How many power plants in Donbas and which ones. Nuclear power plants (NPP) of Ukraine on the map list. Nuclear power plants of Ukraine

A few days ago, the Ukrainian media were huddled in yet another fit of hysteria. The Kiev edition "Correspondent" published the following message from the press service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Ukraine, which is now called the State Service for Emergency Situations: “Residents of Avdiivka and several other villages of the Donetsk region were left without water supply. When employees of the Donetsk filtering station tried to start it, it was found that the filtering station was de-energized due to the disconnection of the 110 kV high-voltage line "Makeevskaya - AKHZ No. 2" in the uncontrolled territory (the preliminary reason was damage to the power line due to active hostilities). In connection with the stop of the Donetsk filtering station, the water supply to Avdeevka (22 thousand people), with. Swallow and S. Orlovka, Yasinovatsky district (1500 people). Water supply to the population is carried out hourly according to the schedule from the reservoir reserves. At present, the remainder of drinking water is 3000 cubic meters. In addition, the supply of technical water to the population is carried out. "

Everything seems to correspond to reality, except for one - the perpetrators of the incident have not been named. Streamlined formulations such as "uncontrolled territory", "damage to power lines due to active hostilities" can only be taken on faith by zombie recipients of information in the regions controlled by Kiev, but not by the residents of Donbass. The whole Donbass, including the now "dehydrated" Avdeevka, Orlovka and Lastochkino, over whose heads for many months in a row artillery and rockets of the Armed Forces of Ukraine have been flying into "uncontrolled territory".

"Liberators" do not stand on ceremony with the inhabitants of those captured during the so-called. "Anti-terrorist operation" (or rather, anti-national terrorist) settlements: Ukrainian tanks fire directly from residential areas of the city of coke-chemical workers. And it happened that even at the local high-rise buildings they shot in order to allow the capital's television workers to "illustrate" the next reportage about the "barbarity and cruelty of the separatists."

However, this incident can be considered an "indirect hit". The Donetsk filtering station is a constant target for the artillerymen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, who are tasked with depriving the recalcitrant Donetsk of water supply. The repair teams of the Gorvodokanal and the DPR's power engineering team have already lost counts, fixing the number of repair and restoration work, which is often carried out under shelling. But the enemy managed to leave the mining capital without water for three years of the war only once, in the summer of the distant 2014. Then firefighters and workers of municipal services came to the aid of the townspeople. All tankers were involved, bringing water to all districts of the million-plus city, even to those that were under the artillery fire.

But, perhaps, what infuriates the current Kiev authorities most of all is the impossibility of disconnecting the Donbass from the power supply. The Donbasenergo system, created back in Soviet times, with a total installed capacity of thermal power plants of more than 10 million kilowatts (that is, almost equal to the total capacity of all Ukrainian nuclear power plants), retained the ability to provide electricity to two republics that did not recognize the coup d'etat at once. And this despite the fact that the system was ruthlessly "worked" by the so-called. efficient owners, who tenaciously grabbed hold of the switch in the mid-1990s. The privatizers were interested in Ukrainian electricity exclusively from the point of view of distribution, but not in any way generation. The created fuel and energy companies cared little about the quality of the coals supplied to their TPPs, as a result of which the boilers failed due to the high ash content of the coal, sometimes exceeding 60% (with the maximum allowable ash content of 28%)!

Having defended part of its territory, Donbass left under its control only a few thermal power plants - Zuevskaya, Starobeshevskaya and Mironovskaya. But their capacity is more than enough to provide residents of the DPR and LPR with their own electricity. In addition, thermal power plants of a number of enterprises - the Donetsk mine named after Zasyadko, the Stirol Association in Gorlovka and the Alchevsk Iron and Steel Works, whose total capacity is no less than 600 MW - also make a contribution to the overall “electric piggy bank”. As a result, the total capacity of the power units of the warring Donbass is almost 4 thousand MW.

Zuevskaya CHP

The most powerful of the thermal power plants in Europe, Uglegorskaya TPP, as well as Kurakhovskaya, Slavyanskaya and Luganskaya TPPs, remained under the control of Ukraine. Their total capacity theoretically exceeds the capacity of power plants in the DPR, but practically each of these stations now operates at best by half, and more often by a third of its capabilities. And this is the result of not only the brainless "coal blockade", staged by reckless national radicals with the approval of the half-president of "all" remaining Ukraine and his associates, but also the ruthless operation of the stations' units. The new owners only took from the energy sector, not investing anything in the industry. The result is the limiting wear and tear of equipment, shutdown for the conservation of entire power units.

The result is sad - Ukraine is gradually beginning to prepare for "rolling blackouts." For which, paradoxically, Energodar, a city in the Zaporozhye region, where two power plants are located at once, the largest in Europe Zaporozhye nuclear power plant and almost equal in capacity to the Donetsk Uglegorka Zaporozhye TPP, can now prepare for Energodar. It's crazy, especially if you remember the gloomy 1990s. I remember how amazed I was when I went out to the balcony of a hotel room in the evening and saw below the light-flooded square and square, along which, despite the late hour, young couples were walking, parents were carrying babies in strollers, and elderly people were sitting on benches. Energodar did not spare electricity for its residents, most of whom worked at the city's power plants.

And after what they saw in this city, it was terrifying to drive through Kharkiv, darkened in order to save money, the lighting of which, as well as the entire region, was provided only by the Zuevskaya TPP, across Dnepropetrovsk, where only in the center the lights were burning, and even then it was full of heat. And native Donetsk did not really shine with lights.

But here's the paradox - my native street in Donetsk for tens of "independent" years was illuminated with only one single lantern, and even that tenants set up the joint on their own. And suddenly, in the midst of hostilities, as if in defiance of the "warriors of light" who piled on the Donbass in order to wipe it off the face of the earth, lamps lit up along the entire length of the street. Not at dusk and the neighboring ones, and even closer to the center of Donetsk, it becomes completely light, as in the daytime. It should be noted that during the three war years, prices for electricity for the population in the DPR and LPR did not increase. In contrast to the territory controlled by Kiev, where people are already groaning from the regularly rising prices for housing and communal services.

Expressive coloring of power transmission line poles

It is, of course, more difficult for Luhansk residents - after all, the Luhansk TPP, ironically located in a city with a blasphemous name by today's standards, Happiness, is under the control of punishers who are constantly experimenting with a switch. How long this will last depends on those who set the “Minsk trap” for Donbass. The power plant, like, by the way, the Uglegorskaya TPP, was actually on the front line, and the very first resumption of hostilities will certainly affect the work of these power generating enterprises. By the way, Kurakhovskaya TPP, located just a few kilometers from Donetsk, should not be considered safe. In the meantime, these stations, albeit strained, but supply electricity to the part of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions occupied by Ukraine, giving some share even further to the north.

In a word, Ukraine fought to the dark. After all, it is not for nothing that the "chocolate" President Poroshenko solemnly announced six months ago that the country intends to abandon thermal energy in favor of nuclear energy. And he boasted - they say that the share of nuclear energy is currently 55% and will increase. The guarantor made a mistake - according to statisticians, this share jumped to 72% this winter. (Again, thanks to the Nazi blockade!) But there is no way out: due to the lack of coal, five thermal power plants have already been shut down. And nuclear power engineers are forced to work for wear and tear. Which, according to experts, may soon lead to sad consequences. More precisely, it already leads. Conclusions from the operation of Ukrainian NPP power units have become more frequent. At the same Zaporozhye now there are two VVER-1000 power units at once, one more power unit is being repaired at the South-Ukrainian NPP.

It would seem who, if not the Ukrainian rulers, would know better what the "games" with nuclear energy lead to. Especially Kiev, next to which the tragically memorable Chernobyl nuclear power plant is located. But no, the beaten hesitates - showing zeal not according to reason, politicians rudely sever contacts with suppliers of Russian fuel for nuclear reactors and open their arms to the American firm Westinghouse, whose assemblies turned out to be incompatible with reactors built during the Soviet Union. Well, they did not climb into the cells. And how can we not recall the ex-speaker of the Verkhovna Rada Ivan Plyushch, who once said, albeit on a different occasion, but applicable in many cases, the phrase: "Well, whoa yogo phata, how can it be crammed ?!" But there are no prophets in their Batkivshchyna.

The power supply of Donbass is inaccessible for the current rulers of Ukraine. Which infuriates them. Hence the actions of the punishers, who live according to the principle of "I do not eat, I take a bite", harm at a distance, firing from tanks, cannons and MLRS of the area where power substations and power lines are located. And where the artillery does not finish off, saboteurs operate.

Donbass repairmen often have to restore power supply under enemy fire

From the latest messages: In the village of Georgievka, which is located not far from Luhansk, on June 1, there was an explosion of a power line support. On June 2, Deputy Minister of State Security of the LPR Alexander Basov spoke about this. “According to operational data, the terrorist act against the life support facility of the republic was carried out by professionals. During the operation, two explosive devices were used. One of them did not work only because the battery was deliberately damaged, ”he explained. Due to the blowing up of an electrical support in Lugansk on June 1, there were problems with electricity and water supply.

The Ukrainian media, at the suggestion of the politicians who have been ruling for three years in a row, do not stop rumbling, repeating the mantras about the "subsidization" of Donbass, about the inferiority of its inhabitants. And the region, which resolutely took up the fight against neo-Nazis, continues to live even in the conditions of war. Its "constantly drunk", in the words of Kiev journalists and political scientists, residents have time to simultaneously reflect the invasion of the newly minted "Young Europeans" and bring warmth and light to their fellow countrymen who rebelled against the fascist dictatorship.

And if the words "March of the Miners", written more than half a century ago by Yevgeny Dolmatovsky, look pathetic in peacetime, today in the warring Donbass they have acquired a new meaning and have become a reality for millions of citizens of the Lugansk and Donetsk People's Republics:

“We love our homeland,
We bring warmth and light to people!
We were brave in battle
And we will gain new glory! "

The first experience of using electric energy for public needs on the territory of Ukraine took place in Kiev in 1878, when the famous Russian engineer A.P. Borodin used four electric lamps to illuminate Kiev railway workshops. In 1886, electric lamps were already used in Kiev to illuminate the Chateau de Fleur garden (now the territory of the Dynamo stadium) and individual mansions of wealthy Kievites. At the same time, the first low-capacity public power station in Ukraine was built in Poltava.

Since that time, small power plants in the cities of Yekaterinoslavl (Dnepropetrovsk), Konstantinovka (Donbass), Lvov and Odessa have been commissioned in Ukraine. The transmission of electricity from such power plants was carried out at low generator voltage by overhead and cable lines of the simplest designs. However, by 1910, step-up power transformers were installed for the first time on the territory of Ukraine (in the Donbass) and the operation of the first overhead power transmission lines of three-phase alternating current with a voltage of 22 kV began.

In 1913, the installed capacity of power plants in Ukraine was only 304.3 thousand kWh, the annual electricity production was 543 million kWh, which corresponded to the consumption of electricity per one citizen of Ukraine only 15 kWh per year. The distribution of power plants by industry in Ukraine is given in table. 15.1.

As follows from the table. 15.1, the overwhelming majority of power plants operated in the metallurgical and coal industries (more than 63%), and power plants for general use were concentrated only in large cities of Ukraine.

In 1916, the largest power plant was the power plant of the Aleksandrovsky plant in Yekaterinoslav, which had a capacity of 14.5 thousand kW.

In general, despite the presence of large reserves of fuel and energy resources, Ukraine by 1917 had an underdeveloped electric power industry.

Electricity was used mainly in industry to drive large machines and mechanisms, to illuminate mines, workshops, streets and houses of the richest part of the population. As a rule, the equipment of power plants was foreign. The power plants were characterized by very low technical and economic indicators: efficiency - 11–12%, specific fuel consumption - 1–3 kg per 1 kWh generated. The number of hours of use of the maximum load at the largest power plants was 2600–2900 per year, at small ones - 1300–1800 per year, which was determined by the operating modes of the consumer connected to it. The electric current system has not been standardized. Single-phase, three-phase and direct current were used. The alternating current frequency was also different (25, 40, 50 and 52.5 Hz).

Table 15.1. Distribution of power plants of Ukraine with a capacity of over 1000 kW by industry in 1913

	Number of power plants	Total capacity, thousand kW	Specific gravity,%
Coal mines
Metallurgical
Other industrial enterprises
Common use (in cities)

The first-born of GOELRO in Donbass, the Shterovskaya GRES, became a catalyst for the growth of achievements in the energy sector of the region and the country, and a number of achievements were henceforth called nothing more than “the first in the world”. Nowhere in the world has there been practical combustion of anthracite wood in a dusty state. There were laboratory experiments, but the first industrial combustion took place in the spring of 1927 in boiler No. 2 at the Shterovskaya GRES. But only in the dumps in this area of ​​Donbass then it accumulated about 50 million poods. At the same time, the problem of ash removal was successfully solved; at Shterovka, for the first time, two pond coolers were tested, built on the river for the uninterrupted supply of process water to power plants. In February 1927, with the launch of the second turbogenerator ShterGRES, electricity was supplied to the Kadiev ring through the 115 (!) KV overhead line. (Before that, Donbass did not know the voltage higher than 22 kV).

The geographical position and economic development of the regions of Ukraine left its individual imprint on the formation of the structure of electrical networks. For example, in the Donbass region, the tendency to build a network diagram in the form of an extensive network of power transmission lines with small power plants at the nodes was clearly revealed.

The First World War and the Civil War severely undermined the economy of Ukraine. The energy sector was almost completely destroyed, many power plants and electrical grids were destroyed, and the remaining small power plants were inactive due to lack of fuel and spare parts. The lack of qualified personnel did not allow organizing the normal operation of the surviving power plants and electrical networks.

Intensive construction of power plants, electrical networks and powerful transformer substations on the territory of Ukraine began only during the implementation of the GOELRO plan, adopted in 1920, in which the development of the Ukrainian energy sector, especially the Donbass region, was given priority.

A characteristic feature of the GOELRO plan was the orientation towards the construction of powerful power plants, the construction of alternating current electrical networks at the highest rated voltage levels of 35 and 110 kV for that time, ensuring the parallel operation of thermal and hydraulic power plants, creating electrical systems with maximum centralization of control for the efficient use of fuel and energy resources. Almost 30% of the volume of new energy capacities envisaged by the GOELRO plan was planned to be located and put into operation on the territory of Ukraine. The GOELRO plan also provided for the priority unification in the Donbass for the transition to parallel operation of 24 power plants of coal mines and metallurgical plants with a total installed capacity of 67.4 MW, a number of power plants of metallurgical plants of the Dnieper region with a total capacity of 22.5 MW.

By 1926, the first stage of the Shterovskaya GRES was built - the first power plant in Ukraine, where the combustion of anthracite ash in a dusty state was mastered (Fig. 15.1).

Following Shterovskaya in October 1928, the construction of the North Donetsk State District Power Plant began, the first units of which were put into operation two years later. The enterprises of the city of Lisichansk were supplied with its electricity, and the Donsoda plant was supplied with heat. At the same time, in the Donbass, for the first time, the combined production of electricity and heat (in the form of steam and hot water) was used.

By this time, 62 of the largest plant power plants had been reconstructed in Donbass. About half of all power plants in Donbass (44%) in 1930 were already operated in parallel. This was the beginning of the formation of the energy system of Donbass. However, most of the power plants in Donbass, as well as all power plants in other regions of Ukraine, continued to operate in an isolated and uneconomical manner, supplying electricity to consumers according to the simplest radial schemes.

The parallel operation of a number of power plants on a common network posed complex tasks for engineers and electrical scientists of Ukraine to ensure economical distribution of loads between power plants, effective regulation of voltage levels in the network, and reliable blocking of conditions for disrupting the stable operation of power plants.

In real conditions, the parallel operation of power plants at that time was difficult. The managers of power plants tried to work in the most advantageous modes for themselves, absolutely disregarding the changes in the network load during the hours of maximum and minimum. An effective way out of this situation was to centralize control and subordinate the operating modes of all power plants to one responsible technical worker. By 1925, this idea of ​​dispatch control received its first practical implementation in the Mosenergo system, and in the next few years it was implemented in Donbasenergo and Dneproenergo.

In 1929, the first in Ukraine power transmission line with the direction Shterovskaya GRES - Kadievka with a voltage of 110 kV was put into operation. Further development in the Donbass of branched open circuits with a voltage of 22–35 kV ensured the construction of the simplest circuits of closed networks, which united the Donuglya and Yugostal power plants.

In 1927, on the Dnieper in the city of Zaporozhye (until 1921 - the city of Aleksandrovsk), the construction of the largest in Europe Dneprovskaya HPP with a capacity of 230 thousand kW was started, followed by an increase in the capacity of the station in the future to 560 thousand kW. In May 1932, the first hydroelectric units of the Dneprovskaya HPP were put into operation (Fig. 15.2). High-voltage power transmission lines outgoing from DneproGES, made in accordance with the US standard with a rated voltage of 154 kV, were the first link between the power plants of Donbass and the Dnieper region.

Despite the achieved results, the electric grid economy and the capacity of power plants of Ukraine during this period lagged significantly behind the intensively growing needs of the national economy. There was an acute shortage of generating capacities and the unreliability of power supply to consumers due to the high accident rate of equipment at power plants and electrical networks. At the same time, most accidents occurred precisely in electrical networks, since the latter were built according to simplified schemes, were not protected from the effects of lightning and ice. The insulation of power lines was often damaged when contaminated, and primitive relay protection and network automation devices worked extremely ineffectively.

Under these conditions, among some practical and scientific workers in the field of electric power industry, the opinion about the inexpediency of expanding centralized power supply began to spread, and a tendency to preferential power supply to consumers from small departmental own power plants appeared. These negative tendencies could be overcome only by strengthening research and development in the field of energy. Intensive electric power research has begun in the laboratories of industrial enterprises, research and design institutes of Ukraine. The theory of stability of parallel operation of power systems was developed and the issues of its practical implementation were successfully resolved, effective research was carried out in the field of high voltage technology, especially on the issues of overvoltage and protection of electrical networks from them, the theory of lightning discharges was created, an engineering technique was developed for determining the levels of lightning protection of lines, the foundations were formed. theory of ice formation on power lines. Areas of the most intense ice formation were clarified, and effective methods of dealing with ice were developed. On the basis of these studies, the technical conditions for the design of power lines were changed, the supports of power lines, relay protection devices and system automation were radically improved. All this created favorable conditions for the development of 110 and 220 kV nominal voltages, which were progressive for that time.

Here it is necessary to emphasize the leading role of electrical scientists from the Kiev, Kharkov and Lviv scientific schools, who took an active part in solving the problems listed above during the first pre-war five-year plans. In particular, prof. Gorodetsky G.M. the founder of the Kiev School of Electrical Engineering was one of the authors of the first national standard for steel wires, widely used at that time for the purpose of supplying electricity to consumers.

By the end of the first five-year plan (1930–1932), the largest thermal district power plants for that time were put into operation - Krivorozhskaya, Severodonetskaya, Zuevskaya (Fig. 15.3), Dneprodzerzhinskaya GRES, Kharkiv and Kievskaya GRES-2, Starobeshevskaya, Lisichanskaya and other industrial power plants.

Intensive commissioning of regional power plants in Ukraine has led to the closure and dismantling of many small wasteful plant power plants. A dynamic and progressive process of concentrating power generation at district power plants developed. By the end of the first five-year plan in Donbass and the Dnieper region, the dismantling of small uneconomical power plants led to a decrease in their number from 264 to 44, while the total installed capacity of the remaining power plants increased 3.8 times.

As a result of the hard work of power engineers of Ukraine, by 1929 the total installed capacity of the country's power plants reached the level of 474 thousand kW, the production of electricity more than doubled in comparison with 1913 and amounted to 1265 million kWh. Thus, the GOELRO plan, calculated for a period of 10-15 years, was fulfilled by 1931 in terms of its main indicators.

By 1933, 13 regional power plants operated on the territory of Ukraine with an installed capacity of about 1 million kW (with a total capacity of all power plants in Ukraine of 1.42 million kW). Electricity production at district power plants amounted to 2/3 of the total electricity generation by power plants in Ukraine, equal to 3248 million kWh.

With the increase in the number and capacity of power plants, the power grid economy of Ukraine also developed intensively. By 1928, more than 200 km of power transmission lines with a voltage of 22–35 kV were already in operation in the Donbass. In order to accelerate the electrification of Donbass in 1928, a promising scheme for the development of power supply networks was developed, providing for the use of rated voltages 6; 35 and 110 kV. In connection with the upcoming start-up of the Dnipro HPP, high-voltage electrical networks of the Dnieper region with a nominal highest voltage of 154 kV were rapidly being built.

The following, mainly branched radial power transmission lines with rated voltages of 110 kV (Donbass) and 154 kV (Dnieper) were put into operation: Donbass region: ZuGRES - ShterGRES; ShterGRES - Kadievka - Lugansk; ShterGRES - p / st of the Paris Commune - p / st Dolzhanka; ZuGRES - Mariupol; ZuGRES - Amvrosievka - Taganrog; ZuGRES - Yuzovka (Smolyanka) - Gorlovka - Yenakiyevo; ZuGRES - Gorlovka - Konstantinovka - Kramatorsk - Slavyansk; Dnieper region: DneproGES - Dnepropetrovsk - p / st of the plant named after Petrovsky and K. Libknecht - Dneprodzerdzhinskaya GRES; DneproGES - p / st Metallurgicheskaya - p / st Ferroalloy; DniproHES - Nikopol.

Note that in the same period, the rather powerful power plants of the Dnieper region (KrivHES and KrivTES) and Donbass (Sev. DonGRES) continued to operate in isolation.

Electric networks with a voltage of 154 kV, covering the area of ​​power supply of DneproGES - p / st Metallurgicheskaya - p / st Ferroalloy and DneproGES - Dneprodzerzhinskaya GRES (Dnieper region), as well as ZuGRES - Yuzovka - Gorlovka - Yenakiyevo (Donbass) formed the first three closed circuits at the high-voltage level 154 and 110 kV respectively.

By 1930, electrical lines with a voltage of 22 and 35 kV were looped back and, thus, part of the power plants of Donbass and the Dnieper region switched to parallel operation. The commissioning of a 110 kV line in the direction of Shterovskaya GRES - Kadievka initiated the operation of the first in Ukraine Donbassenergo power system. At that time, in Donbass, as noted above, 212 km of high-voltage lines with a voltage of 20–35 kV and more than a dozen sufficiently powerful transformer substations were in operation.

Intensive power grid construction, the construction of powerful transformer substations and the concentration of electricity generation at regional power plants have necessitated the implementation of centralized power supply to the regions of Ukraine from powerful power systems.

In 1933, regional energy administrations were organized on the territory of Ukraine: Donbasenergo, Dneproneergo, Kharkovenergo. In 1930, in Kiev, on the basis of the Office of Electric Enterprises under the city communal service, the state joint-stock partnership "Kievtok" was created, renamed in 1934 into the district energy department of Kyivenergo. During this period, three regional power plants operated in parallel operation at the Kyivenergo power plant: Kievskaya CHPP-1, GRES-2 and CHPP-3.

Thus, by 1935 in Ukraine two large power systems functioned in isolation - Donbass and Dneprovsk - with electricity generation of more than 2 billion kWh per year. In the Donbasenergo power system, three regional power plants (Severodonetskaya, Shterovskaya and Zuevskaya) and several small central power plants operated on a common main electrical network. As part of Dneproenergo, under conditions of parallel operation, the DneproGES, Krivorozhskaya and Dneprodzerzhinskaya TPPs and seven industrial power plants operated. By 1933, DneproHES was brought to its design capacity of 560 MW and by that time had become the most powerful in Europe.

Table 15.2. Growth dynamics of the length of power transmission lines on the territory of Ukraine for the period 1914-1940.

Rated voltage of power transmission, kV	Length of power lines, km

At that time, three regional power plants were operating in parallel in the energy system of Kharkovenergo: GRES-1, GRES-2 and CHP-3.

For the operational management of power plants and power grids, dispatching services were created in all district power departments. In addition to them, various production services functioned: electrical networks, heating networks and others.

The power systems were equipped with the most modern relay protection, telemechanics and automation devices for that time. From year to year, the qualifications of personnel, the technical culture of the operation of power facilities grew, the reliability of the operation of power systems increased.

The process of centralization of energy supply in the period 1932-1941. took place also in other industrial centers of Ukraine, namely in the cities of Odessa, Nikolaev and Lvov, where power plants were created on the basis of the largest city power plants and electrical networks.

In electrical networks, work was widely carried out to transfer power lines with a maximum voltage of 22 kV to 35 kV, and by 1928 this work was completely completed. Growth dynamics of the length of power transmission lines on the territory of Ukraine for the period 1914-1940. shown in Table 15.2.

The highest rated voltage of electrical networks in the Kharkovenergo power system reached 110 kV; Dneproenergo - 154 kV and Donbasenergo - 220 kV. The diagram of electrical networks with a voltage of 110–150 kV in Ukraine as of January 1, 1935 is shown in Fig. 15.4.

Formed in the period 1930-1935. regional energy systems, in particular Donbass, Dnieper, Kharkov, and others, had their own dispatch control centers. In 1938, in Gorlovka (Donbass), the Bureau of the Southern Energy System began to function, which in 1940 was transformed into the United Dispatch Service of the South (UDS South).

The first power transmission line in Ukraine with a rated voltage of 220 kV was built in Donbasenergo in 1940 in the direction of Zuevka - Kurakhovka (87 km long).

At the beginning of 1940, a 220 kV intersystem connection was put into operation Dnipro (p / st DD) - Donbass (p / st Chaikino) with a single dispatch service, which united the power systems of Donbasenergo and Dneproenergo for parallel operation. By that time, the Donbasenergo system operated in parallel with the Rostov power system (Azcherenergo) and was connected to it by a 110 kV power line. This laid the foundation for the formation of the United Energy System of the South (UES South). Thus, the UDF of the South already in 1940 coordinated the work of three parallel power systems. In 1940, the installed capacity of power plants operating in parallel within the IES of the South exceeded 1,800 thousand kW.

The commissioning of this intersystem connection led to a sharp qualitative leap in the development of the Ukrainian electric power industry. The reliability of power supply to consumers in the largest economic regions of Ukraine has significantly increased, the technical and economic indicators of the operation of three previously isolated power systems have significantly improved. Restrictions for consumers on the supply of electricity were lifted, and the electric power supply of the branches of the national economy of Ukraine began to increase intensively. The operating modes of all IES power plants have improved, the necessary system-wide reserve of generating capacity has decreased, the number of hours of use of uneconomical thermal power plants has decreased, and the largest thermal power plants in Donbass and the Dnieper region began to operate according to more even schedules, reliably and economically.

The introduction of the Dnieper-Donbass intersystem connection put an end to a long discussion, during which the erroneous theory of the expediency of separate operation of the Donbasenergo and Dniproenergo power systems was presented. In practice, the advantages of joint operation of large thermal and hydraulic power plants as part of interconnected power systems have been proven.

During these years, the intensive development of the power grid economy of Ukraine continued. More than 180 large network transformer substations and more than 4 thousand km of power transmission lines with a voltage of 35–220 kV were built in power systems and power plants. As follows from the data table. 15.2, the development of electrical networks during this period is characterized by a rapid increase in the nominal voltage of power lines, which was primarily due to an intensive increase in the magnitude and distance of electrical loads of consumers, as well as the nominal capacities of power transformers installed at large substations.

Table 15.3 Dynamics of changes in the number and capacities of substations as of 01.01.41

Rated voltage, kV	Transformer substations
	amount	power, MW

The dynamics of changes in the number and capacities of substations (according to the rated voltage of the high voltage winding of power transformers) as of 01.01.41 is shown in Table 15.3.

At the same time, the working cross-sections of wires were increased, more advanced designs of supports were used, the insulation of power lines was improved, the breaking capacities of switches increased, relay protection devices and system automation of electrical networks were improved.

The characteristic features of the development of the electric power industry in Ukraine in the pre-war period were the improvement of the structure of energy production and the centralization of energy production. In 1940, on the territory of Ukraine, 3/4 of all consumed electricity was produced at regional power plants, and in the energy systems of Donbasenergo and Dneproenergo this figure exceeded 80%, which was the highest indicator in world practice.

During this period, the capacity of individual power plants increased sharply. In 1941, Zuevskaya GRES reached a capacity of 350 MW, becoming the largest power plant in Europe. For comparison, we emphasize once again that in 1913 the most powerful power plant in Ukraine had a capacity of only 14.5 MW, which was significantly inferior to the capacities of large power plants in European countries. The total installed capacity of all power plants in Ukraine by the end of 1940 exceeded 2.6 million kW (with the installed capacity of thermal power plants - 1.8 million kW, hydroelectric power plants - 0.8 million kW).

Data on the total electricity generation by all power plants in Ukraine for the period 1913-1940. are given in table. 15.4.

During this period, the technical and economic indicators of electricity production have sharply improved, for example, the average fuel consumption per kWh generated in Ukraine has significantly decreased - from 1.5 to 0.596 kg. Electricity consumption for own needs of power plants decreased from 15 to 7.2%. In particular, at the most economical Severodonetskaya GRES, these indicators in 1940 were 0.458 kg / kWh and 5.3%, respectively.

Index
Total output by all power plants in Ukraine,
including at regional power plants
Share of electricity generation at regional power plants,%

Ukrainian thermal power plants stop one after another due to a lack of coal from Donbass. We decided to figure out why this could cause a new nuclear catastrophe in the foreseeable future.

On April 5, the decommissioning of the working power units of two large thermal power plants (TPPs) in Ukraine - Pridneprovskaya near the Dnieper and Tripolskaya near Kiev began. These stations are of almost the same capacity (1765 and 1800 MW, respectively), but belong to different companies.

If Tripolskaya works for the capital of Ukraine and is managed by the country's only state-owned power generating company, Centrenergo, then Pridneprovskaya TPP is an asset owned by Donetsk billionaire Rinat Akhmetov (part of his company DTEK Dneprenergo).

Coal cars at the Donetsk railway station. In early February, representatives of radical movements in Ukraine, previously participating in hostilities, introduced an economic blockade of the DPR (Donetsk People's Republic).

However, both stations have a common reason for stopping - a catastrophic shortage of anthracite, on which their boilers operate. Oksana Yegorova, the head of the press service of the Tripolskaya TPP, announced the official reason for stopping the work: they say, they had to first save up anthracite. Neither state-owned nor private companies in Ukraine have it.

This is a direct consequence of the blockade of coal from Donbass by national radicals this winter and spring. Ukrainian metallurgists ceased to receive cheap coking coal, and power engineering companies - anthracite. Metallurgists were the first to stop production - it has already been announced that the operation of the Pridneprovsky metallurgical plant (part of the Industrial Union of Donbass group) will be closed.

Now the news from the power engineers has come in a jamb. The first signs are the Pridneprovskaya and Tripolskaya TPPs. But on April 6, two more stations are scheduled to stop - Kryvyi Rih and Zmievskaya (near Kharkov). Again, both of the same companies as the first ones we named - DTEK Dneproenergo and Centerenergo.

The head of the Ukrainian state concern Ukrenergo Vsevolod Kovalchuk confirmed this information on his Facebook page: “A similar situation takes place at Zmievskaya TPP and Krivorozhskaya TPP, which also run on anthracite coal.

These stations are also technologically ready to stop generating electricity. From April 6, it is planned to shutdown Zmievskaya TPP, approximately from April 11 (after the end of the heating season in the region) - Krivoy Rog TPP. "

The question arises: what if it is not possible to accumulate the required amount of anthracite by the season of summer peaks of energy consumption?

Both Akhmetov's DTEK Dniproenergo and the state-owned Centrenergo (by the way, they have been planning to privatize it for the last six years, and now this is hardly possible) still have trump cards in their pockets. For state power engineers, this is the leader of the thermal power industry - the most powerful thermal power plant in Europe - Uglegorskaya. According to the project, it is 2 times more powerful than any of the above. But now it operates at less than half of its capacity.

The thing is that at one time this station was originally built with fuel oil-type boilers, a special fuel oil pipeline from Lisichansk was even stretched to it then, even under Soviet rule, but in Ukraine it was practically not used.

DTEK's reserve in Dniproenergo is the Zaporizhzhya TPP, which, like Uglegorskaya, is capable of running on gas with some of its boilers. Uglegorskaya, by the way, has one significant drawback - it is located dangerously close to the front line between Ukraine and the LPR.

Naturally, here you must always remember that the station can be damaged during fierce battles, and that in the event of an offensive by the DPR troops from the Debaltseve region, it can come under the control of the unrecognized republics.

Of course, reserves are good, but a critical situation in connection with the shutdown (and, possibly, long-term) thermal power plants can hardly be avoided. What does this threaten the industry and residents of Ukraine?

At first glance, the problems are solvable, says Vadim Andreev, a veteran of Donbasenergo, who has worked for many years at the Slavyanskaya TPP. The use of gas in the boilers of the power units of the station has been envisaged since the time of the late USSR, then the Donetsk Scientific Research Institute "Teploproekt" proposed projects of colossal benefits, but, as always, there was not enough money for them, they considered that coal was much cheaper.

It is necessary to understand that in stopping a TPP, it is not in itself dangerous, but that the station stops working in the evening and morning hours, when there is a peak in energy consumption, in order to unload the main electricity producers - nuclear power plants. The more often nuclear power plants are supplied with heat and power, the more nuclear power plants will work for wear and tear, increasing the risk of emergencies and emergencies.

They have already happened quite recently at the main nuclear power plant in Ukraine - Zaporozhye. 6 out of 15 power units of four Ukrainian nuclear power plants are concentrated here, here is an industrial area with huge energy consumption, here are the most worn-out electrical networks, as well as in the Donbass. And only three thermal power plants are on the catch-up. This is a very dangerous situation for the future. "

It so happened that most of the thermal power plants of the Ukrainian SSR, and then of the new Ukraine, were built in the industrial Donbass. These are Slavyanskaya, Luganskaya, Uglegorskaya, Kurakhovskaya, Strobeshevskaya, Zuevskaya, Mironovskaya, Shterovskaya TPPs. This is more than half of thermal power generation.

Some of the stations have already been taken out of active work, some have found themselves in the combat area (Uglegorskaya, Luganskaya), Slavyanskaya received significant damage during the battles for Nikolaevka (the city of power engineers near Slavyansk), and Zuevskaya and Starobeshevskaya are controlled by the DPR.

Therefore, not only the nuclear power plants in Ukraine are subject to an additional load, but also the thermal power plants that remain in operation. That makes it more painful for power engineers to stop so many stations at once. And after all, the four we have named are not the last in this list of stations that fell under the forced "coal sanctions" of the LPNR.

In addition to increased wear and tear of stations and power grids, stopping stations also means rolling blackouts in cities and villages, shutting down industrial enterprises that owe electricity. And such enterprises already exist.

But the main thing in this situation is still the worsening of the emergency situation at nuclear power plants. Ukraine already has the largest percentage of use of nuclear power plants in its energy structure - more than 52%.

For comparison, in the Russian Federation, which has an extensive network of powerful hydroelectric power plants (HPPs), the percentage of use of nuclear electricity is just over 18%. Are the authorities of Ukraine and the owners of power generating companies ready to deepen the dangerous situation in the energy sector? So far, judging by the capitulatory policy of conniving with radicals ruining the country's energy and heavy industry, no.

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The development of the modern world and industry leads to a constant increase in the amount of energy consumed, which requires an increase in the capacity of the energy industry. A global step in was the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes and the creation of nuclear power plants that are capable of generating much more electricity than other types of sources.

The history of the formation of the nuclear industry of independent Ukraine

Most large countries have nuclear power plants on their territory. Ukraine is no exception. In Soviet times, all nuclear power plants in Ukraine were under the control of Moscow institutes and large industrial enterprises. Maintenance of the station, development of new technologies and construction of newly organized units were carried out from Moscow, St. Petersburg or on the basis of small towns in the Moscow region, which are part of the nuclear industry system.

Map of nuclear power plants of Ukraine

With the acquisition of Ukraine's independence, the need arose for the implementation of scientific and technical support of the power plant of Ukraine on its own, which led to the creation of a specialized center on the basis of the Kiev Institute of Electric Welding. The main tasks that were set for the newly created structure were as follows:

• development of new methods of carrying out welding works for full-scale repair of operating nuclear power plants;
• invention of high-quality welding equipment for welding in high-hazard facilities, which include nuclear power plants;
• consulting support and expert supervision of NPPs on the territory of the country.

How many nuclear power plants are there in Ukraine?

Modern Ukraine has four operating nuclear power plants on its territory, which consist of 15 power units that provide the required amount of electricity. It is noteworthy that 12 out of 15 power units were inherited by the country from the Soviet Union. The remaining three units were launched after the collapse of the state of the Soviet republics. Until the notorious moment in 1986, RBMK-type reactors operated on the territory of Ukraine, which stands for high-power channel reactor.

The coolant in this case is water, and the fuel is low-enriched uranium. After the destruction of the 4th power unit in Chernobyl, all such reactors were decommissioned.

Currently, all available power units operate on VVER-type reactors or pressurized-water power reactor, which uses a fuel element, which provides a higher output power with a smaller volume of loaded fuel. Also, TVEL is distinguished by an increased degree of safety.

So how many nuclear power plants are there in Ukraine? If you look at the map of stations in Ukraine, you can see that at the moment there are only 4 stations operating, which are located in the northwest and southeast of the country. At the same time, there are a number of closed power plants that are either in conservation or at the stage of dismantling.

Nuclear power plants of Ukraine list:

Operating stations:

1. Zaporizhzhya. This power plant is considered the largest not only in Ukraine, but also in Europe. Six VVER-1000 reactors are responsible for the generation of 6,000 MW of electricity. After the partial suspension of Fukushima-1, ZNPP became the most powerful station in the world.
2. South-Ukrainian nuclear power plant. The southern Ukrainian nuclear power plant (NPP) accounts for 10% of all electricity generated in the country. VVER-1000 reactors are also used here. The management of the energy concern, which includes all the operating plants, tried to switch to fuel from an American manufacturer, but after a large number of failures in the operation of the South Ukrainian nuclear power plant, it was decided to return to Russian uranium. During the existence of SUNPP, the service life of the reactors was extended. The list of South Ukrainian NPP (SUNPP) to be decommissioned is as follows: Unit 1 will stop operating in 2027, Unit 2 in 2030, and the third will stop operating in 2034.
3. Rivne or Rivne in Ukrainian pronunciation. Another power plant that supplies energy to the western part of the country. The power generated by this energy facility is 20% of all electricity in Ukraine.
4. Khmelnitskaya. Looking at the nuclear power plants of Ukraine on the map, this station can be seen in the western part of the country. Located near the city of Netishin on the Gorin River. Initially consisting of only two power units, it was expanded to 4 units with the participation of the Russian TVEL company in 2010-12.

Inactive power plants in Ukraine map (map of nuclear power plants in Ukraine):

1. Crimean nuclear power plant. An object that was stopped during the construction phase and is currently almost completely dismantled.
2. Kharkiv nuclear power plant, which was once a Komsomol construction site, as only a couple of unfinished houses and several piles of the base of the station remind of.
3. Odessa nuclear power plant. The construction of this energy facility was suspended largely due to the accident at the Chernobyl station.

Ukrainian energy - development prospects

Despite the unstable political situation in the country and the ongoing economic crisis, Energoatom continues to work on the preservation of nuclear power facilities, which consists in extending the service life of old power units with their parallel modernization and maintenance.

The Russian TVEL Corporation does not stand aside and is the main supplier of fuel. Europe is considering subsidizing the country for the possibility of not only renovating existing stations, but also building new units. Therefore, one cannot say that the Ukrainian energy system is in crisis, it is steadily moving forward towards stability.

The Ukrainian company Energoatom made a decision to disconnect the second unit of the Zaporizhzhya NPP from the power grid "in accordance with the schedule, according to the balance constraint." What Ukrainian power engineers call the “weekly maneuvering regime” is, in fact, a very serious measure. Maneuvering the power of nuclear power plants with the introduction of a schedule for disconnecting from the network of operable units is a consequence of an emergency situation with a coal shortage that arose after the start of the blockade of Donbass. But how will the “ragged schedule” of work affect the safety of the nuclear power plant?

“The situation in the nuclear power industry of Ukraine is normal, nuclear technologies demonstrate good opportunities to work safely, stably, to change the operating mode depending on the situation,” Anatoly Kirichenko, First Deputy Director of the Moscow office of the World Association of NPP Operators, told AiF. - A special regime in the energy sector is introduced, for example, in winter, when work must be carried out with increased attention, control and responsibility. There may be other circumstances for the introduction of a special regime. It is obvious that for Ukrainian power engineers now these are problems with coal supplies to thermal stations and the need to build electricity flows between different regions of the country in order to maintain stability in the energy system. Indeed, the concept of "weekly loads" has been introduced, but the regulation of flows and loads is proceeding correctly. Thus, the second unit at the Zaporizhzhya NPP was put into a “hot state” in accordance with the established procedure and is ready to be connected to the grid again within hours, to take the load. From the point of view of nuclear power generation and its safety, the situation is normal. "

"The problem in Ukraine did not begin today, but at the turning point of 2014-2015, when the conflict between Russia and Ukraine over gas arose," Igor Yushkov, a leading analyst at the National Energy Security Fund, an expert on energy issues at the Financial University under the Government, told AiF. RF. - In order to consume gas as little as possible, Ukraine began to abandon it in favor of loading the capacities of its nuclear power plants. But for all other types of fuel, the country has also developed, in fact, a catastrophic situation. The reserves in underground gas storage facilities are very small, therefore, you cannot get much from there every day. Interruptions in coal supply due to the blockade in Donbass ”.

Four Ukrainian NPPs - Rivne, Khmelnytsky, South-Ukrainian and (the largest in Ukraine) Zaporozhye - already provide up to 60% of electricity generation, and in a situation of energy crisis they become a lifesaver for the Ukrainian energy sector. However, Yushkov draws attention to long-term consequences: “Fuel for nuclear power plants should be purchased rarely (by the way, nuclear fuel is supplied to Ukrainian plants by Russia - ed.), But when you load them at full capacity, the period of routine maintenance is also reduced. That is, it will be necessary to make repairs more often, carry out inspections, etc. With the current “successes” in the energy sector, it is not clear how they are going to spend the next winter ”.

Despite the fact that today some blocks of Ukrainian nuclear power plants are even superfluous to provide the country with electricity, in the context of a general energy shortage in Ukraine, as Yushkov points out, they still work at full capacity more often than they cost. “But nuclear power plants, with all their desire, will not be able to compensate Ukraine for the lack of coal and gas,” Yushkov said.