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Alexander I (1801-1825) Alexander I Pavlovich the Blessed (12 (23) December 1777, St. Petersburg - 19 November (1 December) 1825, Taganrog) - Emperor and autocrat of All Russia (from 12 (24) March 1801)

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Alexander I One of her grandchildren, Catherine II named Constantine in honor of Constantine the Great, the other - Alexander in honor of Alexander Nevsky. This choice of names expressed the hope that Constantine would free Constantinople from the Turks, and the newly-minted Alexander the Great would become the sovereign of the new empire. She wanted to see Constantine on the throne of the Greek Empire, which was supposed to be restored.

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Alexander I GR Derzhavin responded to the birth of Alexander with the famous poem "For the birth of a porphyry youth in the North": "At this time, as cold as Borey was furious, Porphyry child was born In the Northern Kingdom ..."

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Alexander I Grew up at the intellectual court of Catherine the Great; the educator - the Swiss Jacobin Frederic Cesar Laharpe introduced him to the principles of humanity of Rousseau, the military teacher Nikolai Saltykov - to the traditions of the Russian aristocracy, his father passed on to him his addiction to the military parade and taught him to combine his spiritual love for humanity with practical concern for his neighbor. Catherine II considered her son Paul unable to take the throne and planned to erect Alexander on him, bypassing his father. Cesar Laharpe

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Alexander I Alexander owed many of his character traits to his grandmother, who took her son away from his mother and made him live in Tsarskoe Selo, near her, far from his parents, who were found in their palaces (in Pavlovsk and Gatchina) and rarely appeared at the “big court” ". However, the child, as can be seen from all the reviews about him, was an affectionate and gentle boy, so tinkering with him for the royal grandmother was a great pleasure. On September 17 (28), 1793, he married the daughter of the Margrave of Baden, Luise Marie Auguste von Baden, who took the name of Elizaveta Alekseevna.

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Alexander I For some time he served in the Gatchina troops, formed by his father; here he developed deafness of the left ear "from the strong hum of the cannons." On November 7, 1796, he was promoted to colonel of the guard. In 1797, Alexander was the St. Petersburg military governor, the chief of the Semyonovsky Guards regiment, the commander of the capital division, the chairman of the food supply commission and performed a number of other duties. From 1798, he, in addition, presided over the military parliament, and from the following year he sat in the Senate and the State Council.

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Alexander I Already in the manifesto of March 12, 1801, the new emperor assumed the obligation to govern the people "according to the laws and according to the heart of his wise grandmother." In decrees, as well as in private conversations, the emperor expressed the basic rule by which he would be guided: in place of personal arbitrariness, actively establish strict legality. The emperor more than once pointed out the main flaw suffered by the Russian state order. He called this defect "the arbitrariness of our government." To eliminate it, it was necessary to develop fundamental laws, which almost did not exist in Russia. It was in this direction that the transformative experiments of the first years were carried out.

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Even before Alexander's accession to the throne, a group of "young friends" rallied around him (Count P.A.Stroganov, Count V.P. Kochubei, Prince A.A. important role in government. Already in May, Stroganov proposed to the young tsar to form an unspoken committee and in it to discuss plans for state reform. Alexander readily agreed, and his friends jokingly called their secret committee the Committee of Public Safety. In court circles, the Secret Committee was called the Jacobin gang. The committee operated until the fall of 1805. Alexander I

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Russia at the beginning of the XIX century Population - 44 million people. A multinational and multi-confessional country. The population density in Russia is one of the lowest in Europe (in the European part there are 8 people per square verst, in the south and east - 7 people per square verst, and in Europe 40-50 people)

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Russia is an absolute monarchy. The capital is Petersburg. The main socio-political force was the nobles, who received in the XVIII century. privilege. The state supported the nobility with all its might. The most numerous and disenfranchised part of the population were peasants. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Categories of the peasantry: landlord or private; State; appanage (belonged to the imperial family); economic (former monastic) Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Merchants and burghers; Cossacks; Clergy. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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At the beginning of the XIX century. commodity-money relations expanded, the use of hired labor increased, and the technical re-equipment of industry began. The natural-patriarchal way of life, non-economic coercion, the routine state of technology was combined with the new capitalist mode of production. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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The capitalist mode of production requires: A market for free wage labor; Capital, i.e. funds invested in production; High purchasing power of the population. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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The feudal system hindered the formation of capitalist relations, hindered the development of the productive forces, and hindered the country's modernization. During the first half of the XIX century. Russia has retained its traditional economic and socio-political structure. Socio-economic situation in Russia

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Agriculture At the beginning of the XIX century. Agriculture employs 9/10 of the population. Half of the agrarian sector is landlord economy, the other half is state feudalism (the owner of land and peasants is the state). The beginning of the century was characterized by the beginning of the decomposition of the natural economy and the penetration of commodity-money relations into the countryside.

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Agriculture The landlord's economy produced food for sale; grain exports amounted to 70 million poods. Many landowners switched to multi-field crop rotation, used agricultural machines: seeders, winnowing machines, threshers. New agricultural crops were introduced, potatoes became a field crop. Most of the landowners simply intensified the exploitation of the peasants, by increasing the quitrent (natural and monetary) and increasing the corvee (including the "month").

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Agriculture The landlord economy fell into decay. 65% of all farms were mortgaged. The total amount of landlords' debts to the state and credit institutions was about 400 million rubles.

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Agriculture The peasantry has little land, allotments did not allow for a commodity economy, they barely provided a living wage, payment of taxes and taxes. Frequent crop failures doomed peasant families to a half-starved state. The importance of the peasant community was growing. The land was divided between peasant households into small plots, from time to time it was redistributed. There was a patchwork. The community held back the ruin of the peasants, shifted part of the taxes onto the shoulders of more successful community members. All this prevented the stratification of the peasants, the formation of a proprietary psychology.

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Agriculture A few peasants engaged in trades and trade could save up funds. The peasant question is the main one in Russia. Three sides of the question: personal emancipation of the peasants; allotment of land; community land use change.

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Industry Forced labor was used in manufactories, which made them unprofitable and backward. Russia lagged behind Europe. From England in pig iron smelting - 3.5 times; On the basis of the use of hired labor, new regions began to form - North-West (Petersburg-Baltic), Central (Moscow) and South (Kharkov). A system of brutal labor exploitation has developed in Russia: workers worked 13-14 hours. Merchants made large fortunes on the sale of wine and on large government orders.

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Industry Entrepreneurial dynasties took shape: Sapozhnikovs, Morozovs, Guchkovs, Bibikovs, Kondrashovs. The money earned from trade was invested in production. The Russian bourgeoisie was weak and politically powerless.

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finance At the beginning of the XIX century. To finance the wars against Napoleon and support the noble land tenure, the Russian government made large issues (emissions) of bank notes - paper money. In the first quarter of the XIX century. the issue of banknotes has grown 4 times. As a result, they have depreciated sharply. Attempts by Paul I and Alexander I to overcome inflation failed.

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trade At the beginning of the century, the all-Russian market continued to form. The main buyers were merchants, nobles, and some of the townspeople. All-Russian and local fairs played the role of shopping centers. They represented seasonal, wholesale and small wholesale trade. Shop trade began to appear in the cities. The balance of foreign trade is positive, i.e. the export of goods prevailed. Agricultural products were exported (wheat, timber, hemp, leather). The bourgeoisie could not compete with its products in Europe and goods were exported mainly to China, Iran, Turkey.

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Transport The main modes of transport were water and horse-drawn transport. Water system: 1808 -1811 - Mariinsky and Tikhvin systems of canals, connecting the Baltic with Moscow and the Volga trade route. Steamships appeared on the rivers. For trade with the West, ships belonging to foreign shipowners were used. Traded across the Baltic and Black Seas. There were few highways and they connected Petersburg with Warsaw, Moscow with Petersburg, Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod.

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INTERNAL POLICY Main goal: to preserve the existing socio-political and economic system, to improve it in accordance with the needs of the time. Problems: Improving public administration; The agrarian-peasant question; Improvement of the education and training system.

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A wide pardon was granted. 12 thousand people dismissed from service by Paul I were returned. The Secret Chancery destroyed. Torture is prohibited. Travel abroad is free. The letters of commendation were returned to the cities and the nobility. In the army, the old names of the regiments and the Russian military uniform were returned. DOMESTIC POLICY

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December 12, 1801 - Decree on the right to acquire land by merchants, bourgeoisie, state peasants, freed by serfs. February 20, 1803 - Decree on free farmers. Peasants, with the consent of their landowners, could redeem entire villages with land. The practice of distributing state peasants into private ownership has been stopped. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1802, ministries were established with a system of one-man management. In the years 1810-1811. the number has been increased and a Committee of Ministers has been established for joint discussion of some issues by the ministers. In 1802 the Senate was reformed. It became the highest administrative, judicial and regulatory body. The Senate received the right to make "presentations" of old laws to the emperor and participate in the discussion of new ones. The role and powers of the Chief Prosecutor of the Synod were strengthened. At the head of the Synod in 1803-1824. there was Prince A.N. Golitsyn (he was the Minister of Education since 1816). In 1810 the State Council was created. DOMESTIC POLICY

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State Council in 1810 Included were ministers, state dignitaries, who were appointed by the emperor. Advisory functions in the development of new laws and the interpretation of existing laws. Distribution of finances between ministries and consideration of ministerial reports prior to their submission to the emperor (before 1906).

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In 1801, the Indispensable Council, an advisory body under the emperor, was formed, consisting of leaders of the Catherine era. Stas-secretary of the Permanent Council was M.M. Speransky. The son of a poor priest. Author of a number of reform projects. The book "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" outlined the principle of separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches. The project included the convocation of a representative State Duma, the introduction of elective courts, the State Council. INTERNAL POLITICS Speransky Mikhail Mikhailovich, Russian statesman, count (1839).

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M.M. Speransky planned to introduce broad electoral rights in Russia. Serfs would not have received this right, but they could also be protected, since in the project no one could be punished without investigation and trial. Against the liberal project of M.M. Speransky, conservatives headed by N.M. Karamzin. In a note "On Ancient and New Russia", addressed to the tsar, Karamzin insisted on preserving the old order, understanding by this autocracy and serfdom. DOMESTIC POLITICS Karamzin Nikolay Mikhailovich

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Of the proposed projects, only the Council of State was created. MM. Speransky was called a French spy. And in the conditions of the approaching war with the French, the emperor sacrificed Speransky, removing him and sending him into exile. After the Patriotic War and the Foreign campaign of the Russian army, the second period of the reign of Alexander I began - the conservative one. The policy of conservatism was carried out by Count A.A. Arakcheev. DOMESTIC POLICY

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Count (from 1799) Alexei Andreevich Arakcheev enjoyed great confidence in Alexander I, especially in the second half of his reign ("Arakcheevshchina"). Reformer of Russian artillery, general of artillery (1807), chief commander of military settlements (from 1817). The oppressor of the whole of Russia, the torturer of the governors And he is the teacher of the Council, And he is a friend and brother to the tsar. Full of anger, full of revenge, Mad, no feelings, no honor, Who is he? (AS Pushkin) (“Without flattery, betrayed” - the motto given by the Emperor Pavel Arakcheev for his coat of arms, changed by evil tongues to “devilry betrayed”, for flattery); DOMESTIC POLICY

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The years from 1815 to 1825 were called "Arakcheevshchina". This is a policy aimed at strengthening the autocracy and serfdom. It was expressed in the further centralization and petty regulation of state administration, in the police-repressive measures aimed at the destruction of free thought, in the "purge" of universities, in the imposition of stick discipline in the army. The most striking manifestation of the Arakcheevism is the military settlements. DOMESTIC POLICY

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The purpose of the military settlements is to achieve self-sufficiency and self-reproduction in the army, to ease the burden of maintaining the army in peacetime for the country's budget. The first attempts to create military settlements date back to 1808-1809. The introduction of military settlements en masse dates back to 1815-1816. State peasants of the Petersburg, Novgorod, Mogilev and Kharkov provinces were transferred to the category of military settlers. Soldiers were also settled here, to whom their families were discharged. DOMESTIC POLICY

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The wives of the soldiers became settlers, the sons from the age of seven were enlisted in the cantonists, and from the age of 18 - in active military service. All of them, with their labor, had to get their own food, doing ordinary agricultural work, and at the same time carry out military service. The whole life of a peasant was strictly regulated, corporal punishment followed for violation. Trade, crafts, contacts with the outside world were strictly prohibited. The tyranny of the local authorities reigned in the settlements. By 1825, more than a third of the soldiers were transferred to military settlements. The self-sustaining venture failed, as huge funds were spent on the organization of the settlements themselves. DOMESTIC POLICY

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One of the episodes of the reign of Alexander I was the uprising in the Chuguev military settlement (1819), which was brutally suppressed by the tsarist troops led by General Arakcheev. The reason for the revolt was a dispute about how to provide the regimental horses with hay. Soon unrest engulfed the neighboring Taganrog regiment. Local authorities lost control of the situation, and Arakcheev rushed to help. The general was shocked by the hostility of the peasants towards the settlers and towards him personally. Arakcheev reported to the emperor that the rebels were shouting: “We do not want a military settlement. We do not want to serve Count Arakcheev more than the Emperor. We want to destroy Arakcheev, because we know when he dies, the military settlements will disappear. " DOMESTIC POLICY

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The soldiers were given the privilege of living settled with their families, on the same basis as the peasants. They were called "reserve battalion", they were supposed to spend three days in winter and two days in summer at military exercises. Each peasant homeowner was assigned two or three soldiers from the two active battalions that make up the rest of the settlement. The peasant was obliged to feed the soldiers and provide them with new equipment in exchange for helping him in the field. The whole way of life of the peasants was changed due to the military exercises in which they had to participate. Close-knit peasant communities disintegrated. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1802, the Ministry of Public Education was created, new educational institutions were opened. In 1804, a charter was issued for universities that allowed their self-government. In 1817, the Ministry was transformed into the Ministry of Spiritual Affairs and Public Education. It is designed to develop Christian piety and strictly follow the textbooks and the teaching system. One of the manifestations of Arakcheevism was the inspection of Kazan and St. Petersburg universities, their "cleansing". The best professors were accused of freethinking, fired and put on trial. DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1804, the Censorship Charter was issued. At universities, censorship committees were created from professors and masters, subordinate to the Ministry of Public Education. This made it possible to publish the works of Western European educators. During the conservative period of the reign of Alexander I, the censorship policy became tougher. In 1816-1819. The tsar supported the initiative of the Baltic nobility, which showed their readiness to free the peasants, since serf labor in these regions became unprofitable. The peasants received personal freedom, but did not acquire the right to land. DOMESTIC POLICY

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Post-war projects of Alexander I. А.А. Arakcheev and Minister of Finance D.A. Guryev was tasked with preparing proposals for the abolition of serfdom. Both prepared proposals and the tsar approved them, created a secret committee, but the matter did not move further. Rumors about the abolition of serfdom caused panic and rage among the landowners. A group of advisers headed by N.N. The Novosiltsevs were instructed to develop a draft Constitution for Russia. The "State Charter of the Russian Empire" (1819-1820) envisaged the creation of a bicameral parliament - the State Duma and local representative bodies of power - seims. DOMESTIC POLICY

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It was supposed freedom of speech, press, religion, equality of all citizens before the law, personal inviolability. The property is inviolable. The king approved, but did not enter. The Kingdom of Poland was granted the Constitution (1815), self-government and freedom of the press, as well as the right to have its own army. In the Grand Duchy of Finland, the Diet (elected representative power) and the State Council (executive power) were formed, and the right to private property was confirmed. The emperor's deputy in Poland was the king's brother Konstantin Nikolaevich (married to the Polish princess Lowicz). DOMESTIC POLICY

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In 1796 in St. Petersburg he married Juliana Henrieta Ulrike, the third daughter of Franz Friedrich Anton, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (in Orthodoxy Anna Fedorovna), divorced on March 8 (20), 1820. In 1799, Konstantin took part in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of A. V. Suvorov. In the same year, King Louis XVIII of France, who was in exile at that time, sent Paul I the Commander's Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem for the Grand Duke as a sign of friendship. In the battle of Austerlitz in 1805, Constantine commanded a guards reserve. In 1812 he took part in the Patriotic War, and then in the Foreign campaign. In the Leipzig Battle of the Nations in the fall of 1813 - the commander of the reserve units that participated in the battle. He fought with dignity, having received the golden sword "For Bravery". In 1823, Constantine, referring to a morganatic marriage with the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya (although the Regulations on the Imperial Family, which prevented children from inheriting the throne from an unequal marriage, and did not personally deprive him of his right to the throne) INTERNAL POLICY

pupil of grade 8 Vazhov Ivan

The presentation on the topic "Alexander 1" gives a brief idea of ​​the biography and political activities of Emperor Alexander 1. It is possible to use the presentation in the course of studying this topic in history lessons.

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Alexander 1 The presentation was made by a pupil of the 8th grade of school no. 489 Vazhov Ivan Teacher: Boykova V.Yu.

Alexander I Alexander Pavlovich the Blessed - Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Protector of the Order of Malta, Grand Duke of Finland, Tsar of Poland, eldest son of Emperor Paul I and Maria Feodorovna 1777-1725 (1801-1825)

Education and upbringing Alexander 1 grew up at the intellectual court of Catherine the Great; the educator - the Swiss Jacobin Frederic Cesar Laharpe introduced him to the principles of humanity of Rousseau, the military teacher Nikolai Saltykov - with the traditions of the Russian aristocracy, his father passed on to him his addiction to the military parade and taught him to combine his spiritual love for humanity with practical concern for his neighbor.

Personality An aristocrat and a liberal, both mysterious and well-known, he seemed to his contemporaries a mystery, which everyone unravels according to his own idea.

Activities of the Emperor At the beginning of his reign, he carried out moderately liberal reforms developed by the Secret Committee and M. M. Speransky. In foreign policy, he maneuvered between Great Britain and France. In 1805-1807 he participated in the anti-French coalitions.

The activities of the emperor In 1807 - 1812, he temporarily became close to France. He waged successful wars with Turkey (1806 - 1812), Persia (1804 - 1813) and Sweden (1808 - 1809). Under Alexander I, the territories of Eastern Georgia (1801), Finland (1809), Bessarabia (1812), the former Duchy of Warsaw (1815) were annexed to Russia.

Activities of the Emperor After the Patriotic War of 1812, he headed the anti-French coalition of European powers in 1813-1814. Was one of the leaders of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815 and organizers of the Holy Alliance

Family In 1793 Alexander married Louise Maria Augusta of Baden For 15 years Alexander had practically a second family with Maria Naryshkina There were no heirs

Death Emperor Alexander died on December 1, 1825 in Taganrog, in Popkov's house, from fever with brain inflammation at the age of 47. Later, in the 30-40s of the XIX century, a legend appeared that Alexander, tormented by remorse, faked his death and began a wandering, hermitic life under the name of Elder Fyodor Kuzmich.

The Mystery of Death Fyodor Kuzmich is an old man who lived in Siberia in the 19th century. According to the Romanov legend, he is considered Emperor Alexander I, who faked his death and became a wanderer. The question of the identity of Fyodor Kuzmich with the Russian emperor has not been unambiguously resolved by historians. Fyodor Kuzmich for his asceticism in 1984. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in the Face of the Righteous as part of the Cathedral of Siberian Saints

Osinkina Veronika

The work was done by a 10th grade student, now a graduate, Osinkina Veronika for the lessons of the history of Russia in the 19th century. Briefly but fully information is given about the first years of the reign of Alexander I, the reforms of the "Secret Committee", the events of the Patriotic War of 1812, the main directions of domestic and foreign policy before and after the war. The presentation is accompanied by portraits of historical figures and paintings on the topic. Can be used by students to review the material in preparation for the GIA and USE. Unfortunately, information about the sources has not been preserved.

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Alexander the First

Russia at the beginning of the 18th century Territory: 16 million sq. km from Alaska to the river. Neman, from the Glacial Ocean to the Kazakh steppes Population: approx. 40 million people, multinational, multi-confessional with a predominance of Russians, Orthodox Christians, rural residents. Social structure: class organization of society. The nobles take precedence over the clergy, merchants, philistines, Cossacks, peasants. State system: autocratic hereditary monarchy. The Romanov dynasty is in power. Economy: agrarian, feudal. The majority of the population is employed in agriculture, partly in industry, the labor of serfs prevails

The reign of Alexander the First (1801-1825) Reforms of the beginning of the reign ("The days of the Alexandrovs a wonderful beginning" - A. Pushkin) The secret committee consisted of the tsar's friends: V. P. Kochubei, N. N. Novosiltsev, P. A. Stroganov A. A. Chartorisky: 1801 March 15 - a decree on political amnesty; April 2 - decree on the liquidation of the Secret Chancellery - a body of political investigation; December 12 - decree on the right to purchase land by non-nobles 1802 September 8 - decree on the transformation of colleges into ministries 1803 February 20 - decree "On free farmers", allowing peasants, in agreement with the landowner, to free themselves from serfdom for ransom

Reforms in the field of public education. Establishment of the Ministry of Public Education (1802): Education on the territory of Russia of six educational districts, in which four categories of educational institutions were created: parish and district schools, gymnasiums and universities Opening of universities in Dorpat (1802), Vilno (1803), Kazan and Kharkov (1804 ), The Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg (1804), transformed in 1819 at the university Creation of privileged lyceums - Demidov in Yaroslavl (1805) and Tsarskoselsky (1811)

V.P. Kochubei N.N. Novosiltsev P.A. Stroganov A.A. Czartoryski

Reform activity of M. M. Speransky 1. 1808-1811. - M. M. Speransky Chief Prosecutor of the Senate 1809 - a plan for the state restructuring of Russia: the introduction of a division of legislative, executive, judicial powers, the creation of an elective State Duma - a "legislative institution" 1810 - the creation of the State Council - the highest legislative body of the empire from appointed by the emperor a member of 1809 - an increase in taxes. The introduction of a tax on noble estates in 1809 - decrees "On court titles", "On examinations for the rank" 2. All this led to the discontent of the nobles 3. M. M. Speransky's exile first to Nizhny Novgorod, then to Perm (1812)

Constitutional intentions of the supreme power Constitutional issue: 1815 Introduction of the constitution in the Kingdom of Poland, which was part of the Russian Empire. A bicameral parliament was established 1818 Alexander the First promises to introduce a constitution throughout Russia 1821 Development by NN Novosiltsev of the "State Charter of the Russian Empire": 1) Legislative parliament of 2 chambers: the Senate and the Embassy Chamber (The document has not been made public and put into effect) 2) Division of the country into 10 governorships

Domestic policy of Alexander I 1. Economic measures Support to domestic industry and private entrepreneurship: 1807 - decree "On granting new benefits to the merchants" - permission to create joint-stock companies, merchant assemblies and merchant courts 1818 - Law on the right of peasants to establish factories and factories Attempts of financial recovery of the country according to the plan of M. M. Speransky (1810) - reduction of the issue of banknotes, increase of taxes 2. Creation of military settlements (1810-1857). Organizer - General A. A. Arakcheev (1769-1834) Reduction of expenses for military needs due to the combination of service with economic activity Creation of settlements on the state lands of St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Mogilev, Kherson and other provinces The establishment of a strict regime and strict regulation of life led to the Chuguev (1819) and Novgorod (1831) uprisings

Foreign policy of Alexander the First (1801-1812)

Foreign policy tasks Solution Consequences Counteraction to the growing influence of Napoleonic France in Europe 1804 - Russia's entry into the anti-French coalition led by Great Britain. 1805-1807 - war with France 1807 - Peace of Tilsit with France: Russia's accession to the "continental blockade" of Great Britain. Economic losses Protection of Christians (Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians) of the Caucasus 1804-1813 war with Iran (Persia) 1813 - Peace of Gulistan: the annexation of Georgia, Dagestan, and Northern Azerbaijan to Russia. Maintaining positions on the Black Sea 1806-1812. - War with Turkey (Ottoman Empire) 1812 - Peace of Bucharest: the annexation of Bassarabia (Moldavia) to Russia Maintaining positions on the Baltic Sea 1808-1809 - War with Sweden in 1809 - Peace of Friedrichsgam: annexation of Finland and the Aland Islands to Russia

Russian-Swedish war 1808-1809 Reasons: Sweden's refusal to join the continental blockade and its allied relations with England. Russia's desire to seize Finland and thereby eliminate the centuries-old threat to the country's northern borders. France's pushing Russia to aggression against Sweden Course: February 1808 - the invasion of the Russian troops into Finland and the seizure of most of the Finnish territory. March 1809 - a campaign of Russian troops on the ice of the Gulf of Bothnia. The capture of the Åland Islands and the invasion of Sweden. March - August 1809 - the movement of Russian troops to Stockholm. The surrender of the Swedish army Results: September 5, 1809 - the Friedrichham peace treaty between Russia and Sweden, according to which: Sweden pledged to join the continental blockade and break the alliance with England; Finland became part of Russia with broad rights of internal autonomy

The southern direction of Alexander the First's foreign policy Russian-Iranian war (1804-1813) Reasons: Clash of interests of Russia, Persia (Iran) in the Transcaucasia. Accession of Georgia to Russia. In 1804, Russian troops occupied the Ganja Khanate (for raids on Georgia), Iran declared war on Russia. Results: The conclusion of the Gulistan peace treaty in 1813, according to which: 1) Russia received the right to have a fleet in the Caspian Sea; 2) Iran recognized the annexation of northern Azerbaijan and Dagestan to Russia 2. Russian-Turkish war (1806-1812) Reasons: Contradictions between Russia and Turkey: 1) because of the regime in the Black Sea straits. Turkey closed them to Russian courts; 2) because of the influence in the Danube principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia). Prut and a number of regions in the Transcaucasus; 2) Russia was provided with the right of patronage to Christians who were subjects in Turkey

Patriotic War of 1812

Causes of the Patriotic War of 1812: A sharp exacerbation of contradictions between Russia and France In the geopolitical sphere: an obstacle to Russia in France's striving for world domination In the political and trade-economic spheres: the damage to Russia's foreign trade caused by the continental blockade gradually led to its abandonment. the dynastic sphere: Napoleon's unsuccessful matchmaking to the sister of Alexander the First, Anna Pavlovna On the Polish question: Napoleon's support of the Poles' aspirations for independence, which did not suit Russia

Battle of Borodino on August 26, 1812 (110 km from Moscow) The balance of forces: Russia: 132 thousand people, 640 guns France: 135 thousand people, 587 guns The main milestones of the battle: The main offensive strikes of the French: 1) the left flank - Bagration's flashes ; 2) cent - Kurgan height (battery of General N. Raevsky) Stubborn battle, captured by the French in the afternoon BUT The French failed to break through the defense of the Russian troops Results (different estimates): 1) Victory of the Russian troops (M.I.Kutozov) 2) Victory of the French troops (Napoleon) 3) Draw, because the parties failed to achieve the complete defeat of each other's armies (modern historians)

The course of the Patriotic War of 1812 June 12 - The invasion of the French army into Russia. The retreat of the Russian army June 27-28 - Victory of the cavalry of Ataman MI Platov near Mir over the Polish cavalry division July 15 - Battle of the town of Kobrin. The 3rd Observation Army of General A.P. Tormasov defeated and captured the Saxon brigade. The first major victory of Russian weapons on August 2 - the Battle of the village. Red between the detachment of Major General D.P. Neverovsky and the troops of Marshals I. Murat and M. Ney. Combination of the 1st and 2nd Russian armies in Smolensk August 4-6 - Battle of Smolensk. Retreat of Russian troops August 8 - Appointment of MI Kutuzov as commander-in-chief August 17 - Arrival of MI Kutuzov to the troops August 24 - Shevardinsky battle August 26 - Battle of Borodino September 1 - Military Council in Fili. The decision to leave Moscow

September 2 - The entry of the French into Moscow. Tarutino maneuvers October 6 - Battle of Tarutino October 11 - French abandonment of Moscow October 12 - Battle of Maloyaroslavets October 19 - Battle of Chashniki. Victory of the Russian troops under the command of P. Kh. Wittgenstein over the French troops of Marshal N. Oudinot October 22 - Battle of Vyazma November 2 - Battle of Smolyantsy. Victory of P. Kh. Wittgenstein's troops over the corps of Marshal N. Udilo November 3-6 - Battle under the village. Red. The defeat of the French November 14-16 - Battle on the river. Berezina. The crossing of Napoleon across the Berezina December 3 - The crossing of the remnants of the French army across the Neman and the occupation of the city of Kovno by the Russian troops December 14 - The passage of the Russian troops across the Neman December 26 - Manifesto of Alexander the First about the end of the war

The historical significance of the Patriotic War of 1812 The war awakened a sense of national self-consciousness of the Russian people and caused a patriotic upsurge in the country The war was of a national character, which manifested itself in mass heroism, the formation of militias, the actions of partisans. the war of 1812 gave impetus to the creation of outstanding works of literature, art END

The work was carried out by a student of the 10th grade of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Secondary School No. 1909 Osinkina Veronika.

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Presentation on the topic: Reign of Alexander I

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1. Accession to the throne In March 1801, the conspirators broke into the bedroom of Paul I in the Mikhailovsky Castle and strangled him. His son, 23-year-old Alexander Pavlovich, in 1801 became Emperor Alexander I. Alexander I promised to return all Catherine's orders and continue the reforms of Catherine II.

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2. The upbringing and education of Alexander was brought up by his grandmother, Empress Catherine II. Thanks to her, he received a good education and upbringing in European traditions. Alexander read a lot, knew German, French and English. He was handsome and smart. He knew how to talk with people and to please others.

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3. Reform activities Alexander I wanted to change the life of Russian society, for which he began to carry out reforms. A group of young people rallied around the emperor (P. A. Stroganov, V. P. Kochubei, A. A. Chartoryisky, N. N. Novosiltsev) who helped him to rule the country. This group was called the "Secret Committee".

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By order of Alexander, five new universities, several lyceums and gymnasiums were opened. Among the open educational institutions was the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, where A.S. Pushkin. Alexander I dreamed of abolishing serfdom. He adopted a decree "On free farmers". According to this decree, the landowner could release the serf peasant free for a ransom.

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Reforms of the state system of Russia are associated with the activities of M.M. Speransky. In October 1809, a project entitled "Introduction to the Code of State Laws" was presented to the tsar. Speransky proposed to introduce a strict separation of powers. The ministries would be the executive branch, and the State Duma would be the legislative branch. The courts would be independent and subject to the Senate. Speransky's plans were not realized.

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4. Patriotic War of 1812 In June 1812, Napoleon's troops invaded the territory of the Russian Empire and began to rapidly advance inland. Napoleon expected that Emperor Alexander would bring him the keys to Moscow, but did not wait and occupied the empty capital. He wrote a letter to the emperor, Alexander did not answer him ... The French were starving and suffering from the cold in deserted Moscow. Napoleon gave the order to retreat from the city. In December 1812 M.I. Kutuzov told Emperor Alexander I: “The enemy has been completely exterminated. The war is over. "

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5. Military settlements The whole country rejoiced: the Frenchman was defeated. Alexander I decided that the victory rallied the entire society and now it is possible to continue the initiated reforms. General A.A. Arakcheev. It was he and several other top officials who began to prepare the reform project. By order of the emperor, military settlements were established in 1816. They were led by A.A. Arakcheev. The military settlers were former serfs. They had to simultaneously carry out military service and engage in peasant labor, i.e. provide yourself with everything you need for life. The military settlements did not justify themselves. The peasants often went hungry because of the ill-considered orders of their chiefs. They raised uprisings and riots, for which they were shot or exiled to Siberia. Alexander I was condemned by Russian society for these reforms.

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6. The Legend of the Elder Fyodor Kuzmich At the end of his life, Emperor Alexander I was less and less interested in state affairs. He estranged himself from his family and increasingly spoke of his desire to leave the imperial palace. One day he went south to see military settlements. On the way, the emperor died unexpectedly. His body was brought to St. Petersburg only 2 months later. Because of this, rumors spread throughout the country that the coffin was not Emperor Alexander himself, but another person. That the emperor himself is alive and has gone to wander the world. After a while, the elder Fyodor Kuzmich appeared in Siberia. He was kind to people, helped them and prayed for them. The elder was of the same age as Alexander I and remarkably similar to him. People began to talk about the fact that this old man is Tsar Alexander. That he is wandering around Russia and atonement for sins for his murdered father Paul I. No one still knows if this is true?

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8. Conclusions The era of the reign of Alexander I was the time of liberal reforms. The emperor himself, brought up in the spirit of enlightenment, sought to change the centuries-old feudal order. However, much of what was planned was not done. Quite often the reforms were just half-hearted and remained only on paper. There was also a positive result. The reformist searches formed the basis on which new projects of state power were later developed.