it directly determines the quality of customer service.

Manufacturing procedure management (or operations management) is also a key logistics function.
From the standpoint of logistics, the importance of operational management lies in the most efficient (in terms of reducing costs and improving product quality) management of the flows of material resources and work in progress in the technological processes of finished products. At the same time, the logistic tasks of volumetric scheduling, minimizing the level of inventories and work in progress, predicting the need for material resources, reducing the duration of the production cycle, etc. are of great importance. These and other tasks of operational management are solved, for example, by micro-logistic in-house systems such as "planning needs / resources", "optimal production technologies", CANVAN, etc.
One of the key logistics functions is pricing. The pricing strategy is closely related to the marketing and logistics strategies of the company - the manufacturer of the products. The logistics strategy sets the level of total logistics costs that make up the base of the price of the finished product, and the planned level of profitability and the final sale price of the finished product to the consumer, determined by market conditions, the level of competitors' prices and demand forecasts, depend on the marketing strategy.

TO supporting logistics functions usually include:
warehousing;
cargo handling;
protective packaging;
ensuring the return of goods;
provision of spare parts and service;
collection of returnable waste;
information and computer support.

Warehousing is a logistic function of managing the spatial distribution of stocks and provides
performing tasks such as determining the number, type and location of warehouses; volume (area) of storage of material
resources, finished products; planning the placement of stocks; designing zones for transportation, sorting, loading and unloading; selection of loading and unloading and other storage equipment, etc.
Cargo handling (cargo handling) is usually carried out in parallel with warehousing and also provides the function
maintaining stocks. Elementary logistics operations that make up the cargo handling process represent
a movement of material resources or finished products in a warehouse, placement of products on warehouse racks, etc. This complex logistic function is usually associated with the choice of technological equipment for organizing the movement of goods in the warehouse, handling equipment; organization of procedures for sorting, consolidating or picking goods for order fulfillment and transportation; maintaining a rational volume of warehouse turnover, etc.
In the processes of distribution of finished products, an important role belongs to protective packaging, which ensures the safety of goods delivered to consumers by various modes of transport. In addition, packaging is of great importance in marketing, since consumer demand largely depends on its attractiveness. The use of standard standard-size series of containers and packaging in physical distribution can significantly reduce logistics costs due to the coordination of volumetric containers and packaging modules with the cargo capacity of vehicles, as well as technological parameters of warehouses and cargo-handling equipment.

Logistic support functions also include various procedures for returning goods that, for some reason, do not satisfy customers or have not passed the warranty period. Along with the organization of service maintenance, equipment repair and the provision of spare parts to consumers, the procedures for returning finished products to manufacturing enterprises form an after-sales service system, which is sometimes referred to as key logistics functions.
In the processes of production and marketing of finished products, so-called secondary material resources arise, which consist of production waste (returnable and non-returnable) and production and personal consumption waste.
Secondary material resources form specific material flows, the management of which is currently also referred to as the object of logistics research.
Modern logistics systems cannot function without information and computer support. In many respects, it was the electronic processing of information about material and financial flows, the automation of document circulation in the organization of commodity circulation, planning, organization, regulation, accounting, control and analysis of material flows on computers in supply, production and sales made possible the implementation of the modern integral concept of logistics. Information and computer support is used for almost all logistics activities, both at the micro- and macroeconomic level.
Logistic functions and operations are set by the initial conditions, parameters of the external environment, alternatives to the strategy,
characteristics of the objective function. To determine the volume of logistics operations and functions of an enterprise, one should take into account external, interdepartmental, interdepartmental, interoperational, intra-warehouse and other flows, which depend on a number of factors, and primarily on the level of production organization,

1.9. Logistic systems

The system is such an interconnected organized set of elements that has the qualities
unusual for its individual constituent elements. Thus, some collection of objects will represent
a system only if the following properties are present:
integrity and divisibility;
the presence of links between elements;
organization;
integrativity.
To represent an object as a system, a systematic approach is used. At the same time, a distinction is made between the internal and external environment of the system, as well as input and output (Fig. 1.7).

The elements of the logistics system are: transport enterprises, warehouses, wholesale and retail trade enterprises,
reloading and transportation equipment, etc. Moreover, the elements of the logistics system can be considered at the macro and micro levels. Qualified personnel ensure communication between individual elements. So, at the macro level, the basis of communication is the contract, and at the micro level, the elements are connected by intra-industrial relations. Links between elements
more or less ordered.
The logistics system has, firstly, the ability to deliver the right product at the right time and place, of the required quality with minimal costs, and secondly, the ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions.

Logistic system is an adaptive feedback system that performs certain logistic functions. It, as a rule, consists of several subsystems and has developed connections with the external environment. The purpose of the logistics system is to deliver goods and products as prepared as possible for production or personal consumption at a given level of costs, to a given place, in the right quantity and range. Logistic systems are divided into macro- and micrologistic.
Macrologistic system is a large material management system covering enterprises and industrial organizations, intermediary, trade and transport organizations of various departments located in different regions of the country or in different countries. This system represents a certain infrastructure of the economy of a region, country or group of countries. The formation of macrological systems in interstate programs requires the creation of a single economic space, a single market without internal borders, customs barriers to the transportation of goods, capital, information, labor resources.
Micrologistic systems are subsystems, structural components of macrologistic systems. These include various industrial and commercial enterprises, territorial production complexes. These systems represent a class of intra-production logistics systems, which include technologically related production facilities, united by a single infrastructure.

The boundaries of the logistics system are determined by the production cycle, from the organization of production to
delivery of finished products to the consumer (Fig. 1.8). Management of logistics systems is based on the involvement of individual interrelated elements in an integrated business process in order to prevent irrational
loss of material, financial and labor resources

There are four main properties of logistics systems.
1. Property of integrity and divisibility. A system is an integral set of elements interacting with each other. Decomposition of logistics systems into elements can be done in different ways. At the macro level, when the material flow from one enterprise to another passes, the enterprises themselves, as well as the transport connecting them, can be considered as elements. At the micro level, the logistics system can be represented in the form of the following main subsystems:
purchase - ensures the flow of material into the logistics system;
production management: -the subsystem receives the material flow from the procurement subsystem and manages it in the process of performing various technological operations that turn the object of labor into a product of labor;
sales - ensures the disposal of the material flow from the logistics system.
2. Property of the connection. There are significant links between the elements of the logistics system. In macrologistic systems, the basis of communication between elements is a contract. In micro-logistic systems, elements are linked by intra-production relations.

The movement of the material flow can occur according to the following schemes:
the material flow passes directly from the manufacturer of the product to its consumer, bypassing intermediaries;
there is at least one mediator on the path of the material flow;
the movement of the material flow can be carried out both directly and through intermediaries.
3. Property of the organization. The connections between the elements of the logistics system are ordered in a certain way, i.e. logistic
the system has an organization.
4. The property of integrability. The logistics system has integrative qualities that are not inherent in any of the elements separately. These qualities of the logistics system make it possible to purchase materials, pass them through production facilities and issue them to the external environment, achieving predetermined goals.

Macrological systems are formed at the level of the state, interstate, interdistrict, inter-republican
connections. Micrologistic systems are created at the level of an enterprise, organization and serve as subsystems of macrologistic systems (the principle of matryoshka dolls). At the same time, the optimization criteria for macro- and micrologistic systems are different. For an enterprise, the criteria for optimizing its functioning in a market environment are the minimum costs, the maximum sales volume, the conquest of the maximum market share, etc. In macrological systems, environmental, social, and military goals are often used as criteria, although the criterion of minimum costs is also used. Depending on the presence of intermediaries in the goods promotion system, there are three types of logistics systems (Fig. 1.9).

1. A system with direct links, in which the material flow passes directly from the producer to the consumer, bypassing intermediaries. Currently rare
2. A layered system with at least one intermediary.
3. Flexible logistics systems, where the movement of material flow from producer to consumer can be carried out both directly and through intermediaries.

1.10. Logistic chain and logistics costs

An important concept of logistics is the concept of a logistics chain. Under logistics chain understand the sequence of stages of passing the material flow from the source of raw materials to the consumption of finished products. The logistics chain consists of links. The main links of the logistics chain include: supply of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products; storage of raw materials and products; Production of goods; sending goods from finished goods warehouses to the consumer, etc.
Each operation to promote the material flow corresponds to certain costs incurred by specific links in the logistics chain - enterprises. Since these costs are classified as logistics, they are called logistics costs.
They include costs in the areas:
loading and unloading operations;
transportation and forwarding of goods;
storage of cargo;
collection, storage and transmission of information about the cargo;
settlements with suppliers and buyers;
cargo insurance;
customs clearance of goods, etc.

The amount of logistics costs depends on the field of activity:
^ in industry, they account for 10-15% of the total costs of production and sales of products;
^ in trade - 25% and more.

The main task of logistics is to reduce the costs associated with bringing the material flow from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer.

The system of accounting for production and circulation costs should highlight the costs arising in the process of using logistics functions, generate information about the most significant costs and the nature of their interaction. Logistics involves fixing
operational accounting of costs on the way of movement of material flow.
All costs can be divided into two groups: transformation costs and interaction costs. The cost accounting associated with the process of promoting resources consists of many costs that arise at the stages:
accepting an order;
order processing;
paperwork;
order picking;
storage;
delivery;
transport and forwarding services;
invoicing, etc.
The costs of the individual components of logistics are closely interrelated.
Taking into account the logistics costs on the way of movement of the material flow, a picture of the formation of costs associated with the execution of an order is obtained.

1.11. Organization of logistics at the enterprise

The use of a logistics system provides for the management of all operations as a single activity. To do this, it is necessary to organize a special logistics service that will manage the material flow, starting from the formation of contractual relations with supplies and ending with the delivery of finished products to the consumer:
planning and control - finishing the production of finished products, planning transport processes, planning a warehouse network, budget control, information systems;
management of assets - in warehouses, in transport, in the process of servicing production processes;
inventory management - forecasting demand, managing and controlling raw material stocks; semi-finished products and finished product; choice of containers and packaging, etc.
The logistics service represented by a department or one person should perform the following functions:
operational scheduling with a detailed schedule for the release of finished products;
operational management of technological production processes;
overall quality control, maintaining product quality standards and appropriate service;
strategic and operational planning of supplies of material resources;
organization of in-house warehouse facilities;
forecasting, planning and rationing of consumption in production;
organization of work of in-house technological transport;
control and management of stocks at all levels of the intra-production warehouse system and in the production process;
in-house physical distribution of material resources and finished products;
informational and technological support of internal production material flow management processes;
automation and computerization of management of material (information, financial) flows in production.

The listed complex of tasks should be solved within the framework of the corporate logistics strategy for optimizing the management of material and related flows from the point of view of:
^ optimization (minimization) of the levels of all stocks inside
production and technological cycle and warehouse
systems;
reduction of production and technological time
cycle;
^ reduction of all logistics costs in production;
^ optimization of the work of the in-house transport and warehouse complex.

The complexity of the implementation of the logistics concept in production largely depends on the existing technological specialization, and primarily in the field of transport and relocation work.
Cost accounting involves identifying all departments involved in the production process; determining the change in costs caused by the failure of the given business process; determination of costs that can be prevented if this product is not manufactured and delivered to the client.
Materials management should be end-to-end and coordinated from one center. All logistics operations
must be fully interconnected and interdependent.
They should form a single process for managing material, information and other types of flows that arise in the production process.

1.12. Interaction of logistics with other organizational processes

The implementation of logistics activities is closely intertwined with other activities in the enterprise. Often, the logistics function is "pulled apart" by various services: one division of a manufacturing enterprise is engaged in
purchases of materials, the other - the content of stocks, the third - the sale of finished products. At the same time, the goals of the departments may not coincide with the goals of the rational organization of the aggregate material flow passing through the enterprise.

Logistics closely interact with marketing. According to the goals and tasks being solved, logistics and marketing are essentially parts of a single process of meeting consumer needs. Marketing and logistics are independent, closely interrelated areas of production and economic activity. Entrepreneurs can use the concepts of marketing and logistics to manage an enterprise independently. At the same time, the best result can be obtained by skillfully using both concepts at the same time.
The essence of marketing lies in the management of production, promotion to the market and profitable sale of products,
focused on existing demand.
One of the most important functions of logistics is associated with the organization of the logistics of consumers. Requirements
consumers are not only to meet the production needs for raw materials, materials and products of high
quality, but also in providing just in time, at favorable prices for logistics services at a minimum level of total costs. To fully meet these requirements and satisfy the motivation of consumers, active marketing activities are required.
The modern marketing concept distinguishes four main complex functions:
1) development and planning of the product range;
2) management of information flows;
3) organization of commodity circulation and sales;
4) advertising and sales promotion.
The fulfillment of these functions can be fully and effectively implemented with the participation of the logistics service.

Let's take a closer look at each function.
Marketing predetermines subject specialization and assortment structure of production, which influences the formation and further development of the logistics system. In turn, logistics can have an inverse effect on marketing, adjusting the management of the flow processes of the product range, making adjustments to the assortment structure, production program, enterprise budget, as well as to marketing strategy and tactics.
Making a marketing decision on the release of a new type of product in real conditions, as a rule, causes unforeseen costs for procurement, delivery, storage and preliminary processing of material and technical resources,
their further use in the manufacturing process, and then in the physical distribution, preparation and delivery of products
consumers. Demands for completely new resources are emerging. An insufficiently substantiated decision or a change in the assortment with a narrowly targeted marketing approach complicates the tasks facing not only production, but also logistics, especially in the field of inventory management, orders, transportation and information flow management within the information support system. All this negatively affects the reduction of total costs.

For example, a decision to change the packaging material, made under the influence of marketing prerequisites, but not taking into account the logistics requirements, can significantly complicate the promotion of a product to the market due to the lack of necessary
equipment that allows you to do it efficiently.
The second function sets the parameters for the logistics system and marketing strategy. Organization of effective management
information flows, the creation of a modern information support system is the most important manifestation of logistics. In addition, as a result of studies of the complex of consumers' motivations, a significant part is occupied by the terms of delivery and related issues. ...
The third function is most closely related to logistics. If an acceptable forwarding service has not been established
consumers and resellers, then all marketing research and further work of marketers to promote marketable products to the market, as well as manufacturers to manufacture them, may be in vain. Poor fulfillment of contractual obligations for deliveries can lead to a variety of penalties. Marketing helps to determine the scope and parameters of service, to trace the structure and dynamics of motivations and needs of consumers, to predict the development of the conjuncture and demand, etc. Compliance with logistic principles at the stage of selling finished products increases the costs of logistics and the implementation of the third marketing function.
However, they quickly pay off, bring good profits, and allow, in general, to significantly strengthen the marketing position of the enterprise in the market and gain competitive advantages.
The fourth function also involves interaction with logistics. The expansion of the range of logistics services further increases the stimulating role of logistics in marketing. There is no better advertisement for a manufacturer than an image of a responsible and reliable supplier. The reliability of a partner in business is always highly valued.

Thus, we can conclude that logistics and marketing are two equal concepts with a single field of functional application, common ultimate goals, but different tools and subject of interest.
The logistics service at the enterprise closely interacts with production planning.
Production depends on the timely delivery of raw materials, materials, component parts in a certain quantity and a certain quality. Accordingly, the logistics service of the enterprise, which ensures the passage of through material
flow (hence, organizing the supply of the enterprise), should participate in making decisions about launching products into production, since it will have to provide production with resources.
Logistics interacts with production in the process of organizing the sale of finished products. Managing material flows
in the process of implementation and having comprehensive information about the sales market, the logistics service, of course, should participate in the formation of schedules for the release of finished products.

The function of the logistics service is to deliver raw materials and components to workshops directly to workplaces and move finished products to storage locations. The weak interconnection of production with logistics in the implementation of this function leads to an increase in stocks in various areas, creating an additional load on production.
Determining the optimal level of quality, as well as monitoring its observance is another joint task of the enterprise logistics service and the production planning service.
Material management activities in an enterprise are usually associated with high costs.
The activities of the logistics service are closely related to the activities of the finance service. Determining the optimal volumes of stocks, the logistics service, of course, will proceed not only from economic calculations, but also from the real financial capabilities of the enterprise.

Joint decisions of logistics and finance services are also made when purchasing equipment to ensure logistics processes. Control and management of transport and storage costs are jointly carried out.
The growing interest on the part of entrepreneurs in logistics is due to the potential for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of material-carrying systems. Enterprises using logistics have achieved an advantage
ahead of competitors and significantly increased profits by reducing costs associated with reducing production
costs in the field of resource potential.
The passage of goods through various technical operations of the production process takes about 90% of all time costs. The use of logistics can significantly reduce the time interval at all stages of the production cycle. Time reduction occurs primarily in the production process between the purchase of raw materials and materials and the delivery of the finished product to the consumer.
The efficiency of the operation of an enterprise using logistics is achieved mainly due to a sharp decrease in
the cost of goods and improving the reliability and quality of supplies.

The peculiarity of logistics lies in the systematic consideration of the totality of all links of the production process from the standpoint of a single material production chain. The interaction of individual links in this chain is carried out at the technical, technological, economic, financial, methodological and other levels of integration. Reducing resource costs and minimizing time costs are achieved by optimizing end-to-end management of material and information flows. Information flows arise where there are material flows, and serve as a characteristic of the latter. The use of the term "material flows" assumes the presence of information flows, and management optimization affects both material and information flows. The use of logistics speeds up the process of obtaining information and increases the level of service for the production process.
The use of logistics involves close interaction with a partner (buyer), which is aimed at making commitments to reduce costs and strictly fulfill their obligations to a partner. The basis of successful activity is formed by the principles that presuppose a high degree of consistency of the participants in the movement of goods in the field of technical equipment of cargo handling systems. When organizing logistics, the rules must be followed: the right product of the required quality in the required quantity must be delivered at the right time, to the right place with minimal costs.
If these rules are met, then the goal of the logistics activity is considered achieved.

Savenkova T.I. Logistics

CONTENT

1.1. Development of logistics as a science and its practical implementation

1.2. Logistics in the economy

1.3. Logistics. Macro and micrology

1.4. Material flow and its meters

1.5. Material flow classification

1.6. Methods for predicting the volume of material flow

1.7. Functional areas of logistics

1.8. Logistics functions

1.9. Logistic systems

1.10. Logistic chain and logistics costs

1.11. Organization of logistics at the enterprise

1.12. Interaction of logistics with other organizational processes.

Topic 2. Basics of transport logistics

(Issues addressed)

2.1. The essence and objectives of transport logistics

2.2. Transport logistics and distribution

2.3. Intra-production transportation

2.4. Logistic approach to the organization of the transport process

2.5. Vehicle selection

2.6. Types / types of transportation

2.7. Choosing a transportation route

2.8. Determination of logistics costs for transport. Transport rates

2.9. Container freight rate

2.10. Stevedoring works for linear sea traffic

2.11. Transport operations included in the carriage charge

2.12. Logistic concept of building a transport service model

Topic 3. Production logistics

3.1. Production logistics subject

3.2. Characteristics of production logistics

3.3. Push and pull systems

3.4. Management of the logistics system at the enterprise

3.5. Flexible production and logistics systems

3.6. Qualitative and quantitative flexibility

3.7. Prospects for the development of the production and logistics system

Topic 4. Information logistics

(Issues addressed)

4.1. Information logistics flow

4.2. Information flow during cargo transportation

4.3. Information logistics systems

4.4. Classification of information systems

4.5. Building information systems in logistics

4.6. Information system management with feedback

4.7. Tasks of information in logistics

4.8. Information technology in logistics

Topic 5. Purchase logistics

5.1. Purpose and objectives of procurement logistics

5.2. Study of the commodity market

5.3. Supplier search

5.4. Optimal supplier selection criteria

5.5. Procurement

5.6. Legal basis for procurement

5.7. Supply chain management

5.8. Control over the execution of the order

Topic 6. Material supplies

(Issues addressed)

6.1. Classification of inventories

6.2. Inventory Management

6.3. Optimal stock size

6.4. Stock control

6.5. Inventory management systems

6.6. System with fixed order size and time period between orders

6.7. Structuring reserves

6.8. Determining the optimal order size

6.9. Stock rationing methods

Topic 7. Warehousing logistics

7.1. Functions and tasks of warehouse management in the logistics system

7.2. Operations performed in the warehouse

7.3. Types, functions and classification of warehouses. Logistic process in the warehouse

7.4. Characteristics and classification of industrial warehouses

7.5. Features of warehouse operations in wholesale warehouses

7.6. Choosing a warehouse

7.7. Warehouse efficiency

7.8. The choice between organizing your own warehouse and using the services of a hired

7.9. Methods for determining the location of the warehouse. Determination of the optimal number of warehouses in the service area

7.10. Basic parameters of warehouse areas

7.11. Calculation of the length of the loading and unloading front and determination of the warehouse area

7.12. Office space and auxiliary warehouse area

7.13. Calculation of the required amount of equipment for storage and warehouse capacity

7.14. Determination of the required number of mechanisms for the implementation of handling and transport operations

7.15. Warehouse performance criteria

7.16. Pricing policy in the warehouse complex

Topic 8. Distribution logistics

(Issues addressed)

8.1. The essence of distribution logistics

8.2. Distribution logistics tasks

8.3. Supplier Distribution Logistics and Buyer Purchase Logistics Functions

8.4. Logistic channels and distribution chains

8.5. Product distribution channels

8.6. Distribution channel structure

8.7. Building a distribution system

8.8. The relationship of logistics and marketing

Topic 9. Logistics centers

9.1. Logistic center concept

9.2. Shopping areas

9.3. Wholesale logistics systems

9.4. Retail logistics systems

9.5. Integrated processes in trade

Topic 10. Service logistics

(Issues addressed)

10.1. Service application in logistics

10.2. Logistics service levels

10.3. Determination of the optimal volume of logistics services

10.4. Creation of a logistics service and optimization of its volume

Topic 11. Management of logistics costs

11.1. Cost classification

11.2. Logistic costs

11.3. Order processing costs

11.4. Inventory costs

11.5. Supply costs

11.6. Transportation costs

11.7. Warehouse costs

Glossary of terms

HIGHER SCHOOL LIBRARY
T.I. Savenkova
LOGISTICS
Tutorial
Recommended by UMO for Education in Finance, Accounting and World Economy as a study guide for students,
students in the specialties "Finance and Credit", "Accounting, Analysis and Audit"
5th edition, stereotyped
publishing house OMEGA-L
Moscow, 2010
UDC 658.51 (075.8)
BBK 65.291.592ya73-1
C12
Savenkova, Tatiana Ivanovna.
С12 Logistics: textbook. manual for students studying in the specialties "Finance and credit", "Accounting, analysis and audit" / TI Savenkova. - 5th ed., Erased. - M .: Publishing house "Omega-L", 2010. - 255 p .: ill., Tab. - (High School Library). ISBN 978-5-370-01793-3 CIR Agency RSL
The tutorial covers the basics of logistics activities in the main functional areas: logistics approaches and management methods in the field of transport, stocks, production, warehousing, pricing, etc. For better assimilation of the material, the publication includes questions and tasks, tests, a dictionary of terms.
Designed for students studying economics.
UDC 658.51 (075.8)
BBK 65.291.592ya73-1
ISBN 978-5-370-01793-3
© Savenkova T.I., 2006
© Design. LLC "Publishing house
"Omega-L", 2010

Topic 1. General characteristics of logistics and factors of its development

“The proposed textbook material is divided into 11 topics and is devoted to logistics - the science of managing flow processes in a market economy. The sequence of presentation of the material allows you to get an idea of ​​the main functional
areas of logistics, logistic methods of "consolidated" material flow management.
In planning logistics systems, the main thing is to create new business opportunities that provide the organization / enterprise with the ability to constantly search for the optimal development strategy based on special mechanisms for its implementation.
Logistics objects - material, financial, information flows and flows of services on the way from the primary
source to the final consumer. The main objectives of the discipline: the study of the conceptual apparatus; assimilation of the principles and methods of logistic knowledge of organizations / enterprises as complex artificial systems; consideration of possibilities
application of the theory and methodology of logistics in enterprises, etc.
Logistics as a discipline in the system of training economists and managers is associated with the following disciplines: philosophy,
economic theory, management, organization theory, development of management decisions, enterprise economics, marketing, statistics, informatics, etc. "

Development of logistics as a science and its practical implementation.

Logistics (from the Greek word logistike) is the art of calculating, reasoning. The history of the emergence and development of logistics is becoming a thing of the past. In the Roman Empire, there were ministers who bore the title "logisticians", or "logistics", who were involved in the distribution of food.
It is believed that logistics has grown into a science thanks to military affairs, which includes such a wide range of issues as planning, command and supply, determining the location of troops, as well as building bridges, roads, etc. Over time, under the influence of various factors, logistics began to move from the military sphere to the sphere of economic practice, taking shape as a theory of the management of commodity and material resources in the sphere of circulation, and then production.
A logistics technology was developed for the interaction of various types of transport (within a transport hub), which was the basis for the development of a unified European transport system of the European Union countries.

Logistics in the economy

In economics, logistics is understood as scientific and practical activities related to the organization, management and optimization of the movement of material (raw materials, goods, semi-finished products) and accompanying (information and financial) flows from the source of raw materials to the final consumer (Figure 1.1).
To control the movement of a material flow, it is necessary to know how to influence this flow:
choice of vehicle;
selection of the optimal transportation route;
determination of the optimal level of stocks in warehouses; selection of the number and location of warehouses
and wholesale bases;
determination of the optimal size of the finished packaging
products, etc.

The main goal of optimal management of the movement of material flow is to increase competitiveness due to:
reducing the cost of moving goods;
optimization of stocks along the entire route;
reducing the transit time of goods from the primary source to the consumer;
improving the quality of customer service.

The use of logistics is explained by a number of reasons, among which three can be distinguished.
1. Reaching the limit of production efficiency made it necessary to search for unconventional ways to create competitive
advantages. Entrepreneurs began to pay attention not only to the product itself, but also to the quality of its delivery. Cash invested in distribution began to influence the position of the supplier in the market. In logistically organized material supply chains, the cost of goods delivered to the end consumer turned out to be lower than the cost of the same goods that passed along the traditional route.
2. The increase in the cost of energy resources forced to look for methods to increase the efficiency of transportation, it took coordinated actions of all participants in the logistics process.
3. The application and development of logistics became possible due to the introduction of computer technologies, which made it possible to manage material flows at all stages of movement.
In modern economics, there are three stages of improving logistics as an economic discipline.

At the first stage of logistics development(Fig. 1.2) transport, transshipment terminal, warehouse began to work according to a single schedule, a single technology, for the final economic result.

The container in which the cargo is shipped is selected taking into account the transport, and the characteristics of the transported cargo determine the choice of transport
etc.

The second stage in the development of logistics characterized by the extension to the production process (Fig. 1.3). From the point of view of the development of logistics, it is characterized by:
centralizing physical distribution;
long-term planning in the field of logistics;
reduction of stocks in material-conducting chains;
determination of distribution costs;
implementation of measures to reduce the cost of promoting goods.

The use of logistics in production has made it possible to reduce stocks, improve the quality of service through timely execution of orders, improve the use of equipment, etc.

Stage Three characterized by the complete integration of all elements of the logistic material flow (Fig. 1.4). An example of such integration is the development of transport and technological systems. This is due to the emergence of specialized vessels: container ships, timber carriers, package carriers, specialized transshipment complexes, warehouse equipment, etc. which in turn contributed to the development of industries involved in the provision of logistics services.

Similar information.

There are many interpretations of the word "logistics". The term "logistics" has Greek roots and according to them means "the art of reasoning, calculation". In ancient mathematics, logistics was understood as a set of well-known computational operations in arithmetic and measuring procedures in geometry. The Romans understood this term as "food distribution". In Byzantium, logistics was considered a way of organizing military supplies and managing an army.

Historically, logistics, as a practical activity, developed thanks to military affairs. So, in the first millennium AD, in the military vocabulary of a number of countries, logistics were associated with the activities of managing transportation, arming the army, planning and supplying troops with material resources (MR), maintaining stocks, etc. It is believed that some of the principles of logistics were used by Napoleon's army. In the second half of the 19th century, logistics emerged as a military science. Logistic principles and models were widely used during the First and Second World Wars. So, during the First World War, Russia used the models of troop transportation, their support and supply, developed by St. Petersburg scientists in the theory of transport logistics. During World War II, logistics was actively used in the logistics of the US Army, which made it possible to ensure a clear interaction of the military industry, rear and front-line supply bases and transport. Like operations research, mathematical optimization, network models and other methods of applied mathematics that have shown their effectiveness in the military field, logistics gradually moved into the sphere of economic practice and began to be widely used in the economy by the 60s-70s of the XX century.

In order to understand what logistics does, it is necessary to imagine what happens to the goods before we buy them. First, raw materials are extracted (timber, oil, gas, ore, crops, etc.) (Fig. 1.1), which are transported for temporary storage to a raw material warehouse or for processing at a processing plant. After processing, the materials obtained from raw materials are stored in a warehouse, and then transported to other enterprises for use in a new production. Received blanks, parts, components, etc. are stored in warehouses, and then transported again to warehouses, distribution centers, other industries and, ultimately, to the retail network, where the goods are bought for personal use by the final consumer. If the goods are produced not for personal, but for industrial use, then the chain of transformations of raw materials, materials, parts, etc. does not fundamentally change.

Rice. 1.1.

Thus, a variety of material flows (MP) move from the place where raw materials are mined to the end consumer. In the process of this movement, MPs end up at various enterprises (mining, manufacturing, storage, transport, trade, etc.), where numerous operations are performed with the MP (production, transport, storage, unloading and loading, etc.). The set of organizations and their subdivisions through which the MP moves in the process of passing from the source of raw materials to the final consumer is called a logistics chain (LC) or a supply chain. The supply chain can consist of both the entire set of enterprises located between the source of raw materials and the final consumer, and of a part of these enterprises or their subdivisions. Individual enterprises and their subdivisions included in the supply chain are the links of the LC.

In the course of passing through the logistics chain, the SE is brought to the enterprise, then its rational movement through the chain of warehouse and production sites is organized, after which the SE is brought to the consumer. The qualitative composition of the MP changes as it moves along the LC. As a rule, mass homogeneous cargoes move between the source of raw materials and the first processing enterprise, as well as between various production enterprises: raw materials, materials, semi-finished products. Various parts, blanks, semi-finished products are moved between the shops and inside the shops inside individual production facilities. At the end, the LC MP consists of a variety of ready-to-eat products. In the course of movement along the supply chain (Fig. 1.2), the SE passes through the stages of purchase, supply, storage, production, distribution and consumption of SOEs.

By analogy with the classification of operations in production management (main, auxiliary, service), we will divide all operations performed on the MP into production and logistics. Production (main) operations will be considered operations directly related to the shaping and changing the size or properties of objects of labor, for example, drilling, punching, grinding, cutting, assembly, etc. Logistic (auxiliary, service) operations will be considered operations that do not change the properties of the object of labor , but facilitating its movement between the links of the LC, for example, warehousing, storage, transportation, sorting, picking, unloading, moving between machines, etc.

The most important function of management in an enterprise is cost management. Reducing the cost of products and services allows the company to reduce prices, thus attracting new customers, or to increase profits. Strategically, being able to manage your own value chain allows you to select and implement a cost leadership strategy. The competencies of the enterprise, allowing to keep its costs low, provide, as a rule, a sustainable competitive advantage, because they are difficult for competitors to copy.

Rice. 1.2.

In this regard, a fundamentally important prerequisite for the widespread use of logistics is the following fact. MP, moving from the primary source of raw materials through the chain of production, transport and intermediary links to the final consumer, is constantly increasing in value. Studies carried out in the UK have shown that about 70% of the cost of a product reaching the end user is related to storage, transportation, packaging and other logistics operations that ensure the promotion of a small business (Fig. 1.3). On the scale of the economies of developed countries, such as the USA, Japan, France, Germany, Great Britain, logistics costs account for about 20% of the gross domestic product. The high share of logistics costs shows that optimization of MP management has significant reserves for improving the economic performance of enterprises.

There are several dozen definitions of the concept of logistics as an economic and management activity. The broadest interpretation understands logistics as the management of all types of flows (material, human, energy, financial, etc.) that exist in economic systems. Management of any object implies first making a decision, and then implementing it. In order to make decisions, certain knowledge is required, for the practical implementation of the decisions made, specific actions are needed. Based on this, logistics should be considered, on the one hand, as a science, and on the other hand, as an economic activity.

Logistics as a science develops scientific principles, methods, mathematical models that allow planning, controlling and managing transportation, warehousing and other material and non-material operations performed in the process:

• 1.bringing raw materials and supplies to the manufacturing enterprise;
• 2. in-plant processing of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products;
• 3. bringing the finished product (GP) to the consumer in accordance with his requirements;
• 4. transmission, storage and processing of relevant information.

Logistics as an economic activity is the process of managing the movement and storage of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and SOEs in economic circulation from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer of SOEs, as well as information related to these operations.

Logistics allows on a scientific basis to solve a variety of tasks of varying complexity and scale, we will list just a few of them:

• · Forecasting demand and determining on its basis the required stock, development of an inventory management system (UZ);
• · Determination of the required production and transport capacity;
• · Organization of distribution of SOEs;
• · Management of reloading processes and transport and storage operations at production points and at consumers;
• · Modeling the functioning of logistics systems (LS);
• · Design of drugs;
• · Planning and implementation of supply, production, warehousing, sales, transportation;

Rice. 1.3.

Coordination of goals and coordination of the activities of individual enterprises in the supply chain and various divisions within the enterprise, etc.

The management of an organization is implemented through general and specific management functions. The general functions of management are distinguished by stages (stages) of management (Fig. 1.4).

Rice. 1.4.

Specific management functions are allocated according to the field of activity and are associated with specific, specific management objects, for example, financial management, sales management, production management, personnel management, material and service flow management, etc.

General and specific management functions are closely related - when performing any of the specific management functions, each of the general functions is implemented. Thus, general and specific control functions are different sections of the control field (Fig. 1.5).

Logistics as a practical management of a specific, specific object of management - material flows, is a specific function of management. For effective management of the logistics component of the enterprise, it is necessary to perform all stages of the control ring (see Fig. 1.4).

There is nothing new in the very fact of MP management at an enterprise, since there is nothing new about it. with the emergence of the first enterprises, it was necessary to solve the issues of procurement, transportation, storage, resources, distribution of SOEs, etc.

Rice. 1.5.

But in the modern understanding of logistics, the main object of its management is not just MP, but end-to-end MP, that is, passing through the supply chain, starting from the primary source of raw materials through all intermediate processes until reaching the end consumer (see Fig.1.1).

The novelty of logistics lies in the change of priorities between different types of economic activities in favor of increasing the importance of the management of end-to-end MP. Allocation of the end-to-end MP as a control object and the associated abstraction from a number of factors leads to some simplification of economic processes and to a significant reduction in the dimension of modeling problems. This makes it possible to design end-to-end LCs, to solve the problems of end-to-end monitoring of the movement of goods, starting from the primary source of raw materials through all intermediate processes up to delivery to the end consumer, and, in general, opens up new opportunities for formalized research of economic processes. In fig. 1.6 presents the traditional and logistic approaches to the management of MT at the macro level.

At the macro level, MP runs through the LC, which consists of several independent enterprises. Traditionally, management of each of the enterprises is carried out separately by its owner (Fig. 1.6, a). At the same time, the concept of end-to-end MT is not singled out and the task of managing it is not posed or solved. As a result, such important indicators of this flow as cost, reliability of supply, quality, etc., at the output of the chain add up to a certain extent randomly and are far from optimal. With the logistic approach, the object of management is the end-to-end MP (Fig. 1.6, b). At the same time, the isolation of enterprises is largely overcome in order to harmonize the management of end-to-end MT. The right cargo begins to arrive at the right place, at the right time, in the required quantity, of the required quality. Within the entire chain, the promotion of SE occurs at minimal cost.

Rice. 1.6.

At the micro level, the LC consists of various services of one enterprise. With the traditional approach, the task of improving the end-to-end MT within the enterprise, as a rule, does not have a priority value for any of the departments (Fig. 1.7, a). The indicators of MT at the output of the enterprise, as in the case of the macrolevel, are far from optimal.

With a logistic approach (Fig. 1.7, b), a logistics service is allocated at the enterprise and receives significant rights, for which the priority task is to manage end-to-end MT, coming from outside and passing through supply service warehouses, production shops, state enterprises warehouses and leaving to the consumer. As a result, MT indicators at the exit from the enterprise become manageable.

Thus, the fundamental difference between the logistic approach to MP management from the traditional one is:

• 1. in the unification of disparate MPs into a single end-to-end MP;
• 2. the allocation of a single function of management of end-to-end MP;
• 3. information, technical, economic integration of individual links of the LC into a single system (at the macro level - various enterprises, at the micro level - various services of the enterprise).

Information integration can consist in the active exchange of information about the parameters of MT, the creation of common systems for collecting and storing information, the coordination of information systems existing at enterprises (presentation formats, data transfer protocols, etc.).

Rice. 1.7.

Technical integration can consist in the use of equipment that complements each other in functions. For example, a manufacturing company uses mechanized or automated equipment for unloading, which requires special packaging of goods at the supplying company using special technical means.

Economic integration essentially serves as a motivation in the supply chain. It is necessary to economically motivate various enterprises (departments) so that they spend time, effort, finances on the coordination of existing or on the introduction of new technical and informational means, on changing their management systems, which is often a very difficult task.