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Knight

1. Knight;
2. barons;
3. bishops;
4. graphs;
5. dukes;
6. King.

The knight came from small feudal lords and closed the hierarchical ladder of feudal high society. The knights for their service to the king - the supreme liege - were given land plots.

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High lord-king

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Knights weapon

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The main shrine of the knight is the sword

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Knight's coat of arms

The knight had his own coat of arms - a distinctive sign of the family and a motto - a short saying that explained the meaning of the coat of arms. The coat of arms and motto were located on the shield, which was a kind of visiting card of the knight.

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Knight horse

The knight had 2-3 horses: normal and combat, in armor. Such a horse could only be hit in the belly. The horse's head was covered with a metal or leather headpiece, the chest with iron plates, and the sides with leather. In addition, the horse was covered with a blanket or a saddlecloth made of velvet or other expensive fabric with embroidered coats of arms of the knights. Horses "armed" in this way were called "plate".

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It took a lot of time and effort to become a real warrior-knight. Knights have been preparing for military service since childhood. At the age of seven, boys became pages (personal servants) of noble feudal lords or the king. Then - squires. They learned fencing, wrestling, horseback riding, and javelin throwing. And only after that was the ceremony of knighting them finally performed.

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Knighting

Initiation into the knights symbolized entry into a privileged estate, familiarizing it with rights and duties, and was accompanied by a special ceremony called the accolade.

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In the knightly environment, a set of ideas about the ideal knight gradually developed, which was considered mandatory. This body of ideas was called the code of knightly honor.
The knight was required to:

• faithfully serve your lord and king;
• be brave;
• to be ready for a feat in the name of knightly honor or for the sake of a beautiful lady;
• fight the enemies of the Christian faith;
• to protect the weak and the offended;
• be true to your word;
• be generous, not stingy.

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Knights' occupation

The main occupation of a knight is war. In peacetime, the knights hunted and participated in tournaments. A tournament is a combat competition of knights.

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Knights castles

The knights lived in fortified stone fortresses - castles. The castle was erected on a hill, surrounded by a wide moat with water. A drawbridge was thrown across the moat. Powerful fortifications rose behind the moat: there could be several fortress walls. Above all the buildings towered over the donjon, the main tower of the castle, in which the owner and his family lived.

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At the mention of the word "knight", our imagination automatically draws the image of a noble, muscular, godly man of the Middle Ages. Indeed, the word "knight" came to us from that era. But the image drawn to us by the image is not very true. As it was said above, today the word noble is synonymous with the word knight. But at the time of the emergence of the knights, the concept of a warrior was a synonym. It also characterized his behavior with both the lady and the enemy. In general, the fact of the appearance of knights in such a dark era of history can be called very surprising. They can easily be called the prototype of modern athletes. They settled their disputes by fair fights and tournaments, and not by bloodthirsty methods. The traits that characterized belonging to the knightly fraternity were as follows: the pursuit of glory, courage, armor, emphasizing his beauty and, naturally, strength. But all these traits required constant proof, forcing the knights to perform heroic deeds, demonstrating their best qualities. There was also a certain set of rules, or to be more precise, the obligations inherent in the knighthood. The top line of these obligations was occupied by the service of the sovereign, followed by the one who consecrated the knight to this rank, and then the codes of these rules obliged to help the weak (orphans, widows). In battle, the attitude of the knight to the opponent was very indicative, the knight was obliged to honor his enemy, and if he was weaker, he had to provide equal chances of battle, for victory over the weak did not bring a drop of glory, but only shame. Weapons and horses were very important elements in the life of chivalry. Very often, each of these elements had its own name. Also, a very important feature of the knight was the need for a lady of the heart. Although the echoes of history have reached us, which we are trying to quote, calling good deeds knightly deeds, we should not get carried away. After all, the knights, although they had good, even revealing relations with the fairer sex, but their relationship was exclusively premarital, because such concepts as marriage and chivalry are mutually exclusive things. This in no way destroys the stereotype of "chivalrous behavior" because today nothing prohibits creating a family. At the mention of the word "knight", our imagination automatically draws the image of a noble, muscular, godly man of the Middle Ages. Indeed, the word "knight" came to us from that era. But the image drawn to us by the image is not very true. As it was said above, today the word noble is synonymous with the word knight. But at the time of the emergence of the knights, the concept of a warrior was synonymous. It also characterized his behavior with both the lady and the enemy. In general, the fact of the appearance of knights in such a dark era of history can be called very surprising. They can easily be called the prototype of modern athletes. They settled their disputes by fair fights and tournaments, and not by bloodthirsty methods. The traits that characterized belonging to the knightly fraternity were as follows: the pursuit of glory, courage, armor, emphasizing his beauty and, naturally, strength. But all these traits required constant proof, forcing the knights to commit heroic deeds, demonstrating their best qualities. There was also a certain set of rules, or to be more precise, the obligations inherent in the knighthood. The top line of these obligations was occupied by the service of the sovereign, followed by the one who consecrated the knight to this rank, and then the codes of these rules obliged to help the weak (orphans, widows). In battle, the attitude of the knight to the opponent was very indicative, the knight was obliged to honor his enemy, and if he was weaker, he had to provide equal chances of battle, for victory over the weak did not bring a drop of glory, but only shame. Weapons and horses were very important elements in the life of chivalry. Very often, each of these elements bore its own name. Also, a very important feature of the knight was the need for a lady of the heart. Although the echoes of history have reached us, which we are trying to quote, calling good deeds knightly deeds, we should not get carried away. After all, the knights, although they had good, even indicative relations with the fairer sex, but their relationship was exclusively premarital, because such concepts as marriage and chivalry are mutually exclusive things. This in no way destroys the stereotype of "chivalrous behavior" because today nothing prohibits creating a family.

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Goals:

Find out: Who is a knight and WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES? What is the code of honor for knights? What is knight initiation? How were the knights punished? Make a conclusion.

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Who is a knight?

Knights were heavily armed mounted warriors who fought for the interests of the king or wealthy feudal lords. At first, anyone could become a knight, but gradually they began to show honor to rich people. Only they could afford to buy armor, a sword and a war horse.

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WHAT PERIOD OF HISTORY CALLED THE MIDDLE AGES?

The Middle Ages were a period in the history of Europe and the Middle East that lasts 1000 years, from 500 to 1500. Things and concepts belonging to that period are called medieval.

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Code of honor.

1. A knight must be courageous - cowardice is the hardest charge. The knight must respect the enemy, not attack him from behind and not use his weakness to achieve victory. Killing an unarmed enemy will forever cover the knight with shame. 3. Knights should not engage in unequal combat, therefore, they should not go several against one, and should avoid all deception and lies. The knight must be generous. 5. The knight obeys the commanders and commanders appointed over them; and lives brotherly with his peers ..

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What is knighthood?

Knighting is a great event in the life of a medieval person. It was both a symbolic and a legal act. Symbolic - because it signified the passage of initiation, familiarization with the glorious traditions of chivalry and ideas about moral duty. It is no coincidence that in the late Middle Ages, the age of majority - 21 years old - was considered the standard age for knighting. Legal - because it meant the entry of a person into the knightly estate and the enjoyment of all his rights and obligations.

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Punishment of the knights

The rights and privileges given to the knights also implied great responsibility for non-fulfillment of oaths and violation of the code of honor. Misdemeanors were followed by severe punishment, including the death penalty. A warrior convicted of treason or some other grave sin unworthy of his title was subjected to demotion and shameful expulsion from the noble society and the country, if he remained alive at all .. The shame that the demoted and cursed knight incurred spread to several generations of his family.

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Presentation on the topic:

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Bourguignot A type of medieval European helmet. It was characterized by a strongly elongated rounded body, equipped with a rigid or movable head. In front it was supplied with a visor directed upwards. On the sides they were hinged on the ears, by the type of which the bourguignots can be classified: Open type. The ears are connected with chin straps. Closed type. They form a chin on the ears, it could be supplemented by a folding chin, forming a kind of visor. The top of the helmet was usually supplemented with a crest; in the early bourguignots there were three of them. On the back of the head, under the crest, a sleeve for the sultan was often installed. Chestplate Armor made of plates, riveted under a cloth base. The cloth base of knightly brigantines was often covered with velvet, often with coats of arms, and the rivets were given a decorative shape. In the XIII-XIV centuries, the brigantine was a typical knightly armor, and in the 15th century it was a typical infantry one.

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Bouwiger An element of a helmet or a separate element of protection for the head, in the form of a semi-collar, which also covers part of the chest, the face from below to the chin and sometimes the shoulders. As a rule, it was used with salade or chapel helmets, with which it could form a single design. Barmitsa Helmet element in the form of chain mail, framing the helmet along the lower edge. Covered the neck, shoulders, back of the head and sides of the head; in some cases, the chest and lower part of the face. Barmitsa was found mainly in Russia or in eastern countries. The aventail can be open or cover the bottom of the face (in this case, the part that covered the face was unfastened from one or both sides).

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The bascinet is a dome of a XIV century helmet with a chain mail aventail. The bascinet appears in the years 1330-1340, representing a hemispherical helmet. Bascinets are distinguished by the type of visor: the visor of the "hundsgugel" type (German for "dog's face") is a cone-shaped visor strongly extended forward. Hauberk A type of armor. It was a chain mail with a hood and mittens (the hood and mittens could be made either separately or form a single whole with chain mail). Also complemented by chain mail stockings.

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Highways Leg guards, usually made of chain mail. Chasses could be knee-length, or they could span the entire length of the leg. They were the standard metal leg armor for most of the European Middle Ages. They provided flexible protection for the legs, and were effective against cutting blows, but practically did not protect against crushing blows. Beginning in the 13th century, the highways began to be reinforced with plate plates. One of the first places protected by plate elements was the knee. Chausses fell out of use in the 14th century with the introduction of plate armor. Woolen stockings were also called shossami as part of civilian clothing. Barbut Italian infantry helmet of the 15th century, largely covering the face due to the developed cheekpieces. The Y-neck of some 15th century barbutes copies antique hoplite helmets. There are two explanations for this name, which literally means "bearded": a helmet "with a beard", that is, with protrusions that cover the cheeks, and "a helmet, from under which the owner's beard protrudes." The barbutes were forged in various shapes - from completely opening the face to completely covering it.

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Armet Closed cavalry helmet of the XV-XVI centuries. A characteristic feature of this helmet are: A spherical dome (before that, cavalry helmets had a sphero-conical dome); Chin rest, consisting of two drop-down halves, in the closed position connected by a pin; The second visor, reclining to the back of the head; The helmet fit snugly around the head and neck of the wearer. Most armets (except the early ones) were equipped with neck and collarbone protectors. Topfhelm A European cavalry helmet that appeared around the end of the 12th century during the Crusades. It is cylindrical, pot-shaped, barrel-shaped or truncated in shape, completely hiding the face of the wearer. Small holes were often drilled below the eye slits to improve ventilation.

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Chapelle A type of steel helmet in the shape of a hat. The only common structural element was the wide rim of the helmet, which provided additional protection to the wearer. The wide edge provided good protection against overhead blows such as cavalry sabers, and was very useful during sieges as the wide edge protected the wearer from shots or overhead shots. The first chapels were made in England around 1011. Cervelier European medieval helmet. Used in the XII-XIV centuries. It was an iron hemispherical helmet, tightly fitting the head, similar to a helmet. He did not have any elements of face protection, unless rare helmets were supplemented with nose pads. It could be worn over a chain mail hood by ordinary warriors. Cervelyers could be provided with lining from rows of fabric, between which there was a cushioning material.

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Rondel Disc, fixed on a plate shoulder pad and covering the armpit in front. The convenience of its use was that when a heavy cavalryman went on the attack, the rondel did not interfere with placing the spear on the support: it simply shifted to the side, and then, during hand-to-hand combat, returned to its place without leaving the hand vulnerable. If in the early Gothic the disks were made simply flat, then in later samples the disk, like all armor, was forged in a figured shape and decorated, including notching and engraving. Leggings A piece of armor that protects the front of the leg from knee to ankle. The leggings were part of Goliath's armor during his battle with David. Widespread in the ancient world. They were used, in particular, by the ancient Greek warriors (hoplites), as well as by the Roman legionaries of the times of the republic. Buturlyk (Batarlyg) - leg armor in Russia, protecting the shin and upper part of the horseman's foot in battles with the infantry. An overlay is a leg armor that protects the thigh from the waist to the knee.

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Plate armor The general name for plate armor. Depending on the era and region, the plates could not be made of metal, but of bone, fangs, horns, boiled leather and even wood. Shoulders Shoulders are a piece of plate armor worn on the shoulders. Shoulders appeared during the Middle Ages, and were used until the Renaissance, when the popularity of plate armor began to wane. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the shoulder guard appeared as a small concave plate at the top of the shoulder, and several plates attached to it and going down the arm. As a consequence of the desire for increased protection, the size of the shoulder pads was increased to protect the armpits, as well as to protect part of the back and chest.

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Maximilian armor German armor of the first third of the 16th century, named after Emperor Maximilian I, and also with a hint of maximum protection. The armor is characterized by an armet and a closed helmet with a corrugated visor, small fan-shaped and parallel corrugations often covering most of the armor, engraving, a sharply thinned cuirass, and square sabatons. Salad A group of helmets, descending from the bascinets, different in shape (from helmet-like to hat-like), but having in common the presence of a back plate (especially long in the Germanic Salads), as well as a longitudinal stiffening rib.

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Gothic armor German armor of the second half of the 15th, a characteristic feature of which are sharp corners, especially noticeable on elbow pads, sabatons (plate shoes) and gloves, as well as a salade helmet, in versions without a comb, very similar in outline to a German helmet. In addition, as a rule, this type of armor had conspicuous corrugations and corrugations, which increased the strength of the armor as ribs. Another feature of the armor that was not striking was that this armor was designed to provide maximum freedom of movement, for example, the cuirass had a design that allows it to bend and unbend freely. The only exception were half-gloves - half-gloves of some armor, better protecting the fingers than a glove, but more mobile than a mitten, in which the large phalanges of the four fingers of the hand consisted of one embossed plate, while the rest of the phalanges could move freely.

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Plate Armor Protecting the chest and lower limbs, used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, but fell out of use after the collapse of the Roman Empire due to the cost and labor required to produce loric segmental or similar plate armor. Full plate armor was very expensive to manufacture, and was mainly used only by the upper strata of society; Lavishly decorated armor remained fashionable among the 18th century nobility and generals long after they lost their military importance on the battlefield due to the introduction of muskets.

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Plate Skirt The plate skirt was part of the armor. It was used in ancient Greece and Rome, in the form of leather strips descending from the cuirass. In the Middle Ages, plate skirts were first used on brigantines, then they became part of white armor. It is a continuation of the cuirass and, as it were, part of it. Kulet The Kulet is a piece of plate armor consisting of small horizontal plates to protect the lower back and buttocks. The plates of the culet were usually connected by hinges, which gave the armor a certain amount of mobility.

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Breastplate The general name of an armor consisting of one solid or several interconnected metal plates to protect the body. A product with a complex shape, for example, a helmet, was easier to cast than forge. Bronze armor, including one-piece cuirasses, were used in Rome until the beginning of our era, while helmets in Europe were made of bronze in the 19th century. The disadvantage of bronze, however, was its high cost. Copper, necessary for the manufacture of bronze, is found incomparably less often than iron, and tin was an extremely scarce material even in ancient times.

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Closed Helmet: This is a military helmet worn by knights and other combatants during the late medieval era and early Renaissance. He had a visor that swiveled and completely covered his head and neck. The closed helmet was used in battle, but was also popular in tournaments, where sometimes the visor was not solid, but had more slots, which reduced the degree of protection, but improved the view. Tournament closed helmets were heavier and weighed up to 5.5 kg, while closed helmets for regular combat were lighter and weighed approximately 3.5 kg.

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Gorget Originally a steel collar to protect the neck and throat. Gorget was part of ancient armor and was intended to protect against swords and other types of edged weapons. Most medieval gorgets were simple neck shields worn under the bib and back. These plates supported the weight of the armor worn on them and were often equipped with straps to attach other pieces of armor. Chainmail Armor, woven from iron rings, a metal net to protect against being hit by melee weapons. Wore, depending on the variety, various names: chain mail, shell, bayana, yatserin. Different types of chain mail were used - from a chain mail shirt, which covered only the torso and shoulders, to full hauberks, which covered the body completely, from head to toe.

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Presentation of the project "Knights of the Middle Ages"

“My double carapace shines brighter than day.
My sword is a gift from Guidon, because we are kin.
It's a bad joke not to give me the way.
Everyone is running away, clinking armor! "

You probably guessed that we are talking about chivalry. Our group presents the project "Knights of the Middle Ages".

The purpose of our project:

Explore the way of life of chivalry as one of the dominant estates of medieval Europe.

Who are the knights?

In the warlike, turbulent times of the Middle Ages, the role of the estate of "those who fight" - chivalry, was extremely important. Anyone who had sufficient funds to buy a war horse, weapons and armor could become a knight. A complete set of the simplest knightly weapons was fabulously expensive - at least 45 cows had to be paid for it! Not every peasant village had such a herd. Only the son of a knight could become a knight. He had been preparing for this from early childhood and had to undergo a rite of passage.

Armament of the knights.

The knights were professional soldiers, constantly ready to repel an attack or respond to their liege's call to join his army. The spear and sword became the basis of knightly weapons. The knights did not use bows: they were the weapons of commoners.

The spear was carved from wood and supplied with an iron tip. In the hands of a knight, galloping at full gallop, it was a formidable weapon. The spear of the attacking knight usually broke, and he went to the next battle with a new one.

After a successful attack, the knight dismounted, and the battle continued with swords.

Swords were different: from short to huge, which could only be lifted with both hands. A good sword did not bend, did not break, and was so sharp that with one stroke it could cut a bale of wool.

The sword was not just a weapon. For a knight, he was a shrine. The sword had a name of its own

The sword was necessarily consecrated in the church. Swords were usually inherited from father to son.

In addition to shock weapons, the knights, of course, also had protective armor - armor. Otherwise, no knight would have survived even his first battle.

In the early Middle Ages, knights often used leather shirts, on which metal rings or plates were sewn, placing them so that they partially overlapped each other, like fish scales. In the 10th century, chain mail appeared - a long, knee-length robe woven from metal rings. On his head, the knight wore a chain mail hood or a pointed iron helmet with plates to protect the cheeks and nose. Such armor was relatively light and flexible, well protected from arrows, but the blow of a spear or sword could not withstand. Therefore, the shield was an important element of the armor.

Shields were made of wood or thick leather.

By the end of the 13th century. chain mail is practically out of use. They are being replaced by armor - armor made of wrought iron plates. They protected the entire body of the knight: from head to fingertips.

Where did the knights live?

Knights lived in castles. This was the name of a well-fortified structure adapted for a long siege. There, the knight and the population of the surrounding villages subject to him could hide from enemies during military clashes or, for example, raids by the Normans. By the way, castles first appeared in Europe in the 9-10th centuries, in the “era.

They were usually built on the hills.

At the top of the hill was the main building of the castle, the dwelling of its owner.

Small loopholes in the thick walls of the castle let in little light, so the interior was usually semi-dark. These rooms themselves were rather vast halls, from which the master bedrooms, the armory rooms and the kitchen room were separated by partitions. There was no particular comfort: the inhabitants considered the main advantage of the castle not convenience, but reliability, the ability to withstand an assault and a long siege.

Over time, the design of locks became more complicated. They began to be built of stone. From the beginning of the 11th century. castles turned into impregnable stone fortresses, behind the walls of which the feudal lord could feel safe.

The real holidays, for which the knights were preparing for a long time and for which they came from the most remote places, were periodically held competitions in martial art - tournaments. The tournament attracted many spectators, including ladies. They watched the unfolding battle with interest. Their opinion was listened to when awarding prizes to the winners. The area in which the tournament was held was full of banners of participants, shields with the image of their coats of arms, and smart attire of spectators. The heralds announced the rules of the tournament, the participants took an oath to strictly follow them, and the competition began. Usually it was opened by a group battle, followed by several duels between knights. The winners were awarded prizes, honors were given to them, glory, respect of knights and admiration of beautiful ladies awaited them. In addition, the rules of some tournaments allowed the winner to take the weapon and armor of the defeated one as a trophy, and sometimes demand a ransom for it, as if it were a prisoner in a real battle.

By the 13th century. everywhere it was forbidden to use military weapons in tournaments: they fought with blunt swords and spears, from which the iron tips were removed. Tournament participants died less often, but fractures and other injuries remained commonplace.

Knighting.

Each knight had the right to initiate any person into knighthood with a flat blow of the sword on the shoulder, but they tried to carry out the rite of initiation - the accolade - with great solemnity and according to the established ritual. On the eve of those preparing for initiation, he had to bathe, put on a white shirt, scarlet surcoat, brown highway, golden spurs, one of the oldest knights girded him with a sword, which was the main part of the ceremony. After that, the initiator struck the young man with his palm on the back of the head, or neck, cheek with the instruction: "Be brave" is the only blow in life that the knight could not return. This was followed by a demonstration of the knight's strength and dexterity.

The final knightly initiation took effect after a flat sword strike on the shoulder, accompanied by the words of the initiator: “In the name of God, St. Michael and St. George, I make you a knight. Be pious, courageous and noble. "

Having become a knight, a person was obliged to strictly observe the code of knightly honor. The knight usually dedicated his exploits to the Lady of the Heart. The knight tried with all his might to win the favor of the Beautiful Lady.

Knight's coat of arms.

Each knightly family had its own coat of arms. His image was originally placed on the knight's shield, and later on all objects belonging to the feudal lord, from clothing to furniture and tableware. By the coat of arms, it was possible to determine the antiquity and the degree of nobility of the family, and also sometimes for what merits the coat of arms (or its ancestor) was knighted.

(demonstration of the coat of arms)

Thus

Knights formed the military class in medieval Western Europe. The main occupation of a knight is war. This largely determined the code of honor of a knight, designed for a warrior capable of defending goodness and justice with a sword in his hands. Knights lived in castles, always ready to repel the enemy. The knight spent peacetime in military pursuits. In this respect, it is not surprising that the knight's favorite pastimes are tournaments and hunting, one way or another connected with the art of war.