Labor rationing is a necessary constituent element of labor organization. The purpose of labor rationing is determination of the necessary expenditure of working time for the performance of certain operations and the amount of work in specific organizational and technical conditions of production. Necessary costs are considered that correspond to the most effective options for the organization of labor, production and management.

The technical standardization of labor at the enterprise is interconnected with all the main directions of the scientific organization of labor and includes:

• - a systematic study of the organization of production processes, the organization of labor, the study of the cost of working time for the performance of a standardized operation;
• - development of standards for the establishment of technically sound standards;

determination of norms: time, production, service, number, controllability;

Organization of the development of norms, control and analysis of the implementation of established norms by workers and the development of measures that contribute to the growth of labor productivity.

Labor rationing at the enterprise provides:

• - determination of the planned labor intensity of manufacturing products;
• - calculation of the required number of employees by profession and by qualifications;
• - assessment of the results of work, the establishment of wage funds and material incentives;
• - substantiation of the plan to increase labor productivity;
• - calculation of production programs of workshops, sections, individual workplaces;
• - determination of the amount of required equipment;
• - assessment of the introduction of new technology;
• - assessment of the organizational level of jobs.

Labor rationing is a control element that effectively affects the reduction of labor costs in the structure of production costs, contributing to the identification and use of reserves for increasing labor productivity, improving the use of production capacity, and ultimately increasing production efficiency. Labor rationing plays an important role in solving social problems.

Classification of labor costs

The formation of optimal conditions for the use of labor is based on the study of the labor process, which is carried out on the basis of research and analysis of the costs of working time and the dynamics of labor productivity.

Work time - this is the length of the working week (working day) established by law, during which the worker performs the work entrusted to him. Working time is divided into two parts: 1) standardized and 2) non-standardized time. Standardized time associated with the execution of a production task, irregular time - this is a time of loss.

1. The normalized time (T | o) includes the preparatory and final time operational time (£ op), the time of service of the workplace (£ () b), the time of rest breaks and personal needs (£ from), the time of breaks for organizational and technical reasons (£):

Preparatory and final time (£ | () is spent by the worker on preparing to perform a given work and on actions related to its completion. The rate of preparatory and final time is set either for a batch of products or for a work shift.

Operational time (£ o ||) is used directly to perform a given job. Operational time is subdivided into:

• but) main (technological) time (£ t) - it is spent by the worker on changing the object of labor (its shape, size, physicochemical or mechanical properties, etc.), its state and position in space;
• b) auxiliary time (£ c) - spent by the worker on operations (techniques), without which the course of the main (technological) process is impossible: loading raw materials, controlling equipment, removing finished products; installation and removal of a workpiece, machine control, tool approach and retraction, etc.

Workplace service time (£ -) is spent by the worker on caring for his workplace and keeping it in working order throughout the shift. It includes:

• but) organizational service time (£) (bo) - not related to the performance of a specific job, usually implemented twice per shift (at the beginning and at the end of the shift): time for laying out and cleaning the tool at the beginning and at the end of the shift, time for lubricating and cleaning equipment, and others actions associated with caring for the workplace during the shift;
• b) maintenance time ) - associated with the operation being performed: setting up equipment and devices in the process of work, changing tools, cleaning shavings and other actions related to the performance of a specific job.

Break times for rest and personal needs (£ from) is set depending on the type of production and in all cases is included in the time rate.

Break times for organizational and technical reasons (£ pt) - these are breaks associated with the repair of mechanisms on schedule, waiting for service due to the busyness of a worker serving several machines.

Non-standardized time includes:

• but) time of losses due to organizational and technical reasons (£.) Independent of the worker - all expectations (interruptions) caused by interruptions in the supply and maintenance of workplaces (tasks, blanks, tools, foreman, machine repair, power outages, disruptions in production dispatch, etc.) ;
• b) break times depending on the worker (£) - includes breaks from work due to violation of labor discipline and daily routine.

The main goals set in the course of labor rationing are to achieve the best ratio of the amount of labor and its remuneration, which will result in finding a fair measure of wages and the degree of workload of the employee.

The labor standards prepared by scientists-economists establish the proportion of "the amount of labor / volume of the product produced." If you need to display the cost of labor, then use the characteristics of the amount of work done or working time. Labor standards are the basic component of labor standards in a certain production environment. The most common norms:

• time;
• development;
• service.

These norms help to assess the measure of labor expended and, therefore, characterize the amount of labor and the amount of labor, the absence of which makes it impossible to carry out the technological process. These norms make it possible to optimize the management process in the following areas:

1. Predict the required production costs;
2. Calculate not only the number of required personnel, but also determine the structure according to the professional qualification principle;
3. Optimally organize the management of the production process and the promotion of products to the consumer.

In order to establish correct and scientifically proven labor standards, one must have a clear idea of ​​what exactly each norm regulates, understand the calculation methods and conditions for the application of each of the norms.

Time rate

Time rate- confirmed spending of personnel time to complete a unit of work (production of a unit of production). The unit of account is 1 detail, 1 product, 1 production operation, the provision of some type of service, etc. The unit of measurement of this standard is man-hours. If mining 1 ton of coal requires a miner's work for 1.6 hours, then it follows that the time norm for this type of activity is 1.6 man-hours.

To fix the time norm, strict timing of the production operation is carried out in combination with strict adherence to all technological conditions.

The calculation of the time norm H vr is carried out as follows:

H bp = t os + t z + t about + t ex + t pt,

where t пз - preparatory and final periods of work;

t s - main time;

t about - maintenance of the workplace;

t ex - necessary pauses for personal needs;

t Fri - pauses specified by the technology.

Time rationing provides an opportunity to develop production rates, assess the level of labor intensity of a product, and calculate labor productivity.

Production rate

Production rate- the volume of products / work of appropriate quality, which is produced / performed per unit of time. A calculated time unit is any period of time convenient for these purposes - a shift, the time of a certain production cycle, an hour or other time period. Reflected production rate in units of the product produced - pieces, liters, etc.

The calculation of the production rate H in per shift is carried out according to the following scheme:

H in \ u003d T cm x H / N vr,

where T cm is the size of the change;

H - the number of personnel involved in the process;

H vr - the rate of time per unit of work (production).

As an example, let's calculate the production rate for a bricklayer who works independently for 8 hours, the time rate for 1 m³ of masonry is 5.3 man-hours:

H in = 8 x 1 / 5.3 = 1.5 m³

Thus, a bricklayer for a working day has to lay out 1.5 m³ of brickwork.

This rule is applicable to representatives of those professions whose production activity is reduced to performing one type of work in a standardized time cycle.

Service rate

Service rate- the rational size of subjects or objects (the number of clients, workplaces, machines, etc.), serviced by an employee or staff of an enterprise for 1 working cycle in the conditions of his workplace.

The measurement value for this rate will be the number of customers, the number of serviced equipment, or the size of the area in the appropriate metric units, etc.

If the temporary rate of customer or equipment service is known, it is possible to define this rate H as follows:

H about = T cm x K / H time. about.,

where T cm is the size of the working day;

K - coefficient characterizing the degree of use of working time;

H vr. about. - service time rate.

With the help of simple calculations, we will establish that if the service time norm is adopted by the machine tool adjuster in the amount of 0.65 hours. with a working time of 8 hours. (K = 0.97), service rate will be:

H about = 8 x0.97 / 0.65 = 12 machines

This norm is used in the case of assessing the work of workers in auxiliary professions: service personnel, repair crews, quality control department inspectors, storekeepers, transport workers, etc.

The considered norms allow for further calculations that determine the required labor productivity and reserves of funds for wages. The way they were created, adjusted, and the tension of norms become criteria for discussion during the conclusion of agreements on tariffs (collective agreements).

Reasoned norms make it possible to draw up an optimal task for the production period, avoid errors in planning, prevent large overfulfills of planned tasks and, thereby, balance production, preventing the creation of surplus parts and products, especially at intermediate stages of production.

Together with the labor standards adopted by individual enterprises, there are unified standards for the production and rates of ENViR, calculated for enterprises in the same industry. They are set to rate the most common types of work. When using these standards, the process of rationing at each specific enterprise is greatly simplified. ENViR operate in all government organizations and enterprises of any departmental affiliation.

In practice rationing the costs of working time are basic variables, the main factors for calculating labor standards, headcount and piece rates.

Rationing the cost of working time is based on a generally accepted classification necessary to standardize approaches to assessing labor costs and comparing the results of such an assessment with other data (industry-wide standards or standards of other companies).

Rationing the costs of working time distributes all the time of work into two main blocks - the time of work and the time of breaks in work:

Classification when rationing the costs of working time

Working hours- this is the part of the employee's working day during which he works. Work time is divided into productive time and non-productive time. Production time is the labor required for a primary job or production task. Non-productive time is the time of work that is not related to the main production task (for example, organizational or technological service).

Break times- this is that part of the employee's working day, during which there are regulated (provided for by production technology or labor organization) or unregulated breaks.

When rationing the costs of working time, productive time consists of the following categories:

• Preparatory and final time that an employee spends on preparing tools and means of production, blanks and materials for work. This also includes the time to receive the order, the necessary documentation, the time of the briefing. The preparatory and final time also includes the time for completing the work, that is, for the delivery of manufactured products, tools, documentation. This category of time is usually spent once per shift, however, in the case of small-scale production and private changeovers, the proportion of preparatory and final time may increase.


• Operational time is the main technological time according to the classification of rationing the costs of working time, during which the main production or technological process is implemented, products are manufactured according to the production task, equipment is serviced or services are provided. As a rule, operational time takes up most of the work shift.


• Workplace service time is the time for performing service actions that create the possibility of the main work. This category of time is repeated for each successive unit or batch of products. In the rationing of the costs of working time, this category includes the time for providing production with semi-finished products and raw materials, moving units and mechanisms, monitoring manufactured products.

• Random work time - occurs when the production process unexpectedly deviates from the normal course and, as a rule, is spent by the employee on performing additional actions and operations that are not provided for by the main production task.


• Time of unproductive work - this can be the time to correct defects, unnecessary actions or movements and similar operations that do not add value to the final product of production.

When rationing the costs of working time, the break time is also divided into several categories.

Regulated breaks include the time established by any regulations or regulations, including:

• Rest breaks are the time given to employees to stay productive and avoid unnecessary fatigue during the shift.


• Breaks established by technology or organization of the production process.

Unregulated interruptions in the activities of employees are usually associated with violations of labor discipline, or with failures in the planned course of the production process.

Indices of rationing the costs of working time

When standardizing the costs of working time for processing the results of observations, the following indices are used:

Labor rationing, its main tasks

Working time structure

Working time accounting method

Labor rationing- one of the main functions of production management, which includes the establishment of the time spent on the performance of work by specific workers and the establishment of labor standards, that is, the norms of time, production, headcount standards, etc., established in accordance with the achieved level of technology, technology, organization of production and labor ...

The most important tasks of labor rationing are:

• improving the organization and productivity of labor;
• reducing the labor intensity of products;
• increase in production volumes;
• effective use of the labor potential of employees, etc.

Labor rationing also makes it possible to determine the size of the individual wages of each employee, taking into account the quality of the work performed by him and to assess the loss of working time and their impact on the performance of the employee's main tasks.

Before proceeding to the study of the methodology for calculating the norms of time for the performance of a particular job, it is necessary to understand the structure of working time.

Work time- this is the time during which the employee must perform his work duties in accordance with the work schedule and his job description (the structure of the working time is shown in the figure).

Working time structure

Working time consists of working time and break time.

Working hours- this is part of the working time during which the employee performs certain work in accordance with the order of the management or according to the job description.

3 components of uptime:

1) preparatory and final time;

2) operational time;

3) the time of service of the workplace.

Preparatory and final time- This is the time spent by the worker to prepare for the performance of the assigned work and the actions associated with its completion. The peculiarity of the preparatory and final time is that its value does not depend on the amount of work, therefore, when the same work is performed for a long time, the preparatory and final time per unit of work will be insignificant.

Operational time- this is the time spent directly on the performance of a given work. It is subdivided into main and auxiliary time.

Main time- This is the time spent by the worker to carry out his main job. Moreover, this process can be carried out directly by the worker or under his supervision (for example, the time for lifting, moving and lowering the load; time for actively monitoring the progress of the apparatus process and for adjusting it).

Auxiliary time- This is the time spent by the worker on actions that ensure the performance of the main work. It is repeated with a certain amount of work. Auxiliary are also the time spent on the movement of the worker, necessary to perform operations and other similar work.

Workplace service time- This is the time spent by the worker in caring for the workplace and maintaining it in a condition that ensures productive work during the shift.

Break times- time, which includes regulated (time for rest and personal needs) and unregulated breaks (violations of labor discipline, violations of the sequence of the production process, etc.).

It is possible to organize accounting of working time using a methodology that is designed to calculate the labor intensity of work performed at enterprises, is based on the study of the cost of working time through observations and includes time-keeping observations and photographic observations (photography of working hours).

For your information

Lunch break is not included in working hours.

Timing observations- this is the study of the operation by observing and studying the costs of working time for the implementation of individual constituent elements of the operation, which are repeated many times during the work.

Note!

The purpose of timing is to obtain initial data for the development of time standards, setting time standards for individual operations.

Photo surveillance (photography of working hours)- observation and measurement of all, without exception, the costs of working time during the shift in the order of the actual sequence of these costs. A photograph of working time allows you to accumulate the necessary material for the rationing of preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace, and the time for rest.

Time tracking: methods and stages

Time tracking using a photo of the working day

Let us consider the features of using photographs of the working day for the rationing of labor of the main production workers of industrial enterprises.

Stage 1. Determine the purpose of photo observation

The purpose of photographic observation is to establish the norms of the preparatory and final time, the time for servicing the workplace and the time for rest and personal needs.

For your information

A photograph of working time is not used for standardizing operational time - for this, time-keeping observations are used.

Stage 2. Choosing the object of observation

It is important to choose the right staff when conducting observations, on the basis of which standards will be established, standards will be developed. The intensity of labor for different employees is different due to psychophysical characteristics, and the norm should provide for an average intensity of labor.

Observations should be carried out for employees whose qualifications correspond to the category of work and who have work experience of at least 2 years.

Stage 3. Determine the number of observations

To ensure sufficient accuracy of the results, depending on the type of production, it is recommended to carry out from 5 (for single and small-scale) to 20 (for mass) photographic observations, summarizing the results.

Stage 4. Carrying out photographic observations

Carrying out photographic observations consists in a detailed and consistent declaration of all operations performed by an employee at the workplace. Photographing is carried out from the moment the work shift begins, while the start time and end time of the observed operations are recorded. Recording can be made using a video surveillance system.

To obtain results with a high degree of reliability, it is recommended that observations be carried out for different performers.

Stage 5. We process the results of photographs of working hours

Processing the results of photographs of working hours involves analyzing the material, as well as entering the results of the observation into the observation sheet (Table 1).

Table 1

Supervisory sheet number 1

P / p No.		Current time		Duration in minutes	Index
		clock	minutes
	Preparation of tools and equipment.
	Cleaning the workplace at the end of the working day
	Time for natural needs

The observation sheet indicates all the actions of the performer and interruptions in work in the order in which they actually occurred, with the simultaneous fixation of the current time of the end of each type of time expenditure, which, in turn, is the beginning of the next type of cost. Each entry shows either what the performer did or what caused his inaction.

Clauses 1, 7, 23, 24, 25 reflect preparatory and final work, work on servicing the workplace, time for personal needs. All other time expenditures are related to operational time. These points are needed to determine the ratio of these types of time to operational time.

After filling in columns 1-4 of the observation sheet, the duration of each of the elements is calculated by subtracting previous measurements from each subsequent measurement of the current time. The results are recorded in column 5. Column 6 indicates the index of the time spent, that is, the characteristic of the type of expenditure of working time in accordance with the classification (Table 2).

table 2

Indexation of labor time costs

Index	Decoding
	Time (duration) of work
	Time (duration) of breaks
	Preparatory and final time
	Operational time
	Main time
	Auxiliary time
	Workplace service time
	Time to rest
	Time for natural needs
	Time for rest and natural necessities
	Break times for reasons beyond the control of the workforce
	Break times for work-related reasons

Based on the results of observations, a summary of the elements of the preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs is compiled (Table 3).

Table 3

A summary of the preparatory and final time elements (time to service the workplace, time to rest and personal needs)

P / p No.	Index	Name of the cost of working time	Supervisory sheet No.					Average value
			23.11.2015	25.11.2015	26.11.2015	08.12.2015	16.12.2015
			Duration, min
		Preparation of tools and equipment
		Workplace cleaning
		Cleaning of tools and equipment. Delivery to the warehouse
		Time for natural needs (total per day)

With the help of a photograph of working time, the percentage of preparatory and final time (time for servicing the workplace and time for rest and personal needs) of the operational time is determined.

Let's make calculations based on the fact that the working day is 8 hours:

• preparatory and final time - 0.11 of the operational time:

45 minutes / (8 hours - 30 minutes - 15 minutes - 15 minutes - 10 minutes);

• time for servicing the workplace - 0.037 of the operational time:

15 minutes. / (8 hours - 30 minutes - 15 minutes - 15 minutes - 10 minutes);

• time for personal needs - 0.024 of the operational time:

10 min. / (8 hours - 30 minutes - 15 minutes - 15 minutes - 10 minutes

Time tracking using time-keeping observations

Stage 1. We analyze the list of work performed and divide the studied standardized types of work into constituent elements - operations, elements of operations, techniques, complexes of techniques, actions, etc.

Stage 2. Establish exact boundaries (fixation points) for the studied operations

Fixing points- these are the moments of the beginning and the end of the operation (operation element). It is at these moments that time measurements begin and end.

Fixation points should be clearly identified by external signs (visible or audible).

Stage 3. Determine the number of timing observations

The number of observations required depends on the serial production:

• mass - 8-12 observations;
• large batch - 6-10 observations;
• serial - 5-8 observations;
• small batch - 4-6 observations.

Stage 4. Determine the object of observation

To identify the most rational ways of working, you should observe the front-line employees.

If it is necessary to set the norms of time for work performed by several employees, then several people are selected from them, having an average level of performance in the group and work experience in the specialty of at least 2 years.

With a number of 2-3 people in a group, it is enough to observe one; with a number of 4-5 people - for two; with a number of 6-8 people - for three, etc.

Stage 5. Timekeeping observations

They should be carried out after 50-60 minutes. after the start of work and 1.5-2 hours before the end of work. It is impractical to take measurements on the first and last day of the working week.

Let us consider the procedure for carrying out time-keeping observations using the example of small-scale production with an average number of observations of 5.

The observer counts the results of measurements visually according to the indicators of the stopwatch hand and enters the results of the observations into the time-keeping chart (Table 4).

Primary data are entered in the "hours: minutes: seconds" format. Later, when processing the results of observations, they are converted into decimal format (man-h; man-min; man-sec).

Table 4

Timing card

P / p No.

Operation name (operation element)

Timekeeping results (hr: min: sec)

Number of results taken into account

Defective measurements, their cause and duration

Average duration of surgery (hour: min: sec)

Stability coefficient, K mouth

norm

fact

Operation: Dismantling of the A-712.11 sensor

Unscrew 4 bolts and open the compartment hatch

Disconnect the electrical connector cable from the sensor

Unscrew the 12 screws securing the sensor

Remove the sensor together with the rubber gasket

Install the plug in the place of removal of the sensor

Wrap the sensor with plastic wrap

Close the compartment hatch

TOTAL average duration of the operation "Dismantling the sensor A-712.11":

After all measurements have been taken, a number of values ​​are obtained that characterize the duration of operations (elements of operations), which is usually called time series.

Stage 6. Analyzing the quality of the results obtained

First, we identify and exclude erroneous (defective) measurements from further analysis.

For your information

Erroneous (defective) measurements are those measurements, the duration of which is much longer than the average duration of the operation or, conversely, much less than its value.

Secondly, we analyze the quality of the results obtained through the magnitude of fluctuations in values ​​- through the stability coefficient (K set), which shows the ratio of the maximum and minimum measurement results:

To mouth = T max / T min,

where T max is the maximum duration of the given element of the operation;

T min - the minimum duration of the execution of this element of the operation.

Comparing the actual values ​​of the stability coefficients for each element of the operation with its standard value, the quality of the timing is determined:

if K mouth. fact ≤ K set. norms, supervision is carried out efficiently;

if K mouth. fact> By mouth. norms, then one or both extreme values ​​(maximum or minimum) must be excluded from a number of obtained observation results, provided that they are not repeated more than once.

Note!

The number of excluded values, including erroneous (defective) values, cannot exceed 15%. If the number of exceptions is exceeded, the observations should be repeated.

After excluding one or two extreme values ​​of observation, it is necessary to re-calculate K mouth and compare it with the standard value. If these results show that the observations are performed poorly and Kst. fact ≤ K set. norms, observations must be repeated from the beginning, further exclusion of values ​​is impossible.

The standard values ​​of the stability coefficient are presented in table. five.

Table 5

Standard values ​​of the stability coefficient depending on the serial production and the duration of the operation

Duration of the studied element of the operation, sec.	Standard values ​​of the stability coefficient
	in machine operation	for machine-manual work	for manual work
Mass production
From 6 sec. up to 15 sec.
Over 15 sec.
Large-scale production
From 6 sec. up to 15 sec.
Over 15 sec.
Mass production
Over 6 sec.
Small batch production
Small batch production

For the small-scale production we analyzed with manual work, the normative value of K mouth = 3, its calculated value does not exceed 1.9 (0:02:30 / 0:01:19).

Thus, timing observations allow us to set the average value for the operational time of work performance by production workers for the operation “dismantling the A-712.11 sensor” - 0:12:00, or 0.2 man-hours.

Stage 7. Processing the results

On the basis of the remaining observation results (with the exception of erroneous ones), it is necessary to establish the average duration of the operation elements by adding the taken into account results and dividing them by the number of observations made.

The classification of working hours is presented in table. 6.

Table 6

Time classification

Time	Types of jobs
Preparatory and final time, t pz	Receiving the tool, preparing it for work at the beginning of the shift and handing over at the end of the shift; preparation of the documentation required for the operation; receipt of consumables and spare parts necessary for the operation. The preparatory and final time is determined from the data of photographic observations and is set as a percentage of the operational time
The main time of the operation, t O	The list of works related to the section "Basic time of work execution" is determined by the technology of work performance. The main time of the operation is determined according to the data of time observations.
Auxiliary time of the operation, t in	The time it takes for the worker to move to complete the operation. The auxiliary time of the operation is determined from the data of photo observations
Workplace service time, t form	Inspection; cleaning of the workplace after work. The service time of the workplace is determined from the data of photographic observations and is set as a percentage of the operational time
Time for rest and personal needs, t he	The time for rest and personal needs is determined from the data of photographic observations and is set as a percentage of the operational time. In addition, rest time is also provided in accordance with the nature of the work performed: performance of work in cramped conditions; taking into account the temperature when performing work; taking into account the explosiveness of the environment when performing work; working posture; pace of work, etc.

Determine the norms of time spent on regulated breaks

Rest time should not be less than 10 minutes. per shift. In addition, all workers, regardless of the type of work, are allocated 10 minutes. for personal needs. Where public places are located at a distance, the time for personal needs increases to 15 minutes. per shift.

Thus, without the use of correction factors for taking into account working conditions, the time for rest and personal needs should not be less than 20 minutes. per shift.

The time for regulated breaks, allocated depending on working conditions, is determined as a percentage or in minutes for an 8-hour work shift.

For your information

With a shorter or longer work shift, the time for regulated breaks is proportionally increased or decreased.

Rest time for nervous tension. Nervous stress is caused by a nervous load, one of the psychophysiological elements of working conditions, and is caused by a high pace of work, the need for concentration and constant attention, a lack of time to perform work, the need to ensure the safety of work, etc. (Table 7).

Table 7

Rest time for stress

Characteristics of work	Rest time per shift
		% of operational time
Medium precision works. The size of the object of discrimination - 1.1-0.51 mm Work on a scaffold with a fence Works related to hearing stress (radio operators, telephone operators, etc.) Work in underground faces
High precision work. The size of the object of discrimination - 0.5-0.31 mm Work with responsibility for material values Vehicle driving works Works at low heights without fencing, or with fencing over molten metal, hot hearth of metallurgical units Slag downloading, discharge and pouring of hot metal, marking, cutting of hot metal in the rolling stream
Works of special precision. The size of the object of discrimination - 0.3-0.15 mm Work at a height or on a scaffold without fencing, when the use of personal safety equipment is not taken into account by labor standards Work with responsibility for the safety of others, with the risk of injury
Works of the highest precision. The size of the object of discrimination is less than 0.15 mm High personal risk jobs

For an uncomfortable working position time for rest is also allocated (Table 8).

Table 8

Rest time for working posture

Characteristics of the main working postures and movements in space	Rest time per shift
		% of operational time
Fixed, "sitting"
Standing, frequent bending and twisting of the trunk
Standing, arms outstretched
Crouched in tight places, lying, kneeling, squatting
Walking 11 to 16 km per shift
Walking over 16 km per shift

Rest time for meteorological conditions. The meteorological conditions at work include:

• temperature (in ° C);
• humidity (in%);
• air mobility (m / sec.);
• infrared (thermal) radiation (cal / cm 2 × min.).

Rest time is allocated for work with elevated air temperatures (Table 9).

Table 9

Rest time depending on the air temperature in the working area

Air temperature, ºС	Rest time per shift
		% of operational time

With a decrease in relative humidity to 20% and an increase of more than 75%, the time for rest should be increased by 1.2 times; with a decrease in humidity to 10% and an increase in it over 80% - 1.3 times.

With hard physical work, the time for rest, allocated for the increased temperature, increases by 4 times.

Those working in open work areas at low temperatures are provided with heating breaks. During this period, the worker naturally rests. Therefore, additional breaks are not practical. It is recommended to allocate time for heating for those working in conditions that cause hypothermia.

Rest time when working with hazardous substances. Harmful substances are substances that, upon contact with the human body, in the event of violation of safety requirements, can cause industrial injuries, occupational diseases or deviations in the state of health, detected by modern methods both during work and in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations (GOST 12.1 .007-76).

Rest time for lighting. There is no time for rest due to insufficient lighting, with the exception of work performed in complete darkness - in this case, 15-20 minutes are allocated for rest. per shift.

Time for rest, allocated to workers of mental activity with different intensity of work. With a 5-day working week and an 8-hour shift, the duration of the lunch break is 30-60 minutes, and regulated breaks are recommended to be set 2 hours after the start of the work shift and 2 hours after the lunch break with a duration of 5-10 minutes. each (Table 10).

During regulated breaks in order to reduce neuro-emotional stress, fatigue of the visual and other analyzers, it is advisable to perform complexes of physical exercises, including exercises for the eyes.

	Break	Time spending	Duration
				% of operational time
Morning shift
	Regulated break	After 2 hours from the start of work
	Lunch break	After 4 hours from the start of work
	Regulated break	After 6 hours from the start of work
	Micropause		40 sec.-3 min.
Evening shift
	Regulated break	After 1.5-2 hours from the start of work
	Lunch break	3.5-4 hours from the start of work
	Regulated break	After 6 hours from the start of work
	Micropause	Individually as needed	40 sec.-3 min.
Night shift
	Break for eating	In 2.5-3 hours from the start of work
	Regulated break. Alternate individual rest when replacing the rest by the adjuster or other operator	Deep hours of the night
	Micropause	Individually as needed. Every hour (one and a half) of work	40 sec.-3 min.

The organization of work and rest regimes when working with a PC is carried out in accordance with SanPiN 2.2.2 / 2.4.1340-03 "Hygienic requirements for personal computers and work organization: sanitary and epidemiological rules and standards" depending on the type and category of labor activities.

The types of labor activity are divided into 3 groups:

• group A - work on reading information from the screen;
• group B - work on entering information;
• group B - creative work in the mode of dialogue with a personal computer.

When performing functions related to different types of work during a work shift, the main work with a PC should be taken as one that takes at least 50% of the time during a work shift or work day.

For types of labor activity, 3 categories of severity and intensity of work with a PC are established, which are determined:

• for group A - by the total number of readable characters per work shift, but not more than 60,000 characters per shift;
• for group B - by the total number of read or input characters per work shift, but not more than 40,000 characters per shift;
• for group B - by the total time of direct work with a PC per work shift, but not more than 6 hours per shift.

Table 11

The total time of regulated breaks depending on the duration of work, type and category of labor activity with a PC

	Load level per shift when working with a PC			Total break time
	group A, number of characters	group B, number of characters	group B, h		% of operational time

For your information

When working with a PC on the night shift (from 10 pm to 6 pm), regardless of the category and type of labor activity, the duration of regulated breaks should be increased by 30%.

In general operating mode, the following procedure should be followed: at 120 min. work is provided for 10 minutes. breaks for rest and personal needs.

Calculation of indicators of typical norms of time

Indicators of typical time norms are calculated using the following formula:

H in = t pz + t o + t in + t norm + t he + t y,

where H in is the norm of time;

tПз - preparatory and final time;

t o - the main time of the operation;

t c - auxiliary time of work;

t oorm - the time of service of the workplace;

t he is time for rest and personal needs;

t y - time for rest, allocated depending on working conditions.

The preparatory and final time, the time of servicing the workplace and the time for rest and personal needs are determined from the data of the photograph of the working time as a percentage of the operational time.

The time for rest, allocated depending on the working conditions, can be determined as a percentage of the operational time:

t y = t op × K he,

where t op - operational time of work ( t op = t o + t in);

K he is a coefficient that takes into account the time for rest, allocated depending on working conditions.

Based on the results of the research carried out, the indicators of the labor intensity of each operation are determined as part of the work. In this case, the total coefficient of accounting for the conditions of work (∑К control) is applied to the results obtained, which is calculated according to the following formula:

∑K control = K 1 + K 2 + K 3 +. ... ... + K n,

where K 1, K 2, K 3,…, K n - coefficients for taking into account the conditions of work.

We will apply the coefficients for taking into account the conditions of work. Then the formula for calculating the time rate will take the following form:

H in = t pz + t o + t norm + t he + ( t op × ∑K control).

Example

Let's calculate the time norm for the operation "dismantling of the A-712.11 unit":

• operational time - 12 min. (0.2 man-hours), established by timing observations;
• preparatory and final time - 0.11 of the operational time, established by conducting photographic observations; 0.11 × 0.2 = 0.022 person-hours;
• the time for servicing the workplace is 0.037 of the operational time, established by means of photographic observations; 0.037 × 0.2 = 0.0074 man-hour;
• time for rest and personal needs - 0.024 of the operational time, established by means of photographic observations; 0.024 × 0.2 = 0.0048 person-hours

Now we will apply the increasing coefficients for taking into account working conditions.

The dismantling of the A-712.11 unit assumes:

• work with responsibility for material values ​​(from the section "Time for rest, allocated for nervous tension"), which is 2% of the operational time;
• work standing, arms extended upward (from the section “Time for rest, allocated for a working position), - 2.5% of the operational time;
• work at a temperature of 25 ºС (from the section "Time for rest depending on the air temperature in the working area") - 1% of the operating time.

The total factor for taking into account the working conditions is:

0,02 + 0,025 + 0,01 = 0,055.

Thus, the time standard for dismantling the A-712.11 unit will be:

0.022 + 0.2 + 0.0074 + 0.0048 + (0.2 × 0.055) = 0.25 man-hours, which is approximately 15 minutes.

Thus, the operational time for dismantling works spent by a production worker and associated with the direct execution of dismantling works is 12 minutes, and the remaining 3 minutes. are distributed to work on maintenance of the workplace, preparatory and final work, time for rest, personal needs, etc.

conclusions

Accounting for labor resources is mandatory, but impossible without a system of labor rationing.

Applying the considered method of accounting for the cost of working time, it is possible to determine the reasonable and, most importantly, the most close to reality labor standards.

In conclusion, let's summarize the basic principles of labor rationing:

• correct organization of work and rest regimes for employees of the enterprise;
• mandatory classification of working hours with a clear definition of the list of jobs related to each group;
• determination of the type of enterprise depending on the serial production of products;
• determination of groups of working time, which will be normalized using photo and timing observations;
• determination of a group of specialists for whom observations will be established;
• conducting observations with a clear recording of their results by the minute in the appropriate forms of documents (you can use the ones presented in the article or develop your own forms, securing them by the normative act of the enterprise);
• analysis of results with an emphasis on the averaged values ​​of indicators.

A. N. Dubonosov,
Deputy Head of PEO

"New accounting", N 11, 2004

An employee performs work duties for a certain period of time, called working time. The working hours of each employee are standardized. Read about how to correctly calculate this rate in this article.

The standardization of working hours is regulated by the provisions of the law, which must be known and taken into account in practice in the relationship between the employer and the employee.

Working time norm concept

The working time norm is the number of hours that an employee must work in accordance with the terms of the employment contract, collective agreement, internal labor regulations, and other local regulations of the organization for a certain period of time.

The working time rate is used to determine the employee's wages, including for the purpose of paying for overtime work, work on weekends and non-working holidays (Articles 129, 133, 152, 153 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

When the parties to the labor contract determine the working time norm of a particular employee, it is necessary, first of all, to be guided by the provisions of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, which establish the maximum working time of 40 hours per week (Article 90 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Thus, the employee's working time cannot exceed 40 hours per week, but it can be less than this value.

In some cases, the employer is obliged to set shorter working hours (for example, 36 hours or 24 hours a week). Such cases are established by laws and other legal acts in accordance with Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Working hours and minimum wages

The salary of an employee who has worked the monthly norm of working hours and fulfilled his labor duties cannot be lower than the minimum wage (Article 133 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

If, in accordance with an employment contract, a collective agreement, an agreement or a local regulatory act, an employee is assigned part-time or reduced working hours, then, having completed the full working time standard for him, such an employee has the right to receive a wage not lower than the minimum wage.

Calculation of the normal number of working hours for a certain period of time

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation does not define a mechanism for calculating the normal duration of working hours.

The calculation of the maximum duration of working time for periods other than a week is carried out in accordance with the Clarification "On some issues arising in connection with the transfer of days off coinciding with holidays" (hereinafter - the Clarification), approved by the Resolution of the Ministry of Labor of Russia dated December 29, 1992 N 65, which continues to operate on the basis of Article 423 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

According to clause 2 of the Explanation, the norm of working time for certain periods of time is calculated according to the estimated schedule of a five-day working week with two days off on Saturday and Sunday based on the duration of daily work (shift):

• with a 40-hour work week - 8 hours a day;
• if the working week is less than 40 hours - the number of hours obtained by dividing the established working week by five days.

On pre-holiday days, the length of the working day is reduced by one hour (Article 95 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The norm of working time calculated in this manner, according to the Clarification, applies to all modes of work and rest.

Example 1... Let's define the normal working hours in October 2004.

According to the schedule of a 5-day working week with days off on Saturday and Sunday, the number of working days in October 2004 is 21 days.

Consequently, the working hours in October are:

• with a 40-hour work week - 168 hours (21 days x 8 hours);
• with a 36-hour work week - 151.2 hours (36 hours: 5 days x 21 days);
• with a 24-hour work week - 100.8 hours (24 hours: 5 days x 21 days).

The norm of working time calculated by us, as mentioned above, applies to all modes of work and rest. That is, the maximum working time for all employees who have not been assigned reduced or part-time working hours in October 2004 is 168 hours.

Working hours and shift schedule (work schedule)

As you know, time tracking can be:

• daily and weekly - in cases where the established daily or weekly working hours can be observed (general working hours recording regime);
• summarized - in cases where the established daily or weekly working time cannot be observed.

Summarized accounting always implies shift work. Therefore, with the summarized accounting of working time, shift schedules are necessarily drawn up.

Shift schedules are drawn up in advance before the start of the working period to which they relate, and must be brought to the attention of all employees whom these schedules concern, no later than one month before they are put into effect (Article 103 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

Overworking or shortcomings in a separate month of the normal working time, calculated in the manner prescribed by the Clarification, cannot serve as a basis for revising the shift schedule if the overall balance of working hours corresponds to the established rate of hours during the accounting period and calendar year (clause 3 of the Clarification).

So, with the summarized recording of working time, it is impossible to revise the shift schedule if the employee, for some reason, has not worked the standard of working time in a particular month.

Example 2... In October 2004, the working time standard for workers who have a 40-hour working week is 168 hours.

In accordance with the terms of the employment contract, the summarized accounting of working hours is applied. The accounting period is a quarter.

The total working time that the employee must work in the IV quarter of 2004 corresponds to the working time standard.

From October 2 to October 15, 2004, the employee acted as a juror in the regional court, so he did not work in October for several shifts provided for in the schedule and, accordingly, the working time norm.

The employer is not entitled to revise the employee's shift schedule in November and December 2004.

If the employer nevertheless revised the previously approved shift schedule, then all the additional time worked by the employee under the new schedule is, in our opinion, overtime work and is payable in accordance with the provisions of Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Example 3... Let's continue the conditions of example 2.

The period from October 2 to October 14, 2004, had four shifts of 12 hours each. The employer made changes to the previously approved work schedule and postponed shifts that were not worked out by the employee until December 2004.

If an employee completes these shifts, it should be assumed that overtime is taking place in December.

In accordance with Article 152 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the first two hours of overtime work are paid in one and a half amount, the rest - in double, if the collective or labor agreement does not provide for payment in a higher amount.

Thus, 46 hours (4 shifts x 12 hours - 2 hours) must be paid in double amount, and 2 hours - in one and a half amount.

Working hours and part-time accounting period

Suppose that a particular accounting period is incomplete for an employee, for example, due to the provision of an annual regular paid leave.

How, in this case, to determine the maximum duration of working hours in a given accounting period for this employee and draw up a work schedule for the shift?

In our opinion, when determining the maximum working time for such an employee, it is necessary to exclude from the calculation of working days those days on which the employee will not perform his labor duties. With a different approach, the employee will be in an unequal position with other employees of this employing organization, since for different time he will have to work the same number of hours as other employees.

Thus, when drawing up a shift schedule, it is necessary to exclude periods of time that are not taken into account when calculating the standard of working time (for example, annual regular and additional leaves).

Example 4... The employee has a summarized accounting of working hours for a 40-hour work week. The accounting period is a quarter.

The vacation schedule provides for the annual regular paid vacation of the employee from December 1 to December 28, 2004.

How to determine the maximum working hours in the IV quarter of 2004 and draw up a shift schedule for this employee?

Considering that in the period from December 1 to December 28, 2004, the employee must not perform his labor duties, this period must be excluded from the calculation when determining the maximum duration of working hours.

That is, the working time rate will be calculated as follows:

21 days x 8 hours + 21 days x 8 hours + 3 days x 8 hours - 1 hour (December 31 is a pre-holiday day) = 359 hours.

It is on the standard of working time of 359 hours that you need to focus when drawing up a schedule.

If the actual working time of a given employee exceeds the calculated standard working time, then all hours worked by the employee in excess of this standard must be paid as overtime.

Working hours and dismissal of an employee who has not completed the accounting period in full

In practice, the following production situation is encountered.

An employee who has a cumulative record of working hours is dismissed before the end of the accounting period.

How to determine the maximum working time for a given employee and, accordingly, the working time norm? Should we consider that the accounting period has ended since the employee's dismissal? Whether to determine the number of hours of overtime work?

In answering these questions, it is necessary, in our opinion, to proceed from the following.

The accounting period is a period of time determined by an employment contract, collective agreement, agreement or local acts of the employer, during which the employee must work out the working hours established for him in accordance with the shift schedule.

Upon dismissal of an employee, mutual obligations of the parties to the employment contract terminate (with the exception of some, for example, obligations related to the material liability of the parties or arising from an agreement on non-disclosure of commercial secrets). On the last day of work, the employer is obliged to make the final settlement with the employee (Article 80 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

With the expiration of the employment contract, all its conditions are terminated, including those concerning the establishment of summarized accounting and the duration of the accounting period.

Consequently, upon dismissal of an employee, the accounting period ends for him on the last day of his work.

When determining the maximum working time for a given employee, there is no need to take into account the time period from the moment of dismissal until the end of the accounting period. The working time will be calculated for the period from the beginning of the accounting period until the moment of dismissal.

If the total number of hours worked by an employee from the beginning of the accounting period until the moment of dismissal exceeds the normal working hours in this period of time, then work in excess of the normal number of working hours will be considered overtime and will be paid in an increased amount.

Example 5... Let's take the conditions of example 4 and suppose that the employee was fired on December 1, 2004, and before that time worked in accordance with the shift schedule for 343 hours.

The maximum working time for the period from October 1, 2004 to November 31, 2004 is 336 hours for this employee (21 days x 8 hours + 21 days x 8 hours).

Thus, the employee worked overtime for 7 hours (343 hours - 336 hours), which must be paid in an increased amount.

I. Mikhailov

AKDI "Economics and Life"