Professional ethics is a set of certain duties and norms of behavior that support the moral prestige of professional groups in society. The tasks of professional ethics include identifying moral norms and assessments, judgments and concepts that characterize people in the role of representatives of a certain profession.

Professional ethics develops norms, standards, requirements specific to certain types of activities.

Professional ethics should also explain morality and teach morality, instill moral principles and ideas about duty and honor, morally educate workers. Ethics is designed to educate, help people behave correctly with people, communicate in a production team, etc. Professional ethics teaches us to follow the standards of morality, adopted as the norm of people's behavior in certain activities. The worker should be guided by these standards. In aligning with this standard, a service worker must cultivate an appropriate personal quality.

Professional ethics is designed to regulate human relations in the field of production. Each profession has its own specificity, adopted in it and the current system of values. Moreover, one and the same act can be considered as moral, extramoral and even immoral, depending on how the attitude towards the current system of values ​​is expressed in it.

The basis of professional ethics in the service sector is intolerance of the neglect of public interests, a high consciousness of public duty.

Professional ethics governs the relationship between people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on the following norms, requirements and principles.

• 1. The essence of the first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of the official position, never admit his official position in relation to his subordinates, to the management, to colleagues; level, to clients, etc. such actions, which he would not want to see in relation to himself. "
• 2. We need justice in providing workers with the resources necessary for their performance (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.).
• 3. Mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.
• 4. The principle of maximum progress: the service behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.
• 5. The principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or an organization as a whole are ethical, if at least they do not violate ethical standards.
• 6. The ethical attitude of employees of the organization to moral principles, traditions, etc., taking place in other organizations, regions, countries.
• 7. A reasonable combination of individual relativism and ethical relativism with the requirements of general human (universal) ethics is recommended.
• 8. Individual and collective origin are equally recognized as the basis for developing and making decisions in business relations.
• 9. You should not be afraid to have your own opinion when solving any business issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.
• 10. No violence, that is, "pressure" on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.
• 11. Persistence of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be implemented in the life of the organization not by a one-time order, but only with the help of incessant efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary workers.
• 12. When influencing (on a team, an individual employee, on a consumer, etc.), take into account the force of possible opposition. The fact is that, recognizing the value and necessity of ethical norms in theory, many workers, encountering them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to oppose them.
• 13. Requirement of expediency of advance payments by trust - to the employee's sense of responsibility, to his competence, to a sense of duty, etc.
• 14. It is recommended to strive for non-conflict. While business conflict has not only dysfunctional but functional consequences, it is nonetheless fertile ground for ethical violations.
• 15. Freedom that does not restrict the freedom of others; usually this principle, albeit implicitly, is conditioned by job descriptions.
• 16. An employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues.
• 17. Don't criticize your competitor. I mean not only a competing organization, but also an "internal competitor" - the team of another department, a colleague in which you can "see" a competitor.

This kind of ethics deals with the following problems:

• the first is associated with the need to concretize universal moral norms in relation to the conditions of professional activity;
• it considers the requirements that exist within the profession and connect their carriers with special, business relations;
• she discusses the correspondence between the values ​​of the profession and the interests of society itself, and from this perspective she goes to the problems of the relationship between social responsibility and professional duty.
• Professional ethics are characterized by the following characteristics:
• it is expressed in the form of demands addressed to the representatives of the day profession. Hence follows its normative image, enshrined in the form of beautifully formulated codes-declarations. As a rule, they are small documents containing a call to correspond to the high vocation of the profession;
• documents on professional ethics are filled with the conviction that the values ​​it professes are quite obvious and follow from a simple analysis of the activities of the most prominent representatives of this type of activity;
• the authority of ethics is considered the professional community itself, and the most respected representatives who will be given such high confidence can act on its behalf. It is clear from this context that both the investigation and the sanctions are also a matter of the community itself. His trial and verdict is the decision of a college of professionals against those who misunderstood their high destiny, used their status to the detriment of the community and thereby erased themselves from it.

Professional ethics seeks to solve the following tasks: not to lose the status of the profession, to prove social significance, to respond to the challenges of a rapidly changing environment, to strengthen its own cohesion, to develop common standards for joint activities and to protect itself from the claims of other areas of professional competence.

This type of ethical theory and practice has some drawbacks. At first glance, one can note its closed, narrow nature, relying only on its own authority in the implementation of a moral assessment, which turns into unreasonable ambitions when solving acute conflict situations. The professional environment is a fundamentally conservative element; traditions and foundations play a huge role in it. In addition, moral consciousness cannot agree that professionalism is considered the main value of any social practice. If, in the sphere of a specific activity, it became necessary to discuss the emerging moral problems, this means that ordinary ideas about professional duty are not enough for its normal functioning.

Professional ethics are set out in corporate codes. Corporate ethics are enshrined in special codes. Codes of professional ethics are aimed at regulating relations among employees. Such codes regulate employee behavior, raise the status of employees in society, and form a trusting attitude among clients. In a sense, the adoption of such a code is an imitation of the rite of initiation of an individual into a profession.

Codes of ethics instruct workers on how to behave in an ethical manner and help apply moral principles in the workplace. Corporate codes are not codes in the usual sense because they cannot be compelled by orders to act ethically or unethically. Each code must be evaluated morally.

Corporate codes vary in their form. Some codes are tasked with informing service workers about legal requirements that they were not previously familiar with, but which they need to know. Others have specific requirements that prohibit abuses such as bribery and illegal contributions. Some organizations develop such corporate codes, which describe the rules of conduct in the organization. For example, one company considers it unacceptable to accept gifts from customers, while others allow accepting gifts in the form of a small amount of money.

Some organizations may prohibit giving gifts to customers. Limit the size of contributions to the funds of political parties, the acquisition of shares in companies with which they cooperate, since this may cause a conflict of interests.

Corporate codes fulfill a number of important functions and help to solve specific problems specific to a particular profession and which employees may face. When a company has established exactly what is permissible for an employee to do or not, then he knows exactly what actions are unacceptable in this company. When the most significant ethical dilemmas are posed by the organization, the work of the employees is regulated by the corporate code.

One of the most important tasks of the corporate code is to set priorities in relation to target groups and ways to harmonize their interests.

There are three other important functions of the corporate code:

• 1) reputation;
• 2) management;
• 3) development of corporate culture.

The essence of the reputation function is to form a trusting attitude towards the company on the part of customers, suppliers, etc. The Corporate Code in this case plays the role of PR, that is, it increases the attractiveness of the company. Having a company code of corporate ethics is becoming a global standard for doing business in the service sector.

The essence of the management function is to regulate the behavior of employees in conflict situations when it is difficult to make the right decision in accordance with ethical standards. There are several ways in which the efficiency of employees' activities increases:

• 1) regulation of priorities in cooperation with significant external groups;
• 2) determining the procedure for making decisions in conflict situations, when they comply with ethical standards;
• 3) indications of inappropriate behavior from an ethical point of view.

Corporate ethics is an important foundation of corporate

culture, the code of corporate ethics is the guarantor of the development of corporate culture. The Code directs all employees of the company to ethical values, as well as to orient employees to common corporate goals and thereby increase corporate cohesion.

The key systemic tools in the field of human factor management are: corporate culture and the code of ethics of the organization.

According to one of the definitions, professional ethics is a set of rules of behavior of a certain social group, which ensures the moral nature of the relationship, conditioned or associated with professional activity.

Most often, the need to comply with the norms of professional ethics is faced by people employed in the service sector, medicine, education - in a word, wherever daily work is associated with direct contact with other people and where increased moral requirements are imposed.

Professional ethics arose on the basis of similar interests and requirements for the culture of people united by one profession. Traditions of professional ethics are developing along with the development of the profession itself, and at present, the principles and norms of professional ethics can be enshrined at the legislative level or expressed through generally accepted moral norms.

The concept of professional ethics is associated, first of all, with the peculiarities of a particular profession in relation to which this term is used. So, for example, the "Hippocratic Oath" and medical secrecy are one of the elements of the professional ethics of doctors, and the impartial presentation of truthful facts is an element of the professional ethics of journalists.

Features of professional ethics

In any profession, the honest and responsible performance of one's duties is one of the most important rules of professional ethics. However, some features of professional ethics may be ignored or inattentively overlooked by a novice specialist - then such an employee may be deemed unfit for the performance of his duties.

To prevent this from happening, you should remember the basic norms and principles of professional ethics:

Your work should be performed professionally, strictly in accordance with the assigned authority;
in work, one should not be guided by one's personal sympathies and antipathies, one should always observe objectivity;
when working with personal data of clients or other persons, companies should always observe the strictest confidentiality;
in your work, you should not allow the emergence of off-duty relationships with clients or colleagues, managers or subordinates;
you should follow the principle of collegiality and not discuss your colleagues or subordinates in the presence of clients, partners or others;
it is impossible to allow a breakdown of an already accepted order through its refusal in favor of another (more profitable) order;
discrimination of clients, partners, colleagues or subordinates on the basis of gender, race, age or any other grounds is inadmissible.

Currently, professional standards are developing and improving, social relations are changing. And in this new picture of the world, as never before, the important ability to respect nature and the people around them is the main advantage of professional ethics of representatives of any profession.

Professional Code of Ethics

The standards that members of the professions must adhere to are defined in their codes of professional ethics. Codes of professional ethics are understood to govern the professional activities of all members of the profession, whether practicing independently or working for hire.

It is believed that codes of professional conduct should formulate strict standards of conduct for members of the professions. However, in fact, these codes are designed to solve a variety of problems. Some codes are simply used to demonstrate that such and such a group is a profession. Some codes proclaim a set of ideals (more often unattainable) that members of the profession should strive to achieve and which they should be guided by in their practice.

Other codes or sections thereof are disciplinary in nature, specifying the minimum conditions that a member of the profession must comply with. If a member of the profession does not comply with this minimum, he is subject to punishment, the most serious of which is expulsion from the profession. There are codes that formulate the etiquette of a given profession. There are uniform codes that include a set of ideals, a list of disciplinary rules, and norms of professional conduct.

If a professional code is intended to provide a framework that allows the profession to claim autonomy from non-professional public scrutiny (for example, doctors and lawyers) that other groups are exposed to, such a code should have the following properties:

1. The code should be regulatory, targeted. The inclusion of ideals in it is not forbidden. But it should clearly define which of its provisions are ideals, and which are disciplinary, punitive in nature. If the code does not actually regulate the behavior of members of a profession, it does not actually have a public declaration that serves as a basis for society to recognize it as a profession. Society recognizes the autonomy of the profession, provided that it obliges its members to adhere to higher standards of conduct than members of other groups, and therefore professional standards must be known to the population, they must be perceived as higher than other standards.
2. The Code is intended to protect the public interest and the interests of those who are served by the profession. If society does not benefit from granting autonomy to the profession, it must deprive it of that privilege. The code should not be a self-service for the profession. Codes can be used to serve the interests of the profession at the expense of the community. Some rules (for example, rules regarding the setting of fees or advertising restrictions) protect the profession and are contrary to the public interest. Provisions in codes that discourage competition within the profession are usually not in the public interest; they are aimed at emphasizing the negative, monopolistic properties of the profession.
3. Codes must be accurate and honest. The code, which simply states that members of the profession should not lie, steal, or cheat, requires nothing beyond what is required of all other people. When written with integrity, a code reflects aspects of the profession that characterize the specific temptations that members of the profession may experience. Autonomy is given to the profession because it knows possible specific mistakes, the shortcomings of this profession - its dark sides, its unethical, although not entirely illegal, methods. If such methods are not precisely defined in the code, the profession has virtually no control over its activities.
4. The code must be both supervising and supervising. If the code does not contain provisions on the prosecution and the application of penalties, it is nothing more than a declaration of ideals. If a profession cannot prove by all its activities that it controls its members, society has no reason to believe that it does so. In such cases, there are no grounds for granting special privileges to the profession. Accordingly, society must enact laws concerning the activities of members of a given profession and establishing control over their activities, just as it controls members of other occupations.

While professions can enforce the rules of their codes, they are not courts of law. Violations of the professional code will only result in limited disciplinary action. The most cruel punishment, as already mentioned above, can be expulsion from the profession, along with publicizing the offense. The most common practice is to pronounce censure.

Professional codes usually ignore such problems that at least some members of the profession face. Professional codes often specify responsibilities towards the client or patient, towards the entrepreneur (if the member of the profession is employed), towards the public and towards the profession itself. What does a member of the profession have to do when these responsibilities conflict with each other? For example, what should a company doctor do when told not to divulge information about an increase in work-related illness among factory workers? Are his duties towards society and towards patients (workers) higher than those towards the employer?

In addition, professional codes do not provide guidance on what should be done when the profession itself is acting inappropriately.

Professional ethics of a lawyer

Ethics is the teaching about the norms of morality and ethics that have developed in society and which each person must comply with. If he does not do this, then, in my opinion, it will become simply impossible to live in such a society. Would anyone like it if, say, he was treated disrespectfully or insulted? Such a society has no future, and sooner or later it will surely fall apart.

The professional ethics of a lawyer is also the norms of morality and ethics, only directly related to the activities of a lawyer. They are enshrined in the Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer, which was adopted by the All-Russian Congress of Lawyers. They are an integral part of the activities of every lawyer and are just as important as legal knowledge. Without compliance with these norms, the existence of the lawyer community as a whole is impossible. Every lawyer is obliged to carry out his activities strictly in accordance with ethical rules and not violate the professional ethics of a lawyer. As noted in the Lawyer's Code of Professional Ethics, morality is higher than the will of the client. In addition, the observance of the professional ethics of a lawyer is also entrusted to the assistants and trainees of a lawyer in the part corresponding to their work duties, which in turn underlines the importance of the norms of professional ethics of a lawyer.

So, the professional ethical standards of lawyers can be conditionally divided into several groups that regulate:

Relationship of a lawyer with a client;
- attorneys' relationship with each other;
- attorney's relationship with the court and other authorities.

Relationship of a lawyer with a client

The Code of Professional Ethics of Lawyers explains in great detail the rules of conduct that a lawyer must adhere to when providing legal assistance to his client. First of all, this is the rule on the preservation of attorney secrecy. This is perhaps one of the most important and fundamental rules of the professional ethics of a lawyer. Because without confidence in the preservation of attorney secrecy, there will be no trust between the attorney and his client. And without trust, it is difficult to provide qualified legal assistance. An attorney's secret is absolutely any information provided by the principal to the lawyer, the storage period of which is not limited in time. Such information is also not subject to disclosure.

Also, another rule of professional ethics of a lawyer is that a lawyer cannot provide legal assistance to a client based on his own benefit, immoral interests or as a result of outside pressure.

A lawyer cannot act against the will of the client to take a position on the case that is opposite to that of the client. The only exception is the case if the defense lawyer in the criminal case is convinced of the self-incrimination of his client.

Another important rule is that a lawyer cannot defend persons whose interests conflict with the interests of each other.

Relationships between lawyers

The relationship between lawyers should be based on mutual respect. A lawyer should not use expressions that diminish the honor, dignity, and business reputation of another lawyer in connection with his advocacy. The professional ethics of a lawyer in this case requires respect for a colleague.

Relationship of a lawyer with the court and other authorities

Here the lawyer must also behave tactfully, not to be rude. So, for example, if a lawyer objects to the actions of judges and other participants in the process, then he must do this in the correct form and in accordance with the law.

The above rules of professional ethics of a lawyer are just a part of those rules that are enshrined in the Code of Professional Ethics of an Attorney. They are mandatory for a lawyer in the exercise of his activities. If a lawyer does not comply with these rules of professional ethics of a lawyer, then he is subject to disciplinary liability, which can be expressed in a remark, warning or even termination of the status of a lawyer. But the most important thing is that, without observing the Code of Professional Ethics, a lawyer will not be able to provide qualified legal assistance to his client.

I would also like to note that if a lawyer is not sure how to act in a difficult ethical situation, he has the right to apply to the Council of the corresponding Bar Chamber of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation for an explanation.

Ethics of professional activity

Professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of a specialist's behavior, taking into account the peculiarities of his professional activity and a specific situation. Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of every specialist. The content of any professional ethics consists of the general and the particular.

General principles of professional ethics, based on universal human moral standards, suggest:

A) professional solidarity (sometimes degenerating into corporatism);
b) a special understanding of duty and honor;
c) a special form of responsibility due to the subject and type of activity.

Particular principles follow from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and are expressed mainly in moral codes - requirements in relation to specialists.

Professional ethics, as a rule, relate only to those types of professional activities in which there is a different kind of dependence of people on the actions of a professional, that is, the consequences or processes of these actions have a special impact on the lives and destinies of other people or humanity. In this regard, traditional types of professional ethics are distinguished, such as pedagogical, psychological, medical, legal, ethics of a scientist, and relatively new ones, the emergence or actualization of which is associated with an increase in the role of the "human factor" in this type of activity (engineering ethics) or strengthening his influence in society (journalistic ethics, bioethics).

Professionalism and attitude to work are important qualitative characteristics of the moral character of an individual. They are of paramount importance in the personal assessment of an individual, but at different stages of historical development, their content and assessment differed significantly. In a class-differentiated society, they are determined by social inequality of types of labor, the opposite of mental and physical labor, the presence of privileged and unprivileged professions, and depend on the degree of class self-awareness of professional groups, the sources of their replenishment, the level of the general culture of the individual, and so on.

Professional ethics are not the result of inequality in the degree of morality of various professional groups. But for some types of professional activity, society makes high moral demands. There are such professional spheres in which the labor process itself is based on the high coordination of actions of its participants, exacerbating the need for solidary behavior. Special attention is paid to the moral qualities of workers in those professions that are associated with the right to dispose of people's lives, significant material assets, some professions from the services, transport, management, health care, education, and so on. Here we are not talking about the actual level of morality, but about the obligation, which, remaining unfulfilled, can in some way hinder the performance of professional functions.

A profession is a certain type of work activity that requires the necessary knowledge and skills acquired as a result of training and long-term work practice.

Professional types of ethics are those specific features of professional activity that are directed directly at a person in certain conditions of his life and activity in society.

Professional moral norms are guiding principles, rules, patterns, standards, the order of internal self-regulation of a person based on ethical and humanistic ideals. The emergence of professional ethics in time preceded the creation of scientific ethical theories about it. Everyday experience, the need to regulate the relationship of people of a particular profession led to the realization and formulation of certain requirements of professional ethics. Public opinion plays an active role in the formation and assimilation of the norms of professional ethics.

Professional ethics, which originally emerged as a manifestation of everyday, everyday moral consciousness, later developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each professional group. These generalizations were summarized both in written and unwritten codes of conduct for various professional groups, and in the form of theoretical conclusions, which testified to the transition from ordinary to theoretical consciousness in the field of professional morality.

The main types of professional ethics are: medical ethics, pedagogical ethics, ethics of a scientist, ethics of law, an entrepreneur (businessman), an engineer, etc. together constitutes a professional code of morality.

Professional and universal ethics

Professional activity leads to many ethical in nature issues that are not considered and cannot be resolved by means of universal ethics. Professional ethics studies professional morality as a concretization of general moral principles and norms in relation to the characteristics of a particular type of professional activity.

Professional morality arises with the social division of labor, which laid the foundation for the professional isolation of social groups. With the formation of professional groups, a social need arises to regulate the relations of people within these groups. Initially, it was a small circle of professions, which in the process of further specialization of labor became more and more differentiated, as a result of which more and more new professions arose.

Depending on the specific historical conditions, one or another aspect of professional activity is brought to the fore. The attitude of society towards it determines its value.

What determines the moral assessment of the profession? Firstly, by the fact that the given profession provides objectively for social development. Secondly, by the fact that this profession gives a person subjectively, in the sense of a moral impact on him. Every profession, as far as it exists, fulfills a certain social function. Representatives of this profession have their own social purpose, their functions, their goals. This or that profession determines the choice of a specific communication environment, which leaves its mark on people regardless of whether they want it or not.

Within each professional group, certain specific connections and attitudes of people are formed. Depending on the object of labor, the tools of labor, the techniques used and the tasks to be solved, a unique originality of situations, difficulties and even dangers arises that require a certain type of action, methods, psychological reactions from a person. Each profession has its own moral "temptations", moral "valor" and "losses", certain contradictions arise, and unique ways of resolving them are developed.

A person is involved in professional activity with his subjective world of feelings, experiences, aspirations, moral assessments, with his own way of thinking. Among the diverse situations in professional relationships, the most typical ones begin to stand out, which characterize the relative independence of the profession, its moral atmosphere. And this, in turn, determines the specificity of people's actions, the originality of the norms of their behavior.

Thus, as soon as professional relations acquired a qualitative stability, this led to the formation of special moral attitudes corresponding to the nature of labor, that is, to the emergence of professional morality with its initial cell - a norm reflecting the practical expediency of certain forms of relationship both between members of a professional group, and between the group itself with society. The historical development of the professional norm has gone from the concrete to the abstract. Initially, its meaning is purely concrete and is associated with a certain real action or object. Only as a result of long-term development does its semantic content acquire a general, proper moral meaning.

Each epoch has its own set of isolated professional norms, i.e. professional morality. Having arisen, professional morality becomes a certain spiritual reality with relative independence. She begins to live her own life and turns into an object of comprehension, study, analysis, assimilation, becomes a force guiding the behavior of a representative of a particular profession. If there was a code of ethics that applied to all cultures, philosophies, beliefs, and professions, it could provide a universally useful system that would force people to act according to their conscience and guide our actions.

There are many methods for making decisions, but only a few show when situations may have implicated moral connotations. Nevertheless, the information itself is the first decisive step towards decision-making. Recognizing the moral implications of a situation must precede any attempt to solve the problem. Otherwise, what needs to be done?

Moral collisions and conflicts are very rarely presented to us as expected and predictable. They usually come suddenly, before we have had time to recognize them, or develop so gradually that we recognize them only in retrospect; it is like we only notice the snake after we have been bitten.

The following rules of ethical behavior can be offered as guidelines - general guidelines that should be used as coercion to work according to their moral principles. They are not absolute and rather more like an approximate system of measures, where the only exact option is impossible. They often contradict each other in practice, and sometimes one option has many more advantages under certain circumstances. But these principles must be reckoned with.

In a sense, these principles are the children of the founders of all principles - unconditional love and compassion. They are manifested in all religions, and in this case they are expressed as "concern for the welfare of others." They are also similar to the statement that we should simply follow our intuition and rely on our "inner voice". However, this voice is not always intelligible, and today's society can present difficult circumstances that require more management than "concern for others." This body of code of conduct is offered as a more detailed reference.

For ease of use, the principles are grouped into three categories; personal, professional and global ethics.

Principles of Personal Ethics

These principles can be called morality because they reflect the general expectations of every person in any society. These are the principles that we try to instill in our children and that we expect from others.

They include:

Concern for the welfare of others;
respect for the right of others to be independent;
reliability and honesty;
voluntary obedience to the law (with the exception of civil disobedience);
Justice;
rejection of unfair advantage over others;
charity, the opportunity to be useful;
prevention of harmful consequences.

Principles of Professional Ethics for a Psychologist

In addition to what all people aspire to, a person, acting in a work environment, takes on the burden of an additional ethical responsibility. For example, professional associations have codes of ethics that define the required behavior within the context of professional practice, such as psychology. These written attitudes determine the behavior and activities of the psychologist.

The "Ethical Code of a Psychologist", adopted by the V Congress of the Russian Psychological Society, reveals the "ethical principles of a psychologist": "the principle of respect (respect for the dignity, rights and freedoms of the individual, confidentiality, awareness and voluntary consent of the Client, self-determination of the Client), the principle of competence (knowledge of professional ethics , limitation of professional competence, limitation of the means used, professional development), the principle of responsibility (main responsibility, no harm, solving ethical dilemmas), the principle of honesty (awareness of the boundaries of personal and professional opportunities, honesty, directness and openness, avoiding conflicts of interest, responsibility and openness to the professional community) ”.

Principles of Global Ethics

Each of us affects the world only by the fact that it simply exists (it is always wise to think globally!). An additional measure of responsibility is established at a level corresponding to the world, such as, for example, governments and transnational corporations (with an increase in power, responsibility also increases, whether we like it or not).

One element of the burden of leadership is the ability to influence society and do world affairs (in a positive sense). Can a person (or company) be truly successful, causing human suffering or irreparable damage to the environment through their activities? A modern and complete model of success must also take into account the impact on humanity and the environment.

The principles of worldwide ethics include:

Compliance with global legislation;
social responsibility;
environmental management;
interdependence and responsibility
for integrity;
respect for housing.

Coexistence of principles

It is important to keep in mind that the principles of personal ethics are the first reference point in any situation, including the Levels of Professional and Global Ethics. For example, when we judge whether a corporation has been socially responsible internationally, the principles of personal responsibility must be considered as a prerequisite. Charitable contributions (the ability to benefit) may mean nothing if the corporation has not taken responsibility for minimizing the damage caused by its business operations (preventing harmful consequences).

Social functions of professional ethics

Since professional ethics is formed on the basis of the characteristic duties and tasks of the profession, in those situations in which people may find themselves in the process of performing these tasks, the first and main social function of professional ethics is to promote the successful solution of the tasks of the profession. In addition, professional ethics plays the role of a mediator, combining the interests of society and professional groups of the population. The interests of society appear in professional ethics in the form of obligation, demand, obligation to fulfill social tasks, to achieve social ideals.

Professional ethics is involved in harmonizing the interests of society and the individual within the framework of this social group; this also consists of one of its social functions. Various types of professional ethics have their own traditions, more or less old, which testifies to the continuity of the basic ethical standards developed by representatives of a particular profession over the decades.

Professional ethics, thus, implements the connection and inheritance of progressive moral values ​​in the moral relations of the working sphere of society; this is also one of the most important social functions of professional ethics.

Professional ethics standards

Every person who has recently started a job wants to move up the career ladder. Many start out in small positions, work as interns, or on probation. The first stages of work are the most important period during which management and employees form an opinion about a new person. And the promotion depends on the start.

Promotes a person's immediate superiors, offering a higher position, a more responsible and highly paid position. At the first stage, you should immediately clearly and irrevocably determine your place in the team. Having looked closely at the style of work adopted in this company, decide for yourself what level of professional level you are now at.

Very often, it is the violation of business and professional ethics that is a strong brake on the path to career heights. Many factors influence career promotion: behavior in a team, at corporate events, relationships with colleagues, the right style of dress, competent speech, etc.

All this is also true for people who want to firmly establish themselves in the world of market relations, to achieve their goals. Since modern commerce is often based on international business relations, you should know the rules of etiquette adopted in other countries and follow them unswervingly. Failure to comply with the norms of behavior often leads to the breakdown of stable partnerships and to the loss of sales markets. Business etiquette changes over time. But every business person should know that today it is not enough just to be friendly and polite. General principles in business etiquette acquire their own specifics.

This can be summed up in five basic rules - a guide for people in business:

1. Punctuality. Being late for work interferes with the ongoing work process and characterizes the offender as an employee who cannot be relied on. A business person calculates the time to complete each stage of work up to a minute. Practice shows that it should be determined with a small margin, taking into account unforeseen circumstances. A business person calculates all actions ahead, does not waste time, foresees complications and delays, adjusts his schedule and strives to comply with it.
2. Non-disclosure of unnecessary information. Personnel, technological, administrative, financial secrets of the company should not be a subject of discussion for employees. It is unacceptable to disclose commercial secrets of the organization, as well as information about the personal life of colleagues.
3. Taking care not only of yourself, but also of other members of the team. To conduct business effectively and successfully, one should take into account the interests, opinions and principles of partners, customers, corporate clients, etc. Selfishness, excessive emotionality, incontinence, unfair competition, intrigues with colleagues for the purpose of self-realization and career advancement are unacceptable in the work process. You should listen to the interlocutors patiently, treat other people's opinion with due respect, even if it contradicts your own. Such manifestations as intolerance to the opinions of others, humiliation and insult of the opponent are unacceptable. The business person is well aware that repetition of situations and cooperation with today's competitors are possible in the business world.
4. Business dress code. A person's appearance should correspond to his status in the team, not be out of the ordinary style, testify to taste, rigor and modesty. It is important that the clothes are fully consistent with the work environment, do not irritate colleagues, be clean, ironed and tidy.
5. Competent oral and written presentation of thoughts. Both oral and written speech of a business person should be clearly structured, accessible and literate. For successful public speaking and everyday communication in the office with employees, partners and customers, it will not hurt to study the art of rhetoric. Clear diction is especially important. If there are speech defects, it is best to visit a speech therapist and make an effort to correct them. In business communication, the use of vernacular and slang words, argotisms, slang, as well as offensive expressions is unacceptable. Intonation and pronunciation are important, especially when talking to foreign citizens, partners or clients. A business person knows how not only to speak, but also to listen to others.

There are certain rules for communication between colleagues of different genders:

Men in the presence of women do not admit rudeness and sharp words.
Men hold the doors to their female colleagues, letting them go forward.
Men stand up in the presence of a female colleague, if she is standing.
A man gives a coat to a female colleague if they are in the wardrobe at the same time. If a female colleague leaves while the men are busy with work, it is permissible to deviate from this rule: the main thing is work.

It is important to remember that discreet and curtailed display of ethics and courtesies during the work process is not considered a violation of the rules.

Professional ethics of a teacher

The ethics of a teacher is a very special phenomenon, in our opinion.

And yet, its essence and content, like any professional ethics, are most fully and consistently revealed through the analysis of its structure, in which four main blocks can be distinguished:

First, it is the ethics of the teacher's attitude to his work, to the subject of his activity.

Secondly, it is the ethics of relations "along the vertical" - in the "teacher-student" system, which considers the basic principles, norms of these relations and the requirements for the personality and behavior of the teacher.

Thirdly, this is the ethics of relations "horizontally" - in the "teacher-teacher" system, in which those relations are considered that are regulated not so much by general norms as by the specifics of the teacher's activity and psychology.

Fourthly, it is the ethics of administrative and business relations between the teacher and the governing structures, which prescribes certain "rules of the game" for both parties, aimed at optimizing the management of the education system.

The proposed approach does not claim to be "the ultimate truth", but it allows us to pose and consider the most important problems of pedagogical culture, such as ethical and psychological aspects of the teacher's professional activity. For this, first of all, it is necessary to identify the specifics of this activity.

Principles of professional ethics

Professional ethics governs the relationship between people in business communication. Professional ethics are based on certain norms, requirements and principles.

Principles are abstracted, generalized ideas that enable those who rely on them to correctly form their behavior, their actions in the business sphere. Principles provide the individual employee in any organization with a conceptual ethical platform for decisions, actions, actions, interactions, etc.

The order of the considered ethical principles is not determined by their importance. The essence of the first principle comes from the so-called gold standard: “Within the framework of an official position, never admit his official position in relation to his subordinates, to management, to colleagues; to clients, etc. such actions, which he would not want to see in relation to himself. "

The second principle: justice is needed when endowing employees with the resources necessary for their performance (monetary, raw materials, material, etc.). The third principle requires the mandatory correction of an ethical violation, regardless of when and by whom it was committed.

The fourth principle is the principle of maximum progress: service behavior and actions of an employee are recognized as ethical if they contribute to the development of the organization (or its divisions) from a moral point of view.

The fifth principle is the principle of minimum progress, according to which the actions of an employee or an organization as a whole are ethical, if they at least do not violate ethical norms.

The sixth principle: ethical is the tolerant attitude of the organization's employees to the moral foundations, traditions, etc., taking place in other organizations, regions, countries.

The seventh principle recommends a reasonable combination of individual relativism and ethical relativism with the requirements of general human (universal) ethics. Eighth principle: the individual and the collective beginnings are equally recognized as the basis for developing and making decisions in business relations.

The ninth principle: you should not be afraid to have your own opinion when deciding any business issues. However, nonconformism as a personality trait should manifest itself within reasonable limits.

The tenth principle is no violence, i.e. "Pressure" on subordinates, expressed in various forms, for example, in an orderly, commanding manner of conducting an official conversation.

The eleventh principle is the constancy of impact, expressed in the fact that ethical standards can be introduced into the life of an organization not by a one-time order, but only with the help of incessant efforts on the part of both the manager and ordinary employees.

The twelfth principle - when influencing (on a team, an individual employee, on a consumer, etc.), take into account the force of possible opposition. The fact is that, recognizing the value and necessity of ethical norms in theory, many workers, encountering them in practical everyday work, for one reason or another begin to oppose them.

The thirteenth principle is the expediency of advancing with trust - the employee's sense of responsibility, to his competence, to a sense of duty, etc.

The fourteenth principle strongly recommends striving for conflict-freeness. While business conflict has not only dysfunctional but functional consequences, conflict is nonetheless fertile ground for ethical violations.

The fifteenth principle is freedom that does not restrict the freedom of others; usually this principle, albeit implicitly, is conditioned by job descriptions.

Principle Sixteen: An employee must not only act ethically himself, but also promote the same behavior of his colleagues.

Principle seventeen: Don't criticize your competitor. I mean not only a competing organization, but also an "internal competitor" - the team of another department, a colleague in which you can "see" a competitor.

These principles should serve as the basis for each employee of any firm to develop their own personal ethical system.

Professional ethics of a journalist are moral precepts, which are not legally fixed, but accepted in the journalistic environment and supported by the power of public opinion, by professional and creative organizations - the principles, norms and rules of moral behavior of a journalist.

Journalistic ethics extend to the decision-making process in specific situations, but here again the choice must be related to fundamental rules and principles. For journalists and other media workers, this means making choices that are consistent with the rules and principles of the profession as written in the code of ethics. In practice, moral choice presupposes a certain freedom in decision-making, in which gradations of right and wrong are possible, since it is impossible to find a moral solution that is suitable for all cases of life. Some ethical norms and principles are codified in the law, in which case the state requires its citizens to follow a specific rule or principle in their decision-making process.

Thus, the journalist, a profession where there are so many standardized techniques but so few absolute rules, has a whole range of possible solutions, choosing between ethical and unethical behavior. Due to this circumstance, we still cannot come to an agreement as to what, in fact, constitutes the “ethical” behavior of a journalist.

The pursuit of truth is a moral imperative for most civilized people, but many journalists, even highly moral ones, have committed lies in serving what they argued for the public good. Advocates of journalistic ethics usually make a distinction between fundamental principles of morality and their application in everyday situations, when moral choices have to be made in the face of time pressure and lack of opportunity to analyze circumstances.

In the presence of strict principles, ethical norms are already less regulated, and the rules of journalist behavior are determined almost for each specific case. It is important to keep this in mind, firstly, so that journalists can distinguish norms of ethics from legal norms and, secondly, so that they understand that the ethics (or unethicality) of their behavior is determined not on the basis of general principles, situationally, within the framework of sufficiently broad ones. This does not mean that ethical decisions are voluntaristic, and ethics is relational, relative and subjective.

This only means that a journalist must, knowing the principles of ethics, have a highly developed moral consciousness and experience of moral behavior, which in each specific case for himself and in relation to colleagues will help him decide what is ethical or unethical. Therefore, the "court of honor" of journalism should take into account specific circumstances, to finely understand the nuances of relations between people, ethical analysis and introspection is mandatory. Although very complex, it is a component of journalistic practice.

The rule of professional ethics

Society is increasingly realizing that the rule of law is not only a set of competent civilized laws, but also the possibility of their implementation, as well as the ability of the population to exercise their rights. And this is not possible without professional lawyers, in particular lawyers, who are called upon to provide assistance to citizens and legal entities.

As A. Boykov rightly wrote: "The professional maturity of a specialist cannot be characterized only by a certain amount of knowledge, skills, and abilities, it also includes the corresponding level of moral development of the individual, mastering the moral requirements of a given profession." Therefore, one of the most important issues of legal practice is the issue of professional ethics of a lawyer.

In the activity of a lawyer, situations arise more often and more acutely than in any other activity of a lawyer, the resolution of which depends on the observance of not only legal, but also moral and ethical norms.

The rules of professional ethics of a lawyer are a set of provisions that determine the requirements for the personality of a lawyer and his behavior in the performance of professional duties, as well as in relations with clients, colleagues, lawyers' self-government bodies, state bodies, institutions and officials, public and other organizations.

In accordance with the Rules, a lawyer must comply with the law and adhere to the norms of professional morality, constantly upholding the honor and dignity of his profession as a participant in the administration of justice and a public figure, as well as his personal honor and dignity. He should take care of the prestige of his profession and the enhancement of its role in society.

A lawyer must adhere to the customs and traditions that have developed in the legal profession, the content of which corresponds to the general ideals and principles of morality in society. Violation of the rules of professional ethics entails disciplinary liability.

The legal profession is a free profession based on the rule of law, trust and independence. In his professional activity, a lawyer is completely independent. Interference with the professional activities of a lawyer is prohibited.

A lawyer performs his professional duties to protect the legal rights and interests of clients freely and independently, with dignity and tact, honestly, diligently and confidentially.

The rules of professional ethics call on a lawyer to ensure the dignity of the profession and personal dignity, which consists in a special moral attitude of a lawyer to himself, which determines the appropriate attitude towards him on the part of society.

Establishing and maintaining the dignity of a lawyer presupposes the commission of appropriate moral acts and the failure to commit acts that humiliate his dignity. Such behavior of a lawyer that denigrates his high rank and undermines public confidence in the legal profession is considered degrading to his professional dignity.

The rules establish the requirements for a lawyer, which he must comply with in order to maintain honor and dignity. The rules of professional ethics are also aimed at regulating the relationship of a lawyer with colleagues and clients.

Of particular importance are the rules that a lawyer must adhere to in relations with clients. A lawyer cannot refuse a person who has applied for legal assistance to accept an assignment, without sufficient grounds for that. The rules of professional ethics provide for cases in which a lawyer must refuse to accept the assignment and conduct the case.

In relations with law enforcement and other state bodies and officials, public and other organizations, with the self-government bodies of the lawyers and the qualification commission, the lawyer must also adhere to the ethical standards set forth in the Rules.

The rules of professional ethics are a kind of guideline in the complex and multifaceted advocacy, saturated with moral collisions and contradictions. Some of these moral norms have become mandatory regulations.

Modern professional ethics

Modern ethics is faced with a rather difficult situation in which many traditional moral values ​​have been revised. Traditions that had previously seen much of the foundation of the original moral principles have often been destroyed. They have lost their significance due to global processes developing in society and the rapid pace of changes in production, its reorientation towards mass consumption. As a result, a situation arose in which opposing moral principles appeared as equally valid, equally deducible from reason. This, according to A. McIntair, led to the fact that rational arguments in morality began to be mainly used to prove theses that those who had given these arguments had previously already had.

On the one hand, this led to an anti-normative turn in ethics, expressed in the desire to proclaim an individual person a full-fledged and self-sufficient subject of moral requirements, to impose on him the entire burden of responsibility for independently made decisions. The anti-normative tendency is represented in the ideas of F. Nietzsche, in existentialism, in postmodern philosophy. On the other hand, there was a desire to limit the scope of ethics to a rather narrow range of issues related to the formulation of such rules of behavior that can be accepted by people with different life orientations, with different understanding of the goals of human existence, the ideals of self-improvement. As a result, the category of the good, traditional for ethics, was, as it were, taken out of the bounds of morality, and the latter began to develop mainly as an ethics of rules. In line with this trend, the topic of human rights is being further developed, new attempts are made to build ethics as a theory of justice. One of such attempts is presented in the book by J. Rawls "The Theory of Justice".

New scientific discoveries and new technologies have given a powerful surge in the development of applied ethics. In the XX century. many new professional codes of morality were developed, business ethics, bioethics, the ethics of a lawyer, a media worker, etc. were developed. Scientists, doctors, philosophers began to discuss such problems as organ transplantation, euthanasia, the creation of transgenic animals, and human cloning. A person, to a much greater extent than before, felt his responsibility for the development of all life on Earth and began to discuss these problems not only from the point of view of his own interests of survival, but also from the point of view of recognizing the intrinsic value of the fact of life, the fact of existence as such (Schweitzer, moral realism).

An important step, representing a reaction to the current situation in the development of society, was an attempt to understand morality in a constructive sense, to present it as an endless discourse aimed at developing decisions acceptable to all its participants. This is developed in the works of K.O. Apel, Y. Habermas, R. Alexi and others. The ethics of discourse is directed against anti-normativism, it tries to develop common guidelines that can unite people in the fight against global threats facing humanity.

An undeniable achievement of modern ethics was the identification of the weaknesses of the utilitarian theory, the formulation of the thesis that some basic human rights should be understood precisely in the absolute sense as values ​​that are not directly related to the question of the public good. They must be respected even when it does not lead to an increase in public goods.

One of the problems that remains in modern ethics as relevant as in the ethics of past years is the problem of substantiating the initial moral principle, the search for an answer to the question of what can be the basis of morality, can moral judgments be considered in as true or false, respectively - is it possible to indicate any value criterion to determine this? A sufficiently influential group of philosophers denies the possibility of considering normative judgments as those that can be considered true or false. These are, first of all, philosophers who develop the approach of logical positivism in ethics. They believe that so-called descriptive (descriptive) judgments have nothing to do with normative (prescriptive) judgments. The latter express, from their point of view, only the will of the speaker and therefore, unlike judgments of the first type, they cannot be evaluated in terms of logical truth or falsehood. One of the classic versions of this approach was the so-called emotivism (A. Iyer). Emotivists believe that moral judgments do not have any truth, but simply convey the speaker's emotions. These emotions affect the listener in terms of the formation of his desire to side with the speaker, caused by emotional resonance. Other philosophers of this group generally abandon the task of searching for the initial meaning of moral judgments and put forward as the goal of theoretical ethics only a logical analysis of the connection between individual judgments, aimed at achieving their consistency (R. Hear, R. Bandt). Nevertheless, even analytical philosophers, who declared the analysis of the logical connection of moral judgments as the main task of theoretical ethics, still usually proceed from the fact that the judgments themselves have some basis. They can be based on historical intuitions, on the rational desires of individual individuals, but this already goes beyond the competence of theoretical ethics as a science.

A number of authors note the formalism of this position and try to somehow soften it. So V. Franken, R. Holmes say that it will depend on our very initial understandings of morality whether some judgments contradict others or not. R. Holmes believes that the introduction of a specific value position in the definition of morality is inappropriate. However, it allows for "the possibility of including some real content (for example, a reference to a public good) and an understanding of the sources of morality." Such a position presupposes going beyond the logical analysis of moral statements, but despite the desire to overcome formalism (Holmes himself calls his position and the position of V. Frankensa substantialist), it still remains too abstract. Explaining why the individual still behaves as a moral subject, R. Holmes says: "The very interest that prompts the individual to adhere to a normal and orderly life should also induce him to create and maintain the conditions under which such a life is possible." Probably, no one will object that such a definition (and at the same time the justification of morality) is reasonable. But it leaves a lot of questions: for example, about what, after all, is a normal and orderly life (which desires can and should be encouraged and which ones should be limited), to what extent the individual is really interested in maintaining the general conditions of a normal life, why, suppose to sacrifice life for the sake of the homeland, if you yourself still do not see its prosperity (the question that Lorenzo Valla asked)? Apparently, such questions give rise to the desire of some thinkers not only to point out the limited possibilities of ethical theory, but also to abandon the procedure for substantiating morality altogether. A. Schopenhauer was the first to express the idea that the rational foundation of morality undermines the fundamental nature of its principles. This position has some support in contemporary Russian ethics.

Other philosophers believe that the procedure for substantiating morality still has a positive meaning, the foundations of morality can be found in the reasonable self-limitation of interests, in the historical tradition, common sense, corrected by scientific thinking.

In order to give a positive answer to the question of the prospects for justifying morality, it is necessary, first of all, to distinguish between the principles of ethics of duty and ethics of virtues. Christian ethics, which can be called the ethics of duty, certainly contains the concept of morality as the highest absolute value. The priority of the moral motive presupposes the same attitude towards different people, regardless of their achievements in practical life. It is an ethic of strict limits and universal love. One of the ways to justify it is an attempt to deduce morality from a person's ability to universalize his behavior, an idea of ​​what would happen if everyone did the same as I am going to do. This attempt received the greatest development in Kantian ethics and is continued in modern ethical discussions. However, unlike Kant's approach, in modern ethics, personal interest is not rigidly opposed to moral ability, and universalization is viewed not as something that creates moral ability from the mind itself, but simply as a control procedure used to test various appropriate rules of behavior for their common acceptability.

However, such a concept of morality, in which it is considered, first of all, as a means of controlling behavior, carried out from the point of view of not allowing violation of the dignity of other people, not grossly trampling on their interests, that is, not using another person only as a means for realizing one's own interest (which in a rough form can be expressed in extreme forms of exploitation, slavery, zombie in someone's political interests through the use of dirty political technologies) is not enough. There is a need to consider morality more broadly, in connection with its influence on the quality of performance of all those types of social activity in which a person is actually involved. In this case, the need arises again to talk about virtues in the ancient tradition, that is, in connection with the sign of perfection in the performance of a certain social function. The difference between the ethics of duty and the ethics of virtues is very important, since the principles on the basis of which these types of moral theory are based turn out to be contradictory to a certain extent, and they have varying degrees of categorization. The ethics of duty tends to be an absolute form of expression of its principles. In it, a person is always viewed as the highest value, all people are equal in their dignity, regardless of their practical achievements.

These achievements themselves turn out to be insignificant when compared with eternity, with God, and that is why a person necessarily occupies the position of a “slave” in such ethics. If all are slaves before God, the real difference between slave and master turns out to be insignificant. Such a statement looks like a form of affirming human dignity, despite the fact that a person seems to voluntarily assume the role of a slave here, the role of a lower being, relying in everything on the mercy of the deity. But, as already mentioned, such an assertion of the equal dignity of all people in the absolute sense is not enough to morally encourage their practical social activity. In the ethics of virtues, man, as it were, claims to be divine. Already with Aristotle, in his highest intellectual virtues, he becomes like a deity.

This means that the ethics of virtues allows for different degrees of perfection, and not just perfection in the ability to manage one's thoughts, overcoming the craving for sin (a task that is also posed in the ethics of duty), but also perfection in the ability to perform the social function that a person undertakes to carry out. ... This introduces relativity into the moral assessment of what a person is as a person, i.e., in the ethics of virtues, a different moral attitude towards different people is allowed, because their dignity in this type of ethics depends on the specific character traits of people and their achievements in practical life ... Moral qualities are correlated here with various social abilities and appear to be very differentiated.

Fundamentally different types of moral motivation are associated with ethics of duty and ethics of virtues.

In those cases when the moral motive is manifested most clearly, when it does not merge with other social motives of activity, the external situation serves as an incentive for the beginning of moral activity. At the same time, behavior is fundamentally different from the one that develops on the basis of the usual sequence: need-interest-goal. For example, if a person rushes to save a drowning man, he does it not because he experienced some emotional stress in advance, similar, say, to the feeling of hunger, but simply because he understands or intuitively feels what the subsequent life with the consciousness of an unfulfilled duty will represent for torment him. Thus, the behavior is based here on the anticipation of strong negative emotions associated with the idea of ​​violation of the moral requirement and the desire to avoid them. However, it is relatively rare to undertake such selfless acts, which are the most manifest of the ethics of duty. Revealing the essence of the moral motive, it is necessary to explain not only the fear of torment due to unfulfilled duty or remorse, but also the positive orientation of the long-term activity of behavior, which inevitably manifests itself when it comes to one's own good. It is clear that the justification of the need for such behavior is carried out not in some extraordinary circumstances, and its determination requires not an episodic, but a long-term goal. Such a goal can be realized only in connection with the general ideas of the individual about the happiness of life, about the whole nature of her relationship with other people.

Is it possible to reduce morality only to the restrictions that follow from the rule of universalization, to behavior based on reason, freed from emotions that interfere with sober reasoning? Of course not. Since the time of Aristotle, it has been known that without emotion there is no moral action.

But if in the ethics of duty strictly defined emotions of compassion, love, remorse are manifested, in the ethics of virtues the realization of moral qualities is accompanied by numerous positive emotions of a non-moral nature. This happens because there is a combination of moral and other pragmatic motives of being. A person, performing positive moral actions in accordance with his virtues of character, experiences positive emotional states. But positive motivation in this case is introduced into a morally approved action not from some special moral, but from all the higher social needs of the individual. At the same time, the orientation of behavior towards moral values ​​enhances emotional self-awareness in the process of meeting extramoral needs. For example, the joy of creativity in socially significant activity is higher than the joy of creativity in a simple game, because in the first case, a person sees in the moral criteria of society a confirmation of the real complexity, sometimes even the uniqueness of the tasks he is solving. This means the enrichment of some motives of activity with others. Taking into account such a combination and enrichment of some motives of behavior with others, it is quite possible to explain why a person has a personal interest in being moral, that is, to be moral not only for society, but also for himself.

In ethics of debt, the issue is more complicated. Due to the fact that a person is taken here regardless of his social functions, good acquires an absolute character and makes the theoretician want to present it as an initial and rationally indefinable category for building the entire ethical system.

The absolute, indeed, cannot be excluded from the sphere of morality and cannot be ignored by a theoretical thought that wants to free a person from the burden of phenomena that are incomprehensible to him and not always pleasant for him. In practical terms, proper behavior presupposes the mechanism of conscience, which is cultivated as a reaction imposed by society on an individual to a violation of moral requirements. In the manifestation of a strong negative reaction of the subconscious to the assumption of violation of the requirements of morality, in essence, something absolute has already been concluded. But at critical periods in the development of society, when massive sacrificial behavior is required, the automatic reactions of the subconscious and the pangs of conscience alone are not enough. From the point of view of common sense and the theory based on it, it is very difficult to explain why it is necessary to give your life for others. But then it is very difficult to give a personal meaning to such a sacrificial act only on the basis of a scientific explanation that it is necessary, say, for the survival of the race. However, the practice of public life requires such actions, and, in this sense, produces the need to strengthen moral motives aimed at such behavior, say, at the expense of the idea of ​​God, hope for posthumous retribution, etc.

Thus, a fairly popular absolutist approach in ethics is largely an expression of the practical need to strengthen the moral motives of behavior and a reflection of the fact that morality really exists, despite the fact that, from the point of view of common sense, a person seems to be unable to act against his interest. But the prevalence of absolutist ideas in ethics, the assertion that the first principle of morality cannot be substantiated, rather testify not to the powerlessness of theory, but to the imperfection of the society in which we live. The creation of a political organization that excludes war and the solution of nutritional problems based on new energy and technology as seen, for example, by Vernadsky (the transition to autotrophic humanity associated with the production of artificial protein), will make it possible to humanize public life to such an extent that the ethics of duty with its universalism and strict prohibitions on the use of man as a means will actually be unnecessary due to specific political and legal guarantees of the existence of man and all other living beings. In the ethics of virtues, the need to orient personal motives of activity towards moral values ​​can be justified without appeal to abstract metaphysical essences, without the illusory doubling of the world necessary to give moral motives the status of being of absolute significance. This is one of the manifestations of real humanism, since it removes the alienation caused by the fact that external principles of behavior incomprehensible to rational thinking are imposed on a person.

This does not mean, however, that the ethics of duty is no longer needed as such. It's just that its scope is shrinking, and the moral principles developed within the theoretical approaches of the ethics of duty are becoming important for the development of the rule of law, in particular, in substantiating the concept of human rights. In modern ethics, the approaches developed in the ethics of duty, attempts to derive morality from a person's ability to mentally universalize his behavior are most of all used to defend the ideas of liberalism, the basis of the reasoning of which is the desire to create a society in which an individual could most qualitatively satisfy his interest, not conflicting with the interests of others.

The ethics of virtues correlates with communitarian approaches, in which it is believed that personal happiness is impossible without making concern for society an object of your own aspirations, your personal desires. The ethics of duty, on the contrary, serves as the basis for the development of liberal thought, the development of general rules acceptable to all, independent of individual life orientations. Communitarians say that the subject of morality should be not only general rules of behavior, but also the standards of excellence of each in the kind of activity that he actually performs. They pay attention to the connection of morality with a certain local cultural tradition, arguing that without such a connection, morality will simply disappear, and human society will disintegrate.

It seems that in order to solve urgent problems of modern ethics, it is necessary to combine different principles, including - to look for ways to combine the absolute principles of the ethics of duty and the relative principles of the ethics of virtues, the ideology of liberalism and communitarianism. Reasoning from the standpoint of the priority of an individual individual, it would be very difficult, for example, to explain the duty to future generations, to understand the natural desire of every person to preserve a good memory of himself among his descendants.

Professional ethics of a journalist

Many countries around the world have journalistic codes. At a regular consultative meeting of international and regional journalistic organizations, the so-called "International Principles of Journalistic Ethics" were adopted. Above all, they require media professionals to truthfully and honestly disseminate news and ensure the right of people to freedom of expression and free information. Professional and ethical standards developed by the world journalistic community help to make objective decisions, define the corridor within which your free creative space is located.

Media Law and Ethics: Similarities and Differences

Law is a universal regulator that permeates all spheres of life. Information law is a branch of legislation dealing with information and informatization issues.

Journalistic jurisprudence is a scientific academic discipline. Media law is a wide ramified set of norms related to the media, media law is included in the system of journalistic theory and education:

1. merges with the fundamental doctrine of the principles and social roles of the press, the structure of a journalist's worldview, etc. Forms of existence of law: norms and regulations, legal relations, legal consciousness of people.
2. The law forms the standards of conduct for the correspondent, editor; predetermines the choice of certain means of labor. Legal training: legal consciousness - knowledge of norms - methods of activity.

Morality is the rules of moral behavior, a system of norms that determine the duties of a person in relation to society and other people. Ethics is the doctrine of morality, ethics as one of the forms of social consciousness. Professional morality is a modification of public morality. Professional ethics is a science that studies the professional specifics of morality. Journalistic morality is both a form of public consciousness, a subjective state of the individual, and a real public attitude. Moral regulation of the journalist's behavior is carried out at the level of principle and norm.

Journalistic codes are reflections of the journalist's ethics as a kind of codes of norms and rules of professional morality.

International Organization of Journalists. Their code says that a journalist must protect the dignity of his profession and must not resort to unworthy means and methods of obtaining information.

Council on Professional Ethics and Law.

Code of deontological (ethical) rules - the Code of professional ethics of the Soviet journalist, councils on professional ethics and law were created in the republics and territories.The Moscow Charter of Journalists was signed by a group of well-known editors, the leaders of the Union of Journalists of Russia drew up the Code of Professional Ethics The Code of Professional Ethics was approved by the Congress of Russian Journalists.

There are 10 articles in the Code. The main thing: the journalist disseminates only reliable information, does not use the profession for personal purposes, recognizes the jurisdiction of only his colleagues, cannot work in politics and government, loses his status by taking up arms.

This is what the codes have to say about how journalism interacts with those with whom it has to work.

Journalist - audience:

1. to protect the freedom of the press in every possible way;
2. respect the right of people to know the truth (timely provide them with objective and truthful information about reality, clearly separating facts from opinions; counteract deliberate concealment of socially significant information and the dissemination of deliberately false data);
3. respect the right of people to their own opinion;
4. to respect the moral values ​​and cultural standards of the audience (not to allow savoring the details of crimes, connivance to vice, not to offend, including involuntarily, national, religious, moral feelings of a person) in their works;
5. to strengthen people's confidence in the media (to promote an open dialogue with the audience, provide opportunities to respond to criticism, promptly correct significant errors, etc.).

Journalist - source of information:

When working with sources to obtain information, use exclusively worthy and legal actions (methods of illegally obtaining documents, eavesdropping, "hidden camera", "hidden recording" are used in the most exceptional cases, after a thorough discussion, only in such circumstances that threaten public welfare or people's lives);
respect the right of individuals and legal entities to refuse to provide information (except for situations where the obligation to provide information is provided by law. But more on that below.);
indicate the sources of information in the materials (if there are no serious reasons, keep them secret);
keep professional secrecy about the source of information (if there are compelling reasons for anonymity);
observe the confidentiality agreed upon when receiving information.

The journalist is a hero:

Take care of the impartiality of your publications (do not write about people, relationships with whom can be interpreted as selfish or biased);
respect as the personality of a person who has become the object of professional journalistic attention (to show correctness, tact, restraint in communication with him);
respect the human right to privacy (not to intrude on it without the consent of the future hero - unless the hero is a public person, and his private life is of undoubted public interest);
to be faithful to reality, not to distort the hero's life in the material (any attempt to embellish or denigrate it will complicate his relationship with his acquaintances and in their eyes discredits journalism in general and the author of the publication in particular);
refrain in materials from any disparaging remarks or hints that could humiliate a person (race or skin color, nationality, religion, illness, physical disabilities, ironic play on his name, surname, appearance details, mentioning him as a criminal, if this is not established court).

Journalist - colleagues:

Respect the community of interests and goals of the journalistic community (preferring them to the interests and goals of political or public organizations; professional solidarity);
take care of the prestige of the profession (do not allow criminal actions, do not accept gifts, services, privileges that compromise the moral purity of a journalist, do not use official position for personal purposes, do not refuse to publish and do not write ordered materials to please someone's selfish interests );
come to the aid of colleagues in difficult situations or in trouble;
respect the standards of service relations (discipline and creative initiative, competition and mutual assistance, maintaining a decent moral climate in the editorial office);
respect others and defend their copyrights, respect the right of a colleague to refuse to complete a task if it contradicts his personal convictions and principles.

Journalist - power:

Show respect for power as an important social institution;
to provide information support to the authorities (to carry out direct and feedback communication between them and the people);
defend the public's right to access information about the activities of government agencies;
expose the abuses and misconduct of persons working in power structures, take care of the accuracy and evidence of criticism;
defend the right of journalism to be independent from the authorities (this is the most important condition for responsible public control over the activities of the authorities);
to refute with facts the statements of politicians that do not correspond to reality.

As you can imagine, moral principles are not an order, not a law, and journalists are divided into those who follow them and those who neglect them. We hope all of you are going to comply with them, however, let us remind you that they are advisory in nature. But there are norms that a journalist is obliged to observe, regardless of whether he likes them or not.

Professional ethics of an employee of internal affairs bodies

The moral meaning of the Code of Professional Ethics of an employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation can be analyzed by reading in detail each provision of this document.

I consider it necessary to highlight from the Code the fundamental principles that directly reveal the moral meaning and significance of this document.

Moral foundations of service in the internal affairs bodies Every citizen of the Russian Federation joining the ranks of employees of the internal affairs bodies devotes his life to fulfilling the duty of selfless service to the Fatherland and protecting noble social ideals: freedom, democracy, the triumph of law and order.

The highest moral meaning of the employee's service is the protection of a person, his life and health, honor and personal dignity, inalienable rights and freedoms.

An employee of the internal affairs bodies, realizing his personal responsibility for the historical fate of the Fatherland, considers it his duty to protect and enhance the fundamental moral values:

Citizenship - as devotion to the Russian Federation, awareness of the unity of the rights, freedoms and duties of man and citizen;
- statehood - as an assertion of the idea of ​​a legal, democratic, strong, indivisible Russian state;
- patriotism - as a deep and sublime feeling of love for the Motherland, loyalty to the Oath of an employee of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation, the chosen profession and official duty.

Also, in this matter, the moral principles of service in the internal affairs bodies should be indicated.

The official activity of an employee of the internal affairs bodies is carried out in accordance with the moral principles:

Humanism, proclaiming a person, his life and health as the highest values, the protection of which is the meaning and moral content of law enforcement;
- legality, which determines the employee's recognition of the rule of law;
- objectivity, expressed in impartiality and lack of bias in making office decisions;
- fairness, meaning the compliance of the punishment with the nature and severity of the offense or offense;
- tolerance, which consists in a respectful, tolerant attitude towards people, taking into account socio-historical, religious, ethnic traditions and customs.

Moral obligations of an employee of internal affairs bodies

Be intolerant of any action that offends human dignity, causes pain and suffering, constitutes torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; to be courageous and fearless in the face of danger in the suppression of offenses, liquidation of the consequences of accidents and natural disasters, as well as in any situation that requires saving the life and health of people; show firmness and intransigence in the fight against criminals, using only legal and highly moral means to achieve the goals set; in situations of moral choice to follow the ethical principle: a person is always a moral goal, but never a means; to be guided in professional activity and communication by the "golden rule" of morality: to treat people, your comrades, colleagues as you would like them to treat you.

To explain the moral principles of the Law of the Russian Federation No. 1026-1 "On the Police", it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the text of this document, and make basic excerpts from it.

It should be noted that Article 1 of the Law "On Police" reveals such an important concept as the police in the Russian Federation.

The police in the Russian Federation is a system of state executive bodies designed to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens, property, the interests of society and the state from criminal and other unlawful encroachments and entitled to use coercive measures within the limits established by this Law and other federal laws ...

Thus, Article 1 of this law reveals the most important, fundamental principle pursuing moral goals and ideas aimed at protecting the interests of citizens and the state.

It is also necessary to note and article 3 of this law, which reveals the basic principles of police activity, namely: police activity is built in accordance with the principles of respect for human and civil rights and freedoms, legality, humanism, transparency.

Also, most fully, moral principles and principles of police activity are reflected in Article 5 of this Law:

The police protect human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership of public associations, and other circumstances.
- The police are prohibited from resorting to torture, violence or other cruel or degrading treatment.
- Any restriction of citizens in their rights and freedoms by the police is permissible only on the grounds and in the manner expressly provided for by law.
- In all cases of restriction of the rights and freedoms of a citizen, a police officer is obliged to explain to him the grounds and reason for such restrictions, as well as the resulting rights and obligations.
- The police provide an opportunity for detainees to exercise their statutory right to legal assistance; informs at their request (and in case of detention of minors - without fail) about the detention of their relatives, administration at the place of work or study; if necessary, take measures to provide them with first aid, as well as to eliminate the danger to someone's life, health or property that arose as a result of the detention of these persons.
- The police have no right to collect, store, use and distribute information about a person's private life without his consent, except in cases provided for by federal law.
- The police are obliged to provide a person with the opportunity to familiarize himself with documents and materials that directly affect his rights and freedoms, unless otherwise provided by federal law.

Thus, Articles 1 to 5, in due measure, reveal the moral principles of this Law, and inform about the direct purpose of the police in the Russian Federation.

Scientific professional ethics

There are a number of concepts associated with the concept of "ethics" of a more particular kind, such as: "scientific ethics", "religious ethics", "professional ethics". The concept of "scientific ethics" is ambiguous. This concept is usually understood as the desire of a person to rely in his moral activity on a deeper, scientific knowledge of reality. And one can and must agree with this meaning of the concept of "scientific ethics". However, the very "scientific" in ethics is different than in the natural sciences. "Scientificness" in ethics does not take on a strictly formalized, deductive or mathematical form, nor is it strictly substantiated through experience; the inductive method also has its limits here.

It is remarkable about this property of ethical knowledge that L.N. Tolstoy. He wrote: “In the field of morality, there is one amazing, too little noticeable phenomenon.

If I tell a person who did not know this, what I know from geology, astronomy, history, physics, mathematics, this person will receive completely new information, and will never say to me: “What's new? Everyone knows this, and I have known for a long time. " But tell the person the highest, in the clearest, most concise way, in a way that has never been expressed, a moral truth expressed - every ordinary person, especially one who is not interested in moral questions, or even more so to whom this moral truth expressed by you , not on the wool, will certainly say: “But who does not know this? This has long been known and said. " It really seems to him that it was said a long time ago and that is exactly how it was said. Only those for whom moral truths are important and dear, know how important, precious and how long it takes to clarify, simplify moral truth - its transition from a vague, indefinite conscious assumption, desire, from indefinite, incoherent expressions into a firm and definite expression, inevitably demanding actions corresponding to it. "

The concept of "scientific ethics" is often associated with some special concept of morality based on a specific science. Such ethics are believed to be based on scientifically proven facts and use scientific methodology.

An example of such a "scientific ethics" can be "naturalistic ethics", "built" on natural facts, such as: human instincts, his natural desire for pleasure, his irrational will to live, to power. Such ethics was the ethics of social Darwinists, whose representatives were Ch. Darwin, P.A. Kropotkin and others.

P.A. Kropotkin in his book "Ethics" noted that "the very concepts of good and evil and our conclusions about the" Highest good "are borrowed from the life of nature." There is an instinctive struggle between species and an instinctive mutual assistance among species, which is the basis of morality. The instinct of mutual sympathy is most fully manifested in social animals, humans. Modern biology, in particular ethology, has significantly expanded the human understanding of animal behavior. However, she retained the idea of ​​natural factors of morality, often exaggerating their role. Examples here are the concepts of K. Lorentz, V.P. Efroimson, G. Selye and others.

Marxist ethics also considered itself scientific, which derived morality from objective social relations, considered it as a specific form of consciousness or a special way of mastering reality, which has a class basis. Specific scientific ethics is developed by neopositivism, which believes that the subject of scientific ethics can only be the language of morality and ethics, and not morality itself. This ethics is called "metaethics".

There are also objections to the concept of "scientific ethics". The most serious criticism is presented by emotivism as one of the directions of the neo-positivist theory of morality. The main argument of emotivism concerns the essence of moral value judgments. It is argued here that all value judgments are prescriptions, not descriptions, i.e. they express our subjective attitudes or emotions, and do not denote something objective. However, this point of view does not explain the possibility of moral argumentation, disputes - they then simply become meaningless, because all judgments are equal. Whole layers of being, such as the natural and social spheres, turn out to be "devalued".

Ethical doctrines defending the thesis about the descriptiveness of value judgments, i.e. that they describe something objective in morality appears more plausible. They explain more moral phenomena and should be preferred. Emotivism leads to relativism and nihilism as ethical teachings that assert that in the sphere of morality everything is relative, and that there are no absolute, universal values ​​of good.

So, the concept of "scientific ethics" is not meaningless or meaningless. Ethics can and should include scientific facts, methods, theories, although their possibilities are limited here. In ethics, the role of feelings, prescriptive judgments, and self-assessments is great.

Features of professional ethics

The name "professional ethics" speaks for itself. It deals with practices designed to solve moral problems arising in a particular profession. Here we can distinguish three circles of such problems. The first is associated with the need to concretize universal moral norms in relation to the conditions of professional activity. For example, the status of a soldier or an employee of law enforcement organizations implies their right to use violence, which cannot be unlimited. Likewise, a journalist who has access to socially dangerous information has the right to hide or distort it, but to what extent is this right admissible from the point of view of the public good and how is it possible to avoid abuse? The measure and scope of such deviations from generally accepted ideas about morality is intended to develop this type of ethics. Secondly, it examines the requirements that exist within the profession and connect their carriers with special, business relations. Thirdly, she discusses the correspondence between the values ​​of the profession and the interests of society itself, and from this perspective it goes to the problems of the relationship between social responsibility and professional duty.

The researchers note that professional ethics is the oldest of all three areas. Traditionally, it is believed that the first set of professional rules was compiled by the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (460-370 BC), with whom the separation of medicine into a separate science is associated. In fairness, it should be noted that he did not formulate the oath of a doctor, but rather generalized the various vows that were given by the Greek priests of the god of healing Asclepius. This oath became the prototype of the numerous codes of doctors that exist in different countries. Further, the history of professional ethics can be traced as the unifying documents, charters and oaths of various corporations. Thus, trade unions were strong enough in ancient Rome. In the Middle Ages, the statutes and codes of handicraft guilds, monastic communities, and orders of knights draw attention to themselves. The latter are perhaps the most revealing in this regard, since they emphasize the exceptional, divine significance of their ministry. It is no coincidence that the authorship of the charter and the oath of the very first knightly order of the Templars (1118) belongs to the famous medieval philosopher Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-1153). However, the massive dissemination of codes of professional ethics began in the second half of the 20th century, when professionalism began to be considered one of the highest values ​​of social practice. Accordingly, there was also a theoretical reflection on this phenomenon.

What are the most important features of professional ethics? Firstly, it is expressed in the form of demands addressed to the representatives of the dyna profession. Hence follows its normative image, enshrined in the form of beautifully formulated codes-declarations. As a rule, they are small documents containing a call to correspond to the high vocation of the profession. The appearance of these documents testifies to the fact that the carriers of the profession began to realize themselves as a single community pursuing certain goals and corresponding to high social standards.

Secondly, the documents on professional ethics are filled with the conviction that the values ​​it professes are quite obvious and follow from a simple analysis of the activities of the most prominent representatives of this type of activity. It cannot be otherwise, because the codes themselves are designed in the style of a message to people who have been given the great honor of doing such a significant public service. From here we can often read about the principles of responsibility, objectivity, high competence, openness to criticism, benevolence, philanthropy, indifference, and the need to constantly improve professional skills. Nowhere is a decoding of these values ​​given, because it seems that they are intuitively understandable to every member of society. In addition to them, you can always find references to what is a professional evil, and cannot in any way be tolerated from the point of view of these values. For example, refusal to provide assistance, use of official position, non-observance of professional secrecy, substitution of competence with personal opinion, etc.

Another important feature of the professional understanding of morality is connected with the previous circumstance. This style of ethics gives the highest status to the activities it regulates. The profession whose values ​​it is called upon to defend - a doctor, scientist, teacher, lawyer - is recognized as the most exalted of all existing, and its representatives themselves are the elite of society. So, in the already mentioned numerous codes of conduct for doctors, the idea was traced that they are called upon not only to fight death, but also know the secrets of a healthy lifestyle. In some especially radical cases, the profession is recognized as the standard of morality, because it corresponds to the model of sacrifice, dedication and contributes to the prosperity of society.

The next feature of professional ethics concerns the problem of the nature of the regulation of activities and the authority behind it. Of course, the professional community itself is considered an authority, and the most respected representatives who will be given such high confidence can act on its behalf. It is clear from this context that both the investigation and the sanctions are also a matter of the community itself. His trial and verdict is a decision of a college of professionals against those who misunderstood their high destiny, used their status to the detriment of the community and thereby erased themselves from it. Based on these attitudes, it is impossible to imagine that the ethical control was carried out by outside observers. As you know, the professional environment is extremely sensitive to all forms of external regulation.

The nature of the sanctions provided for by professional ethics also follows from the notion of the special status of this type of activity. If a person occupies such a high position in society, then the requirements for him should be the highest. Almost no code of professional ethics is complete without specifying the sanctions applied to violators. The profession is proud of its social significance, therefore it is ready to exclude apostates from its sphere. As a rule, sanctions are ranged: from announcing a comment on behalf of the collegium of authorized persons to deprivation of professional status. Necessarily in the sanctions section, it is mentioned about other measures of influence, except for ethical ones - legislative or administrative. This once again emphasizes the social role of the profession and the interest of society itself in its development. Accordingly, the codes necessarily contain a list of possible violations. And just as in the case of the main value orientations of professionalism, their meaning should be intuitively clear to the representative of each specific occupation.

Based on all that has been said, the tasks of professional ethics become obvious. It is important for the community behind it not to lose its status, to prove its social significance, to respond to the challenges of a rapidly changing environment, to strengthen its own cohesion, to develop common standards for joint activities and to protect itself from the claims of other areas of professional competence. In this regard, it should be noted that today the most active in this area are mainly young professions, for which it is very important to prove their right to exist.

However, this type of ethical theory and practice has some drawbacks. At first glance, one can note its closed, narrow nature, relying only on its own authority in the implementation of a moral assessment, which turns into unreasonable ambitions when solving acute conflict situations. The professional environment is a fundamentally conservative element; traditions and foundations play a huge role in it. This is good when it comes to continuity and development, for example, of scientific schools, but is it enough in the modern world to build ethical regulation only on traditions and foundations? In addition, moral consciousness cannot agree that professionalism is considered the main value of any social practice. If, in the sphere of a specific activity, it became necessary to discuss the emerging moral problems, this means that ordinary ideas about professional duty are not enough for its normal functioning. The relationship between professionalism and morality is one of the most popular topics in 20th century philosophy. As a result of reflection, one can recognize the idea that, in comparison with eternal moral values, the essence of professionalism cannot be recognized as obvious and unchanging.

Types of professional ethics

Different types of professional ethics have their own traditions. This testifies to the continuity of the basic ethical norms developed by representatives of a particular profession over the centuries. These are, first of all, those universal human moral standards in the sphere of labor that mankind has preserved and carried through various social formations, although often in a modified form.

So, each type of professional ethics is determined by the originality of the profession and the requirements for it from the side of society. But, as we have already noted, society imposes increased moral demands on some types of activity. First of all, these are the requirements for specialists who have the right to dispose of the life and health of people associated with a variety of services; upbringing, training and education. The activities of people in these professions, more than any other, do not lend themselves to clear and comprehensive regulation, do not fit within the framework of official instructions and standards. And moral responsibility and moral choice are of decisive importance in the process of fulfilling their professional duties. Society considers the moral qualities of these specialists as structural components of their professional suitability.

In medical ethics, all the norms and moral principles of the profession are focused on improving and maintaining human health. Even in ancient India, it was believed that a doctor "should have a pure compassionate heart, calm temperament, be distinguished by the greatest confidence and chastity, a constant desire to do good." These qualities are required from modern physicians, and the principle of their professional activity “do no harm” has been, is and will be fundamental at all times. However, in the activities of physicians, situations of moral contradiction are often encountered. So, for the sake of maintaining confidence in their abilities, they have the moral right to embellish the real state of affairs, because in some situations the main thing is not the formal fulfillment of a particular moral norm, but the preservation of the highest value - human life. In addition, advances in science pose moral problems for medical professionals in new conditions, for example, moral issues associated with organ transplants. A special moral problem that has long existed in medical practice is euthanasia - the painless bringing of a hopelessly ill patient to death.

Pedagogical ethics studies the specifics and content of the teacher's moral activity, clarifies the features of the implementation of the general principles of morality in the field of pedagogical work. The ethics of the teacher, like the ethics of the doctor, also has ancient roots. Already in ancient Greece, the teacher was required to love children, deep knowledge of his subject, restraint, justice in punishment and encouragement. The specificity of pedagogical morality is due to the fact that the "object" of the teacher's activity is the child's personality, the process of development and formation of which is associated with a large number of contradictions, moral dilemmas and conflicts. At the same time, representatives of this profession all the time feel a special responsibility to society. Therefore, it is very difficult for them to implement moral principles in their relationships with children, their parents, and also with their colleagues.

The process of upbringing and teaching the younger generation requires from the teacher not only high qualifications, but also a whole set of moral qualities that become professionally significant for creating favorable relations in the pedagogical process. These are humanity, kindness, tolerance, decency, honesty, responsibility, justice, commitment, restraint. The moral requirements for the teacher worked out and consolidated in the course of the development of social thought and the norms arising from them form the basis of the code of pedagogical morality. It fixes the requirements that are of a universal nature, as well as those that are indicated by new tasks currently facing pedagogical science and practice.

Judicial ethics studies the moral content of existing procedural principles and norms, the features of the operation of general moral principles in the field of justice. It substantiates the content of the professional duty of a judge, develops moral requirements that a specialist in this profession must follow. First of all, he must have such qualities as honesty, justice, objectivity, humanism, restraint, loyalty to the spirit and letter of the law, incorruptibility, dignity.

The ethics of service professionals "adapts" the already known principles of moral consciousness to the specifics of this activity, which is associated with the culture of communication, with politeness and courtesy in relations with clients, with the need to ensure that the growing demands and needs of people are met. For example, a worker in the tourism industry must be an erudite, well-educated person. After all, tourism services are the action of a certain consumer value, which is expressed in a useful effect that satisfies a particular human need. For example, the human need for knowledge of the surrounding world, i.e. to comprehend something, to receive new information, to learn something more fully.

The ethics of a scientist formulates such moral characteristics of an individual as scientific conscientiousness, honesty, civic courage, democracy, patriotism, responsibility. The morality of scientific activity requires upholding the truth and striving for the use of scientific achievements in the interests of mankind. She denies the desire to falsify the results of laboratory studies, to embellish facts to prove this or that theoretical position.

In recent years, problems of work ethics have been actively developed, which substantiates:

1) the principles and norms of moral behavior of leaders at different levels - the ethics of the leader;
2) the relationship of subordinates to their superiors;
3) formal and informal interactions between employees. As a result, service morality can be singled out as an element of the moral culture of leaders and subordinates, complementing specific relationships within the framework of the performance of professional duties.

The work associated with communicating with people, resolving their problems requires a lawyer to observe a certain tact, ethics of behavior.

The people of the legal profession are always accompanied by moral problems arising from criminal, administrative civil legal relations on the basis of violation, ignorance or ignorance of the law, in the center of which is a person.

The work associated with communicating with people, resolving their problems requires a lawyer to observe a certain tact, ethics of behavior. Therefore, the peculiarities of the legal profession determine the need to study professional legal ethics, which is one of the branches of ethical science.

Ethics is one of the oldest theoretical disciplines. This is the science of morality, of morality, of the rules of human behavior as forms of social consciousness. She analyzes and systematizes the principles of morality. Ethics as a science includes normative ethics and moral theory, which are inseparable from each other.

Normative ethics is engaged in the study of issues of good, evil, good, it develops a moral code of conduct, forms the correct behavior in society.

The theory of morality examines the essence of morality, origin, history and development. Morality is a form of social consciousness. It is a social institution that forms a set of rules and norms of people's behavior in relation to each other.

1. The concept of professional ethics

Ethics has a special place among the main factors that form and organize the joint activities of people. Moral culture is the regulator of human relations in all spheres of activity. Among the branches of ethical science, professional ethics is distinguished. It should be noted that the term "professional ethics" is usually used to denote not so much a branch of ethical theory as a kind of moral code of people of a certain profession.

A.S. Koblikov identifies two meanings of the concept of "professional ethics":

- codes of conduct;

- ways of substantiating these codes, socio-cultural interpretation of the cultural and humanistic purpose of this profession, its ethnos.

The emergence of professional ethics in time preceded the creation of scientific ethical theories about it. "Awareness and formalization of certain requirements of professional ethics took place on the basis of everyday experience in regulating the relationship between people of a particular profession." Public opinion plays an active role in the formation and assimilation of the norms of professional ethics.

Professional ethics were formed over a long period of time by society, which made certain requirements for certain professions. The requirements for the professional culture of a specialist are largely determined by the originality of professional activity and have their own specific aspects in the implementation of the norms and principles of morality.

Originally emerging as a manifestation of everyday, everyday moral consciousness, professional ethics later developed on the basis of the generalized practice of behavior of representatives of each profession. These "generalizations were summed up both in the written and unwritten rules of behavior of various professional groups, and in the form of theoretical conclusions," which was the beginning of the formation of professional ethics as a science.

The subject of study of professional ethics are:

1. relations between labor collectives and each specialist separately;

2. moral qualities of a specialist's personality that ensure the best performance of professional duty;

3. relationships within professional teams;

4. specific moral norms inherent in this profession;

5. features of professional education.

On the other hand, "professional ethics is a system of moral principles, norms and rules of a specialist's behavior, taking into account the characteristics of his professional activity and a specific situation." Professional ethics should be an integral part of the training of every specialist.

1. professional solidarity;

2. a special understanding of duty and honor;

3. a specific form of responsibility due to the subject and type of activity.

Particular principles are formed from the specific conditions, content and specifics of a particular profession and find their expression in specific documents - oaths, statutes, moral codes. Professional moral codes are guiding principles, rules, patterns, standards, the procedure for internal self-regulation of the individual based on the generalization of the practice of behavior of representatives of the professional group.

2. Features of the professional ethics of a lawyer

The professional ethics of a lawyer is conditioned by the fact that "the object of a lawyer's activity is a person, his problems. The activity of a lawyer is connected with communication with people, affects the inner world, the worldview and fate of people." People are subjects of social relations, in connection with which we can say that a lawyer is engaged in "social activities". Individuals, creating various types of business entities, enter into legal relations with legal entities, and a lawyer makes efforts to regulate these legal relations.

A lawyer is a public person. The lawyer carries out his activities publicly. A lawyer's observance of moral norms or deviation from them, fairness or unfairness of decisions made by him is assessed by public opinion.

The legal profession provides all areas of public relations, so it has always been versatile, profitable and in demand. The spheres of activity of a lawyer are wide-ranging. They cover:

- legislative area;

- activities of state bodies, civil service;

- justice: settlement of disputes of a criminal-legal, administrative-legal and civil-legal nature;

- legal supervision and control;

- legal services: consulting, representation, legal support, etc.

Many lawyers represent the interests of citizens in the legislative body. There is a legal service in local executive bodies. Justice is administered by judges, legal supervision and control is exercised by prosecutors, lawyers provide legal services, lawyers, working in various economic entities, provide their legal services.

In order to be in demand, a lawyer needs to constantly work not only to improve his knowledge and professionalism, but also to improve his personality. This is a constant and systematic work on the worldview, intellect, and will.

"The outlook of a lawyer is determined by the totality of his knowledge, the ability to apply them in practice, awareness of the importance of recommendations and decisions made by him, and his sociability." A lawyer, since his activities are related to a person, is aimed at protecting his interests, should develop a sensitive attitude towards generally recognized social values: the individual, his fundamental rights and freedoms. It is necessary to work on legal consciousness, i.e. attitude to law, law, state. A lawyer must have developed ethical and moral standards: a sense of duty, loyalty, honor, dignity, mercy, etc.

“It takes place when, by his tactlessness, a lawyer pushes a client away from himself. Entering a law office, a person who has a problem turns to the lawyer who smiles affably and will attentively, without interrupting, without haste, without fuss, not only listen, but he will also hear the essence of the problem. " The lawyer must protect the interests of the author. Therefore, he does not have enough knowledge only of the rules of material law governing copyright relations, and procedural legislation. He should also understand the work itself that the client believes he is copyrighted, i.e. to understand the essence of the problem, the subject of the dispute. If we are talking about illegal reproduction, then attention should be focused on the violation of this particular right, on the responsibility of the offender for illegal reproduction, and not set out about the author's other rights to the work, since this is not a client's problem, does not relate to the essence of the dispute.

"The professionalism of a lawyer, his formed concept of the principles of morality and ethics, his legal consciousness are also expressed in the course of drawing up various kinds of legal texts, official business documents, appearances in court." A legally well-written document meets certain legal and stylistic requirements. All types of legal documents require compliance with an accurate and concise presentation of the essence of the problem with reference to the rules of law in relation to a specific situation. It is unacceptable in documents drawn up by a lawyer, grammatical errors, the use of non-literary, moreover, obscene words, expressions.

Unfortunately, the documents of lawyers - lawyers, prosecutors and even judges - do not always meet the ethical requirements for official documents:

- in practice, it takes place when statements of claim drawn up by lawyers are stated in such a way that the requirements of the plaintiff, the applicant are not clear;

- sometimes the requirements to establish a legal fact are in the nature of a property dispute, without argumentation, a claim for the recovery of damage is stated, etc .;

- there is an appeal to the court with applications that do not meet the requirements for them, set out in the rules of procedural legislation;

- the conclusions of the prosecutor often do not contain an analysis of the investigated evidence, legal justification;

- court verdicts are sometimes set out in criminal cases in the form of a copy of the indictment, and in civil cases - a statement of claim, do not contain an analysis of the problem investigated, a legal basis for the court's conclusions;

- judicial acts are passed with grammatical errors.

Such problems are explained by a heavy load, a lack of time for creative work. However, it seems that such an explanation cannot be the basis for the production of a procedural document that does not meet the requirements of the law, which judges are obliged to strictly follow.

Such documents may indicate a deliberate violation of the law, or about illegal actions and decisions due to the lack of necessary knowledge, unwillingness to investigate the problem presented to them, the assigned task. Moreover, it speaks of the lack of internal discipline and culture of the lawyer.

3. The concept and content of the code of ethics of a lawyer

The Code of Professional Ethics is not an “invention” of today. The history of law in various countries knows a lot of evidence of this. "The code of professional ethics of a lawyer is a system of moral principles that underlie the activities of a lawyer and serve as his ideological and methodological guidelines."

"It is not possible to give an exhaustive list of all the moral principles of a lawyer, because every person is individual and is the bearer of more or less of them in a different combination. However, there are basic moral principles without which a professional lawyer cannot take place in a state governed by the rule of law." They constitute the content of the code of professional activity of a lawyer.

1. Rule of law - means that a lawyer is aware of his mission to serve the law and the law, the observance of the rule of law. "A practicing lawyer should not equate the concepts of law and law, but cannot oppose them." He is obliged to be guided by the consideration that the law in a state governed by the rule of law is legal, fair, and subject to strict execution. Even if any law, from his point of view, does not fully meet the ideas of the rule of law, the lawyer is obliged to guard the observance of its provisions. This can be called the principle of being bound by the law, the priority of the law, which cannot be refuted.

2. A humane attitude towards people is an indispensable principle included in the code of professional ethics of a lawyer. He emphasizes that "high qualifications alone (subsequent attestations) are not enough to become a professional legal worker." Of great importance is his caring attitude towards each person with whom he encounters in the course of performing his official duties. All people with whom, by the nature of his activity, the lawyer communicates (witnesses, victims, suspects, clients, etc.), perceive him not only as a performer of a certain professional role, but also as a person with all his positive and negative qualities. Everyone who, by force of circumstances, is involved in communication with the prosecutor, investigator, judges, lawyer, etc., expects from them not only qualified (professional) performance of duties, but also respectful attitude.

The attitude of a lawyer to each specific person can be judged on the moral culture of the lawyer himself. The respectful attitude of a lawyer to a person and to their problems allows you to create a special psychological atmosphere of trust and ensure the success of a legal case.

A humane (respectful) attitude towards people is an attitude in which the dignity of the individual is practically (in the corresponding actions and motives) recognized. The concept of respect that has developed in the moral consciousness of society presupposes: justice, equality of rights, the possible fullest satisfaction of people's interests, trust in people, attentive attitude to their beliefs, problems, sensitivity, politeness, delicacy.

3. Decency is one of the basic principles of a high moral level of the execution of professional powers, which means an organic incapacity for a dishonorable act. It manifests itself, first of all, in the methods and techniques used by a lawyer in his work. "To achieve any goal, a lawyer chooses such methods and techniques that do not contradict the norms of law and morality." It is impossible to legislatively regulate all the nuances associated with legal practice, therefore, outside of which situations, the fate, the good name of a particular person or his relatives depends on the decency of the investigator, judge, notary.

The decency of a professional lawyer is built on such qualities as trust and sympathy, honesty and truthfulness. These qualities should be manifested in all types of relationships: "manager-subordinate", "between colleagues", "lawyer-client".

4. Trust is the attitude of a person to the actions of another person, to himself, and is based on the conviction of his rightness, loyalty, conscientiousness, honesty.

Some leaders see in their subordinates only the executors of their will, forgetting that these are, first of all, people with their own problems and concerns. In this situation, the subordinate does not feel needed, does not feel fully a person, especially if the boss often shows rudeness towards him. This intolerant environment in the team creates conditions under which callousness and rudeness are transferred to their colleagues and to communication with other people. In order to avoid this, the leader must show constant concern for each member of the team. Sometimes he is simply required to show interest in the problems in the family of a subordinate, to find out his opinion on issues related to work, to give him an objective assessment as a specialist. Only with this approach, the subordinate fully realizes that the interests of the case are his interests.

Trust between colleagues plays a huge role, since with the seeming individuality of the work of a lawyer, a positive result in the resolution of any legal case can be achieved only by the joint efforts of the entire team, acting as an association of like-minded people. Empathy, as an understanding of the feelings and thoughts of another, is expressed in the provision of moral support for his aspirations and the willingness to contribute to their implementation.

Trust and compassion in relation to clients is one of the important ways of establishing psychological contact, since a person only then wants to cooperate with a lawyer (investigator, lawyer) if he realizes that there is a person opposite him who empathizes with him and wants to help by establishing the truth according to business. The lawyer should not be aggressive, embarrass the client, cause him to feel guilty (except in special situations), suppress it, or, on the contrary, noticeably adjust to the position of the interlocutor, fawn on the front. It is trust and sympathy for a person that are the criteria for choosing a preventive measure by a lawyer (investigator, prosecutor, judge), as well as determining the type and measure of punishment, based primarily on the prescriptions of the law.

5. Honesty presupposes "adherence to principles, loyalty to the obligations assumed, subjective conviction in the rightness of the case being carried out, sincerity in front of others and in front of oneself, recognition and observance of the rights of other people to what legally belongs to them." This quality should determine the behavior of a lawyer in all cases. A lawyer, communicating with a client, assumes obligations in performing significant actions for him, such as: ensuring safety for him or his family members, creating all conditions for protection, promising to bring the case to the end, no matter how hard it is to do it.

Honesty is the key to moral relations in legal practice. This requirement arises from the objective necessity of joint activity, subordinate to a common interest - the establishment of the truth.

6. The truthfulness of a lawyer is a moral quality that characterizes him as a person who has made it a rule for himself to tell people the truth, not to hide the actual state of affairs from them, if this does not harm the interests of the individual and the state.

"Truthfulness is a universal requirement, but certain types of legal activity, due to their specifics, need some restrictions - justified and permissible. These should include virtuous deception: misinformation of the enemy, legend of operational-search activities and some other means used by law enforcement agencies." To this we can add that the truth is not always moral. Disclosure to criminals of the plan of an ongoing operation cannot be called a moral act. In some cases, it can be considered admissible and justified to cheat against one's colleagues if the case under consideration is related to the corruption of officials in order to avoid pressure from the "interested parties".

7. Selflessness - is expressed in actions that by their nature represent an act of self-sacrifice - voluntary sacrifice of their interests, and sometimes even life for the sake of the interests of other people, achieving goals, in the name of justice.

The current codes of honor, ethics, rules of professional conduct regulate in detail the professional conduct of lawyers precisely by means of prohibitions. The ban is caused by the need to prevent violation of the rights and freedoms of others, not to undermine confidence in the professional activities of lawyers, to rise above their subjective desires and passions.

conclusions

The rules of conduct for judges, prosecutors, law enforcement officers, lawyers, set out in the relevant moral codes, oblige them outside of work to behave in such a way that there is no reason to doubt their decency and honesty. They should avoid visiting any place that compromises their reputation.

High moral requirements form discipline, self-awareness, moral attitude to one's professional duty.

In the context of the socio-economic problems of society, lawyers are obliged to strictly comply with the requirements imposed on them by professional moral codes, developed in accordance with international standards, and which are evidence of social progress.

Ethics should not be confused with morality, since ethics is the science of morality. Ethics is also spoken of as a set of norms of behavior of people of a certain profession, conditioned by corporate interests, professional culture with traditions specific to a particular profession. This is professional ethics.

Literature

1. Federal Law of 31.05.2002 N 63-FZ as amended. from 02.07.2013 "On advocacy and the legal profession in the Russian Federation" // "Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation", 10.06.2002, N 23, art. 2102.

2. Aminov I.I. Legal ethics. - M: UNITY-DANA, 2013.

3. Huseynov A. A., Apresyan R. G. Ethics. Moscow: Progress, 2012

4. Davidyan G.M. Some problems of professional ethics of a lawyer in the Russian Federation // Zakon. - 2013. - No. 11. - S. 40-45.

5. Zinatullin T.Z. Ethical foundations of a lawyer. - M .: Jurist, 2014.

6. Kamardina A.A. Professional ethics. - Orenburg: OSU publishing house, 2013.

7. Kivailo V.N. Legal ethics. - M .: Norma, 2013.

8. Kiryushina L.Yu. Professional ethics of a lawyer - Barnaul: ASU publishing house, 2010.

9. Koblikov A.S. Legal ethics - M .: Norma, 2012.

10. Malinovsky A.A. Code of Professional Ethics: Concept and Legal Significance // Journal of Russian Law. - 2008. - No. 4. - S. 39-44.

11. Melnichenko R.G. On the mixing of morality and law in the legal profession // Advocacy practice. - 2012. - No. 5. - P. 35-38

12. Nazarov A.D. The forbidden fruit is sweet / A.D. Nazarov // Advocate newspaper. - 2009 - No. 17.

13. Porubov N.I., Porubov A.N. Legal ethics. - M .: Infra-M, 2013.

14. Professional ethics of a lawyer. / Ed. V.M. Artemova. - M .: Prospect, 2013.

15. Sorokotyagin I.N., Masleev A.G. Professional ethics of a lawyer. - M .: Yurayt, 2014.

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17. Tsydenova O.G. Moral and legal foundations of a lawyer's activities in Russian legal proceedings. - M .: Norma, 2012.

Professional codes of ethics

The Code of Ethics for Professional Conduct exists mainly for professions with special responsibility to society: civil servants, judges, doctors, professional accountants, auditors.

Due to the developing professionalization, moral conflicts arise more and more often before specialists in various fields, which cannot be resolved relying only on professional knowledge.

Therefore, the main task of the developers of ethical codes is to formulate and introduce into the professional environment the principles and norms of corporate ethics, which are aimed at resolving moral and ethical problems and controversial situations, and preventing abuse in various areas of professional activity.

The Code of Professional Ethics is not a modern invention. In particular, more than 300 years ago, the Samurai Code ("Bushido Soshinshu") was developed and survived (practically unchanged) to this day. This Code is a set of ethical rules for a professional soldier that governed his behavior both in combat and in civilian life.

These codes, by their prescriptions, supplement the provisions of legislative acts regulating the activities of auditors, doctors, journalists, lawyers and other representatives of the most important and socially significant professions.

This is directly indicated in some acts.

In Art. 2 of the Code of Professional Ethics of a Lawyer, adopted by the First All-Russian Congress of Lawyers on January 31, 2003, as amended and supplemented on April 8, 2005, states that this Code supplements the rules established by the legislation on advocacy and the legal profession.

All of these codes contain moral and ethical standards that regulate a particular professional activity. They are also called: "Code of Professional Ethics", "Code of Ethics", "Code of Honor", "Declaration of Ethics", "Charter of Professional Principles", "Code of Ethics", etc.

In professional activity, there are many different nuances that the current legislation regulating the rights and obligations of specific specialists cannot be covered by its regulation.

In this regard, there is a need for additional regulation of professional behavior. Of course, representatives of specific specialties understand their problems best of all, who develop corporate rules.

In addition, many professional laws contain provisions to comply with corporate ethics standards.

According to Art. 7 of the Federal Law of May 31, 2002 No. 63-FZ "On advocacy and the legal profession in the Russian Federation", an advocate must comply with the Code of Professional Ethics of an advocate.

Thus, the adoption of a code of professional ethics is in some cases necessary by virtue of a legal requirement.

Legal regulation (as a kind of state intervention in the life of an individual citizen and society as a whole) has certain limits that do not allow actively intervening in the moral and ethical sphere of society, which is traditionally regulated by religious and moral norms, customs and traditions. In this regard, the adoption of a code of ethics should be viewed as a result of the streamlining of social relations within civil society by the forces of society itself.

Availability of codes of professional ethics - This is an indicator of the moral maturity of a society that can independently regulate the behavior of its members without the help of the state.

Representatives of some professions (for example, a doctor, a judge), due to their legal status, have an extremely wide scope of subjective discretion. Their freedom of action (which can be not only socially useful, but also socially harmful) is often limited only by relatively specific legal regulations and their own conscience.

The Code of Medical Ethics states: "The doctor must remember that the chief judge on his medical path is his own conscience." However, conscience, as you know, is not a specific concept and is often very subjective.

In this regard, the task of ethical codes is precisely to bring the opposing views of members of the professional community about good and evil to a common socially useful denominator.

This can be achieved only by formalizing the moral ideals on which this or that professional activity is based, by elevating them into mandatory corporate principles and norms.

Society is forced to force its members to comply with a formally defined corporate morality, since not every lawyer, doctor, judge or journalist voluntarily adheres to these rules in their work.

Many professions are of great social importance, which imposes on the representatives of these professions an increased responsibility to society. In this regard, the ethical code is an additional obstacle to various professional abuses and violations.

Article 4 of the Code of Professional Ethics of a Psychiatrist prohibits the following acts that constitute an abuse of the position of a doctor:

• - using their knowledge contrary to medical interests or with the aim of distorting the truth;
• - application of psychiatric measures to a person without sufficient grounds;
• - refusal of psychiatric help to persons who need it;
• - the imposition of their philosophical, political, religious views on the patient;
• - the conclusion of property transactions with the patient, the use of his labor for personal purposes;
• - entering into an intimate relationship with the patient;
• - promoting the patient's suicide;
• - the use of medical devices to punish the patient.

Thus, the reasons for the adoption of codes of ethics are as follows (Fig.1.1):

― the need for additional regulation of professional behavior;

― the ordering of social relations within civil society by the forces of the society itself;

― an extremely wide scope of subjective discretion of representatives of some professions due to their legal status.

Professional codes of ethics

Codes of Conduct

Concept, content and subject of professional ethics. Codes of ethics

Labor activity is the main area of ​​social life. The well-being of many people depends on its moral goals and content. At the same time, in professional activity there are specific (common for representatives of one profession) attitudes of people to each other, to society, as well as moral norms that govern these relationships.

By the end of the XIX century. various professional communities are beginning to draw up their own codes of ethics, concretizing the abstract principles of professional morality in relation to a particular profession - marketer, manager, advertiser. In many states of the United States and Canada, for example, at the beginning of the 20th century, ethical codes of engineers were adopted, which were in effect until the 70s. XX century, then were revised and supplemented and continue to operate to the present day. They analyze in detail both general and particular aspects of the moral duty of an engineer in relation to the people, to his employer, clients, other members of the professional community, as well as to himself.

The moral and business qualities of people become the object of professional activity:

1) purely professional qualities - professional skills, work experience, knowledge of foreign languages;

2) moral and psychological qualities - dedication, endurance, honesty, adherence to principles, dedication, exactingness;

3) moral qualities - kindness, responsiveness, humanity, dignity, decency, generosity, courage, justice.

The connection between the science of ethics and life practice is well traced in the field professional ethics, which is a system of moral requirements for a person's professional activity. One of the types of professional ethics is business ethics. The main place in the ethics of business relations is occupied by the ethics of business (entrepreneurship). It includes management ethics (managerial ethics), business communication ethics, conduct ethics, etc.

Professional ethics - these are moral norms that regulate the relationship of people in work and the attitude of a person to their professional duties and duty. Features of professional ethics are shown in Fig. 2.

Rice. 2. The main features of professional ethics

The subject of professional ethics are:

- personality traits of a specialist, necessary to fulfill professional duty;

- moral relationships between specialists and objects / subjects of their activity (marketer - client, advertising producer - advertiser, etc.);

- the relationship of the organization's staff with society;

- the relationship of people within the workforce and the norms that govern them;

- goals and methods of vocational training and education.

The main content of professional ethics there are norms of behavior that prescribe a certain type of moral relations between people, necessary to fulfill their professional duty, as well as justification of the tasks and goals of the profession. At the same time, the justification of moral relations in the world of work presupposes:

- determination of the goals and motives of labor activity;

- identification of standards and means of achieving the intended goal;

- assessment of labor results and their social significance.

Despite the existence of universal principles of business ethics, work ethics have a distinct profession-oriented specification.

The need to regulate ethical relationships in a particular profession or a particular organization gives rise to the need for specific practical recommendations regarding the resolution of difficult problem situations (ethical dilemmas) when an employee or manager is forced to be guided by ethical principles when making managerial decisions.

The development of an ethically correct line of conduct for an employee, team and corporation as a whole is the most important task of modern management, the reputation of an organization depends on it. Modern organizations function and develop in multi-professional environments, so the system of ethical regulators of corporate behavior should be built within the framework of business ethics. The following levels of ethical regulators in the organization are distinguished:

1) ethical principles (imperatives) prevailing in the external environment for the organization;

2) regulations governing the behavior of employees of the organization;

3) teams of employees of the organization, whose activities are determined by the moral climate of the organization;

4) the individual motives of the organization's employees, the ideals of goodness and a sense of duty.

The Code is laws, rules, regulations, regulations, standards, acts. In combination with the word "ethics" the meaning of this term is narrowed down to one definition - "standard, or norm". Thus, code of ethics- This is a set of norms of correct, appropriate behavior, considered appropriate for a person of the profession to which this code relates. The main function of a code of ethics is to prevent, not punish, unethical behavior.

Currently, the most common two types of ethical codes - professional and corporate, which regulate the relationship of people within these groups.

Drawing!Professional codes regulate relations within a profession (codes of teachers, doctors, lawyers, journalists, realtors, etc.). Professional codes regulate the behavior of a specialist in difficult ethical situations characteristic of a given profession, and form trust in representatives of this profession.

Corporate codes regulate relations in the field of relationships with employees, affect the fundamental values, principles and orientations of the company.

In recent years, many large Russian companies, following the example of Western corporations, have developed codes of ethics. A code of ethics is, in fact, a set of rules and norms of conduct that are shared by members of an organization. With the help of the code, certain models of behavior and uniform standards of relations and joint activities are set.

The first codes, representing a set of universal values, were the codes of religious rules (Ten Commandments of the Old Testament). Later, private codes began to emerge that determine the behavior of certain social groups of society (the Samurai Code "Bushido" - a set of rules of conduct for a samurai, which concerned not only his actions on the battlefield, but also his behavior in everyday life).

The founders of corporate codes were Japanese companies. The first code of ethics "Seven Spirits", appeared in 1930 in the company "Matsushita Electric" (Japan) and combined the ideas of effective management and the principles of the samurai code of Bushido (contribution of "Matsushita" to the industry; honesty and loyalty; harmony and cooperation ; struggle for quality; courtesy and humility; adaptation and receptivity; appreciation), Appendix 2.

In the 50-60s. In the twentieth century, a voluntary association of businessmen "Keizai Doyukai" developed management principles that began to be introduced in Japanese enterprises. This was the Japanese management revolution, which meant the transition from production management to "production of man and his production relations", the transition from the status of employees to the status of "workers-entrepreneurs".

In the Japanese management system, a firm cannot exist without clearly defined norms of corporate ethics, without a mission and a clear understanding by the employee of the role of his company in the market and in society, without understanding his role in the company.

In the United States, corporate ethics and corporate codes became the head of company management several decades ago. The United States has actively adopted the experience of Japanese companies. Corporate codes of ethics, which are a set of principles and rules of business conduct, are central to organizational culture. Also distributed are "cards of ethics" - sets of ethical rules and recommendations that concretize the code of ethics of the corporation for each employee of the company.

Russian business began to pay attention to issues of business ethics relatively recently: domestic companies began to think about creating an effective corporate governance system in the late 90s. XX century. At the end of the twentieth century, a number of professional ethical codes:

- Code of honor of a banker (1992);

- Rules of good faith for members of the professional association of participants in the stock market (1994);

- Code of honor of members of the Russian guild of realtors (1994);

- Code of Professional Ethics of Members of the Russian Society of Appraisers (1994).

The first Russian companies to implement corporate codes of ethics were Sibneft (1998), RAO UES of Russia (2001), Gazprom and Norilsk Nickel (2002). In 2002, with the participation of the Federal Securities Commission, the Chamber of Commerce and the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, a general Corporate Governance Code of Russian business was adopted, which declared the transition to international standards of financial reporting and protection of shareholders' rights. Today, many Russian companies, to one degree or another, take into account the norms of this code when developing their own corporate codes.

A study of the ethical codes of leading foreign and domestic companies shows that they have a different format, different style and, in addition, perform different tasks. It depends on the tasks set what this document will be like and how it will work in a particular organization.

- the code provides employees with a model of correct behavior;

- the code can be applied to many specialties within the profession;

- the code offers effective means to enforce the prescribed norms.