Industrial and production cooperation - based on the active development of specialization and cooperation of production, in particular, industrial. Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance Industry cooperation

This form of foreign economic relations is developing as a form of cooperation in

the basis of the further process of specialization and cooperation of production. It is used both within the state and on the scale of the world economy, as well as at the level of enterprises.

In world practice, many types of cooperation are known, including: production, sales, production and sales, compensation transactions and others.

Industrial cooperation is one of the forms of foreign economic relations and is characterized by the fact that the units and parts of the cooperated products are manufactured according to the tasks and technical requirements customers, and foreign trade contracts for the production and supply of such products are of a contract nature. The signing of contracts may be preceded by the conclusion of agreements that define the terms of long-term cooperation. These agreements may provide for the conditions for the development of structures, machines and equipment, production and delivery of cooperative units and parts for technical documentation customers or submitted samples. Suppliers can make cooperative products from the materials of customers or their own, while the suppliers are responsible for the quality of the materials used, as well as the timing and quality of the contract.

Industrial organizations can act as initiators of the implementation of intra - and inter - sectoral industrial cooperation.

Sales cooperation is a cooperation of economically independent manufacturers investing in joint activities for the sale of their products. These manufacturers carry out joint advertising companies, prepare common technical and commercial proposals, use joint sales networks, create joint sales organizations. The development of marketing cooperation is interconnected with the deepening of the process of specialization and concentration of production. Firms specializing in the production of a narrow range of products seek joint marketing with companies that produce related types of products. This makes it possible to increase the competitiveness of goods and satisfy the needs of buyers. Sales cooperation is widely used among manufacturers specializing in the production of engines of certain capacities or modifications, in terms of the number of revolutions, manufacturers of agricultural machines, pumps, complex tools, etc.

Production and marketing cooperation is widely used in robotics, machine tool building, automobile - and aircraft building, car building and other industries. This type of cooperation is also a form of both trade and cooperation and is carried out on the basis of agreements concluded by foreign trade and industrial partners. These agreements may provide for mutual obligations of the parties for the joint production and sale of cooperative products, preparation commercial offers, joint bidding, mutual use of commercial offers, joint bidding, mutual use of partners' sales premises. The agreements may provide for the rights to independently sell products and conditions for dividing markets, price negotiation and other conditions for working on the market.

Trading in consortia is a type of production and distribution

cooperatives, are temporary alliances of economically separate companies, that is, associations of a cartel type. They are created to improve the technical and commercial competitiveness of the products of companies that compete for orders for the supply of large quantities of goods and for the execution of contract work for the construction of industrial and other facilities.

Such orders are received by kosortiums as a result of direct negotiations with customers or through international tenders.

Suppliers join consontiums industrial equipment and krill companies, many of which are recognized international monopolies. Several large consortia, each of which includes several companies, participate in the bidding for large consignments of industrial equipment. Bidding helps to increase the competitiveness of products. Due to industrial cooperation and the division of the production process between participants who have best conditions for the production of a separate piece of equipment, this type of trade helps to reduce overall production costs and improve technical characteristics... The agreements concluded by the members of the consortium provide for conditions for mutual agreement of prices, crediting, settlements, guarantees and obligations in order to increase the competitiveness of the consortium at the auction.

Import procurement is another kind of international value-added cooperation. This type of cooperation provides for the supply by the customer for polymerization of objects under construction abroad, Vehicle, equipment. For example, imported equipment can be completed with natural engines, instruments, parts and assemblies.

Cooperation in the development of designs or technological schemes contributes to an increase in the technical level of products and its competitiveness.

Compensation operations are one of the areas of international cooperation cooperation. At the same time, foreign suppliers can provide customers with financial loans to pay for supplied machines, equipment, etc., or supply these products and services on terms of commodity loans.

Compensation agreements provide for the obligation of foreign partners to buy products manufactured at enterprises built with their assistance to pay off financial and commodity loans.

This type of cooperation was widely used in the former socialist countries; currently used by developing and underdeveloped countries to accelerate scientific and technological progress. The world practice of concluding and executing compensation agreements has shown that it is most expedient to place orders for design, supply of equipment and provision of services through international tenders. Bidding contributes to the aggravation of competition in the market and a decrease in export prices by 20 - 25% to the level of prices agreed upon as a result of direct negotiations, makes it possible to obtain technical and commercial advantages for customers.

In recent years, cooperation has developed significantly in the world economy, which makes cooperation flexible, agile and allows you to quickly engage in the process of creating and producing new goods.

Cooperation is closely related to the specialization of production, forming the basis for its forms: subject, detail and technological.

Industrial cooperation (lat. cooperatio - cooperation) is a form of long-term and stable ties between business entities engaged in the joint manufacture of certain products based on the specialization of their production.

International cooperation is developing in various forms. This could be:

® cooperation realized through a contract and not accompanied by the creation of any organizational structures;

Industrial cooperation includes three forms:

Scientific and technical;

Manufacturing;

Research and production.

Scientific and technical cooperation means cooperation in the field of research and development on selected topics based on the division of labor between partners.

Industrial cooperation - these are long-term ties between business entities in the production of mass or serial products.

Scientific and industrial cooperation- this is sustainable cooperation throughout the cycle "science - technology - production".

Since the main point in industrial cooperation is production, then, in essence, industrial cooperation is production cooperation.

International industrial cooperation between individual business entities different countries most often develops on the basis of a systematic exchange of materials, raw materials, equipment, means software, specialists.

A very common practice is an agreement on the production of goods by one enterprise from raw materials or semi-finished products belonging to another enterprise (tolling basis).

A type of business based on such an agreement, i.e. on a da-roll basis, called tolling.

TOLLING (eng. tolling), or tolling operations, is a service for the processing of imported raw materials imported to the customs territory of Russia for further processing by Russian enterprises into finished products exported outside Russia.

In other words, tolling is a method of organizing production based on the separation of commodity supplies and the processing of customer-supplied raw materials.

Instruction of the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation of July 22, 1996 No. 42 defines tolling raw materials as materials, products transferred to their owners without payment to other organizations for processing (revision), including bottling.

Tolling often leads to the division of production programs between firms, to the creation of joint ventures and research teams.

One of the first tolling firms in Russia was the Trans-SIS company, backed by the Trans-World Metals transnational corporation. 1993 - 1994 it has accumulated 70% of the shares of the Saya-nogorsk aluminum smelters, 50% of the Bratsk and 29% of the Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters. Naturally, it is interested in the growth of aluminum exports from Russia.

Tolling in the Russian aluminum complex is a contract for 1 - 3 years, according to which a foreign supplier sends raw materials to the plant, pays for its processing and then receives finished products for this.

Thus, the following technological chain operates here: imported raw materials (alumina) are delivered to a special terminal 1 in the Far Eastern port of Vanino, from where they are supplied to the aluminum plants of Eastern Siberia. Sales finished products also carried out with the help of tolling through Vanino. As a result, Russian aluminum began to literally fill the world market. The expenses of other exporting countries decreased, as export prices for Russian aluminum are 10 - 17% lower than the world average prices.

Tolling appeared in Russian Federation in 1993, when foreign customers processed their (tolling) raw materials in Russia

and received all kinds of benefits when exporting metal (aluminum), including exemption from VAT, special tax, duties.

Tolling was carried out on the basis of the Temporary Regulation on the procedure for the importation of foreign goods into the Russian Federation and the export of Russian goods abroad for processing, as well as goods under agreements on international cooperation of production, approved by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian Federation and the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation in March 1992.

Tolling agreement in accordance with clause 1 of Art. 8 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is the basis for the emergence of civil rights and obligations. By its legal nature, this contract refers to mixed contracts and contains elements of contracts for work, supply, and in some cases - exchange contracts.

In December 1996, the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation, in agreement with the Ministry of Finance of Russia, introduced new rules for processing tolling, according to which now, in order to be exempt from VAT, exporting enterprises must submit to the State Tax Service not only a declaration confirming the passage of goods through the customs of the consignor, but also copies of shipping and transport documents with marks of the customs of the country - the recipient of the goods.

The Ministry of Finance of Russia issued a letter dated April 25, 1997 No. 11-01-08 / 113 "On some issues of taxation of transactions on" internal "and" external "tolling.

According to the letter regarding the application of the "external" tolling scheme and Chapter 9 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation, an appropriate regime for the processing of goods in the customs territory is provided, where the procedure for taxation of goods placed under this customs regime is established.

1 Terminal (lat. terminalis - related to the end) - the part of the port intended for the handling of containerized and packaged cargo.

Regarding the application on the territory of Russia, the schemes of "internal" tolling in force during 1995 - 1996. regulations concerning certain commercial operations equated to export without exporting goods from the customs territory abroad, in accordance with which the work of metallurgical industry enterprises was carried out, provided for the registration of Russian goods sold to a foreign person under the export customs regime, which exempted these goods from value added tax.

Similar commodities purchased by a Russian manufacturer were subject to value added tax, which reduced the working capital Russian entrepreneurs and put them in unequal conditions with foreign entities in the foreign market.

In accordance with the current legislation on value added tax, only those goods (works, services) that are supplied outside the member states of the Economic Community (currently - the Commonwealth of Independent States) are considered exported and VAT-exempt, and sales turnover in the territory In the Russian Federation, goods, work performed and services rendered are subject to taxation.

In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of 08.05.96, No. 685 "On the main directions of tax reform in the Russian Federation and measures to strengthen tax and payment discipline" one of the directions public policy in the field of tax reform in the Russian Federation is the reduction of benefits and exemptions from general regime taxation.

It should also be borne in mind that some commercial operations equated to exports without exporting goods from the customs territory of the Russian Federation abroad fall out of customs and banking control, which contributes to the non-payment of value added tax to the federal budget and the outflow of Russian capital from the country.

In the case of supplying foreign organizations to the account as a taxpayer, they are exempt from value added tax on goods exported by them outside the territory of the CIS member states, and are entitled to reimbursement of the amount of value added tax paid to suppliers of material resources (works, services) used for the production of such goods.

Estimating the cost of customer-supplied raw materials is of particular importance when carrying out import and export operations with these raw materials (with processing in Russia or abroad). In a letter from the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 2

1996 № 06-10 / 17627 states that the prices for imported raw materials and exported processed products are not stipulated in contracts even for the purposes of customs clearance... When importing, the assessment procedure is fundamentally regulated by order of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation No. 1 of January 5, 1994 and the Law of the Russian Federation "On the customs tariff". It is allowed "in order to simplify and unify the customs valuation, the application of the method" at the transaction price "in cases of import of goods under notional value transactions (that is, transactions for which there is no real cash flow)".

Since the official price of the sale and purchase transaction is the cost of the processing service, then when importing, the operation of importing raw materials can be considered as a conditional cost and customs value must be declared on the basis of documents confirming the cost estimate of each product, including all costs of delivering the goods to the place. import into the customs territory of Russia (as such a document is usually presented proforma invoice).

The effectiveness of the implementation of tolling projects requires the correct organization of not only commodity, but also financial flows, including different kinds settlements, offsetting, creation of bill centers and other financial infrastructure.

The investment activity of enterprises abroad usually begins with the creation of a small sales office there, the functions of which are initially limited to coordinating the sale of goods produced in their own country. Gradually, as the turnover and development of the local market increase, the sales office acquires a warehouse of spare parts, then a center for after-sales technical service of goods, becomes a sales branch of the parent company with a staff and functional structure allowing further successful penetration into the economy of a foreign country.

The relations that such a branch has with local business and political circles, a deep study of the dynamics of the market demand for relevant products determine the setting of the next entrepreneurial goal - the implementation of direct industrial investments in a given country.

Such investments can be carried out in various organizational forms: through participation in the capital of local firms, the acquisition of individual enterprises, the creation of their own enterprises.

When making investments, it is necessary to evaluate their effectiveness.

The economic efficiency of an investment is assessed by comparing the estimated investment and future cash flows. These indicators refer to different periods of time, therefore, the main task of assessing the effectiveness of investments is direct comparability of these indicators.

There are many assessment methods economic efficiency investment.

The most common are:

Payback period of investments;

Annual and average annual return on investment;

Accounting rate of return;

Net present value;

Internal rate of return on investment.

1. Payback period of investment is the simplest investment appraisal method. The payback period is the time it takes an investor to recover the amount of his initial capital investment (investment). It is defined as the ratio of the amount of capital investment to the value of the average annual amount of net profit (i.e., profit remaining after taxes) and depreciation charges:

where G ok - investment payback period, years;

TO- amount of investment;

NS - average annual net profit;

A - the average annual amount of depreciation charges.

The shorter the payback period, the more efficient the capital investment.

According to the Federal Law of January 2, 2000 No. 22-FZ "On amendments and additions to the federal law"On investment activities in the Russian Federation carried out in the form of capital investments" " payback period investment project- this is the period from the day the financing of the project starts until the day when the difference between the accumulated amount of net profit with depreciation deductions and the volume of investment costs becomes positive.

2. Annual return on investment is estimated as a percentage of the net profit of the t-ro year to the amount of investments.

It is advisable to use the value of net profit with the addition of the amount of depreciation deductions t-ro year. After all, depreciation deductions remain at the disposal of the investor and, according to

International division of labor is the material basis for the development of modern production and cooperative relations between national business structures different countries in the field of production. Cooperation - attributive sign of division of labor, specialization of production and labor; it is based on business specializations-structures and is most concentrated in specialization of the country. Cooperation appears in the form agreed and / or joint production economic activity carried out companies and enterprises v purposes creating a common final product certain parameters or achieving a single useful effect. Aggregate labor of associates workers multiplies positive production result, cooperation raises it to a degree.

System characteristics international classification of cooperation ties is based on highlighting species and forms of international cooperation. The types of international cooperation include: investment, scientific and technical (innovative), technological, industrial, scientific and industrial, trade, service cooperation and industrial cooperation. The forms of international cooperation are: direct connections between cooperatives, inter-firm cooperation, transnational cooperation, joint entrepreneurship in various shapes and forms, including consortia.

Industrial cooperation, taken in its international aspect, appears to be the most mature type technological division of labor, at the same time being a new universal form organization of production. This is due to and materially prepared by the deployment of the highest, progressive forms specializations production - subject, detailed, unit-by-unit (aggregate), technological specialization... Industrial cooperation causes more active involvement industrial assets v process creation new product based on application high technologies; she conditions production of competitive products.

41. Logistics as a process of planning, organizing, controlling and managing the movement of flows.

V modern world logistics is the science of flow control, the purpose of which is to optimize flow. Moreover, under stream a set of objects is understood, perceived as a single whole and existing for a certain period of time. In turn, flows are material (they are the main object of management in logistics) and intangible. Most often, control actions are aimed at optimizing commodity, transport, information, personnel, migration and financial flows. The main parameters characterizing the flow are: start and end points, trajectory and length of the path, speed, intensity and time of movement, intermediate points.

Logistics in international business (international logistics)- This is planning, organization, control and management of the movement of flows (material, financial, informational, etc.), crossing national borders, from the point of their origin to the final consumer in space and time. The differences in the application of logistics at the national and international levels are based on the differences in the organization of the corresponding logistics systems. The use of logistics at the national level is limited primarily by the borders of the state, which are not crossed by the formed logistics chains. Logistics systems here operate in accordance with national legislation.

The main participants in the international logistics process are an exporter's supplier, an exporter of goods and (or) services, an intermediary company (for example, a carrier of goods), an importer of goods and (or) services; the final consumer of goods and (or) services. Moreover, the final consumer and importer may be one person, the exporter and the exporter's supplier may also be the same person, but intermediaries may additionally participate at any stage of the supply chain from the point of origin of goods and (or) services to the final consumer.

The role of the exporter's supplier is to supply goods and / or services to the exporter. The number of the exporter's suppliers can be any, depending on the range of goods and (or) services and the policy pursued by the exporter in relation to his suppliers. The exporter of goods and (or) services receives goods from his supplier (or suppliers) and delivers them to the importer. At this stage, the exporter can involve intermediaries in the same way as at the stage of supplying goods and (or) services to the importer. The role of intermediaries can be carriers of goods and other companies that provide various services. The role of the carrier of goods is to deliver goods from one point to another in accordance with the terms of the contract of carriage.

Insurance of transported products is carried out by a specialized Insurance Company... The importer, in accordance with the terms of an international agreement, receives the supplied goods and (or) services and makes payments to the exporter; the responsibilities for organizing insurance and transportation of the supplied goods may lie with both the importer and the exporter, depending on the agreement. The final consumer of goods and (or) services can be an importer or any legal or natural person that does not have access to the world market for this type of goods and (or) services. In the latter case, any number of intermediary organizations can work between the importer and the end user. The choice of the final version of the foreign trade supply chain remains with the logistics manager.

From the variety of tasks facing logistics in international business, we will single out the main ones:

Optimization of the pricing process for purchased, produced and supplied goods and services;

Choice optimal amount purchased goods and services;

Ensuring the optimal level of product and service quality;

Determination of the level of demand for this product or a service in a specific internal and / or external market;

The choice between delivery with the organization of intermediate storage or without intermediate storage;

Determination of the optimal level of logistics service;

Selection of the most advanced technologies for the production of products and services;

Organization of work of foreign branches of the company;

Companies applying the principles of international logistics go through several stages in the process of their development.

For stage 1 the lack of communication between the company and the world market is characteristic. National company contacts with an intermediary who conducts all necessary foreign trade operations. At the same time, the profit of the domestic company is reduced and there is no possibility of carrying out logistics activities at the international level.

On stage 2 the company carries out international operations, but uses the services of intermediaries in the export markets. The company increases profits through the implementation of logistics in international business, but is not sensitive enough to the specifics of the market where products are exported.

Stage 3 characterized by the independent work of the exporting company in the market of the country where the products are supplied. However, it uses forms and methods of work that are typical for the parent company without taking into account national characteristics.

On stage 4 the company in the overseas market attracts local managers and even uses local methods of organizing work, but the performance is assessed in accordance with the criteria of the parent company.

For the last stage - stage 5- the creation of regional headquarters in a specific geographic area is characteristic for organizing activities based on international logistics using the mutual exchange of knowledge and conducting an independent economic policy.

Foreign economic activity- a set of production-economic, organizational-economic and operational-commercial functions of export-oriented enterprises, taking into account the selected foreign economic strategy, forms and methods of work in the foreign partner's market.

Views foreign economic activity:

foreign trade activities;
industrial cooperation;
international investment cooperation;
currency and financial and credit transactions.

Production cooperative(artel) is a voluntary association of citizens on the basis of membership for joint production or other economic activities (production, processing, sale of industrial, agricultural and other products, performance of work, trade, consumer services, provision of other services) based on their personal labor and other participation and consolidation by its members (participants) of property share contributions. Law and constituent documents a production cooperative may provide for the participation of legal entities in its activities. A production cooperative is a commercial organization.

Industrial cooperation in the structure of foreign economic activity of enterprises and firms is one of the forms of cooperation between foreign partners in various, but constructively interconnected processes of the technological division of labor. Myself technological process division of labor means the distribution of its participants in the chain of creating and selling products according to its main phases, from studying the needs in domestic and foreign markets to bringing it to end consumers.

Industrial cooperation is typical for homogeneous spheres of production and circulation, for scientific and technical, investment and service areas, for example, for the manufacturing industry.

Coordination of actions of partners in the framework of industrial cooperation is achieved by:

mutual planning of export and import-substituting products;
forecasting and joint conduct of scientific developments, providing them with the necessary equipment, instruments and materials, test stands and scientific and technical information;
organization of the training process.

At the same time, the property of co-operatives is not isolated, but cooperation is provided on a reimbursable basis and is built on the principle of direct ties between producers of homogeneous products.

Production cooperatives are part of the group of foreign economic activity participants working in the foreign market without intermediaries. To sell their products on the foreign market, they mainly attract their foreign partners from related enterprises and firms in the line of coastal and border trade with the countries of Eastern Europe, Finland, Mongolia, the PRC and the DPRK, most often resorting to commodity exchange operations. Foreign economic activity of production cooperatives is intensified through the establishment of direct ties, compensatory and production cooperation, for example, with partners from the northwestern countries. For export-import operations, they only occasionally use the services and capabilities of foreign economic organizations Federal Ministry... Currently production cooperatives numerous unions and associations were formed to protect their interests and facilitate the further development of foreign economic activity.

In order for you to be able to freely navigate in the further material, we will define several important concepts. From the Introduction, you already know that the word cooperation literally means cooperation... Let us now define the concept of "industrial cooperation".

Let's agree on terms ...

In the world economic literature, the term "industrial cooperation" is used in a narrow sense, by which they mean cooperation exclusively production activities, and in its broadest sense, including various spheres of economic activity of enterprises:

Scientific research,
logistics,
production process,
product sales,
enterprise management, etc.

In a glossary of terms published by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in 1983, industrial cooperation (the term "industrial cooperation" is equivalent to the term "industrial cooperation" in its broadest sense) is defined as "relations between enterprises based on long-term community of interests".

What areas of activity can industrial cooperation include?

Industrial cooperation can include:

granting licenses,
establishment of enterprises or production lines;
development of new types of technologies and provision of information related to these
types of technologies;
production,
marketing,
joint projects or joint bid for a contract,
activities / services aimed at ensuring the main production.

Obligations in whole or part of obligations that arise in connection with the implementation of cooperation can be settled in kind (counter deliveries of similar goods or services).

What are the most important features of industrial cooperation?

Most foreign economists believe that the most important features industrial cooperation are:

long-term (repeated) economic ties,
their direct focus on the production of material goods,
joint or technologically related activities in order to save costs, improve production, increase labor productivity, quality of products and production efficiency.

At the same time, cooperative cooperation extends both to the production itself and for activities preceding the production process or related to it in another way, for example, for the sale of finished products.

Let's look at a few examples:

For example, one company purchased a batch of electric motors from another. Can we talk about cooperation in this case?
- No, you can't: cooperation is one-time.
And what if a contract for monthly deliveries of engines is concluded between these two enterprises?
- yes, this relationship is cooperation.
The company has entered into an agreement with a certain company on periodic preventive maintenance of computer equipment (for example, once a week). Can this relationship be called cooperation?
- Yes, this relationship can be called cooperation.

Within the framework of the above concepts and definitions, we will continue to consider various forms and schemes of interaction between enterprises, in particular, production with each other and production with non-production. An important additional condition in this case will be only the focus (direct and / or indirect) of such cooperation on ensuring the release of marketable products.

Reference material:

The economy of the state is conditionally divided into the following sectors:?

	INDUSTRY
	Agriculture
	Forestry
	Construction
	Transport
	Connection
	Trade and catering
	Education
	Science and scientific services
	Finance, credit, insurance, retirement benefits
	Public associations
	Other

Accordingly, INDUSTRY consists of the following subsectors:

Each sub-industry also has its own internal division, etc.
Knowledge of the sectoral division and links between individual sectors can greatly facilitate your search for cooperation partners (depending on the type of activity of your enterprise).

1.1. What does it mean to work within the framework of cooperation?

People have long come to the conclusion that it is best to work together: there is no point in everyone to be engaged in the production of everything necessary for life. It is much better when everyone does what he does best, and then the surplus results of labor are exchanged for the results of the labor of other similar producers. As a result, everyone gets access to any necessary goods and services. obviously of a higher quality than if everyone was engaged in the production of everything himself.

This process is called division of labor and is well understood in relation to individual specialists. However, the same principles can be successfully applied to enterprises: each enterprise begins to specialize in what it knows how to do best, and everything it needs from what it does not produce, it buys, exchanging its products or services for the products of others of the same highly specialized enterprises. This process is called industrial division of labor, and it is carried out on the basis of specializations each of the enterprises.

When the complexity of the product or the conditions for its production grows so much that no enterprise is able to produce it alone, several enterprises agree to join forces. For example, to produce a car, it is necessary to bring together the efforts of hundreds of enterprises. Usually, in this case, some generic functions: extraction and processing of raw materials, production of components, transport support, assembly production, sales, etc.

Distribution functions between individual enterprises in the process industrial production of some products is called industrial cooperation.

Working within the framework of cooperation means increasing the efficiency of the business by taking advantage of the benefits of specialization.

The main tasks of industrial cooperation are to:

the most efficient way to load the production capacities of manufacturing enterprises with orders;
to form rational economic ties by the correct "attachment" of consumers to suppliers;
ensure complete, timely and complex supply finished products in accordance with the existing demand and available organizational and material and technical resources.

Consider the following scheme:

Your company is fluent in the technology for the production of bolts, screws and other fasteners. Who can become your consumer (except for household goods stores and, accordingly, home lovers to do everything with their own hands)? - Right! Your consumer can be any enterprise (especially an assembly one) for which your product is a necessary element of its technological chain (for example, the production of the same cars). Suppose now that you showed this manufacturer your products, she was quite satisfied with both the quality and the price you offered, and you entered into a long-term agreement that your company undertakes to supply him with fasteners, and he, accordingly, undertakes to buy you have them.
What does such a contract mean for you?

First of all - stability in the market- something that is so often lacking, especially for start-ups. Is it profitable for you? Of course!
So you have met the first and one of the most important advantages of working in the framework of cooperation.

Now take a fresh look at the products and services that your enterprise produces (or intends to produce) and think about what constituent production process maybe products that your company can do better than others (and therefore cheaper for a given quality)?

1.2. Benefits received by small and medium-sized enterprises from participation in cooperation.

Benefits of cooperation are numerous and manifest in all aspects of industrial development. The main benefits for small and medium-sized enterprises are as follows:

Growth of opportunities for the development of production.
Stabilization of demand for products and services.
More complete and efficient use of production capacity.
Greater flexibility and quick adaptation to changing demand.
Deepening of specialization with an increase in product quality.
Optimization of the production process.
Effective implementation and use of innovations.
Spreading among the employees of the enterprise confidence in success, the spirit of entrepreneurship, new cultural property, which provides a significant improvement in the social microclimate and stability in the team.

Wherein:

The main advantage obtained by small and medium-sized enterprises from participation in cooperation is the reduction of their own costs by concentrating efforts and resources on one or a few technological processes.

We will talk in more detail about the benefits of cooperation, considering specific forms of cooperation in Section 3.

1.3. Some important points of the enterprise in terms of cooperation.

In the previous section, we briefly reviewed the benefits that an enterprise obtains from working in a cooperative environment. However, close economic cooperation can also create and whole line problems, moreover, of such a level that even the very possibility of working within the framework of cooperation is questioned.
Consider the questions below. Try to outline for yourself ways of solving the problems indicated in them. Consider carefully whether the prospect of working in a cooperative will be attractive for you after you become familiar with these problems?

1.	Interaction within the framework of cooperation presupposes a much closer mutual penetration of the business of the parties involved in it than, for example, in a sale-purchase relationship. Your partner will (or may be) available information about the internal life of your company, which is usually not visible when "viewed from the outside." Both you and your company will for some time become an object of close scrutiny by your partner (or partners). Are you ready for this? What happens if after a while it turns out that your partner was not completely conscientious? What damage it can do to your business:
	- material? - moral? - physical?
2 .	If you have an interesting opportunity to establish partnerships with a company that significantly exceeds yours in size and production capacity (for example, as a subcontractor), would you be interested in this prospect? If so, do you have a good idea of the consequences of such "unequal" relations?
3.	What share of your own resources are you ready to allocate for fulfilling orders coming from your “big” partner? Are you going to supply the same products to other consumers as well, or do you admit that the products manufactured for this customer will be unique?
4.	Work for one main customer, especially if it is a large and stable industrial enterprise is always attractive. Such cooperation ensures, first of all, the stability of orders and, accordingly, the stability of income. However, what happens if your main customer suddenly refuses to continue cooperation or significantly changes the conditions? How quickly and how can you provide orders for the resources freed up as a result of such a development of events? (We will return to this issue in detail in Section 4.2.1)
5.	Working within the framework of cooperation imposes increased requirements on the participants in cooperation with respect to the quality of products (work performed) and strict adherence to the rhythm of supplies (production). Establishing work in accordance with the requirements of cooperation can entail not only additional consumption of your efforts and energy, as a manager (owner) of the business, but often significant financial costs... For example, for the retrofitting (re-equipment) of production, the introduction of modern means and methods of logistics, personnel training, certification, etc. Are you ready for these costs?

Remember that when organizing cooperation, it is advisable to adhere to such forms of cooperation, which are based on the following principles:

equal and long-term nature of relations between partners;

5 Information and organizational support of industrial cooperation 6 World experience of industrial cooperation in small and medium-sized businesses 7