What is a geodetic survey of a land plot. Geodetic survey of a land plot. When surveying is needed - an overview of the main situations

equipment and further data processing

Preparatory stage

1. Before starting the geodetic survey, the following is necessary: ​​terms of reference for the performance of work, drawn up on the basis of a preliminary office survey of the cartographic material of the survey area (with the application of priority volumes of work performed in a specified period of time). Based on this, the issue of obtaining cartographic material of the optimal scale of -1: 10000 ("DSP") (necessary for the direct drawing of survey objects) is being resolved; a review of the cartographic material at a scale of -1: 100,000 (necessary for preliminary preparation of the quantitative volume of the survey), the layout of the points of the GGS, OMS, OMZ located in the areas of the survey (coinciding with the received map material).

2. A visit to the site is carried out to determine on the ground really existing points of the SHS, OMS and OMZ (since the points can be destroyed) and the selection of the most convenient objects for shooting.

3. Before surveying the object, it is necessary to coordinate the point to place the GPS base station, which is performed as follows (it is optimal to use 3 receivers, which allows you to immediately obtain closed figures):

Receiver # 1 is installed on the point selected for the GPS base

Receiver # 2 is sequentially installed at at least 5 points of the GGS.

Receiver # 1 and # 2 are sequentially installed at the points of the GGS to link these points with each other.

The time spent at each point is 1 hour.

The requirements for the location of the GPS Base Station are as follows:

At a distance of no more than -20 kilometers from the subject of photography

It is desirable on the roof of the building, taking into account its predominance over adjacent buildings and the absence of tall trees.

The constant presence of one employee to ensure the protection and control of the continuous operation of the GPS base station.

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Figure 59 - Installation of a pole with an external antenna andGps-receiver at the shooting picket

1 - satellite dish, 2 - milestone, 3 - controller

1. A GPS survey is performed by at least 2 receivers in the WGS-84 coordinate system.

2. The day before departure, plan the time of the survey (since there is a constant time shift of the maximum of satellites), choosing the time interval with the largest number of satellites or the period of their increase starting from 6 satellites.

3. The GPS base station is installed (centered) on a point with known coordinates (points of the GGS, OMS, OMZ or a point coordinated in advance during the preparatory stage). To ensure the protection and control of the continuous operation of the GPS base station, the constant presence of one employee is required.

4. Survey of a linear object is carried out using a mobile GPS receiver, in accordance with the instructions for topographic survey.

5. If the line object is underground, then the first surveyor moves along the object with a cable detector and monitors the position of the pipe underground.

6. The second surveyor follows him with a mobile GPS receiver and coordinates the points of exit to the surface of this object (valves, cathodic protection outputs, etc.), points of intersection with this object (roads, railway crossings, rivers, borders (areas , cities, settlements, subcontractors, etc.), forest belts, pipeline turning points, etc. To achieve geodetic accuracy, the points of the GGS, OMS, OMZ, which are located in close proximity to the linear object or at a distance of up to 2 km, must be coordinated from it The time of standing at one point to be shot must be at least 3 minutes.

TreatmentGpsdata.

1. GPS survey data are processed in the Trimble Geomatics Office software (hereinafter TGO) for this from the base and mobile GPS receiver via COM or USB ports, data is downloaded to a personal computer (data transfer via USB is 10 times faster).

2. For the timely detection of random errors (failure in satellite signal reception, signal re-reflection, poor location of satellites (in line), when working in forested areas of the terrain), primary data processing must be performed at the end of the working day on a laptop (for this, the brigade must have at least one person who can work in TGO).

3. GPS survey data are processed in TGO in the WGS-84 coordinate system (sub-meter accuracy is obtained), then these data are equalized (transformed) into SK-42 or SK-63 (which achieves centimeter accuracy) and subsequently the data can be adjusted (transformed) to the local coordinate system (for submission to the Cadastral Chamber). To do this, you need the initial data of the GGS, OMS, OMZ in the coordinate system SK-42 (secret), SK-63 (secret) and the local coordinate system (DSP). The department should have a permanent specialist who will deal with data processing on the territory of the enterprise.

4. For subsequent work (output of graphic material), data from the TGO software product is transferred in the form of an export file or a coordinate catalog to one of the following programs Credo, Map Info, ObjectLand, AutoCad. To work with graphics, you need a separate specialist with the skill of working in these programs.

from 15 000 RUB Order service

Price and terms geodetic surveys are calculated individually for each site. At any time, you can find out about the cost and duration of this service by filling out the application form below.

What is geodetic survey?

Geodetic survey- this is a complex work, the result of which is the creation of topographic maps or plans of any territory by measuring the required heights, angles, distances.

In the process of work, a variety of tools are used, and as a result, a display of the earth's surface with the presence of objects located on it is obtained. In addition, geodetic surveying can be carried out using aircraft that receive images of the terrain from their height. Geodetic surveying is necessary so that objects and various communications are visible in the preparation of certain documentation.

Geodetic works can be subdivided according to the main directions of geodesy:

• Higher geodesy- this is geodesy, within the framework of which the study of the size of the Earth, the Earth's gravitational field takes place. Within the framework of this direction, work is being carried out to transfer the coordinate systems adopted in the world to the territory of a certain state. This direction can also include research work related to the movement of the earth's crust - both modern changes and those that occurred millions of years ago are being investigated.
• The engineering geodesy... This direction of geodesy is applied. Engineering geodesy works are associated with the definition of options for the implementation of geodetic measurements, which are carried out during the operation of buildings, engineering structures, at the design and construction stage. Thanks to engineering geodesy - a powerful tool for professionals - it is possible to determine how much a structure is deformed, to carry out the construction of a building or structure in exact accordance with the project.
• Topography is a special discipline that combines geodesy and cartography. This area includes geodetic work, which is associated with the measurement of the geometric properties of objects on the earth's surface.
• Space geodesy... This direction began to develop after the launch of the first artificial satellite from the Earth. This scientific field is the privilege of the state. In space geodesy, measurements are carried out both from the Earth and from satellites.
• Mine surveying geodetic direction... This area of ​​science is responsible for geodetic measurements and work in the bowels of the Earth. This direction is necessary for any underground exploration: the construction of tunnels or subways, conducting geological expeditions.

Geodetic tasks and ways to solve them

There are several types geodetic tasks.

Here is some of them:

• topographic
• vertical
• horizontal
• executive
• front
• storey

For each job, the appropriate tools are used, so it is so necessary to know for what purpose the geodetic survey will be carried out in Moscow. The final results of this survey will be done in electronic or printed form.

To process them, special programs are used:

• geodetic,
• drawing,
• mathematical.

Field work in geodetic survey

With the help of geodetic surveying, you can determine the location of the polar coordinates of the points of the object, the definition of geodetic or rectangular coordinate systems and the output of the obtained information as a specific plan with a given scale.

Special clarity and care must be observed when carrying out field work, since it is in their process that erroneous results most often arise.

First, it is necessary to control the quality of the survey by the method of leveling and establishing geodetic measurements.

The second stage consists in repeated geodetic survey of the removed object, which will establish the correctness of the work performed.

What does geodetic survey include?

For a high-quality result of the conducted geodetic survey, it is very important to use only proven geodetic instruments and instruments, while observing the existing developed methods. Geodetic surveying is used in Moscow in such spectra as geographic work, mining, air navigation, etc., but it is often used in the work of designers and builders. For the purpose of terrain design, geodetic surveying is carried out as part of.

This includes:

• geodetic and topographic survey of underground communications;
• office work;
• the process of systematizing the information received;
• creation of plans and topographic maps;
• approval of the results obtained with the owners of land communications;
• examination of the final materials (what is a geodetic examination?);
• submission to the Geofond archive.

The construction purpose of geodetic survey is to carry out an executive survey of finished objects.

Before starting construction work, carrying out underground communications, as well as privatizing or buying a certain territory, a preliminary topographic geodetic survey of the land plot is carried out.

Thanks to the use of convenient devices, tools, modern equipment and the latest technologies, geodetic survey of the site is carried out without errors and inaccuracies.

Geodetic survey, what is it

Geodetic surveying is the sequential measurement of distances and angles in a given area. After digital processing, a detailed plan of a specific land plot is drawn up. In accordance with the order, geodetic maps contain data on the boundaries of the surveyed area and objects located on its surface at a given scale.

The plan also contains information about structures and communications that are underground.

The resulting survey results contain information on the following parameters:

1. Detailed description of the nature of the relief.
2. Location of heights.
3. Image of ground objects.
4. Location of underground utilities.
5. Accurate determination of the coordinates of all points in any system.

The main tasks of geodetic surveying

The geographic position of the future building or other object is determined using geodetic surveys. Filming work is carried out in order to determine the technical and economic feasibility of the construction of new facilities.

At the same time, the soils, their quality and composition are studied, the possibility of using them as a building resource is determined. All measurements of the territory are subsequently used by the designers involved in the development of construction documentation.

In the course of filming, additional information is also provided on the exact location of buildings, structures, and other technological lines on a given plot of land. The resulting document is called a geodatabase. Its scale is 1: 500, the term of this plan is 4 years. During this period, it is necessary to carry out design work on this territory.

The set of documents includes the following developments:

• land plot plans at a given scale;
• designation of all required sizes;
• binding to existing objects.

When conducting geodetic surveys, the exact coordinates of specific points on the ground are determined. In the process of filming, the following works are performed:

1. The most appropriate measurement method is selected (polar or rectangular coordinates).
2. Translation of conditional coordinates into a geodetic system.
3. Development of a geodetic plan, taking into account the obtained coordinates in a given scale.

Stages of the filming process

To obtain reliable information about the object under study in maximum volumes, the filming process is carried out in stages.

1. Preparatory stage.
2. Field.
3. Cameral.

During the preparation, complete information about the land plot is collected, its features are studied. Materials such as terms of reference, source documentation provided by the customer are taken as a basis. Based on these data, a detailed plan of further actions for geodetic surveys is developed, agreed and approved.

When working directly on the ground in the field, reconnaissance of the object is carried out. Due to strict adherence to the points of the drawn up plan, measurements are carried out exactly on time: a geodetic network is being built, the earth is filmed, an outline is being drawn. All work is carried out in accordance with the requirements of applicable standards.

The measurements are linked to points in the geodetic network. Here, preliminary processing of measurements is carried out in order to exclude gross errors and to check all survey parameters for compliance with the requirements of the technical task.

At the office stage, data obtained from field work is processed: a thorough analysis is carried out, the accuracy of measurements is checked, and a geodetic plan of the investigated land plot is drawn up. All images on the plan are made at a given scale using conventional symbols. Further, the developed documentation undergoes appropriate approvals and expertise in the controlling organizations.

Dividing geodetic surveys into types

Geodetic surveys are carried out using various methods. It all depends on what tools and devices the operators use. Filming is divided into the following classes:

• ground-based surveys;
• aerial photography (from airplanes);
• combined (ground plus aerial photography);
• space (from satellites).

Depending on the tasks and methods of using the results obtained, ground surveys are divided into categories:

• topographic survey;
• front;
• control (executive);
• center;
• floor-by-floor;
• vertical;
• special.

The purpose of such work is the preparation of projects for construction, landscaping, cadastre, land management, etc. When resolving legal disputes, these materials are also necessary documents.

Surveying tools

The requirements of the technical specifications stipulate the necessary shooting conditions and various additional factors. These include:

1. The purpose of the research.
2. Measurement accuracy.
3. Shooting type.
4. Scope of work.
5. Terms of the assignment.

Depending on the features and requirements of the tasks, modern geodesy uses various measuring instruments for shooting:

• laser tape measures (rangefinders);
• optical theodolites;
• digital levels;
• tacheometers;
• searchers for underground pipes and cables;
• milestones with reflectors, tripods;
• GPS receivers.

Theodolites, levels, tape measures, poles, tripods - these are the standard equipment used to measure angles. The data obtained with these devices are processed manually according to known formulas. To do this, just use a regular calculator.

Specialized instruments: digital levels, total stations, GPS receivers. These devices significantly increase the productivity of shooting processes and facilitate the subsequent processing of field materials recorded in their memory.

Thanks to the advanced highly sensitive functions of locators equipped with locators and digital signal transmission, high-quality surveying of engineering networks and communications located underground is carried out.

Where are the results of geodetic survey used?

Such work is necessary for the execution of documents and transactions during the privatization or redemption of land plots, land surveying of agricultural land.

Gasification planning also uses topographic and geodetic surveying services. Without these works, it is impossible to ensure safety and optimization during the installation of gas networks.

At the stage of research, it is approximately determined:

1. Location of gas supply networks.
2. Location of existing utilities.
3. Ecological environment background.
4. The presence of road junctions.
5. Depth of underground waters.
6. Description and assessment of vegetation.

The accuracy of the survey determines the correct design of the situational plan of the land plot.Due to the professionalism of the operators and the wide capabilities of specialized equipment, topographic survey is performed at a high level.

When gasifying land plots, special requirements are imposed on the quality of building plans for underground utilities.

In order for the binding to geographic coordinates to be the most accurate, it is necessary to carry out this procedure using satellite imagery equipment.

Who conducts geodetic survey

Topographic and geodetic surveys and surveys are carried out by employees of specialized companies. These works are also carried out by firms that design construction projects. Prices for shooting services depend on various factors:

• the size of the investigated land plot;
• the complexity of hydrography;
• the degree of detail of the relief section;
• the presence and number of existing facilities on a given piece of land;
• used coordinate system.

Conclusion

For any construction, geodetic survey is the most important stage. After all, all design work is based on information posted in the final geodesy reports.

Builders and installers involved in the supply of communications also constantly use the results of engineering surveys, plans and markings of the territory.