Additional warehouse area is determined based on the fact of use. Determination of the area occupied by the acceptance and release sites. Full name in Russian

Delivery standard:

• the average daily volume of the flow of goods V in / out = = 120 m3;
• the coefficient of unevenness of the incoming commodity flow knequal. input = 1.4;
• the interval of work on unloading and acceptance of goods Tvhod = = 4.5 hours (from 12.30 to 17.00);
• number of pallets in the car body (input) Npall. a / t = 22 pcs.;
• the time of unloading the vehicle, taking into account technological downtime and auxiliary time t unloading = 0.75 h.

The goods arrive at the warehouse in wagons, palletized, packaged. Homogeneous pallets. The goods are accepted after complete unloading of vehicles. The time of acceptance of the goods corresponds to the time of unloading of the transport.

Storage standard:

• number of items stored in the warehouse, articles ≤ 100 items;
• average time the goods are in the Tobor warehouse = 15 working days (3 weeks);
• coefficient of uneven storage of goods k is unequal. storage = 1.4;
• the area occupied by the pallet, Spall = 1.2 × 0.8 = 0.96 m2;
• height of goods on a pallet Npall = 1.2 m.

There is no pronounced tendency to increase / decrease in warehouse balances. There are no special requirements for storage, handling, commodity neighborhood. The parameters of the storage pallet correspond to the parameters of the receiving pallet.

Selection standard: the selection of orders is carried out in whole boxes.

Shipment standard:

• number of orders in the back of the car (exit) Nzak. a / t = 10 pcs.;
• the coefficient of unevenness of the outgoing flow of goods k is unequal. output = 1.8;
• the area occupied by the pallet with the order, Szak = 1.2 × 0.8 = 0.96 m2;
• height of the order on the pallet Nzak = 0.6 m;
• the interval of work on the shipment of orders Thyout = 3.5 hours (from 8.30 to 12.00);
• car loading time, taking into account technological downtime and auxiliary time totgr = 0.75 h.

Orders are shipped after a full check by the forwarder of their compliance with the route. The route check time corresponds to the vehicle loading time. The goods are shipped from the warehouse to the Gazelle trucks in bulk.

For this example, consider a variant of a mechanized technology for processing commodity flows. The calculation methods are presented in the article mentioned earlier, therefore, before continuing to read, it is advisable to familiarize yourself with it again.

DEFINITION OF ZONES

Let's define the main zones (areas) of operations:

• unloading and receiving area;
• storage and collection area;
• control and picking area;
• transport expedition area;
• shipment area.

We will use the classification of zones presented in the previous issue of the journal and define their general nature. In our case, the processing areas for the flow of goods will be: the unloading and receiving area, the control and picking area, the shipping area. The zones of placement (storage) and processing will be the storage and selection zone and the transport expedition zone. Areas with special conditions for storing and processing goods flows are not required. As can be seen from the initial data, work on unloading / receiving goods and work on shipping orders are carried out at different times. Therefore, to save resources and warehouse space, it is advisable to set up a combined acceptance / shipment area. We will determine the needs for capacities (capacities, areas) for the presented operational zones of the warehouse.

RECEPTION / SHIPMENT AREA

To calculate the required capacity of the receiving / unloading zone, as well as the required resource, we need to determine the composition of the first receiving / unloading post and calculate the required number of posts. Since the loading and unloading front is combined, the calculation of indicators is carried out separately for incoming and outgoing goods flows, followed by comparison of the data obtained and taking the highest values.

Determine the required number of points of acceptance and shipment. To do this, we will calculate the number of cars arriving per day for unloading, taking into account the unevenness of supplies. The daily number of vehicles arriving for unloading is determined by the formula:

Na / t input = (V input / output × k unequal input) / (Npall × Spall × Npall a / t);

Na / t input = (120 × 1.4) / (1.2 × 0.96 × 22) = 6.6 ≈ 7 units.

Determine the required number of posts to process the incoming flow of goods:

N gate input = (Na / t input × t razgr) / T input;

N gate entrance = (7 × 0.75) / 4.5 = 1.2 ≈ 2 units.

Now let's determine the required number of shipping posts (gates). Daily number of vehicles arriving for loading:

Na / t output = (V input / output × k unequal output) / (Nc × Szak × Ncap. A / t);

Na / t output = (120 × 1.8) / (0.6 × 0.96 × 10) = 37.5 ≈ 38 units.

Required number of gates for processing outbound goods flow:

N gate output = (Na / t output × totgr) / Tout;

N gate output = (38 × 0.75) / 3.5 = 8.14 ≈ 9 units.

Therefore, in total we need 9 gates: 7 sets of dock equipment (sectional gates, dock shelter, dock leveler) for servicing small-tonnage vehicles and 2 sets of dock equipment (sectional gates, dock shelter, dock leveler) for servicing both small and large-tonnage vehicles. Now we will define the required areas and capacities of the receiving / shipping area. As noted in the initial data, the acceptance of the consignment of goods is carried out after the complete unloading of the transport and the time of acceptance of the consignment corresponds to the time of unloading the vehicles. Therefore, to ensure the continuity of the process in the zone, it is advisable to unload the next batch during the acceptance of a batch of goods. To ensure the performance of work using this technology, the capacity of one acceptance point should allow placing at a time a commodity volume equal to two times the volume of goods in the back of a vehicle.

Thus, the required capacity and area of ​​the receiving station will be:

Npall. reception = 2 × Npall. a / t = 2 × 22 = 44 pallets;

Vreception = Npall. reception × Npall × Spall = 44 × 1.2 × 0.96 = 50.7 m3;

Sreception = (Npa ll. Reception × Spa ll) / ktest. pl. reception = (44 × 0.96) / 0.32 = 132 m2.

ktest pl. acceptance - the utilization factor of the area of ​​the acceptance zone. For a preliminary calculation, we take kisp. pl. reception = 0.32. Multiplying the obtained values ​​by the required number of posts for unloading and receiving goods, we obtain the required characteristics of the zone for processing the incoming goods flow:

Npall. reception total = Npall. reception × N gate entrance = 44 × 2 = 88 pallet places;

V reception total = V reception × N gate input = 50.7 × 2 = 101.4 m3;

S reception total = S reception total × N gate input = 132 × 2 = 264 m2.

The shipping technology is similar to the receiving technology. Picked orders as part of the route are placed in front of the gate. Since the time for transferring orders to the forwarder corresponds to the time for loading orders into the body of a vehicle, the required capacity and area of ​​the shipping sector through one gate will be:

Nzak. disgr ​​= 2 × Nzak. a / t = 2 × 10 = 20 pallet places;

Votgr = Nzak. discharge × Nzak × Szak = 20 × 0.6 × 0.96 = 11.5 m3;

Sotgr = (Napp. Dis. × Sac.) / Kisp. pl. otgr = (20 × 0.96) / 0.32 = 60 m2.

ktest. pl. shipment - coefficient of utilization of the area of ​​the shipment area. For a preliminary calculation, we take kisp. pl. otgr = 0.32.

Let's define the required characteristics of the zone for processing outbound goods flow:

Nzak. otgr. total = Nzak. otgr × N gate output = 20 × 9 = 180 pallet places;

Votgr. total = Vzak. discharge × N gate outlet = 11.5 × 9 = 104 m3;

Sotgr. total = Szak. otgr × N gate output = 60 × 9 = 540 m2.

For the acceptance / shipment area, we take the highest obtained indicators:

N gate total = 9 units;

Npallet-places reception / dispatch. total = 180 pallet places;

V reception / dispatch total = 104 m3;

Receiving / sending total = 540 m2.

With a column pitch of 6 m, we place one gate in one opening. The scheme of the acceptance / shipment area is shown in Fig. 1.

STORAGE AND SELECTION AREA

Let's define the main parameters of the storage and selection area. We know the time the goods are in the warehouse, the volume of the daily flow and the coefficient of uneven storage volumes. Let's calculate the required capacity of the storage and selection area:

Vstore = Vinput / output × knequal. stored × Tobor;

Vstore = 120 × 1.4 × 15 = 2520 m3.

Now let's determine what technological requirements are imposed in our case for the placement of goods for selection. Box selection is carried out manually, therefore, all articles must be presented in the manual access area. Consider the option of placing goods on frontal pallet racks, while box selection will be made from the pallets of the first tier. The average occupancy of the picking pallet is half the volume of the storage pallet.

Let's compose a formula for determining the required number of pallet places for our case:

Npallet storage places = ((Vstore - (narticles × Npall × Spall) / 2) / (Npall × Spall)) + n articles;

N pallet storage places = ((2520 - (100 x 1.2 x 0.96) / 2) / (1.2 x 0.96)) + 100 = 2238 pallet places.

Let's determine the maximum possible number of tiers of front shelving when placing 100 articles on the first tier:

Stored tiers possible = N pallet storage places / n articles = 2238/100 = 22.4 tiers.

Of course, we will not need so many tiers for mechanized processing of commodity flows. Let us assume that the distance from the floor level to the bottom of the floor beam of the projected warehouse building is 10 m. The height of the goods on the pallet is Нpall = 1.2 m. floor beam for laying communications, we place 6 tiers of shelving. Installation and removal of pallets with goods will be carried out by reach trucks with a fork lift of 8.6 m (see Fig. 2).

Let us determine, in a first approximation, the required area of ​​the storage and selection area of ​​the goods (see Fig. 3):

Sstorage = (Npallet-places of storage × Spall) / (N-tiers of storage × krep. Area of ​​storage);

Sstore = 2238 × 0.96 / (6 × 0.33) = 1085 m2.

ktest pl. storage is the utilization factor of the area of ​​the storage and selection zone. For a preliminary calculation, we take kisp. pl. storage = 0.33.

CONTROL AND EQUIPMENT ZONE

To determine the area of ​​the control zone and order picking, we need to calculate the required number of picking posts. Each picker checks the correctness of the selected order, marks the boxes with the goods, prints the required documents and puts them in the first order box, consolidates boxes of one order on a pallet for transfer to the forwarding area. Let us assume that according to the data of the existing timing of control and picking operations, the average productivity of the picker is 4.1 orders per hour. Thus, we can determine the required number of picking inspectors and, accordingly, picking posts by the formula:

Nset = V input / output × k unequal. output / (Twork × qcompl × Nzak × Szak);

Nset = 120 × 1.8 / (8 × 4.1 × 0.6 × 0.96) ≈ 12 people. = 12 posts.

The average area of ​​the control and picking post is about 24.5 m2 (a diagram of a possible layout of the picking post is presented in the article by Andrey Ivanov "The second stage of warehouse design", "Warehouse technologies" No. 3, 2007. - Editor's note), while near each post there are 4 pallets with orders: two before processing and two after.

The total area of ​​the control and picking area will be (see Fig. 4):

Sstorage = N set × S post set = 12 × 24.5 = 294 m2.

The capacity of the control and picking area will be:

Npallet-places counter = Nset × Npallet-places post counter = 12 × 4 = 48 pallet-places.

TRANSPORT FORWARDING AREA

Shipment is carried out from 8.30 to 12.00, therefore, all orders must be assembled and placed in the forwarding zone before the end of the working day preceding the day of shipment, and the zone itself must allow placing the entire daily volume of orders, taking into account the uneven shipments.

Vexp = Vinput / output × knequal. output;

Vexp = 120 × 1.8 = 216 m3.

Npallet-places exp = Vexp / (Nzak × Szak) = 216 / (0.6 × 0.96) = 375 pallet-places.

If we place all orders on the floor in one tier, we need the following areas:

Sexpedition = Npallet-places of exp × Szak / ktest.

pl. exp = 375 × 0.96 / 0.33 = 1125 m2.

In order to save storage space in the expedition area, it is advisable to install racks. The number of their tiers is taken as N tiers exp = 4 pcs. At the same time, work on the placement and selection of orders in the area of ​​the forwarding expedition can be carried out by an electric forklift with a fork lifting height of 3.5 m (see Fig. 5 on page 14).

Expedition = (Npallet-places of exp × Szak) / (kspl.

Expedition = 375 × 0.96 / (0.33 × 4) = 273 m2.

ktest pl. exp is the coefficient of using the area of ​​the expedition zone. For a preliminary calculation, we take kisp. pl. exp = 0.33.

We have calculated the required capacities and areas of technological areas of the warehouse (see fig. 6 on page 15).

Based on the results of the calculations, we will compile a summary table of the required logistics capacities (see table 1). It should be noted that the preliminary calculation of the total area of ​​the building was carried out without taking into account the central driveways between the zones. The total area of ​​central thoroughfares for preliminary calculations is taken as 15-20% of the total area of ​​operational zones. At the same time, the total warehouse area will be about 2,600 m2. A preliminary version of the layout of the zones is shown in Fig. 7.

DETAILED DRAWING OF THE WAREHOUSE

Next, let's move on to a detailed drawing of the warehouse. At this stage, the location of the columns, the availability of auxiliary rooms, the technological requirements for the equipment and technology used are already taken into account. Therefore, in the final version, the areas of the zones and the warehouse as a whole may undergo some changes (see Fig. 8). The actual characteristics of the process zones are shown in Table 2.

It should be noted that the development of layout solutions is recommended to be carried out on a variant basis, followed by a comparison of the main logistic / economic indicators and the choice of the most rational option.

CALCULATION OF RESOURCE NEEDS

For further logistic design, we will need to enter additional data and restrictions.

Unloading of vehicles is carried out with the help of loaders on the condition that one loader per one unloaded machine.

Indicators of the productivity of PHE (reach trucks, electric stackers) when performing intra-warehouse operations:

• placement of accepted pallets on the shelves QPTO size = 20 pallets / h;
• movement of goods from the upper tiers to the lower (replenishment) QPTO perm = 26 pallets / h;
• movement of goods from the picking area to the forwarding area QPTO set = 24 pallets / h;
• movement of goods from the expedition area to the shipping area QPTO exp = 24 pallets / h;
• the productivity of the selectors when performing box selection qselection = 2.2 zak / h.

Technological operations indicating the types of the involved resource are shown in Table 3.

DETERMINATION OF RESOURCE NEEDS WHEN CARRYING OUT WORK ON UNLOADING AND ACCEPTANCE OF GOODS

According to the adopted technology for processing the incoming flow of goods, one machine is unloaded by one loader, while the time of unloading the machine corresponds to the time of acceptance of the entire batch of goods by the storekeeper.

The area of ​​the warehouse depends on the type, method of storage of materials and its quantity. Open storage areas are intended for storage of materials that do not require weather protection (concrete and reinforced concrete structures, bricks, etc.).

The size of the storage area is determined as the sum of the areas of the warehouses required for storing structures of all types for a certain period of construction (underground or aboveground part), taking into account their maximum daily requirement.

The maximum daily requirement for material resources of each type is determined by the formula

where - the amount of material resources of each type required to perform construction and installation work during the entire billing period; determined according to working drawings (specifications), estimates or other standards, in physical terms (m 3 - for reinforced concrete structures, thousand pieces - for bricks, etc.); - the size of the settlement period, days during which this resource is used, is determined according to the work schedule; –The coefficient of unevenness of the flow of material resources to the warehouse (for railway transport - 1.1; for water transport - 1.2; for road transport - 1.3–1.5); - coefficient of uneven consumption, taken as 1.1–1.3.

Accepted (estimated) stock of material resources of each J-th type in stock in physical terms is determined by the formula

, (3.2)

where is the rate of stock of material resources of a certain type in the warehouse, days, taken for capture, floor (Table 3.2).

Table 3.2

Stock rate of basic materials and products in open warehouses

The area of ​​warehouses is determined by the formula

, (3.3)

where q- the estimated area of ​​the warehouse per unit of measurement (Table 3.3).

Table 3.3- Estimated warehouse area, taking into account aisles and driveways

Materials and constructions	Standard, units rev.
A. Prefabricated structures
Precast concrete: column foundations floor slabs roof slabs (for industrial buildings) trusses roof beams foundation and crane beams, staircases and flights, balcony slabs, lintels, sanitary blocks Concrete wall blocks Wall panels	1.0-1.7 m 2 / m 3 2.0 m 2 / m 3 2.0 m 2 / m 3 4.1-3.3 m 2 / m 3 4.1-2.8 m 2 / m 3 5.0 m 2 / m 3 3.2–2.5 m 2 / m 3 1.0 m 2 / m 3 0.4 m 2 / m 3
B. Building materials
Building bricks Crushed stone, gravel and sand in mechanized warehouses Pipes: steel cast iron reinforced concrete Formwork Armature	2.5 m 2 thousand pcs. 0.35-0.5 m 2 / m 3 1.7-2.1 m 2 / t 1.4-2.5 m 2 / t 4.1-5.5 m 2 / m 0.07-0 , 2 m 2 / m 2 1.2-1.4 m 2 / t
B. Metal structures
Columns weighing, t: up to 5 to 15 more than 15 Crane beams when stored in a vertical position, weight, t: up to 10 more than 10	3.3 m 2 / t 2.8 m 2 / t 1.5 m 2 / t 2.0 m 2 / t 1.0 m 2 / t
Trusses when stored in an upright position, weighing, t: up to 3 more than 3 Runs, half-timbered, solid braces Structures of high-rise buildings	10 m 2 / t 7.7 m 2 / t 2.0 m 2 / t 1.0 m 2 / t

Total area of ​​open storage area F is defined as the sum of warehouse areas for storing certain types of materials and structures

. (3.4)

Having calculated the total area of ​​the warehouse based on the dimensions of materials and structures, the radius of the assembly crane, the width of the warehouse is assigned.

Places for storing scaffolds, scaffolding, pallets for bricks, places for receiving mortar, etc. should also be indicated.

In general, the width of the warehouse should be no more than the useful boom reach required for the installation of this object.

It is convenient to calculate the area of ​​an on-site open-type warehouse in tabular form. An example of the calculation is given in table. 3.4.

Table 3.4- An example of calculating the area of ​​an open warehouse

Name of materials and products, units rev.	Duration of consumption	Odds	Need	Material stock rate, days	Estimated stock of material	Estimated warehouse area per unit of measurement	Warehouse area, m 2
receipt of materials	consumption of materials	total for the entire billing period	daily
					n		q
Brick, thousand pcs.		1,3	1,1		21,45		107,25	2,5	268,1
Floor slabs PTK-12, m 3		1,3	1,1	593,3	8,48		42,4	2,0	84,8

TOTAL ................................................. .................................................. ......... 352.9

When choosing a new warehouse and analyzing the work of an existing one, the primary importance is given to the calculation of the area of ​​the warehouse and auxiliary premises, as well as their analysis.

The total warehouse area includes:

Useful area for storing material;

Area for acceptance and release sites;

Office space occupied by office and other office premises;

Auxiliary area for driveways and approaches.

Useful warehouse area can be determined in two ways: by the method of loading on 1 m 2 of floor area and by the method of the filling factor of the volume.

The first method is the most convenient and simple.

The calculation formula is:

where is the value of the established stock of the corresponding material in the warehouse, t; - load per 1 m 2 of floor area, t (value is taken from reference books).

Using the fill factor, the volume of any equipment for storing materials and products is determined by the formula:

,

where is the geometric volume of the corresponding equipment, 1 m 3; - specific weight of material or product, t / m 3; - volume filling factor (packing density).

Knowing the amount of material to be stored, you can calculate the required amount of equipment n by the formula:

Equipment for storage of goods can be subdivided according to the type of stored materials: for storing piece large-sized, packaged piece, bulk, liquid and gaseous cargo in accordance with their physical condition and characteristics.

Piece goods can be stored in warehouses with stacks or on racks, the types and parameters of which depend on the stored goods, as well as the purpose of the warehouse, the processing technology of goods, their storage period and other factors.

Bulk goods are stored in open storage areas in stacks and trenches of various shapes and in closed warehouses, and in case of small stocks - in bunkers of various shapes.

Liquid cargo can be stored in warehouses in containers (barrels, bottles, drums) and in bulk.

Multiplying the overall dimensions of the received equipment by the required amount, they determine the useful area of ​​the warehouse for storing this type of material.

The total usable area of ​​the warehouse is obtained by summing up the usable area intended for storage of certain types of goods.

Acceptance area determined by the formula:

,

where is the annual receipt of goods, t; k - coefficient of irregularity of goods receipt at the warehouse (seasonality index); t is the number of days the material has been at the acceptance site; - load per 1 m 2 of floor area of ​​the site (taken equal to 0.25 of the average load per 1 m 2 of floor area in the warehouse).

The area for the release site is determined using a similar formula. In warehouses with a small volume of work, the acceptance and release sites can be combined.

Service area calculated depending on the number of employees. With a warehouse staff of up to three people, the office area is taken at 5 m 2 for each person; from 3 to 5 people - 4 m 2 each; with a staff of more than 5 people - 3.25 m 2 each.

The auxiliary area depends on the dimensions of the vehicles with which the warehouse is equipped. In general terms, the formula for calculating the area for aisles and driveways is as follows

,

where A is the width of the vehicle, m; B is the width of the gap between vehicles and between them and the racks, m.

The height of the warehouse is taken from the floor level to the tightening of the trusses or rafters from 3.5 to 5.5 m. If the warehouse is equipped with an overhead crane, then its height can reach 8 m.

This kind of lesson will tell you about how to count storage space... When designing a construction plan, a decisive role is played by a clear organization of on-site storage facilities. For storage of sand, gravel, precast concrete, lumber, I accept an open warehouse. For storage of binders, finishing materials, glass, plumbing equipment, I accept a closed warehouse.

It stores structures, semi-finished products, products and equipment.
Open area planned, is compacted and has a slope for drainage of atmospheric waters. Thus, the construction plan is a collection of warehouses, change houses, engineering networks, mechanisms and the facility being built.
The amount of materials to be stored in the warehouse must ensure the uninterrupted supply of the building construction with all the necessary materials, structures and products, in the right amount. The figure below shows the location of various types of warehouses on the construction site. Please note that only an open warehouse is located within the crane's reach, the other two are located outside the crane's border.

We calculate warehouses in the following sequence:
2. Determine the stock of material. Q warehouse = Qsk * t * K1 * K2 / Tc, where
Qsc. - the amount of material used;
n is the standard stock in days, depending on the condition of the roads, the type of vehicles;
K1-coefficient of uneven consumption of materials K1 = 1.2, taking into account high labor productivity
K2-coefficient of uneven receipt of materials to the warehouse K2 = 1.1, depending on the remoteness of factories supplying construction materials, as well as the type of transport

We define warehouse area at the construction site for each material.

Fsk = Qsk / q * Ksk, where
Ksk- the utilization rate of the warehouse space, taking into account the aisles and driveways.
Qck - the amount of material to be stored in the warehouse
q - standard amount of material placed on 1m2 of storage area.
The initial data and calculations for each material are summarized in a table

Statement of consumption of basic building materials
	name of materials	gauge		days of work	days of stock		storage rate	warehouse area	warehouse type
	foundation block								open
	floor slabs								open
									open
									open
	ceramic tile
	window and door blocks
	paints, varnishes								closed

Warehouse type	Calculated area	Accepted area	warehouse dimensions
open warehouse
indoor warehouse

So we found areas of all types of warehouses, took their size, which will be sufficient for temporary storage of materials, taking into account their development and the arrival of new ones.

Warehouse systems in logistics

Lecture plan

1. The main functions of the warehouse system .. 1

2. Classification of warehouses. 2

3. Performance indicators of the warehouse. 4

4. Determination of the size of warehouse space. 6

5. Determination of the need for warehouse equipment and lifting and transport mechanisms. eight

The main functions of the warehouse system

Warehouse- a building, structure, device intended for the reception and storage of various material values, their preparation for industrial consumption and the uninterrupted supply of them to consumers.

The main functions of the warehouse include the following:

1. Accumulation of the necessary reserves of fuel, raw materials, materials, products, etc.

2. Ensuring the safety of material assets.

3. Implementation of the rational organization of loading and unloading and intra-warehouse operations with minimal labor and money costs;

4. Correct use of warehouse space and volumes and rational operation of internal warehouse equipment;

5. Implementation of proper preparation of inventories for production consumption;

6. Conversion of production assortment into consumer assortment in accordance with demand - creating the necessary assortment for fulfilling customer orders.

7. Warehousing and storage allows you to equalize the time difference between the release of products and its consumption and makes it possible to carry out continuous production and supply based on the created inventory.

8. Unitization and transportation of goods. Many consumers order less-than-a-wagon or less-than-trailer shipments from warehouses, which significantly increases the costs associated with the delivery of such goods. To reduce transport costs, the warehouse can perform the function of combining (unitizing) small consignments for several customers, until the vehicle is fully loaded.

9. Provision of services. Providing customers with various services that provide the company with a high level of customer service, these include:

Preparation of goods for sale (packaging of products, filling containers, unpacking, etc.)

Checking the functioning of devices and equipment, installation

Giving products a presentation, pre-processing (for example, wood)

· Freight forwarding services, etc.

10. Promoting the correct use of materials, rational use of waste, as well as packaging, etc.

Warehouse classification

Warehouses of industrial enterprises and firms are classified as shown in diagram 1:

Warehouse performance

Analysis of the operation of existing warehouses, as well as the choice of the most profitable option for warehouses under construction and reconstruction, are carried out according to the main groups of technical and economic indicators:

Ø volume of work of warehouses;

Ø resource turnover rate;

Ø efficient use of warehouse space and volumes;

Ø use of lifting and handling equipment (idle rolling stock under cargo operations);

Ø labor productivity, degree and level of labor mechanization;

Ø quality of customer service;

Ø the amount of investment in the warehouse;

Ø the cost of processing one ton of cargo;

Ø payback period.

The indicators of the volume of work of warehouses and the speed of turnover characterize the intensity of the work of warehouses and include warehouse turnover and cargo turnover, specific warehouse turnover, material turnover ratio.

Warehouse turnover- the number of products sold for the corresponding period (month, quarter, year) from individual warehouses as a whole. This is a natural indicator that characterizes the labor intensity of warehouses. It is calculated by the number of materials released (dispatched) within a certain time (one-way cargo turnover).

In addition, in warehouse logistics, the concepts of freight traffic and cargo handling are used.

Freight traffic- is determined by the amount of cargo passing through the site per unit of time.

Cargo handling- includes the number of overloads along the movement of the cargo.

The ratio of this indicator to the warehouse turnover is characterized by conversion factor, which can reach a value of 2 or more. The lower this coefficient, the better the technological process of the warehouse is organized.

There is also a coefficient of unevenness K n receipt (release) of cargo from the warehouse, which is equal to:

,

where Q max is the maximum receipt (release) of the cargo for a certain period; Q av - average receipt (release) of cargo for the same period.

The specific warehouse cargo turnover is equal to:

,

where F total is the total storage area, including the area of ​​closed warehouses, sheds and open areas.

The material turnover ratio is the ratio of the annual (quarterly) turnover of a material to its average balance in the warehouse for the same period.

Indicators characterizing the efficiency of using warehouse space and volumes include the following values:

- warehouse utilization rate:

where f floor is the useful area of ​​the warehouse occupied by the stored resources;

- the average load per 1 m2 of storage space is determined by the coefficient:

where Q хр is the amount of stored material in the warehouse, t;

The ratio of the useful volume of the warehouse V floor occupied by resources to the total volume of the warehouse V is generally characterized by the coefficient:

The indicator of the intensity of the use of the warehouse area is the so-called freight intensity:

where Q g is the annual warehouse turnover.

The indicators of the use of materials handling equipment are as follows:

The utilization rate of the mechanism in terms of carrying capacity:

where q f is the mass of the transported cargo; q n - rated lifting capacity of the mechanism;

The utilization rate of the mechanism over time:

,

where T f is the time the mechanism is in operation; T total - the total working time of the warehouse.

The actual downtime of the rolling stock under cargo operations is determined by the formula:

,

where q under - the amount of cargo in tons to be processed (loading, unloading); Qh fur - hourly performance of mechanisms.

The indicators characterizing the productivity of warehouse workers and the degree of labor mechanization are as follows:

Labor productivity of one worker per shift:

where Q total is the total amount of processed resources for a certain period of time; m is the number of man-shifts spent on processing resources for the same period;

Coverage of workers with mechanized labor:

,

where P m is the number of workers performing work in a mechanized way; P is the total number of workers employed in loading and unloading operations;

Warehouse mechanization level:

where Q total is the total amount of work, including the amount of mechanized work; Q is the amount of manual work.

The cost of warehouse processing of one ton of resources is determined by the formula:

,

where C total is the total amount of annual operating costs, rubles; Q total - the number of processed resources per year, i.e.

The total annual operating costs are calculated as follows:

where З - annual expenses for wages of workers serving machines and devices; E is the annual cost of electricity and fuel, rubles; М - annual expenses for auxiliary (cleaning, lubricants, etc.) materials, rubles; Am - annual deductions for depreciation and repair of machines and mechanisms, rubles; Ac - annual deductions for depreciation and repair of warehouse and other structures and devices, rubles.

Determination of the size of warehouse space

Distinguish between general, useful (working) and additional warehouse area. The total area of ​​the warehouse F total is determined by the formula:

where f floor- useful area of ​​the warehouse, i.e. the area occupied by directly stored resources (racks, stacks, bins, bins and other devices for storing these resources);

f pr- the area occupied by the acceptance and release sites;

f w- office space (occupied by office and other office premises);

f about- the area occupied by stationary handling and other equipment (hoists, conveyors, etc.);

f flash- auxiliary area, i.e. the area occupied by driveways and aisles.

The useful area of ​​warehouses for metals, hardware, tools, spare parts, equipment, electrical, chemical and other materials and products is determined in two ways:

By the way of loading on 1 m 2 of the warehouse area;

Using the fill factor of the volume.

The method of loading 1 m 2 of floor area is more convenient and simple. However, it can be used when the load on 1 m 2 of the area is known for a given type of resource. The calculation formula for determining the useful area of ​​the warehouse in this case is as follows:

where q zap- the amount of the established stock of the corresponding type of resource in the warehouse;

q day - average daily consumption of resources;

t xp- the period of storage of resources in the warehouse.

Table 1

The value of σ for different warehouses

Under the fill factor of the volume β v means the ratio of the volume V 1 resources that fit into a stack, bin, rack, etc., to their geometric volume V, i.e .:

The value of this coefficient is always less than one. Coefficient β v characterizes the density of the bookmark of one or another type of resources in the corresponding storage devices. Using it, you can determine the capacity of any warehouse equipment q about for storing resources (cells, racks, stacks, bins, bunkers, etc.) according to the formula:

where V about–The geometric volume of the corresponding warehouse equipment, m 3;

γ is the specific weight of a certain type of resources.

For equipment (racks, bins, bunkers) that has a simple volumetric shape (cubic, prismatic, parallelepiped, etc.), the capacity is calculated by the formula:

where l- the length of the appropriate storage equipment; b- the width of this equipment; h- the height of this equipment.

Knowing the amount q zap resources to be stored, the required amount of equipment n(cells, racks, bins, bins or stacks) is determined by the formula:

If the overall dimensions of the equipment for storing resources and its required amount are known in the plan, you can set the usable area for storing these resources:

,

Having calculated in this way the useful area for storing certain types of resources and summing up the obtained values, we get:

,

The area of ​​acceptance and sorting and release sites is calculated based on the storage of the average daily size of incoming and outgoing resources and the specific load per 1 m 2 of these sites.

In warehouses with a large volume of work, acceptance and release sites are arranged separately. The required size of the acceptance site is determined by the formula:

where Q g- the annual flow of resources, t; q Wed- the average daily flow of resources to the warehouse, t; σ 1 - load per 1 m 2 of area (taken approximately 0.25 of the average load per 1 m 2 of usable area in the warehouse, depending on the type of stored resources), t / m 2; K is the coefficient of unevenness of the flow of resources to the warehouse (with rational loading of the warehouse K = 1.2,…, 1.5); t- the number of days the resources have been at the acceptance site.

The size of the holiday area is determined using a similar formula.

In large warehouses, instead of separate, relatively small acceptance and release sites, expeditions for the acceptance and release of goods can be organized, which are equipped with weighing devices, as well as the necessary lifting and transport, packaging and other equipment.

The service area of ​​the warehouses includes office and necessary household devices (dressing rooms, washrooms, latrines, eating rooms, smoking rooms, etc.). Warehouse office area is calculated depending on the number of employees. With a staff of 3 people, the office area is taken at 5 m 2 for each person, from 3 to 5 - by 4 m 2, with a staff of more than 5 - by 3.25 m 2.

The area occupied by lifting and transport equipment and other devices (hoists, conveyors, pumps, fans, etc.) is calculated based on the dimensions of this equipment in terms of plan and the aisles of the service personnel.

The auxiliary warehouse area includes the area occupied by aisles and driveways. The dimensions of the aisles and driveways in the warehouse are determined depending on the size of the resources stored in the warehouse, the size of the cargo turnover, the type of lifting and transport mechanisms used to move the resources. The main aisles where the main vehicles move should be checked for the possibility of free turning of industrial trucks (carts, forklifts, etc.) in them. If necessary, they should also be calculated for the oncoming movement of mechanisms. For this purpose, use the formula:

A = 2B + 3C,

where A is the width of the passage, cm; B - vehicle width, cm; C - the width of the gaps between the vehicles, between them and the racks (stacks) on both sides of the passage (taken equal to 15-20 cm).

The calculated data are the total area of ​​the warehouse.