Entrepreneurial environment conditions for entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurial environment. External and internal business environment

The entrepreneurial environment is subdivided into external, independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which entrepreneurs form (create) themselves.

External business environment . The external business environment is a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the business itself, including its formation and development.

The external business environment is a complex system of external regulation of entrepreneurial activity, therefore, for individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, it is objective, since they cannot directly change it (for example, federal laws, natural factors, etc.), but must be taken into account when running your own business.

The external business environment, as an integrated system, includes the following subsystems:

· Economic situation in the region, country;

· The political situation, which is characterized by the stability of the development of society;

· Legal environment;

· State support and regulation of entrepreneurship;

· The presence of natural factors of production;

· The physical environment associated with the climatic (weather) conditions of the functioning of entrepreneurial organizations, the absence of manifestations of force majeure natural disasters;

· The level of unemployment and the solvency of the population;

· Institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that provide the ability to carry out commercial transactions, business relationships, etc.;

· Manifestation of terrorism.

The external business environment in today's Russia can be characterized as not meeting the requirements of the development and formation of entrepreneurship. And the main factors that can confirm this statement are:

Firstly it is the general corruption of both society itself and state governing bodies;

Secondly it is insufficient state support for entrepreneurship, which would meet the modern requirements of building market relations;

Thirdly it is not an adequate and insufficient legal framework aimed at supporting entrepreneurship.

A special role in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity belongs to federal laws, on the basis of which not only indirect, but also direct regulation is carried out. An important role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to such supreme state bodies as the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Constitutional, Arbitration and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation and its bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other law enforcement agencies, as well as Federal ministries: for antimonopoly policy and support for entrepreneurship, finance, economic development and trade, justice, etc. A large role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to the representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. It is also necessary to remove administrative barriers, reduce the number of bodies that inspect entrepreneurs.

Let's consider in more detail the factors of the external business environment (hereinafter referred to as the environment) (tab. 14)

Table 14

Factors of the external business environment


International	International competition. Military conflicts (hot spots) in the world. Terrorism level. International exhibitions, conferences, exhibitions.
Political	The level of democracy. Political reforms taking place in individual countries. The level of corruption and the criminal situation in the country.
Economic	Average annual inflation rate. The level of the country's financial system. Bank interest level. The share of private property in the total property of the country. The level of taxation of business participants. Investment climate. The level of the shadow and criminal economy.
Socio-demographic	Population migration. The structure of the population by income, social status, education, gender. Perspective of the region.
Legal	A legal framework that meets the principles of entrepreneurship development. The quality of prosecutorial control over the observance of legal acts regulating entrepreneurship.
External environment	Environmental factors
Environmental	Technogenic disasters. Ecosystem parameters for individual cities and territories. The level of state funding for environmental programs (budget). The legal framework governing the state of the ecosystem.
Natural and climatic	Climate. Natural disasters. The presence of natural resources and their location.
Scientific and technical	The level of automation of industrial production and construction. The level of computerization of the country. The share of scientific workers in the total number of employees. Material support of scientific personnel.

Selected scholars look at the external business environment for small businesses. So A. Hosking singles out the macro-environment and the micro-environment of entrepreneurship. Macroenvironment includes economic, legal, political, socio-cultural, technological, physical (geographic) conditions of activity. The microenvironment includes the institutional system of entrepreneurship. M.V. Solodkov conducted a study based on statistical data for the period 1995-1998. the following factors and revealed their influence on the MP using the correlation-regression analysis:

· The density of the population of the territory of the region;

· The composition of the population of the region under study (rural or urban);

· Gross regional product (GRP) per capita;

· Share of own expenses of the regional budget;

· Resource potential of the region;

· Infrastructure of the region;

· Institutional potential of the region;

· Production potential of the region;

· Intellectual potential of the region;

· Innovative potential of the region;

· Labor productivity (income per inhabitant);

· Risks: political, criminal, environmental, social.

M.V. Solodkov found that factors such as the density of the population living in the territory have the greatest influence on the activity of the region's SE (correlation coefficient 0.28); the share of rural residents in the total population (the correlation coefficient was –0.36), labor productivity (the correlation coefficient was from 0.34 to 0.41), institutional capacity (the correlation coefficient was from 0.21 to 0.40), intellectual potential (correlation coefficient 0.35).

Basareva V.G. proves that the relative demand for labor in the MB segment is influenced by regional differences in the level of risk that arise due to the institutional weakness of the regions and the conservative attitudes of the regional elite. Differences in anticipated risks cause different degrees of people's confidence in the rules of doing business.

One of the latest studies by the World Bank, conducted in 69 countries, where 3,600 entrepreneurs were interviewed, made it possible to state that institutional barriers exist in all countries, but the significance of individual factors is different.

The authors also noted as factors influencing the development and birth of new small firms:

· human capital;

· The level of various costs of setting up an enterprise, including transaction costs;

· The sectoral structure of the economy, the proportion of unstable industries, such as construction, retail trade, services);

Availability of factors of production, market infrastructure

access to research and development, information, innovations, new technologies;

· The level of costs for public infrastructure;

· Support of entrepreneurship or lack of it from the authorities;

· Social norms that promote trust in entrepreneurship.

· Factors influencing the development of MT can be divided into objective (which depend little on the will of the entrepreneur, his desires) and subjective. Objective factors include the population density, the territorial factor, the potential of the region, the sectoral structure of the region. An entrepreneur can only adapt to these factors, assessing and predicting the directions of their development and adapting to their change.

· Subjective factors include crime risk, administrative barriers for an entrepreneur, competitive environment and others. The entrepreneur has the ability to change and influence these factors.

Internal business environment. The factors of the internal environment are directly related to the financial and economic activities of entrepreneurial structures and those relations, contacts that appear as a result of this activity.

The internal business environment, as an integrated system, includes the following subsystems:

· Availability of own capital;

· Choice of organizational and legal form;

· Choice of the subject of activity;

· Selection of partners;

· Knowledge of the market;

· Recruitment and management, etc.

Compliance with laws and legal acts regulating entrepreneurial activity can also be attributed to the factor of the internal environment.

The internal business environment is also determined by the totality of internal conditions for the functioning of an entrepreneurial organization (Fig. 18).

Rice. 18. Internal conditions and business activities.

It turns out that the internal business environment is subjective and largely depends on the owner (leader), i.e. his competence and ability to manage personnel, changing situations, external and internal influences. In many ways, the internal business environment depends on the moral and psychological climate that prevails in the team. The internal factors also include the motivation of employees, which should have not only a material form, but also a spiritual component.

In this aspect, the experience of forming the internal entrepreneurial environment of the Japanese entrepreneur K. Tateishi, about which he described in his book "The Eternal Spirit of Entrepreneurship", is undoubtedly of practical interest for Russian entrepreneurs. The essence of effective, rational management in the company "Omron", allowing to achieve success in Tateisi, is to provide each employee with the opportunity to earn enough, feel satisfaction from their work and participate in the management of the enterprise.

The working conditions of the employee are of great importance for the effective activity of the personnel and, accordingly, the company (Fig. 19).

Rice. 19. Effective working conditions.

The set of working conditions consists of the following employee requirements:

a) the workplace must be clean, equipped with the necessary equipment, communication means, if necessary computerized, etc .;

b) the team must have a stable moral and psychological climate, perceived by the management system, adequate to the needs and requirements of the employee;

c) the work for the employee must be interesting, relevant and promising;

d) the employee's work must be adequately paid, based on his qualifications, diligence, dedication.

Of particular importance for successful entrepreneurial activity are the development of a sound business plan, anticipation and calculation of the consequences of the onset of anticipated risks, the introduction of new technologies, diversification of activities, the development and implementation of a sound strategy for the development of the company. The factors of the internal environment should also include the strict observance by entrepreneurs and hired managers of laws and regulations governing the activities of this type of business or the corresponding organizational and legal form of an entrepreneurial organization.

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1. Law of the Russian Federation "On Joint Stock Companies". Basic provisions on JSC: types of JSCs and their differences, authorized capital, founders, constituent documents, rights and obligations of JSC participants, reserve capital

2. The business environment and its characteristics

Bibliography

1 . RF law« About joint stock companies» ... Basic provisions on JSC: types of JSCs and their differences, authorized capital, founders, constituent documents, rights and obligations of JSC participants, reserve capital

A joint-stock company is a commercial organization, the authorized capital of which is divided into a certain number of shares, certifying the obligations of the participants of the company (shareholders) in relation to the company.

The first feature of a joint-stock company, unlike other commercial organizations, is the division of its authorized capital into a certain number of shares. Another feature of a joint-stock company as an independent organizational and legal form, which no commercial organization also has, is its internal division. According to paragraph 1 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", a joint stock company can be open or closed, which is reflected in its charter and corporate name.

An open joint stock company is characterized by the following features. joint stock company entrepreneurial capital

First, the company has the right to conduct an open subscription to the shares issued by it and to sell them freely among an unlimited number of persons.

Secondly, in an open joint-stock company, the number of shareholders (as well as the number of its founders) is not limited (clause 2 of article 7 and clause 2 of article 10 of the Federal Law "On joint-stock companies").

Thirdly, in an open joint-stock company, it is not allowed to establish the preemptive right of the company or its shareholders to acquire shares alienated by the shareholders of this company (clause 2, article 7 of the Federal Law "On joint-stock companies").

Fourth, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of an open joint stock company must be at least 1000 times the amount of the minimum wage established by federal law on the date of registration of the company (Article 26 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies").

Fifth, an open joint-stock company is obliged to publish annually in the mass media accessible to all shareholders of this company, an annual report and annual financial statements, a prospectus for the issue of shares of the company in cases stipulated by legal acts of the Russian Federation; a message on the holding of a general meeting of shareholders in the manner prescribed by the Federal Law “On Joint Stock Companies”; other information determined by the federal executive body for the securities market (Article 92 of the Law).

A closed joint stock company is characterized by the following features.

Firstly, shares of a closed company are distributed only among the founders of this company or another predetermined circle of persons.

Secondly, a closed company does not have the right to conduct an open subscription to the shares issued by it or otherwise offer them for purchase to an unlimited number of persons.

Thirdly, the minimum amount of the authorized capital of a closed joint stock company must be at least 100 times the amount of the minimum wage established by federal law on the date of registration of the company (Article 26 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies").

Fourth, the shareholders of a closed company enjoy the preemptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders of this company at the offer price to a third party in proportion to the number of shares owned by each of them, unless the charter of the company provides for a different procedure for exercising this right, while the charter of the closed company may the preemptive right of the company to acquire shares sold by its shareholders should be provided if the shareholders did not use their preemptive right to acquire shares.

Fifth, the number of shareholders of a closed company should not exceed fifty people.

The greatest difficulties are associated with the legal regulation of the activities of closed joint stock companies. At least three groups of issues constitute the subject of emerging disputes.

The first group - issues related to the definition of a closed joint stock company.

In accordance with paragraph 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", closed companies are those companies whose shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons.

This definition of a closed joint stock company has undergone significant changes if we compare it with the definition given in the Regulation on joint stock companies, approved by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR on December 25, 1990 N 601. from one person to another only with the consent of the majority of shareholders. " Thus, in the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" the definition of a closed company is given through a description of the company's capabilities to exercise the rights to distribute shares, in the Regulation - through a description of the capabilities of shareholders themselves to dispose of their own shares. A different approach to the definition of a closed society has also determined the qualitative differences in the mechanism of "closed" society. If in the first variant the “closed nature” of the company consisted in the additional consent of some shareholders to alienate shares by others, in the latter it is not. The closed nature of the company in the new Law is achieved through the distribution of shares by the company only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, especially since, according to par. 4 p. 1 art. 2 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" shareholders have the right to alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders and the company.

This approach to the "closure" of a joint stock company is unusual for Russian practice, therefore, it can lead to a lot of errors in its application. First of all, there will be difficulty in identifying the so-called predetermined circle of persons.

A closed joint-stock company cannot be regarded as a type of joint-stock company that allows one to fully control the movement of its shares. This is an objective reality, despite the fact that the legislator introduces a rule on the preemptive right of shareholders of a closed company to acquire shares sold by other shareholders.

According to paragraph 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", shareholders of a closed company enjoy the pre-emptive right to purchase shares sold by other shareholders of this company at the offer price to a third party in proportion to the number of shares owned by each of them, unless the company's charter provides for a different procedure for exercising this right. The charter of a closed company may provide for a preemptive right for the company to acquire shares sold by its shareholders, if the shareholders have not used their preemptive right to acquire shares. We draw your attention to the fact that granting a preemptive right to shareholders and the company does not at all mean obtaining their consent to the disposal of shares, especially since this right arises when the shares are sold only to a third party and only if the buying shareholders are ready to pay for these shares at the price set shareholder-seller.

Even the full implementation of this provision does not exclude the possibility of such a situation arising when the company itself is not entitled to open subscription to the shares issued by it or otherwise offer them for acquisition to an unlimited number of persons, and a shareholder, regardless of the size of his block of shares, can actually offer his shares. without any restrictions. Moreover, a situation is possible when a shareholder transfers his shares free of charge, for example, in the form of a donation. In such cases, the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" does not provide for the emergence of any preferential rights for other shareholders at all. In this regard, in practice, the following scheme is quite successfully applied: an interested person is given one share, as a result of which he becomes a shareholder. And then nothing prevents him from starting to buy shares already as a shareholder from other interested shareholders, and at the same time, shareholders who do not want to sell shares do not have any preemptive right to purchase them. As a consequence, there is a lack of control not only of the “quality” of shareholders, but also of their number, although the maximum number of shareholders established by the Law should not exceed fifty people. Indeed, by limiting the maximum number of shareholders of a closed company to fifty shareholders, the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", it would seem, thus provided for the impossibility of an unlimited wide distribution of shares. Additionally, this requirement is provided by a rather strict rule of clause 3 of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", which determines that if the number of shareholders of a closed company exceeds the established limit, then within one year it must be transformed into an open one. If the number of shareholders does not decrease to fifty, the company is subject to liquidation in court.

However, in paragraph 4 of Art. 94 The Law limited the application of this provision, extending it only to closed companies that were created after January 1, 1996, and accordingly excluded the possibility of its application in relation to closed joint-stock companies created before the introduction of the said Law into force, i.e. before January 1, 1996

The consequences of this approach are assessed ambiguously. On the one hand, this assessment is positive, since in the process of transforming a number of enterprises into joint-stock companies (for example, rental companies that have the right to buy out property or have already bought it out), a large number of closed joint-stock companies were created with the number of shareholders significantly exceeding fifty - from two hundred up to several thousand. The provision of Art. 94 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" creates calm conditions for the work of those organizations that, in accordance with the law in force at the time of their creation, could choose a completely specific type of joint stock company and not change it. On the other hand, it is clear that such a right is granted to joint-stock companies fixed as of January 1, 1996, and if after this date their number increases, then in relation to these joint-stock companies the general provisions of Art. 7 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies", providing that the said company within one year must be transformed into an open one.

In accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 68 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a business company of one type can be transformed into a business company of another type, while the possibility of transforming companies belonging to the same organizational and legal form of a legal entity (joint-stock companies) is not excluded; closed to open and open to closed.

In this regard, in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation of November 18, 2003 "On some issues of the application of the Federal Law" On Joint Stock Companies ", Clause 23 explains that when considering disputes related to the transformation of a joint stock company of one type into a joint stock company of another type , it must be borne in mind that a change in the type of company is not a reorganization of a legal entity (its organizational and legal form does not change), therefore, the requirements established by paragraph 5 of Art. 58 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 5 of Art. 15 and Art. 20 of the Federal Law "On Joint Stock Companies" - on drawing up a deed of transfer, on notifying creditors about the upcoming change in the type of joint stock company - in such cases should not be presented. At the same time, other norms concerning the reorganization of the company are not applied, including those that provide shareholders with the right to demand the redemption of their shares in the company if they voted against the transformation or did not participate in the vote on this issue (Article 75 of the Federal Law).

The transformation of a joint-stock company of one type into a joint-stock company of another type is carried out by decision of the general meeting of shareholders with the introduction of appropriate amendments to the charter of the company (approval of the charter in a new edition) and their state registration in accordance with the established procedure.

For this kind of transformation, the legislation establishes restrictions. In particular:

a) the number of shareholders created as a result of the transformation of an open company into a closed one should not exceed 50 (clause 3 of article 7 of the Federal Law);

b) the creation of certain groups of joint-stock companies is possible only in the form of open (clause 1 of article 2 of the Federal Law "On investment funds" - in relation to joint-stock investment funds) or closed (clause 2 of article 1 of the Federal law "On the specifics of the legal status of joint-stock societies of workers (people's enterprises) ";

c) the size of the authorized capital of a closed joint stock company, whose members intend to transform it into an open one, should not be lower than the minimum level established for open joint stock companies (Article 26 of the Federal Law).

2 . Entrepreneurial environment and its characteristics

The entrepreneurial environment is a combination of external and internal factors that affect the functioning of the firm and require decisions to be made either to eliminate them or to adapt to them. A sustainable business environment is characteristic of a procedural business. The volatility of the intuitive business environment dramatically reduces the entrepreneur's opportunities for profit and makes the business extremely risky.

The entire business environment is divided into two parts: internal and external.

The internal entrepreneurial environment of a firm is called situational factors within the firm itself. Internal factors are mainly the result of managerial decisions, but not everything can be controlled by managerial decisions. Internal factors include goals, structure, technology, and people.

The external business environment refers to all conditions and factors that arise in the environment, regardless of the activities of a particular firm, but have, or may have a significant impact on it and therefore require management decisions.

Direct factors

1. Macroeconomic state of the economy:

Level, structure of supply and demand for goods;

The structure of the surplus or lack of jobs;

Volumes structure of incomes of the population and firms;

The size of the availability of free funds, the level of return on investment capital, the structure of supply and demand in the financial market.

2. Business infrastructure - a system of institutions and their interconnections through which the business gets the opportunity to establish business relationships and conduct commercial operations:

Industrial infrastructure - vehicles, roads, power lines, communications, etc .;

Market infrastructure - services for the distribution, sale, storage, delivery of goods (wholesale and retail sellers, shops, commodity exchanges and a system of intermediaries, labor exchanges, etc.);

Financial infrastructure - the provision of financial services by banks, credit, investment institutions, insurance companies;

Information infrastructure - a system of institutions providing services for the collection and provision of specialized information, consulting, auditing, engineering firms; marketing research, legal, etc.).

Indirect factors:

1 State policy. Changes in state policy pay great attention to the conditions for doing business. Tax, monetary and credit policies, business support policies, etc. are especially important.

2 Socio-cultural environment.

The social infrastructure includes the education system, the patterns of behavior of economic entities that have developed in the economy, and the way of life. An important role is also played by moral and religious norms, the attitude of the population to work, etc.

3 Legal environment. The legal environment is also an important factor in ensuring the conditions for the functioning of entrepreneurial activity. It includes: laws governing business; procedural mechanisms for the implementation of laws; features of informal, traditional rules of law; features of legal support for business. The country, under the influence of the history of the formation of the legal system, is developing a specific country model of the legal infrastructure of business

The use of all the possibilities of law, all the wealth of its inherent means of influence - a serious reserve for ensuring the implementation of economic decisions. The prerequisites for the effectiveness of the legal environment are its unity, the mutual consistency of its constituent laws, bylaws at all levels, judicial and arbitration practice, business practices and rules of business turnover, and freedom from gaps. The latter presupposes that the laws in force must ensure the possibility of resolving any issue arising in practice in accordance with the general provisions of this legal system.

Space, i.e. the possibility, under the pretext of the absence of a legal norm, to resolve the issue not in accordance with (and sometimes in contradiction) with the general provisions of the system, undermines the latter, opens the way for the violation of its unity, internal consistency.

Unfortunately, the emerging Russian legal system is both contradictory and still contains many gaps. For the growth of its effectiveness, it is very important to maintain the customs of business turnover, the aspirations of entrepreneurs and their associations to collect and practice rules, to select and a kind of codification of those that have the qualities of rational and fair.

4 Technological environment - reflects the level of scientific and technological development that affects entrepreneurship (information space, data processing, etc.)

5 The physical and geographic environment includes the parameters of the geographic location of the business, the specifics of its access to natural and human resources.

Bibliography

1. Vechkanov G.S. Economic theory: textbook / G. S. Vechkanov, G.R. Vechkanova - M .: Eksmo, 2010 .-- 448 p.

2. Burov, V.Yu. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship: textbook / V.Yu. Burov. - Chita, 2011 .-- 441 p.

3. Individual entrepreneur: a practical guide. Ed. YL Fadeeva. - M.: Eksmo, 2010 .-- 224 p.

4. Kruglova N. Yu. Fundamentals of business (entrepreneurship): textbook / N.Yu. Kruglov. - M .: KNORUS, 2010 .-- 544 p.

5. Krutik A.B. Problems and prospects for the development of entrepreneurship in the Russian economy // Problems of modern economics. - 2009. - No. 2

6. Small and medium business in Russia. 2009: Stat. Sat / Rosstat. - M., 2009 .-- 151 p.

7. Nabatnikov V.M. Organization of business activities. Study guide / V.M. Nabatnikov. - Rostov-on D .: Phoenix, 2011 - 256 p.

8. Organization of entrepreneurial activity. Schemes and tables. Tutorial. V.P. Popkov; E.V. Evstafiev. SPb .: Peter, 2011.- 352 p.

9. Entrepreneurship: textbook. / edited by V.Ya. Gorfinkel, G.B. Polyaka, V.A. Shvandara. - M .: UNITI-DANA, 2011 - 581 p.

10. Entrepreneurship: textbook. / edited by M.G. Lapusta. - M .: INFRA-M, 2009 .-- 667 p.

11. Samarina V.P. Fundamentals of entrepreneurship: textbook / V.P. Samarina. - M .: KNORUS, 2009. - 224 p.

12. Dictionary of Economics / Otv. ed. A.I. Arkhipov. - M .; TC Welby, Prospect Publishing House, 2011. - 486 p.

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The formation of modern entrepreneurship is associated with the awareness of the increase in the importance of the modern economic and technological base of production and trade, an increase in the role of productivity and quality of labor and products, with the increased use of mathematical and analytical methods in management, computer and other modern electronic equipment. The role of democratization of the management of entrepreneurial structures is increasing, taking into account social and behavioral aspects, as well as with the participation of ordinary workers in profits, property, and the implementation of managerial functions by them.

A feature of the formation of effective entrepreneurship in recent years is the strengthening of the international nature of management and the originality of national business, an increase in the management culture.

The work of leading Russian scientists and specialists is devoted to the study of the complex of problems of the formation of effective entrepreneurship in Russia: the works of V.A.Andreev, I. Ansof, V.A. Barinov, N.V. Borovskikh, Yu.P. Vasiliev, O.S. , Voronova A.A., Gradova A.P., Drucker P., Ivanov A.V., Kreichman F.S., Kulikova G.V., Lambena Zh.Zh., Levshina O.N., Naumova A. I., Porter M., Strickland A.J., Thompson A.A., Tukashevich P. et al.

Analyzing various points of view on this issue, we can conclude that the formation of an effective business environment is the implementation of the special abilities of the individual, expressed in the rational combination of factors of production based on an innovative risk approach. The entrepreneur uses the latest technology and technology in production, organizes labor in a new way, leads differently, which leads to a decrease in individual production costs, on the basis of which the price is set. The entrepreneur arranges marketing activities as efficiently as possible. He, better than others, determines the market in which it is most profitable to buy the means of production, more precisely he “guesses” for which product, at what time and in which segment of the market there will be the greatest effective demand. As a result, he makes more profit than ordinary businessmen. In addition, the entrepreneur is constantly at risk. He does not avoid risk, as is usually done, but deliberately takes it in order to get more income than others - a kind of compensation for this risk.

Entrepreneurship can develop only if there are certain external and internal conditions in the country that provide favorable opportunities for development. - formed business environment. Under business environment understand favorable socio-economic, political, civil and legal conditions (situations) that ensure economic freedom for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial activity. It represents an integrated set of various (objective and subjective) factors that allow entrepreneurs to achieve success in achieving their goals, in the implementation of entrepreneurial projects and contracts and making a profit. The business environment is subdivided into external independent of the entrepreneurs themselves, and internal, which is formed directly by entrepreneurs. Consider the factors of the external business environment.

Under external business environment is understood as a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the formation and development of entrepreneurship. The external environment in relation to entrepreneurs is an objective environment and acts regardless of their wishes.

The external business environment includes the following subsystems.

1. An important role in the development of entrepreneurship in the country is played by positive economic situation, characterized by the formation of conditions for the formation of a competitive market as an environment for the existence of entrepreneurs, as well as progressive implementation of economic reforms, providing entrepreneurs with an opportunity to access all types of resources necessary for the development of their activities.

2. The development of entrepreneurship requires political stability in the country and in individual regions, agreement between all branches of government, their recognition of the fact that without the development of civilized entrepreneurship, economic growth, effective development of all sectors of the economy and an increase in the welfare of society are impossible.

3. Development of entrepreneurship is possible only if the country is adequate to the prospective development of the country. legal environment, not declaring, but clearly establishing the rights, obligations and guarantees for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial or other legal economic activity, protecting civilized entrepreneurs from illegal actions of state (municipal) authorities and officials, criminal structures.

4. Strengthening the regulatory role of the state in the process of the formation of civilized entrepreneurship, protection of the legitimate interests of entrepreneurs, providing them with guarantees as citizens and organizations.

5. Institutional and organizational environment, the development of which is the most important condition for the formation of entrepreneurship in general, since many institutions (organizations) are entrepreneurial and, taking into account the specialization of their activities, provide appropriate services to other entrepreneurial organizations.

6. Socio-economic situation associated with the level of payment demand of the population (consumers), the level of unemployment.

7. Cultural environment, conditioned by the level of education of the population, providing an opportunity to engage in certain types of entrepreneurial business.

8. Scientific, technical, technological environment.

9. The presence in a sufficient number of natural factors of production necessary for the development of certain types of activity.

10. The physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions affecting the process of functioning of entrepreneurial organizations.

11. Lack of natural disasters.

Entrepreneurial success depends on internal business environment- a certain set of internal conditions for the functioning of the enterprise. It depends on the entrepreneur himself, his competence, willpower, dedication, the level of aspirations, abilities and skills in organizing and running a business.

The internal business environment includes the following factors: the presence of equity capital, the choice of the organizational and legal form of the enterprise, the choice of the subject of activity, the selection of a team of partners, knowledge of the market and qualified marketing research, selection and management of personnel.

Of great importance is the development of a sound business plan, the calculation of the consequences of the onset of perceived risks, the introduction of new technologies, the diversification of activities, the development and implementation of a sound management strategy for the company, the strict observance by the entrepreneur and employees of laws and regulations governing the activities of this type of business or the corresponding organizational and legal form of an entrepreneurial organization.

As already indicated, only those entrepreneurs who are constantly improving their knowledge, are well aware of the legal mechanism of organizing and running a business, are able to conclude transactions, conclude entrepreneurial contracts and receive dividends due to them will achieve success. Only those entrepreneurs can achieve success, have a long-term valid goal that should be known and supported by all employees in whose firms an iron discipline has been established, who themselves work hard and productively, consult with their subordinates, and then make informed decisions that are not aimed at momentary success. , but for the long term.

Similar information.

The entire business environment is divided into two parts: internal and external.

Direct factors

1. Macroeconomic state of the economy:
- - the level, structure of supply and demand for goods;
- - the structure of the surplus or lack of jobs;
- - the volume of the income structure of the population and firms;
- - the size of the availability of free funds, the level of return on investment capital, the structure of supply and demand in the financial market.
2. Business infrastructure - a system of institutions and their interconnections through which the business gets the opportunity to establish business relationships and conduct commercial operations:
- - industrial infrastructure - vehicles, roads, power lines, communications, etc .;
- - market infrastructure - services for the distribution, sale, storage, delivery of goods (wholesale and retail sellers, shops, commodity exchanges and a system of intermediaries, labor exchanges, etc.);
- - financial infrastructure - the provision of financial services by banks, credit, investment institutions, insurance companies;
- - information infrastructure - a system of institutions providing services for the collection and provision of specialized information, consulting, auditing, engineering firms; marketing research, legal, etc.).

Indirect factors:

1 State policy. Changes in state policy pay great attention to the conditions for doing business. Tax, monetary and credit policies, business support policies, etc. are especially important.
2 Socio-cultural environment.

4 Technological environment - reflects the level of scientific and technological development that affects entrepreneurship (information space, data processing, etc.)
5 The physical and geographic environment includes the parameters of the geographic location of the business, the specifics of its access to natural and human resources.

The state of the external business environment has a decisive influence on the development of entrepreneurship in the country as a whole, in certain regions. The external business environment is understood as a set of external factors and conditions that directly or indirectly affect the formation and development of entrepreneurship. The external environment in relation to entrepreneurs is an objective environment and acts regardless of their desires. To be successful, entrepreneurs must be well aware of all external factors and conditions in order to foresee their impact on the final results of their business in their activities. As follows from the teachings of the classics of economic theory, the basis of entrepreneurial activity is knowledge about the basic conditions and factors of the external environment.

The external business environment includes the following subsystems:

· Economic situation in the country and regions;

· The political situation, characterized by the stability of the development of society and the state;

· A legal environment that clearly establishes the rights, obligations, responsibilities of entrepreneurs and other subjects of a market economy;

· State regulation and support of entrepreneurship;

· Socio-economic situation associated with the level of payment demand of the population (consumers), the level of unemployment;

· Cultural environment, conditioned by the level of education of the population, providing an opportunity to engage in certain types of entrepreneurial business;

· Scientific and technical, technological environment;

· The presence in a sufficient number of natural factors of production necessary for the development of certain types of activity;

· The physical environment associated with climatic (weather) conditions affecting the process of functioning of entrepreneurial organizations;

· Lack of manifestation of natural disasters;

Institutional and organizational environment, indicating the presence of a sufficient number of organizations that provide the ability to carry out commercial transactions, business relationships, etc.

Let us give a brief description of individual subsystems that together make up an integrated external business environment. Thus, a positive economic situation is essential for the development of entrepreneurship in the country, characterized by the formation of conditions for the formation of a competitive market as an environment for the existence of entrepreneurs, as well as the progressive implementation of economic reforms that provide the opportunity for entrepreneurs to access all types of resources (except those prohibited by law) necessary for development. their activities. The development of entrepreneurship is positively (or negatively) influenced by the following economic instruments:

· The level of the refinancing rate set by the Central Bank of Russia;

· Inflation rate;

· The number of taxes (mandatory fees, payments) and the size of tax rates;

· The level of liquidity of business partners (companies, firms);

· The level of prices (tariffs) for certain types of resources, especially for products (services) of natural monopolies;

· Prevention of the establishment of monopoly high or monopoly low prices, agreements between economic entities that restrict competition in product markets.

The stability of the national monetary unit, an increase in the level of its purchasing power and other economic factors and conditions are becoming increasingly important.

Successful development of entrepreneurship is facilitated by concessional lending for entrepreneurial projects, a reduction in the number of taxes, fees, mandatory payments, a decrease in tax rates, etc. The development of entrepreneurship is hampered by economic and financial crises that arise not only in their own country, but also in other countries and regions.

In Russia, for the establishment of entrepreneurship, financial and economic support of domestic producers, stimulation of export products through the provision of customs privileges are required.

Undoubtedly, the development of entrepreneurship requires stability of the political situation in the country and in individual regions, agreement between all branches of government, their recognition of the fact that economic growth, effective development of all sectors of the economy and an increase in the welfare of society are impossible without the development of civilized entrepreneurship. It is important that in Russia at last the whole society unconditionally support the idea that a socially oriented economy is being formed in the country and that there is no alternative to economic reforms.

The development of entrepreneurship is possible only if a legal environment adequate to the country's long-term development is created, which does not declare, but clearly establishes the rights, obligations and guarantees for capable citizens to engage in entrepreneurial or other legal economic activity, protecting civilized entrepreneurs from illegal actions of state (municipal) bodies, officials, criminal structures. It is necessary to clearly establish the responsibility of entrepreneurs for violation of laws and regulations governing economic (entrepreneurial) activities. In the country, His Majesty's law should "reign", and not officials, even of a very high rank, not oligarchs, not racketeers and not criminal elements. If this provision becomes the rule, and not the exception, then it is safe to say that entrepreneurship in Russia will develop progressively.

As already noted, a special role in the regulation of entrepreneurial activity belongs to federal laws, many of which carry out not only indirect, but also direct regulation. An important role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to such supreme state bodies as the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, as well as the Constitutional, Arbitration and Supreme Courts of the Russian Federation, the General Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation and its bodies in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other law enforcement agencies, as well as federal bodies for antimonopoly policy and support of entrepreneurship, finance, economy, justice and others. A certain role in the regulation and support of entrepreneurship belongs to the representative and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as evidenced, in particular, by the experience of supporting and developing small businesses in Moscow, the Moscow region and other regions.

Without considering all other subsystems of the external entrepreneurial environment, we will give a brief description of the institutional and organizational environment, the development of which is the most important condition for the formation of entrepreneurship in general, since many institutions (organizations) are entrepreneurial and, taking into account their specialization, provide corresponding services to other entrepreneurial organizations. These institutions include:

· Commercial banks and other credit and financial organizations;

· Educational institutions for training personnel for business organizations;

· Companies for market research, conducting specialized marketing research;

· Companies (organizations) - suppliers of raw materials, materials, energy, fuel and other services; wholesalers and retailers; transport companies, etc.

Undoubtedly, a significant role in the development of entrepreneurship belongs to federal and regional funds for supporting entrepreneurship, the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation and chambers of commerce operating in the regions, and associations (unions) of entrepreneurs. The development of entrepreneurship is greatly influenced by the formation of positive public opinion in the media (radio, television, periodicals), supporting the positive experience of managing civilized entrepreneurs, criticizing the negative phenomena of doing business, exposing thieves, embezzlers.

3.3.1. The market is the environment for entrepreneurs

If there is no market in the country, then there can be no entrepreneurs, and vice versa, since entrepreneurs (firms, campaigns) are the leading subjects of the market economy, along with households and the state, which in a developed market economy is a collective entrepreneur.

An analysis of the many definitions of the market presented in the scientific literature allows us to conclude that the market is a form of relationship between individual independent decision-making business entities. The market is a complex and multifaceted economic phenomenon; it is a combination of supply and demand; it is a form of social and economic
chemical ties between entrepreneurs and consumers, based on the mutual purchase and sale of goods (works, services). Only on the market is the true value (value) of the goods produced, because if they are not sold, the entrepreneur will not receive the planned amount of profit. Consequently, the market is not only the environment (sphere) of the functioning of entrepreneurs, but also the most important factor in the development of entrepreneurship in the country, provided that markets for all factors of production exist and develop.

The modern market is an organized and relatively balanced system that provides entrepreneurs with freedom in choosing methods of production and sale of various types and volumes of goods (works, services), and guarantees all consumers independence in their purchase. Nobody can administratively (legally) force someone to produce something, to acquire something. The market is a community of independent, independent economic entities, and an entrepreneur is an independent economic entity. The market, in the figurative expression of American scientists R. Lipsy, P. Steiner, D. Pervis, is a stage on which a play is played out about the interaction of all those who make economic decisions. Millions of consumers make an independent decision on what goods and in what quantity to buy, a huge number of entrepreneurs - what and how to produce; owners of factors of production make their own choices - to whom and how to sell them. All these processes are carried out through the market, through the market mechanism.

There is no free market in any country, since there are no specific economic conditions for it, but a competitive market operates in the presence of various forms of ownership, but non-state property prevails with the existence of a developed market infrastructure, which includes three main elements: the market for goods and services, the market for factors production, the financial market - and the corresponding developed systems of market institutions.

A developed competitive market is characterized by a complex structure, a complex system of relevant institutions (exchanges, commercial banks, audit organizations, insurance companies, advertising companies, associations (unions) of entrepreneurs, etc.).

The modern market is classified into various categories:

a) for the economic purpose of objects of market relations - the market of consumer goods and services; market for means of production; market for intermediate goods; know-how market; commodity market; labor market; stocks and bods market; recyclable materials market; information technology market, etc .;

b) by geographical location - local, regional, national, world;

c) according to the degree of restriction of competition - monopolistic, oligopolistic, monopsony, free, mixed;

d) by industry - automotive, computer, oil, gas, etc .;

e) by the nature of sales - wholesale, retail. Of course, any classification of the market is limited, each of them is essential for understanding the need to change the functions of the state and the development of entrepreneurship in various organizational and legal forms and spheres of functioning.

The market has, in comparison with the command-and-control economy, significant advantages.

Firstly, the efficient allocation of all types of resources is carried out through the market. The market “directs” resources to the production of only goods (works, services) necessary for consumers.

Second, the market functions in the presence of relatively limited economic information: data on prices, competitors, production costs, production quantities.

Thirdly, the advantage of the market is its high flexibility, adaptability to changing conditions of production and consumption.

Fourth, market participants make optimal use of the results of scientific and technological progress. To maximize profits, manufacturing entrepreneurs take risks by developing new products, improving technology, which allows them to have a temporary advantage over competitors.

Fifth, the entrepreneur and consumers have freedom of choice.
and action. They are independent in making decisions, concluding various transactions (contracts), hiring labor, etc.

Sixth, the market caters to a wide variety of needs.

At the same time, the market also has negative sides. Therefore, shaping a market economy in the country, new economic conditions, you need to know them. Based on foreign experience, the following market shortcomings can be identified:

a) the market is not conducive to the preservation of non-renewable resources;

b) the market does not have effective economic protection of the environment; only the state can force entrepreneurs to invest in the creation of environmentally friendly industries;

c) the market cannot regulate the correct use of resources belonging to the entire state (society);

d) incentives are not created in the market for the production of goods and services for collective use;

e) the market does not guarantee the right of all citizens to work and income;

f) the market does not provide for the development of fundamental research in science;

g) the market is not focused on the production of socially necessary goods, but is aimed at meeting mainly the needs of those people who have a lot of money;

h) the market is subject to unstable development due to inflationary processes. Therefore, some of the functions that the market mechanism cannot perform is assumed by the state.

As already mentioned, the market is the sphere of existence of entrepreneurs, without it there will be no millions of entrepreneurs, and without entrepreneurs, as independent economic entities, there can be no developed market. Therefore, all the conditions and factors for the formation of a civilized developed market are also conditions for the formation of a developed business.

The most important mandatory feature of the market is its competitive nature. Competition is a mechanism for the functioning of entrepreneurs who compete with each other, as well as with buyers. Competition is the adversarial nature of economic entities, when their independent actions effectively limit the ability of each of them to unilaterally influence the general conditions of circulation in the relevant commodity market. Therefore, the current legislation prohibits resorting to unfair competition in the market, occupying a dominant position, carrying out monopolistic activities, setting monopoly high or monopoly low prices.

An entrepreneur can achieve success if he is able to timely and correctly assess market opportunities in terms of the goals and resources of his company, to produce only the goods and services necessary for market participants at lower costs and of the required quality.