Copper m2 from m3 application. Technical characteristics of various grades of copper. Copper sheet application

COPPER and ROLLED COPPER

Grades and chemical composition of technical copper

Copper grades and their chemical composition are defined in GOST 859-2001. Abbreviated information on copper grades is given below (the minimum copper content and the limiting content of only two impurities - oxygen and phosphorus):

Brand	Copper	About 2	P	Production method, main impurities
M00k	99.98	0.01	-	Copper cathodes: electrolytic refining product,final stage of processingcopper ore.
М0к	99.97	0.015	0.001
M1k	99.95	0.02	0.002
М2к	99.93	0.03	0.002
M00	99.99	0.001	0.0003	Remelting cathodes in a vacuum,inert or reducing atmosphere.Reduces oxygen content.
M0	99.97	0.001	0.002
M1	99.95	0.003	0.002
M00	99.96	0.03	0.0005	Remelting cathodes in a normal atmosphere.Increased oxygen content.Lack of phosphorus
M0	99.93	0.04	-
M1	99.9	0.05	-
M2	99.7	0.07	-	Remelting. Increased oxygen content, no phosphorus
M3	99.5	0.08	-
M1f	99.9	-	0.012 - 0.04	Remelting cathodes and copper scrap with phosphorus deoxidation.Reduces oxygen content, but results into high phosphorus content
М1р	99.9	0.01	0.002 - 0.01
M2p	99.7	0.01	0.005 - 0.06
M3r	99.5	0.01	0.005 - 0.06

The first group of grades refers to cathode copper, the rest reflect the chemical composition of various copper semi-finished products (copper ingots, wire rod and products from it, rolled products).

Specific features copper, inherent in different grades, is determined by the lack of copper (the differences are no more than 0.5%), and the content of specific impurities (their amount may vary by 10 - 50 times). The classification of copper grades by oxygen content is often used:

Oxygen-free copper (M00 , M0 and M1 ) with oxygen content up to 0.001%.

Refined copper (М1ф, М1р, М2р, М3р) with an oxygen content of up to 0.01%, but with

high phosphorus content.

High purity copper (M00, M0, M1) with an oxygen content of 0.03-0.05%.

General purpose copper (M2, M3) with an oxygen content of up to 0.08%.

Approximate compliance of copper grades produced according to different standards is given below:

GOST	EN, DIN
M00	Cu-OFE
M0	Cu-PHC, OF-Cu
M1	Cu-OF, Cu-OF1
M1	Cu-ETP, Cu-ETP1, Cu-FRTP, Cu-FRHC, SE-Cu, E-Cu, E Cu57, E Cu58
M1f	Cu-DHP, SF-Cu
М1р	Cu-DLP, SW-Cu

Different grades of copper have different uses, and differences in their production conditions determine essential differences in price.

For the production of cable and wire products, cathodes are remelted using a technology that excludes the saturation of copper with oxygen during the manufacture of products. Therefore, copper in such products corresponds to grades M00, M0 , M1 .

The requirements of most technical problems are met by relatively cheap brands M2 and M3. This determines the mass production of the main types of copper rolled products from M2 and M3.

Hire from brands M1, M1f, M1p, M2p, M3p is produced mainly for specific consumers and costs much more.

Physical properties of copper

The main property of copper, which determines its preferential use, is its very high electrical conductivity (or low electrical resistivity). Impurities such as phosphorus, iron, arsenic, antimony, tin significantly impair its electrical conductivity. The value of electrical conductivity is significantly influenced by the method of obtaining a semi-finished product and its mechanical state. This is illustrated in the table below:

Specific electrical resistance of copper for various semi-finished products of different brands (guaranteed values) at 20 o C.

μOhm * m	brand	Type and condition of the semi-finished product	GOST, TU
0.01707	M00	Ingots (continuous vertical casting)	193-79
	M00	Wire rod class A (oxygen : 0.02-0.035%)	THAT 1844 010 03292517 2004
0.01718		Wire rod class B (oxygen: 0.045%)
0.01724		Wire rod class C (oxygen: 0.05%)
			193-79
		Ingots (horizontal casting)
0.01748		Ribbons	1173-2006
		Annealed rods	1535-2006
0.01790		Bars, semi-solid, solid, extruded

Differences in the resistance of wire rod grades M00, M0 and M1 are due to different amounts of impurities and are about 1%. At the same time, differences in resistance due to different mechanical states reach 2 - 3%. The specific resistance of products made of copper grade M2 ​​is approximately 0.020 μOhm * m.

The second most important property of copper is its very high thermal conductivity.

Impurities and alloying additives reduce the electrical and thermal conductivity of copper, therefore, copper-based alloys are significantly inferior to copper in these indicators. The values ​​of the parameters of the basic physical properties of copper in comparison with other metals are given in the table (data are given in two different systems units):

Indicators at	Unit measurements	Copper	Alu- minium	Brass L63, LS	Bronze Braz	Steel 12Х18Н10
Specific electrical resistance,	μOhm * m	0.0172 – 0.0179	0.027- 0.030	0.065	0.123	0.725
Thermal conductivity,	cal / cm * s * deg	0.93	0.52	0.25	0.14	0.035
	W / m * deg	386 - 390

In terms of electrical and thermal conductivity, copper is insignificantsecond only to silver.

The influence of impurities and features of the properties of copper of various grades

Differences in the properties of copper of different grades are associated with the influence of impurities on the basic properties of copper. On the influence of impurities on physical properties(heat and electrical conductivity) was mentioned above. Let's consider their influence on other groups of properties.

Influence on mechanical properties .

Iron, oxygen, bismuth, lead, antimony impair plasticity. Impurities that are poorly soluble in copper (lead, bismuth, oxygen, sulfur) lead to brittleness at high temperatures.

The recrystallization temperature of copper for different grades is 150-240 o C. The more impurities, the higher this temperature.A significant increase in the temperature of recrystallization of copper gives silver, zirconium. For example, the introduction of 0.05% Ag increasesrecrystallization temperature twofold, which is manifested in an increase in the softening temperature and a decrease in creep at high temperatures, and without loss of heat and electrical conductivity.

Influence on technological properties .

TO technological properties include 1) the ability to process pressure at low and high temperatures, 2) solderability and weldability of products.

Impurities, especially low-melting impurities, form brittle zones at high temperatures, which makes hot working with pressure difficult. However, the level of impurities in the M1 and M2 grades provide the necessary technological plasticity.

With cold deformation, the effect of impurities is noticeable in the production of wire. With the same tensile strength (? v = 16 kgf/ mm 2) wire rods from grades M00, M0 and M1 have different relative elongation? (38%, 35% and 30% respectively). Therefore, wire rod of class A (it corresponds to the M00 grade) is more technological in the production of wire, especially of small diameters. The use of oxygen-free copper for the production of current conductors is due not so much to the value of electrical conductivity as to the technological factor.

Welding and brazing processes are significantly hampered by an increase in the oxygen content, as well as lead and bismuth.

Influence of oxygen and hydrogen on operational properties .

At normal conditions the operational properties of copper (first of all, the durability of operation) are practically the same for different brands. At the same time, at high temperatures, the harmful effect of oxygen contained in copper can manifest itself. This possibility is usually realized when copper is heated in an environment containing hydrogen.

Oxygen is initially contained in copper grades M0, M1, M2, M3. In addition, if oxygen-free copper is annealed in air at high temperatures, then, due to oxygen diffusion, the surface layer of the product will become oxygen-containing. Oxygen in copper is present in the form of copper oxide, which is localized along the grain boundaries.

In addition to oxygen, hydrogen can be present in copper. Hydrogen enters copper during electrolysis or annealing in an atmosphere containing water vapor. Water vapor is always present in the air. At high temperatures, it decomposes to form hydrogen, which diffuses easily into copper.

In oxygen-free copper, hydrogen atoms are located in the interstices of the crystal lattice and do not particularly affect the properties of the metal.

In oxygen-containing copper at high temperatures, hydrogen reacts with copper oxide. At the same time, high pressure water vapor is formed in the copper mass, which leads to swelling, rupture and cracks. This phenomenon is known as hydrogen sickness or hydrogen embrittlement. It manifests itself during the operation of a copper product at temperatures above200 about C in an atmosphere containing hydrogen or water vapor.

The higher the oxygen content in copper and the higher the operating temperature, the more the degree of embrittlement. At 200 ° Cservice life is 1.5 years, at 400 ° C- 70 hours.

It manifests itself especially strongly in products of small thickness (tubes, ribbons).

When heated in a vacuum, hydrogen initially contained in copper interacts with copper oxide and also leads to embrittlement of the product and deterioration of the vacuum. Therefore, products that are operated at high temperatures are made from oxygen-free (refined) copper grades M1r, M2r, M3r.

Mechanical properties of rolled copper

Most of the copper rolled products available for free sale are produced from the M2 grade. Hire from the M1 brand is mainly made to order, in addition, it is about 20% more expensive.

Cold-deformed rolled products- these are drawn (rods, wire, pipes) and cold-rolled (sheets, tape, foil) products. It is available in hard, semi-hard and soft (annealed) states. Such rolled products are marked with the letter "D", and the state of delivery with the letters T, P or M.

Hot rolled products- the result of pressing (rods, pipes) or hot rolling (sheets, plates) at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature. Such rental is marked with the letter "G". In terms of mechanical properties, hot-worked rolled products are close (but not identical) to cold-worked rolled products in a soft state.

Parameters at room temp.
Elastic modulus E, kgf / mm 2	11000	13000
Shear modulus G , kgf / mm 2	4000	4900
Yield point? 0.2 , kgf / mm 2	5 - 10	25 - 34
Tensile strength? v , kgf/ mm 2	19 – 27	31 – 42
Relation. elongation?	40 – 52	2 - 11
Hardness HB	40 - 45	70 - 110
Shear resistance, kgf / mm 2	10 - 15	18 - 21
Impact strength,	16 - 18
We process. cutting,% to L63-3
Fatigue limit? -1 at 100 million cycles

High compressive strength (55 - 65 kgf / mm 2) in combination with high plasticity determines the widespread use of copper as gaskets in seals of stationary joints with operating temperatures up to 250 ° C (pressure 35Kgs \ cm 2 for steam and 100 Kgs / cm 2 for water).

Copper is widely used in the technique of low temperatures, up to helium. At low temperatures, it retains the strength, ductility and toughness characteristics characteristic of room temperature. The most commonly used property of copper in cryogenic technology is its high thermal conductivity. At cryogenic temperatures, the thermal conductivity of the M1 and M2 grades becomes significant; therefore, the use of the M1 grade in cryogenic technology becomes fundamental.

Copper rods are produced pressed (20 - 180 mm) and cold-deformed, in hard, semi-hard and soft states (diameter 3 - 50 mm) in accordance with GOST 1535-2006.

Flat copper rolled products for general purposes it is produced in the form of foil, tape, sheets and plates in accordance with GOST 1173-2006:

Copper foil - cold rolled: 0.05 - 0.1 mm (available only in solid state)

Copper strips - cold rolled: 0.1 - 6 mm.

Copper sheets - cold rolled: 0.2 - 12 mm

Hot rolled: 3 - 25 mm (mechanical properties are regulated up to 12 mm)

Copper plates - hot rolled: over 25 mm (mechanical properties are not regulated)

Hot rolled and soft cold rolled copper sheets and strips withstand the bending test around a mandrel with a diameter equal to the sheet thickness. With a thickness of up to 5 mm, they withstand bending until the sides touch, and with a thickness of 6 - 12 mm - until the sides are parallel. Cold rolled semi-hard sheets and strips withstand the 90 degree bend test.

Thus, the permissible bending radius of copper sheets and strips is equal to the thickness of the sheet (strip).

The depth of extrusion of strips and sheets with a punch with a radius of 10 mm is at least 7 mm for sheets with a thickness of 0.1-0.14 mm and at least 10 mm for sheets with a thickness of 1-1.5 mm. According to this indicator (extrusion), copper is inferior to brass L63 and L68.

Copper pipes for general purposes they are made cold-deformed (in soft, semi-hard and solid states) and pressed (large sections) in accordance with GOST 617-2006.

Copper pipes are used not only for process fluids, but also for drinking water... Copper is inert with respect to chlorine and ozone, which are used for water purification, inhibits the growth of bacteria, when water freezes, copper pipes are deformed without rupture. Copper pipes for water are manufactured in accordance with GOST R 52318-2005, for which the content of organic matter on the inner surface is limited. Minimum bending radii and allowable pressures for soft copper pipes are given below:

Pipe size, mm	Permissible pressure, bar	Bending radius, mm	Pipe size	Permissible pressure, bar
			Inches (mm)
			1/4” (6.35*0.8)
10*1			3/8” (9.52*0.8)
12*1			1/2” (12.7*0.8)
14*1	90	52
16*1		60	5/8” (15, 87*1)
18*1			3/4” (19,05*1)
20*1	60	75
22*1		80	7/8” (22.22*1)

Corrosion properties of copper .

At normal temperatures, copper stable in the following environments:

Dry air

Fresh water (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, chlorides, acids accelerate corrosion)

In seawater at low water velocities

In non-oxidizing acids and salt solutions (in the absence of oxygen)

Alkaline solutions (except for ammonia and ammonium salts)

Dry gases-halogens

Organic acids, alcohols, phenolic resins

Copper unstable in the following environments:

Ammonia, ammonium chloride

Oxidizing mineral acids and acid salt solutions

The corrosive properties of copper in some environments deteriorate markedly with an increase in the amount of impurities.

Contact corrosion.

Contact of copper with copper alloys, lead, tin is allowed in a humid atmosphere, fresh and sea water. At the same time, contact with aluminum, zinc is not allowed due to their rapid destruction.

Copper weldability

The high thermal and electrical conductivity of copper makes it difficult to weld it (point and roller). This is especially true for massive products. Fine parts can be welded with tungsten electrodes. Parts with a thickness of more than 2 mm can be welded with a neutral acetylene-oxygen flame. A reliable way of joining copper products is soldering with soft and hard solders... For details on copper welding, see www.weldingsite.com.ua

Copper alloys

Technical copper has low strength and wear resistance, poor casting and antifriction properties. Copper-based alloys are devoid of these disadvantages -brass and bronze ... True, these improvements are achieved due to the deterioration of thermal and electrical conductivity.

There are special cases when it is necessary to maintain a high electrical or thermal conductivity of copper, but give it heat resistance or wear resistance.

When copper is heated above the recrystallization temperature, there is a sharp decrease in the yield stress and hardness. This makes it difficult to use copper in resistance welding electrodes. Therefore, for this purpose, special copper alloys with chromium, zirconium, nickel, cadmium (BrKh, BrKhTsr, BrKN, BrKd) are used. Electrode alloys retain a relatively high hardness and satisfactory electrical and thermal conductivity at temperatures of the welding process (about 600C).

Heat resistance is also achieved by alloying with silver. Such alloys (MS) have less creep with constant electrical and thermal conductivity.

For use in movable contacts (collector plates, contact wire), copper with a small level of doping with magnesium or cadmium BrKd, BrMg is used. They have increased wear resistance with high electrical conductivity.

For crystallizers, copper with additions of iron or tin is used. Such alloys have high thermal conductivity with increased wear resistance.

Low-alloyed copper grades are in fact bronzes, but they are often referred to the group of rolled copper with appropriate markings (MC, MK, MZh).

Due to their properties, various grades of copper are very popular in the industrial environment. This metal is good because it is flexible and, regardless of the operating environment, with the exception of the effects of sulfurous gases and ammonia, it is resistant to corrosion. The external distinguishing feature of copper is its pink-red color. Depending on the purity, copper is divided into types with the technical designation M1, M2, M3. This metal comes into production in the form of wire, sheets, pipes, rods. This is due to different application situations.

By composition, copper is divided into oxygen-free and deoxidized, symbol- M0 and M1, respectively. Oxygen-free is used in the manufacture of parts for electrical, electronic, electrovacuum industrial products. The content of O 2 in oxygen-free grades is not more than 0.001%, and in deoxidized grades - 0.01%.

The decoding of copper grades is presented in the table:

The rods made of this metal differ in shape, they can be round, square, hexagonal. In addition, they are subdivided into cold-deformed, so-called "drawn", hot-deformed, or "pressed". Their production takes place in strict compliance with GOST 1535-91, using copper grades such as M1, M1r, M2, M3, M3r in accordance with GOST 859.

The degree of hardness of the finished bars is: medium, hard and soft. Copper grade M2 ​​is used, as well as M1, M1p, M2p, M3, M3r in accordance with GOST 859, in accordance with GOST 1173-93.

There is also a division according to normal accuracy in thickness and increased in width, normal accuracy in thickness and width, increased accuracy in thickness and optimal accuracy in width.

Copper wire is soft and hard. In production, the grade of copper M1, GOST 859, GOST 434-78 is used.

Pipe making

To make high-quality copper pipes suitable for further operation, you need to know which brand to use, as well as observe certain technical requirements, which are spelled out in GOST 617-90. So, on industrial production the M3 brand is used, as well as M1, M1r, M2, M2r, M3r, GOST 859 and chemical. composition of GOST 15527 L96.

Pipes come in the following varieties - extruded and cold-worked, hard, medium hard and soft.

Production of strips and sheets

Strips and sheets are made in accordance with GOST 495-92, for this, copper is used with the following markings: M1, M1p, M2, M2p, M3, M3p GOST 859.

The method of normal and high precision production is applied for cold-rolled sheets and strips.

The size of hot-rolled sheets varies from six hundred to three thousand mm in width, and in length - from one thousand to six thousand.

In terms of hardness, cold-rolled sheets and strips on an industrial scale are soft, hard, medium.

A variety of copper alloys

The most common alloy used in the industry is brass. It is a compound of zinc and copper. When the third, fourth, fifth, etc. appear in this composition. element, brass becomes complex, or special. In this case, it receives the prefix aluminum, iron-manganese, manganese-tin-lead.

Such an alloy is well suited for works related to casting, pressure, cutting, since, unlike regular composition copper, it is characterized by increased resistance to destruction, elasticity and endurance. These qualities facilitate the processing of parts.

Brass rods are made in compliance with GOST 2060-90. Manufacturing accuracy can be high, normal and high. Plasticity is hard, medium, and soft.

Brass wire is produced taking into account GOST 1066-90, brass of grades L68, L80, L63, LS59-1 is used. The chemical composition is regulated by GOST 15527.

The tape is manufactured in accordance with GOST 2208-91. Used brass L85, L90, L80, L68, L63, LS59-1, LMts58-2, chemical composition is determined by GOST 15527. State: semi-hard, soft, hard, spring-hard and extra-hard. Normal production accuracy is acceptable - in width and thickness, in thickness and increased accuracy in width, increased accuracy in thickness and normal accuracy in width.

Special grades are also produced - for stamping, anti-magnetic, with increased accuracy in crescent shape, with a normalized extrusion depth that withstands the bending test.

You can see all this in the photo.

Brass pipes are produced according to GOST 494-90 standard. Cold-rolled and drawn pipes - grade L63 and L68, and pressed pipes - L63, L60, LS59-1, LZhMts59-1-1, chem. composition of GOST 15527. Length - 1-6 m.

Special products - pipes of increased accuracy, special curvature, anti-magnetic.

Application of copper

Copper processing is deeply rooted in history. Initially, people made decorations and household utensils from copper sheets. And only then the method of producing bronze by combining an alloy of tin and copper was discovered. Thus began the Bronze Age.

The time in which you live and the Bronze Age are thousands of years apart, but copper is widely used to this day. If we look inside old televisions, receivers, transformers, and other wonders of technological progress of the last century, we will find there whole coils of copper wire.

V modern industry copper and alloys have a value that is difficult to overestimate, which is why the price of copper is quite high. But, nevertheless, almost all equipment is made using this metal.

Copper aluminum wire is also used as electrical wiring. It is a good conductor and will not deteriorate or corrode over time.

In addition, copper is an excellent thermal conductor. Therefore, it is the number one metal used in the manufacture of air conditioners. And the strength and impermeability of copper pipes allows them to be used for transporting certain types of corrosive liquids and gases.

Copper is widely used in industry of various industries, and their list is so large that it is impossible to list everything now.

If you do not touch on the topic of industry, then the wire from this valuable metal is used to create works of art. For example, bead trees. Small beads are strung on it, and thanks to the flexibility of this material, the finished product takes the shape necessary for the composition.

What associations do you have with the word metal? People with a narrow worldview will say that there is nothing special in this word, but for the majority it is associated primarily with reliability and, for some reason, with a tough blow) Now it is even difficult to imagine how humanity used to get by with such a hardy and almost indestructible substance ... But since now all industries are closely related to metal, namely products from it, we need a company that will sell rolled metal at affordable prices. One of these useful and responsible companies is Metal Rolled in St. Petersburg.

They are made of copper grades M1, M1P, M2, M2P, M3, M3R in accordance with GOST 495-92, the chemical composition of which corresponds to GOST 859.

Among the huge assortment of product varieties, you can choose the most suitable for yourself (copper sheet, reinforcing strands, corners, etc.) for you and buying to be sure of its strength, because it is strength that determines 100% of the quality of any metal.

Copper Sheet Specifications

Each metal alloy has its own individual characteristics that determine their use and service life. Having decided on the appointment, you boldly choose the one that suits you, taking into account all the features. For example, a copper sheet is very easy to use, but titanium sheets are distinguished by good strength and require good skill in using it.

Copper sheet weight

Almost every product released from the factory has a standard weight for easy transportation and packaging. Just imagine what would happen if each metal was produced in any size. It would make your life very difficult.

Theoretical weight of copper sheets M1-M3, GOST 495-92, kg.
Thickness	Teretichkaya weight of 1m of sheet			Thickness	Teretichkaya weight of 1m of sheet
sheet, mm	The size sheet, mm			sheet, mm	The size sheet, mm
	1000x1000	600x1500	1000x2000		1000x1000	600x1500	1000x2000
0.4	3,56	3,2	7,12	4,5	40,05	36,06	80,1
0.5	4,45	4,01	8,9	5	44.50	40.05	89.00
0.6	5,34	4,81	10,68	5,5	48,95	44,06	97,9
0,7	6,23	5,61	12,46	6	53,4	48,06	106,8
0,8	7,12	6,41	14,24	6,5	57,85	52.07	115,7
0,9	8,01	7,21	16,02	7	62,3	56,07	124,6
1	8,9	8,01	17,8	7,5	66,75	60,08	133,5
1,1	9,79	8,81	19,58	8	71,2	64,08	142,4
1,2	10,68	9,61	21,36	9	80,1	72,09	160,2
1,3	11,57	10,41	23,14	10	89	80,1	178
1,4	12,02	10,81	24,03	11	97,9	88,11	195,8
1,4	12,4	11,21	24,92	12	106,8	96,12	213,6
1,5	13,35	12,02	26,7	13	115	104,13	231,4
1,6	14,24	12,82	12,82	14	124,6	112,14	249,2
1,7	14,69	13,22	29,37	15	133,5	120,15	267
1,8	16,02	14,42	32,04	16	142,4	128,16	248,8
2	17,8	16,02	35,6	17	151,3	136,17	302,6
2,2	19,58	17,62	39,16	18	160,2	144,18	320,4
2,3	20,03	18,02	40,05	19	169,1	152,19	338,2
2,5	22,25	20,03	44,5	20	178	160,2	356
2,8	24,48	22,03	48,95	21	186,9	168,21	373,8
30	26,7	24,03	53,4	22	195,8	176,22	391,6
3,5	31,15	28,04	62,3	24	213,6	193,24	427,2
4	35,6	32,04	71,2	25	222,5	200,25	445

Copper sheet dimensions

Dimensions must also comply with the standard established by certain authorities. On order, you can get a product such as a copper sheet with a specific size, specified when ordering.
Hot-rolled sheets are produced: with a width of 600 to 3000 mm; length from 1000 to 6000mm.

GOST 495-92

All products of the steel industry are manufactured in accordance with the laws and standards established by the state and comply with all the necessary technologies for the production of high-quality metal.
Steel grade.
The basis for determining the grade of steel is the chemical composition. Each metal has its own unique grade. And even a hard copper sheet and a soft copper sheet contain differences.

To order copper sheet and you can consult on metal rolling by calling the phones listed at the top and bottom of the site, call!

The production of hexagonal, square and round bars is carried out by the cold-worked drawn and hot-worked extrusion method. Their manufacture is carried out according to the requirements defined by GOST 1535 - 91. For copper M3 there is GOST 859, which is used for the use of this product.

Copper occupies the 29th position in the periodic table and is indispensable in mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, cryogenics, etc. In any reference book on technology you can find full information about the quality of copper. The strength of the alloy at a temperature of 20 degrees is 17 kg / mm2. Its flow limit starts at t 500 g and is 2.2 kg / mm2. For comparison, it can be noted that ordinary steel under these conditions has a yield strength of 100 kg / mm2. Based on the comparison obtained, it can be concluded that the technical performance of the copper alloy is very high compared to the conventional metal. Sale of rolled copper

Mechanical and physical properties of copper M3

Considering the hardness of copper, one can conclude that this metal is harder than silver, but much softer than iron. The difference is one and a half times.

Copper has quite high performance indicating the thermal and electrical value, while the mechanical properties of this alloy remain high. It is excellent at conducting heat and electricity. Its performance is very high and is second only to silver. Aluminum has twice the electrical resistance, and iron six times.