They beat work with frequent changes, willingly contact people, but their interests are superficial and unstable, they lack endurance and perseverance.

After building a personality profile, high marks on all scales are marks above 70. Low marks are marks below 40.

Test blank

Full name ____________ Age _____ Sex ___

Education _____________ Date ________

(Next to the number, if you answer "true", cross out the box "B"; if you answer "incorrect" - the square tick "H".)

			Question number
		Incorrect (N)	5, 11, 24, 47, 53
			9, 12, 15, 19, 30, 38,
			48, 49, 58, 64, 69, 71
			11, 23, 31, 33, 34,
			36, 40, 41, 43, 51,
			56, 61, 65, 67, 69, 70
			9, 18, 26, 32, 44, 46,
			1, 3, 6, 11, 28, 37,
			40, 42, 60, 61, 65
			9, 13, 11, 18, 22, 25,
			1, 2, 3, 11, 23, 28,
			29, 31, 33, 35, 37,
			40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 56
			9, 13, 18, 26, 44, 46,
			3, 28, 34, 35, 41, 43,
			7, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16,
			22, 27, 52, 58, 71
			5, 8, 10, 15, 30, 39,
			5, 8, 13, 17, 22, 27,
			36, 44, 51, 57, 66, 68
			5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14,
			15, 16, 17, 26, 30,
			38, 39, 46, 57, 63,
			4, 7, 8, 21, 29, 34,
			38, 39, 54, 57, 60

METHOD FOR RESEARCHING THE LEVEL OF SUBJECTIVE CONTROL (USC)

This experimental psychological method allows a relatively quick and effective assessment of the level formed in the subject.

subjective control over a variety of life situations and is suitable for use

v clinical psychodiagnostics, professional selection, family counseling, etc. Developed at the N.I. Ankylosing spondylitis.

For the first time such methods were tested

v 1960s in the USA, the most famous is the D. Rotter locus of control scale, based on two fundamental principles.

1. People differ in how

and where they localize control over events significant to themselves. There are 2 polar types of such localization: external and internal. In the first case, a person believes that the events occurring to him are the result of the action of external forces - chance, other people, etc.

In the second case, a person interprets significant events as the result of his own activity. Any person has a definite position on a continuum stretching from the external to the internal type.

2. The locus of control, characteristic of the individual, is universal in relation to any type of events and situations with which he has to nod.

The same type of control characterizes the behavior of a given personality both in the event of failure and in the sphere of achievements, and this, to varying degrees, applies to different areas of social life.

Experimental work has established a connection between various forms of behavior and personality parameters with externality - internality. Conformal and compliant behavior is more inherent in people with an external locus. Inter alia, on the other hand, are less inclined to obey the pressure of others; they resist when they feel that they are being manipulated. They react more strongly than external

the loss of personal freedom. People with interval

loci of control work better alone than under surveillance or video recording. The opposite is typical for externals.

Internals and externalities differ in the way they interpret different social situations, in the way they obtain information, and in the mechanisms of their explanation. Internals are more actively seeking information and are usually better informed about the situation than external ones. In the same situation, in

Ternals attribute great responsibility

individuals involved in this situation. Intervals are more likely to avoid situational explanations of behavior than externalities.

Studies linking internality - externality with interpersonal relationships have shown that interns are more popular, more sympathetic, more confident, and more tolerant. There is a connection between high internality and a positive self-assessment, with a greater consistency of images of the real and ideal I. and are more likely to seek prophylactic help.

Externality correlates with anxiety, depression, mental illness.

Internals prefer non-directive psychocorrection methods; externals are subjectively more satisfied with behavioral methods.

All this gives reason to believe that the allocation of a personal characteristic that describes the extent to which a person feels himself to be an active subject of his own activity and to what extent - a passive object of the action of other people and external circumstances, is justified by existing empirical research and can contribute to the further study of the problems of application. noah personality psychology.

The description of the personality with the help of generalized trans-situational characteristics is insufficient. Most people are characterized by a more or less wide variability of the characteristics of behavior, depending on specific social situations. Features of subjective control, in particular, can change in a person depending on

from the fact that the situation appears to him

difficult or simple, pleasant or unpleasant, etc. Therefore, it is more promising to measure the locus of control not as a one-dimensional characteristic, but as a multidimensional profile, the components of which are tied to types of social situations of varying degrees of generalization.

The USK questionnaire consists of 44 items. Unlike D. Rotter's school, it includes items that measure externality - internality between

personal and family relationships; into it also

Chapter 2. Psychodiagnostics: practice

included items measuring USC in relation to illness and health.

To increase the range of possible applications of the questionnaire, it was designed in 2 versions, differing in the format of the respondents' answers. Option A, intended for research purposes, requires an answer on a 6 point scale (–3, –2, –1, +1, +2, +3), in which the answer “+3” means “strongly agree”, “- 3 "-" completely disagree with this clause. " Option B, intended for psychodiagnostics, requires answers on the binary “agree - disagree” scale.

Questionnaire text

1. Career advancement depends more on luck than on personal ability and effort.

2. Most divorces stem from people not wanting to adjust to each other.

3. Illness is a matter of chance; if you are destined to fly, then nothing can be done.

4. People find themselves lonely due to the fact that they themselves do not show interest and friendliness to others.

5. The fulfillment of my desires often depends on luck.

6. It is useless to make an effort to win the sympathy of other people.

7. External circumstances, parents and the welfare of the state affect family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses.

8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.

9. As a rule, management is more effective when it completely controls the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence.

10. My grades in school were more likely to be influenced by random circumstances (such as the mood of the teacher) than by my own efforts.

11. When I make plans, I generally believe that I can carry them out.

12. What many people think of as luck or luck is actually the result of a long, focused effort.

13. I think that the right lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medicines.

14. If people are not suitable for each other, then, no matter how hard they try, to establish family life, they still will not be able to.

15. The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.

16. Children grow up the way their parents raised them.

17. I think that chance or fate does not play an important role in my life.

18. I try not to plan far ahead, because a lot depends on how the circumstances turn out.

19. My grades in school depended most of all on my efforts and degree of preparedness.

20. In family conflicts, I often feel guilty about myself than the other side.

21. The life of people depends on the confluence of circumstances.

22. I prefer a manual where you can decide what to do and how to do it yourself.

23. I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.

24. As a rule, it is the unfortunate confluence of circumstances that prevents people from succeeding in their business.

25. After all, the people who work for the organization are responsible for the mismanagement of the organization.

26. I often feel that I can’t change anything in my family relationships.

27. If I really want to, I can win over anyone.

28. The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to educate them are often futile.

29. What happens to me is the work of my hands.

30. It is difficult to understand why leaders do this and not otherwise.

31. The person who failed to succeed

v his work, most likely did not show enough effort.

32. More often than not, I can get what I want from my family members.

33. In the troubles and failures that happened

v of my life, other people were more often to blame than myself.

Part 1. Personality, motivation, need

34. A child can always be protected from colds by keeping track of him and dressing him correctly.

35. In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait until the problems are resolved on their own.

36. Success is the result of hard work

and little depends on chance or luck.

37. I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than on anyone else.

38. I have always found it difficult to understand why some people like me and not like others.

39. I always prefer to make a decision

and act independently, and not hope for the help of other people or for fate.

40. Unfortunately, the merits of a person often remain unrecognized, despite all his old

41. In family life, there are situations that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.

42. Talented people who have failed to realize their capabilities should only blame themselves for this.

43. Many of my successes were only possible with the help of other people.

44. Most of the failures in my life came from ignorance or laziness, and little depended on luck or bad luck.

The processing of the completed answers should be carried out according to the keys below, summing the answers to the items in the “+” columns with their own sign and the answers to the items in the “-” columns with the opposite sign.

Studies have shown that the answers to all items of the questionnaire have a sufficient spread: none of the halves of the scale was chosen less often than in 15%

cases. The results of filling out the questionnaire separately

the test subjects are converted into a standard system of units and can be visualized.

The indicators of the USC questionnaire are organized (in accordance with the principle of the hierarchical structure of the activity regulation system) in such a way that they include the generalized indicator of the individual USC, invariant to particular situations of activity, 2 indicators of the average level

community and a number of situational indicators.

1. Io

2. Id

3. Ying

4. Is

5. Id

6. And m

+ –

27 38

7. And h

+ –

Chapter 2. Psychodiagnostics: practice

1. Scale of general internality (Io). High	economic activities, in the form of
the indicator on this scale corresponds to a high	wearing in a team, in their promotion, etc.
the level of subjective control over any knowledge	A low Ip indicates that the subject is
situations. Such people believe that	do not attribute more importance to external
most of the important events in their life were re	circumstances - leadership, comrades in
as a result of their own actions, that they can	bot, luck or bad luck.
control them, and thus they feel	6. The scale of internality in relation to health
my own responsibility for these events	ravine and disease (And h). High performance From pig
and for the way their life is going in general. Short	indicate that the subject considers himself
the indicator on the scale corresponds to a low level	responsible for his health: if he is sick, then
nude subjective control. Such subjects are not	blames himself for this and believes that recovery
see the connections between their actions and are meaningful	largely depends on his actions. Man from the bottom
for them the events of their lives, do not consider themselves	Kim Iz considers the disease to be the result of chance and hope
able to control their development and suppose	it is believed that recovery will come as a result of
say that most of them are the result of service	of others, especially doctors.
tea or other people's actions.	The validity of the USC scales is demonstrated by their relationship
2. Scale of internality in the field of achievement	with other personality characteristics, changes
(And d). High indicators on this scale correspond to	learned with the Kat personality questionnaire
have a high level of subjective control	body. A person with low subjective control
over emotionally positive events
and situations. Such people believe that they themselves	circumstances) emotionally unstable (fak
achieved everything that was and is in their life, and that	torus -C), prone to informal behavior
they are able to successfully achieve their goal in the future	(factor -G), uncommunicative (factor + Q1), he has
uchem. Low indicators on the Id witness scale	poor self-control (factor -Q3) and high
say that a person ascribes his success	tension (factor + Q4). Man with tall
hee and achievement of circumstances - luck,	indicator of subjective control has
happy fate or the help of other people.	emotional stability (factor + C), emphasis
3. Scale of internality in the area of ​​failure	attitude, determination (+ G), sociability
(And n). High scores on this scale say	(factor -Q2), high self-control (factor
about a developed sense of subjective control from	Q5) and restraint (factor –Q4).
wearing negative events and situations,	Intelligence (factor B) and many factors associated
which manifests itself in the tendency to blame herself	associated with extraversion - introversion, not cor
in various troubles and sufferings.	relies on neither Io nor situational characteristics
Low Yin indicators indicate that	subjective control sticks.
the subject is inclined to attribute responsibility	Subjective control over positive social
for similar events to other people or	being (achievements, successes) for the most part
thief them as the result of bad luck.	penny correlates with strength (factor + C), self-control
4. The scale of internality in the field of family	role (factor -Q3), social extraversion
relations (and with). High IS values ​​mean	(factors + A; –Q2) than subjective control
that a person considers himself responsible for events	over negative events (troubles, not
tii occurring in his family life. Short	good luck). In addition, people who do not feel the answer
Is indicates that the subject considers partners	responsibility for failures, more often turn out to be more
cause of significant situations arising in his	practical (factor -M) than people with a strong
	control in this area, which is not typical for
5. The scale of internality in the field of production	subjective control over positive events
relations (Ip). High I n witness
indicates that a person considers his actions	The test is intended for individuals and groups
an important factor in organizing your own production	new examination. Application of the USK questionnaire

Part 1. Personality, motivation, need

possible when solving a wide range of socio-psychological and medical-psychological problems. The level of subjective control increases in the process of psycho-corrective influence on the personality. Therefore, it is possible to use USC to assess the effectiveness of methods of psychological correction.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

The "level of aspiration" and the "satiety process"

Experimental study of the features of human behavior in a specific setting

proposed at the school of the German psychologist Kurt Lewin (1890-1947).

K. Levin believed that the source of human behavior is not associations, but needs. By need, K. Levin meant not biological drives, but psychological formations - quasi-needs that arise

v connection with the life goals of a person. Moreover, he emphasized that goals and intentions are in their dynamic properties on a par with needs, that they (quasi-needs) are specific to a person.

V K. Levin's doctrine of needs raised the question of the relationship between need and the object that serves to satisfy it. He showed that a person always exists in a certain concrete situation (in his terminology “in the psychological field”), where each thing, object does not appear by itself, but in relation to the needs and aspirations of a person. K. Levin pointed out the dynamism of these relations

niy, on the fact that any human action me

he understands the "balance of forces and the situation" and defines his behavior in a new way.

Therefore, any experimental psychological research requires an analysis of the interaction of a person with the surrounding reality. K. Levin emphasized that a person is always included

v the situation surrounding him, the environment itself must be considered in its relation to the acting person. The nature of this relationship is dynamic and depends on the structure of needs.

However, K. Levin solves the problem of needs as an engine of human activity from the standpoint of gestalt psychology. For K. Levin, need means some kind of intrapsychological dynamic charged or tense system, striving for discharge. According to K. Levin, satisfaction of the need consists in the relaxation of this tension in the system. K. Levin did not see the social and labor conditionality of needs, he ignored their substantive nature. In the same way, the very concept of “psychological field” did not mean for him a real objective environment, it was a phenomenal world, which in essence is a reflection of the same tense systems. The disclosure of the structure of dynamic tense systems and their relationship with the psychological field should, in the opinion of K. Levin, be an explanation of volitional action. In this view of the nature of volitional action, his idealistic positions were revealed with particular clarity. K. Levin did not see the social conditioning of needs, he did not see that volitional action, although connected in its origins with needs, does not follow directly from them, but is mediated by human consciousness.

Despite methodological errors, the teaching

TO. Levin played a positive role in the history of psychology. He introduced new parameters for studying a person into psychological research: he showed experimentally that the needs and motives of human behavior can be taken as subjects of research. But the role is especially great

TO. Levin and his school in the development of experimental research methods in the field of personality psychology. Works by K. Levin and his students (T. Dembo, M. Ovsyankina, A. Carsten, F. Hoppe)

allow you to experimentally reveal relationships,

existing between the personality and the environment and within the personality itself. These include problems related to the level of aspirations and personal self-esteem. K. Levin believed that the level of claims is formed in the process of concrete activity. In its formation, the most important role is played by the influence of success and failure; the level of aspirations is an important education of the personality; it is associated with self-esteem, the activity of the subject and the complex structure of his effective life. Formation of many

All tasks are put on cards, which are located in front of the subject in ascending order of their numbers. The degree of difficulty of the task corresponds to the value of the ordinal number of the kart of the point.

Studies conducted using this technique (F. Hoppe, M. Yuknat, M. Neimark, T. Bezhanishvili, B. Serebryakov) showed that, as a rule, subjects choose more difficult tasks after successful solutions, and, conversely, after a series of unsuccessful decisions, they turn to easier tasks. The quality of the first assignment affects the choice of the next one.

For the experiment, it is necessary to prepare

cards measuring 12 × 7 cm, on which clearly

designate numbers from 1 to 14, and a stopwatch.

Experiment procedure

The cards are laid out in 2 rows. After presenting the instruction, the subject is asked to choose a problem. After completing each of the following tasks, the experimenter suggests to the subject each time: "Now take the task of whatever difficulty you want." The experimenter fixes the time of solving the problem and after each problem says: “You completed this task on time. I'll give you a plus ”or“ You didn't meet the time. I'll give you a minus. "

Instructions

Before you are cards, on the back of which are written tasks. The numbers on the cards indicate the degree of difficulty of the tasks. The tasks are arranged in increasing difficulty. A certain amount of time is allocated for the solution of each problem, which you do not know. I follow him with my sekundomer. If you do not meet the allotted time, I will assume that the task has not been completed. You must choose the tasks yourself.

Thus, the subject is given the right to choose the difficulty of the task himself. The experimenter cannot, at his discretion, increase or decrease the time allotted for the task, thereby arbitrarily causing the subject to experience failure or good luck.

Processing of results

Methodology

Experimental material

The proposed tasks can be very different in their content, depending on the

educational level and profession of the subjects. For example, schoolchildren or students of technical universities can be offered mathematical problems, students of humanitarian faculties - problems requiring knowledge in the field of literature, art; tasks can be of the type of puzzles, etc. In other words, the content of the tasks must correspond to the general educational level of the subjects. Only under this condition do they develop a serious attitude to the experimental situation.

The obtained data are entered into a pre-prepared protocol (see appendix). The experimental data can also be depicted in the form of cree

howl: ordinal numbers are plotted on the abscissa

sample measure (selection of the next task), on the ordinate axis - the selected card numbers. The sign ("+") indicates the successfully completed tasks, the sign ("-") - the unsuccessful ones.

The experimenter writes down in detail all the statements of the subject, his reactions, as well as his own remarks.

Instructions

Please draw lines like this - the experimenter draws several identical lines (IIII) or circles (0000). If the subject asks how much he needs to draw, the experimenter answers in a completely dispassionate voice: "As long as you want, here is paper in front of you."

Experiment procedure

A - No. of the selected task B - execution ("+" or "-")

C - the statement of the subject

Table 6

		Yes I blundered
		Unfortunately, only
		difficult. Taking the second is too
		easy, try 12 y.

Examination of the satiety process

The purpose of the experiment

Trace how the subject's activity changes during prolonged performance of a monotonous task, whether signs of mental satiety appear (according to A. Karsten).

The investigations carried out by A. Karsten and I. M. Solov'ev showed that at first the subjects quite accurately carry out the task they proposed; however, after a short time (5-10 min), they begin to introduce variations into the tasks, that is, the subjects change the content of the task imperceptibly for themselves. These variations are in the nature of a change in the external structure of the task: the dashes or circles become smaller or larger, the subjects change the pace of work or draw in a certain rhythm (for example, 00 000 00 000). Sometimes the subjects resort to accompanying actions: they begin to hum, whistle, tap their feet. These variations indicate that the urge to perform a given action begins to dry up, and, as A. Karsten puts it, the phenomenon of mental satiety begins.

According to A. Karsten, such phenomena, i.e. the appearance of variations in the task, not only indicate that the motivation to perform the task begins to dry out, variations are carried in a certain

measure the nature of preventive action. The experimenter carefully records the spon

Tangible statements of the subject, the nature of his reactions, facial expressions, expressive movements. At the same time, he fixes the time of the appearance of new variations in the protocol.

After some time (usually 10-15 minutes), when the variations become more frequent and their manifestation is pronounced, a new instruction is given: “This monotonous task was offered to you

When selecting applicants for leadership positions, forming teams, there is often a need to determine how responsible a person is, to find out how much he “owns himself” in various professionally significant situations, to assess the degree of his activity and emotional maturity.

The level of subjective control is a generalized characteristic of a personality that manifests itself in a similar way in different situations. Psychologists believe that the level of subjective control is associated with a person's sense of responsibility for what is happening “here and now,” as well as for long-term consequences, that is, with social maturity and individual independence. For the first time, methods for diagnosing such a personality characteristic were tested in the 60s in the United States. The most famous among them is the locus of control scale ( locus of control scale), developed by J. Rotter ( J. B. Rotter). This scale is based on the assumption that all people are divided into two types - internal and external - depending on how they assess what causes various events in their lives and who is responsible for them. Each person can be assessed on the scale "internality-externality"... The internals have an internal locus of control, while the external ones have an external one. Differences between the two types of localization of control can be significant from the point of view of the success of professional activity (the internal locus of control is significantly correlated with the index of professional success).

People of the internal type evaluate all significant events that happen to them as a result of their own activities. They work more productively alone and are more active in seeking information. In addition, internal personalities are better at doing work that requires initiative. They are more decisive, self-confident, principled in interpersonal relationships, and are not afraid to take risks. Research shows that internal leaders are capable of successfully providing directive leadership.

An external personality, on the contrary, interprets all events taking place in her life as not dependent on her, but on some external forces (God, other people, fate, etc.). Since externalities do not feel capable of influencing their lives in any way, controlling the development of events, they relieve themselves of any responsibility for everything that happens to them. At the same time, they are characterized by greater conformity, more compliant and sensitive to the opinions and assessments of others. In general, external individuals turn out to be good performers, effectively working under the supervision of other people.

In domestic practice, it is used method of research of the level of subjective control (USC), created by E.F.Bazhin, E.A.Golynkina and A.M. Etkind at the Leningrad Psychoneurological Institute named after VM Bekhterev based on the scale of J. Rotter. The authors of this technique proceed from the fact that the direction of subjective control in one and the same person may have variations in different spheres of life. Therefore, USC includes a number of scales that measure not only internality-externality, but also manifestations of this characteristic in such areas as attitudes towards achievements, failures, health and illness, as well as in the field of family, industrial and interpersonal relations.

This experimental psychological technique makes it possible to relatively quickly and effectively assess the level of subjective control over various life situations formed in the subject.

QUESTIONNAIRE
to study the level of subjective control (USC)

Instructions: You are offered 44 statements that describe different ways a person interprets the most common social situations. Read each statement carefully, rate the degree of your agreement or disagreement, and put it in answer sheet the number corresponding to your choice:

3 - strongly agree
+2 - agree
+1 - rather agree than disagree
-1 - rather disagree than agree
–2 - disagree
–3 - strongly disagree

Try to use the full range of ratings.

Answer form
_______________________________________________
Full Name

№ p / p	Statement	Grade
	Career advancement depends more on luck than on personal ability and effort.
	Most divorces are due to people not wanting to adjust to each other.
	Illness is a matter of chance; if you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done
	People find themselves lonely due to the fact that they themselves do not show interest and friendliness to others.
	The fulfillment of my desires often depends on luck.
	It is useless to make an effort to win the sympathy of others.
	External circumstances, parents and well-being affect family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses
	I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.
	As a rule, management is more effective when it has complete control over the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence.
	My grades in school were more dependent on random circumstances (such as the mood of the teacher) than on my own efforts.
	When I make plans, in general, I believe that I can implement them
	What many people think is good or fortunate is actually the result of a long, focused effort.
	I think that the right lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medicines.
	If people are not suitable for each other, then, no matter how hard they try, they will still not be able to establish family life.
	The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.
	Children grow up the way they are raised by their parents
	I think that chance or fate does not play an important role in my life.
	I try not to plan far ahead, because a lot depends on how the circumstances turn out.
	My grades in school depended most of all on my efforts and degree of preparedness.
	In family conflicts, I often feel guilty about myself than the other side.
	People's life depends on the coincidence of circumstances
	I prefer a manual where you can decide what to do and how to do it yourself.
	I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.
	As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from being successful in their business.
	After all, the people who work for the organization are responsible for the poor governance of the organization.
	I often feel that I can not change anything in the existing relationship in the family.
	If I really want to, I can win over anyone
	The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that parenting efforts are often useless.
	What happens to me is my handiwork
	It is difficult to understand why leaders do this and not otherwise.
	The person who was unable to succeed in their work most likely did not show enough effort.
	More often than not, I can get what I want from my family members.
	For the troubles and failures that happened in my life, other people were more often to blame than myself.
	A child can always be protected from colds if you follow him and dress him correctly.
	In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait until problems are resolved by themselves.
	Success is the result of hard work and little depends on chance or luck.
	I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than on anyone else.
	I have always found it difficult to understand why some people like me and not like others.
	I always prefer to make a decision and act on your own, rather than relying on other people to help or fate
	Unfortunately, the merits of a person often remain unrecognized, despite all his efforts.
	In family life, there are situations that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire
	Talented people who have failed to realize their potential should only blame themselves for this.
	Many of my successes were only possible thanks to the help of other people.
	Most of the failures in my life came from ignorance or laziness and little depended on luck or bad luck

Processing of results

Testing results are processed in several stages. The number corresponding to the choice determines the number of points received for each answer. First, the keys are used to calculate the points for each scale (by simple summation). In this case, the scores for answering questions with a "+" sign are summed up with their own sign, and for questions with a "-" sign - with the opposite sign.

Keys to scales

1. Scale of general internality (I about)

2. The scale of internality in the field of achievement (E)

3. Scale of internality in the area of ​​failure (I n)

5. The scale of internality in the field of industrial relations (I n)

7. Scale of internality in relation to health and disease (I h)

As a result of calculating points for each of the scales, so-called "raw" points are obtained, which must be converted into standard grades (walls). For this, use a special table.

Conversion table of "raw" points to standard grades

Click image for a larger view

The resulting grades in the walls are entered into a table:

Summary table of results

The results expressed in the walls are compared with the norm (5.5 walls). An indicator above 5.5 walls indicates an internal type of control in this area, below 5.5 - an external one.

Results can also be presented as a graph or as a profile.

Example of USK graph

Example of USK profile

Interpretation of the results

Psychologically, a person with high subjective control possesses emotional stability, tenacity, determination, sociability, high self-control and restraint. Man with low subjective control emotionally unstable, prone to informal behavior, uncommunicative, poor self-control and high tension.

General internality scale (I about). High rate on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most of the important events in their life are the result of their own actions, that they can control them. They feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their life in general develops. Subjects with low level subjective control do not see the connection between their actions and significant life events for them. They do not consider themselves able to control their development and believe that most events are the result of an accident or the actions of others.

Achievement internality scale (Id). High rate on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they themselves have achieved everything that was and is in their life, and that they are able to successfully achieve their goal in the future. Low rate on the scale indicates that a person attributes his successes and achievements to circumstances - luck, good fortune, or the help of other people.

Internality scale in the area of ​​failure (I n). High rate on this scale reflects a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which manifests itself in a tendency to blame oneself for various troubles and sufferings. Low rate indicates that the subject is inclined to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or to consider them the result of bad luck.

The scale of internality in the field of family relations (I s). High rate And c means that a person considers himself responsible for the events taking place in his family life. Low rate And c indicates that the subject considers his partners to be responsible for situations that arise in his family.

The scale of internality in the field of industrial relations (I p). High rate on this scale indicates that in the organization of his production activities, a person relies mainly on himself. He believes that he can influence, manage and be responsible for his relationships with colleagues; thinks that his professional career, promotion depends more on himself than on other people or on external forces. Low rate indicates that a person has a tendency not to take responsibility for their professional successes and failures. Such a person believes that it is not himself, but someone else - bosses, colleagues, luck, etc. - that determine everything that happens to him in this area.

The scale of internality in the field of interpersonal relations (I m). High rate And it testifies to the fact that a person considers himself able to control his formal and informal relations with other people, to arouse respect and sympathy for himself. Low rate on the contrary, it indicates that a person cannot actively form his social circle and is inclined to regard his interpersonal relations as the result of the activity of partners.

The scale of internality in relation to health and disease (I h). High rate indicate that the subject considers himself responsible for his health: if he is sick, then he blames himself for this and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions. Man with low rate on this scale, he considers illness to be the result of an accident and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of others, primarily doctors.

For professional diagnostics, the most informative are the results on the scale of internality in industrial relations (Ip). Results on other scales make it possible to build a multidimensional profile. Since most people are characterized by a more or less wide variability of behavior depending on specific social situations, then the characteristics of subjective control can also change in a person depending on whether the situation seems to him difficult or simple, pleasant or unpleasant, etc.

The level of subjective control increases as a result of psychological correction. It should be remembered that internals prefer non-directive methods of psychological correction; and externalities, as individuals with increased anxiety, prone to depression, are subjectively more satisfied with behavioral methods.

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Despite the large number of modern methods of diagnosing and monitoring equipment operation, organoleptic methods based on the analysis of information perceived by the human sense organs are still widespread. Despite the seeming primitiveness, they are quite effective (even in comparison with instrumental methods) and do not require serious investments. But in the case of their application, the subjective factor and, above all, the qualifications of the personnel, have a great influence. Since at the moment there is a problem of continuity in the transfer of knowledge, generalization and systematization of the previously accumulated experience in the field of organoleptic methods of control of technical condition are of particular importance.

Modern mechanical equipment operating as part of technological lines of industrial enterprises must meet high reliability requirements, primarily reliability indicators. Failure of one of the elements leads to a stop or disruption of the technological process. Therefore, defects and damage that precede accelerated wear of equipment elements must be detected and eliminated at the earliest stages of occurrence and development.

Currently, technical diagnostics services are increasingly becoming an integral part of the structure of repair departments of industrial enterprises. This allows, based on information about the technical condition of mechanical equipment, to solve problems:

• determination of rational terms and volumes of repairs;
• identifying mechanisms that require repair and are in an emergency condition;
• repair quality assessment;
• assessment of the condition and quality of installation of new equipment.

The efficiency of solving these problems is ensured by the timely use of diagnostic information by the repair services of industrial enterprises.

When determining the technical condition of mechanical equipment, objective (instrumental) and subjective (organoleptic) methods are used. Diagnosis with the use of devices is based on obtaining information in the form of electrical, light, sound signals when the object of diagnosis interacts with physical fields - vibration, acoustic, thermal. At the first level of solving problems of diagnostics, organoleptic methods are used. These methods can improve the accuracy of the diagnosis and in the case of using instrumental methods. In this case, a high qualification of a specialist is required, making a decision on the need for repairs. A rational combination of subjective opinion and objective data on the condition of mechanical equipment is optimal.

Analysis of the types of damage to the elements of mechanisms, the nature of their manifestation and development makes it possible to determine the axioms of the operable state of mechanical equipment in addition to the generally accepted definition of the operable state (performance of all specified functions within the parameter values ​​that meet the requirements of regulatory design documentation). For mechanical equipment, an additional operational state is characterized by:

• low noise and vibration;
• minimal dynamic, in particular, shock processes;
• temperature of units and parts of the mechanism, not exceeding permissible values;
• the absence of cracks and oil leaks.

This allows us to formulate a list of diagnostic parameters necessary to determine the technical condition, combining subjective and objective methods of technical diagnostics:

• analysis of machine noise;
• measurement of vibration parameters;
• temperature measurement;
• visual inspection results.

Currently, when diagnosing mechanical equipment, vibration diagnostics methods are most commonly used:

• determination of the general level of vibration;
• analysis of the frequency and time shape of the vibration signal;
• shock pulse method;
• cepstral analysis;
• crest factor and others.

To a lesser extent, the results of temperature measurements at local points and the analysis of thermal fields using a thermal imager are used.

Organoleptic methods that complement and confirm the correctness of the diagnosis are undeservedly forgotten. Practical experience shows that it is impossible to replace mechanics with his subjectivity based on knowledge of the features of the operation and repair of equipment. The following brief overview of the organoleptic methods of technical diagnostics of mechanical equipment will contribute to the revival of the level of knowledge not only of diagnosticians, but also of all personnel involved in the operation, maintenance and repair of mechanisms.

Organoleptic(organo- + Greek. leptikos - able to take, perceive) method - based on the analysis of information perceived by the senses (sight, smell, touch, hearing, taste) without the use of technical measuring or registration means. This information cannot be represented numerically, but is based on sensations generated by the human senses. The decision regarding the object of control is made based on the results of the analysis of sensory perceptions.

Therefore, the accuracy of the method depends on the qualifications, experience and abilities of the persons conducting the diagnosis. For sensory control, technical means can be used that increase the resolution or sensitivity of the senses (magnifying glass, microscope, auditory tube, etc.), which are not measuring.

Decision making has the character of “conforms - does not conform" and is determined by diagnostic rules of the "if - then" type, which have a specific implementation for the nodes of the mechanism. In practice, the condition of the equipment is assessed on a two-level scale - continue to operate or need repairs. The amount of information about the technical condition is the minimum required.

The main goal is to detect deviations from the working state of the mechanism. The decision on the technical condition of the mechanism is made by the technological or repair personnel who service the equipment based on experience and the production situation. A decision is made to stop the equipment for visual inspection and subsequent repairs or to continue operation.

The main organoleptic methods used in assessing the technical condition of mechanical equipment:

1. Machine noise analysis happens in two directions:
   • Acoustic perception, allowing to assess the most significant damage that changes the acoustic picture of the mechanism. It is very effective in distinguishing between damage to couplings, determining unbalance or loosening of fit of parts, breakage of rotor rods, impacts of parts. Diagnostic signs are changes in tone, rhythm and volume of sound.
   • Analysis of oscillations of mechanisms. In this method, mechanical vibrations of body parts are converted into sound vibrations using technical or electronic stethoscopes. Attempts are being made to expand the possibilities of human perception using electronic means.
2. Temperature control
   Allows you to evaluate the degree of heating of body parts in terms of "cold", "warm", "hot". “Cold” - temperature less than +20 ° С, “warm” - temperature + 30 ... + 40 ° С, “hot” - temperature over +50 ° С. Expansion of the ranges of perceived temperatures is possible.
3. Vibration perception
   Based on tactile analysis as well as temperature control. Vibration parameter values ​​are subjectively difficult to assess. If a comparative analysis is possible, the vibration amplitude estimation accuracy does not exceed 20%. The absolute estimate almost always contains gross errors due to the unrecognized spectral composition of vibration. In the high-frequency range, a person's ability to perceive vibration is limited. A person cannot serve as a reliable vibrometer.
4. Visual inspection of the mechanism
   Provides most of the technical condition information. Inspection can be carried out in a dynamic mode (when the mechanism is running) and in a static mode (when the mechanism is stopped).
5. Touch Methods
   They are used to assess viscosity, plasticity, the presence of foreign inclusions in a lubricant, to assess the surface roughness of damaged parts.

1. Analysis of machine noises

In mechanical devices, the degree of damage is determined by the nature of the interaction of the contacting parts. The physical manifestation of the collision of parts during operation is realized in the form of the propagation of elastic waves of the acoustic range, the occurrence of mechanical vibrations (vibrations) and shock impulses. Despite the single physical nature, each of these manifestations has its own characteristics and reflects the ongoing processes in different ways.

Elastic waves generating acoustic vibrations have a frequency range of 20-16000 Hz and are listened to by a specialist who is near the equipment. All audible sounds are divided into noise and musical sounds. The former are non-periodic oscillations with variable frequency and amplitude, the latter are periodic oscillations. There is no clear boundary between musical sounds and noises. The acoustic component of noise is often highly musical in nature and contains a variety of frequencies (tones) that are easily picked up by the experienced ear.

The main properties of sound are: loudness, pitch and timbre.

1. Volume depends on the amplitude of the vibration of the sound wave. Sound power and loudness are not equivalent concepts. The strength of sound objectively characterizes the physical process, while loudness determines the quality of the perceived sound. The strength of the sound can vary from the auditory threshold (hearing threshold) to the pain threshold. For low frequencies, loudness is perceived to a greater extent than for high frequencies, with the same amplitude of the sound wave vibrations. It is possible to estimate the changes in loudness by 2, 3, 4 times, but to estimate the increase in loudness by more than 4 times is definitely not possible.
2. Height sound reflects the vibration frequency of the sound wave. The lower limit of hearing in humans is 15-19 Hz; upper - 15000-20000 Hz. Ear sensitivity has individual variations. Frequencies 200-3500 Hz correspond to the spectrum of human speech. The minimum sound duration at which the spectral composition of acoustic vibrations can be estimated is 20–50 ms. At shorter durations, the sound is perceived as a click.
   When exposed to frequencies above 15000 Hz, the ear becomes less sensitive, the ability to distinguish the pitch is lost. At 19000 Hz, sounds that are more intense are extremely audible than at 14000 Hz. As the intensity of high-pitched sounds increases, a sense of sound is produced, followed by a feeling of pain. The area of ​​auditory perception is limited: from above - by the threshold of touch, from below - by the threshold of hearing. The most perceptible sounds are in the 1000 to 3000 Hz range. The ear is most sensitive in this area. The increased sensitivity in the 2000-3000 Hz region is due to the natural frequencies of the tympanic membrane.
3. Under timbre understand the character or color of sound, depending on the relationship of the component frequencies. Timbre reflects the acoustic composition of the sound - the number, order and strength of the components (harmonic and non-harmonic). Timbre depends on which harmonic frequencies are added to the fundamental frequency and on the amplitude of the component frequencies. The timbre of a complex sound plays a significant role in the auditory experience.

The speed of propagation of sound waves depends on the density of the conductive medium. The speed of sound in air is 340 m / s; in water - 1500 m / s; in steel - 5000 m / s.

The main observed deviations of acoustic noise:

• Dull tremors when the direction of rotation of the shafts of the mechanism is changed, they correspond to the wear of keyway or spline joints, coupling elements, an increased clearance in the gear train.
• Low-pitched faint knocks correspond to splitting of splines, loosening of the keyed connection, misalignment of couplings.
• Harsh metallic sound accompanies damage to couplings.
• Whistling sound occurs when the belt transmission belts slip.
• Frequent sharp blows correspond to the runout of the couplings, as well as incorrect assembly of the propeller shafts.

Listening to mechanical vibrations that occur during the operation of a mechanism is the most common method for determining the condition of operating equipment. Mechanical vibrations of low and medium frequency easily spread over the body parts of the mechanism. To listen to mechanical vibrations, a technical stethoscope is used, consisting of a metal tube and a wooden (or better textolite) earphone (). A metal tube installed on the body of the mechanism allows you to convert mechanical vibrations into acoustic vibrations that propagate along the walls of the tube to the earpiece. This method has so proven its reliability that the requirements for listening to machine noises are included in all maintenance rules and equipment operating instructions.

Figure 1 - Technical stethoscope:
a) scheme;	b) general view

The emergence of the technical stethoscope followed the invention of the medical stethoscope, an instrument for listening to sound phenomena accompanying the functions of the organs of the human body. The first stethoscope was introduced into medical practice by the French physician Rene Laennec (1819). A simple solid stethoscope is a tube with two funnels at the ends, made of wood, plastic, or metal. A smaller funnel (top of the device) is applied to specific points on the surface of the subject's body. The researcher puts his ear to the larger (flat) funnel (bottom of the device). In this case, vibrations of elastic media, due to the function of the organ, are transmitted to the ear of the researcher by a column of air, the solid part of the stethoscope and the temporal bone of the researcher (bone conduction).

Figure 2 - Medical stethoscope

Like any instrument that converts mechanical vibrations into sound vibrations, a technical stethoscope has its own individual sound characteristics. The nature of sound conversion with a technical stethoscope depends on the length, diameter of the tube, wall thickness, material, and shape of the earphone. All this affects the natural frequency of the stethoscope. The audible noises, while having their own differences, are at the same time unified in the display of sound pictures of the mechanism damage. The possible implementations of technical stethoscopes are very diverse (). This equipment is often used for listening to internal combustion engines of cars.

Figure 3 - Examples of performance of technical stethoscopes:
a) technical stethoscope GA111C for listening to machine noises and knocks, has a sound amplification diaphragm;	b) technical stethoscope KA-6323 for listening to noise in the mechanical part of the engine, transmission

Now, when listening to noises, they use electronic stethoscopes (). The probe of the device is installed on the body of the mechanism. The electrical signal taken from the piezoelectric sensor is fed to an audio frequency amplifier, and then to the ear muffs. The frequency and strength of sound is used to judge the presence of damages in the controlled mechanism and their nature. Electronic stethoscopes are produced by many companies, SKF products are used as an example.

The advantages of electronic stethoscopes include: high quality sound and the ability to focus on recognizing damage thanks to soundproof headphones. There are also disadvantages: volume control deprives the operator of the main advantage of assessing the degree of damage, in addition, high-quality ear muffs do not allow hearing a warning about a hazard in the production workshop.

The statement about the possibility of using a stethoscope without preparation is unfounded. The most difficult task is the process of recognizing noise and determining the types of damage. This process is difficult to formalize. Much depends on the qualifications and experience of the person using this method.

Attempts are being made to expand the possibilities of human perception using electronic means. For example, ultrasonic stethoscopes allow listening to the imperceptible range of ultrasonic vibrations associated with damage to rolling bearings, spark discharges, gas leaks ().

Any gas leaking from a high-pressure region to a low-pressure region leads to the formation of turbulence. Turbulence, in turn, creates a high-frequency sound that can be detected with an electronic stethoscope that converts inaudible ultrasound (20–100 kHz) into acoustic one. Likewise, you can hear electrical discharges, cavitation in pipelines, damage to bearings and gears, and avoid cases of insufficient lubrication. However, it should be remembered that this method is more indicative and does not provide an accurate quantitative assessment of the degree of damage.

Mechanism noises

The signals excited by the vibrations of the working mechanisms are impulsive in nature. An increase in the gap between the mating parts leads to a redistribution of energy over frequency ranges, an increase in the signal level at higher frequencies. The amplitude of oscillations characterizes the dynamics of the kinematic pair, the degree of damage, and the frequency is the source of oscillations. Significant damage is accompanied by a violation of sound stability, the appearance of high frequencies and an increase in sound strength. It should be remembered that it is easier to replace a damaged bearing than to repair broken housing parts.

The solution to the problem of recognizing noises and types of damage is based on the knowledge of the characteristic noises of the elements of the mechanism.

Typical rolling bearing noises:

1. Slight, even low-pitched noise indicates that the rolling bearing is in good condition.
2. Dull intermittent noise- about contamination of the lubricant.
3. Ringing (metallic) noise- about insufficient lubrication, also occurs with an increased radial clearance.
4. Whistling noise indicates the mutual sliding friction of the parts of the bearing assembly.
5. Grinding, sharp frequent tapping occurs when the cage or rolling elements are damaged.
6. Dull periodic beats- the result of weakening the bearing seating, rotor unbalance.
7. Howling sound, rattling noise, rattling noise, intense knocking indicate damage to bearing components.

Gear noise:

1. Smooth low-pitched buzzing noise characteristic for the normal operation of the gear train. The helical gear in this case has even low-pitched howling noise.
2. A high-pitched noise that turns into a whistle and howl with increasing speed, and a continuous knocking in the engagement occurs when the shape of the working surfaces of the teeth is distorted or in the presence of local defects on them.
3. Rattling metallic noise accompanied by vibration of the cabinet, possible due to a small side play or misalignment, non-parallelism of the wheels.
4. Cyclic (periodic) noise that appears with each revolution of the wheel, then weakening, then increasing, indicates an eccentric arrangement of the teeth relative to the axis of rotation. It is almost impossible to eliminate such noise in the gearbox.
5. Cyclic bangs, crashes, thuds- a fractured tooth.

Plain bearing noises:

1. Monotonous and rustling noise corresponds to normal operation.
2. High-pitched whistle, rattle corresponds to lack of lubrication.
3. Periodic bumps, sharp metal tapping Resist scuffing on the plain bearing surfaces, shaft misalignment and chipping.
4. Ringing metallic noise(for ring lubrication) corresponds to no lubrication.
5. Low-pitched cyclical beats(when lubricated with a ring) correspond to a higher viscosity of the oil.

The ringing of metal parts when struck, such as with a hammer, is used to determine if there is a defect. The sound made by a steel part containing a defect, rattling, is lower and more dull than that of a defect-free part that has a clear, high-pitched sound. This method is quite effective in relation to the control of the tightening of threaded connections, the integrity of parts of a simple shape. In more complex cases, its use is limited.

Each mechanism contains two causes of noise: mechanical and electrical. A howling sound that disappears when power is removed from the motor indicates damage to the electrical part of the motor.

Significant damage leads to a violation of the repeatability of the noise pattern. The degree of damage is determined by the intensity of the noise. Noise that causes pain when listening with a technical stethoscope is the limit of the use of parts. The use of an electronic stethoscope involves comparing the intensity of the noise of the same type of elements.

These types of noises rarely appear in their true form. The acoustic picture of the mechanism is made up of the totality of the noises of all elements, it is determined by the size, the nature of lubrication, loads, temperature and other factors. Therefore, the above classification serves as the initial information when decoding a specific acoustic picture of the mechanism. The quality of the decoding and the correctness of the diagnosis depends on the qualifications, training and experience of the mechanic.

The main recommendation is that when a high-frequency sharp noise appears, an inspection of the unit should be carried out - this will clarify the nature and degree of damage. It is better to see once than ... Therefore, one should not get carried away with exercises in recognizing the characteristic noises of the mechanism, one should simply be more attentive to them.

2. Temperature control

It is an important aspect of assessing the technical condition of mechanical equipment. Up to 95% of all forms of energy generated and transmitted by machines, directly or in part, are converted into heat energy. The parameter of thermal diagnostics is the temperature, which reflects the course of the working process and the development of a number of faults.

The heating temperature of the mechanism cases, as a diagnostic parameter, has two features: the appearance of certain types of malfunctions causes an increase in the temperature of the mechanism case; the inertia of heating of metal parts, housings and supports does not allow using this parameter to determine sudden failures and incipient damage. The technical operation rules regulate the maximum temperature of the bearing housings, which should not exceed the ambient temperature by more than 40 ° C and be no higher than 60-80 ° C. For some mechanisms with a circulating lubrication or cooling system, the difference in oil or water temperatures at the outlet and inlet is estimated. This allows you to control thermal processes, the general condition of the equipment, as well as the degree of its deterioration. Typically, the temperature difference between the outlet and inlet should not exceed 5-10 ° C.

The limit for direct perception is a temperature of 60 ° C - maintained by the back of the hand without pain for 5 s. The use of additional means - water splashing allows you to control the values ​​of 70 ° С - visible evaporation of water spots and 100 ° С - boiling of water inside a drop on the surface of the body part.

The main reasons for the rise in temperature:

• defects in the lubrication system: insufficient or excessive amount of lubrication; contamination of the lubricant; the wrong lubricant is selected;
• damage to rolling bearings: wear or damage to rings or rolling elements, destruction of the cage, rotation of the bearing on the shaft or in the housing;
• manufacturing and assembly defects: lack of axial clearances, small radial clearance, defects in housing parts, pinching of the outer ring of the bearing;
• adjustment defects: the bearing is tightly clamped, the bearing or shaft is skewed, the motor and the drive are misaligned;
• damage to sealing devices;
• damage to the cooling system: insufficient cooling water supply, high inlet water temperature.

It is possible to expand the range of subjectively perceived temperatures with the help of visual perception using the tint and heat colors ().

Figure 6 - The tarnishing and incandescent colors:
a) discoloration on the seating surface of the bearing inner ring when seizing and turning;	b) a change in the colors of incandescence during cooling of a continuously cast billet on the CCM cooler

The degree of heating of a part or workpiece during heat treatment, for example, during hardening, can be determined by the color of the heat. Heat colors and corresponding temperatures (° С) for steel products: dark brown, weak glow in the dark - 530–580; brown-red - 580-650; dark red - 650-730; dark cherry red - 730-770; cherry red - 770–800; light cherry red - 800-830; light red - 830-900; orange - 900-1050; dark yellow - 1050-1150; light yellow - 1150-1250; bright yellow - 1250-1300. The indicated colors may vary slightly in relation to specific steel grades, however, the nature of the color change remains unchanged.

Tarnishing colors provide information about how hot a part is during breakage, before tempering, or if a part is overheated during assembly. Tarnishing colors and corresponding temperatures (° С) for carbon steel: light yellow (straw) - 220; dark yellow - 240; brown-yellow - 255; brown-red - 265; purple red - 275; purple - 285; cornflower blue - 295; dark blue - 315; gray - 330. The tarnishing colors of carbon steel do not match those of corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels. This should be taken into account when distinguishing between temperatures ().

Table 1 - Steel tarnishing colors

Temperature, ° С	Tarnishing color
	Carbon steel	12Х18Н9Т	KhN75MVTYu	KhN77TYUR
220	Light yellow
240	Dark yellow
255	Brown yellow
265	Brown red
275	Purple red
285	Purple
295	Cornflower blue
300		Light straw
315	Light blue
330	Gray
400		Straw	Light yellow
500		Red brown	Yellow	Light straw
600		Violet blue	Brown	Purple
700		Blue	Blue	Blue
800			Blue	Blue

Thermal indicators (liquid crystal and melting) and thermal testers are equipment that allows to increase the accuracy of determining the temperature of the controlled object during subjective perception.

Liquid crystal thermal indicators are organic compounds with the properties of a liquid (fluidity) and a solid crystalline body (anisotropy, birefringence). As the temperature changes, the liquid crystal changes color. Available in the form of films or liquid solutions.

Melting thermal indicators are produced in the form of thermal pencils, thermal varnishes, thermal powders. They are made on the basis of wax, stearin, paraffin or compounds of sulfur, zinc, lead (for high temperatures). On the surface of the product, a thermal pencil is applied to a risk, which melts and changes color when a predetermined temperature is reached. The action of thermal varnishes is similar.

Thermal testers - a set of plates made of metals melting at different temperatures.

3. Perception and visualization of mechanical vibrations

The greatest sensitivity when exposed to vibration on a person is observed at a frequency of 100-300 Hz. It is practically impossible to recognize the frequency of oscillations if these oscillations occur with a frequency of more than 5 Hz. However, a person feels uncomfortable being near a machine that generates frequencies that match the resonant frequencies of parts of the human body. In case of damage, due to the violation of the harmonic vibrations, the appearance of dissonance, this sensitivity increases.

Each part of the human body has a range of resonant frequencies: eyes - 12-27 Hz, chest - 2-12 Hz, throat - 6-27 Hz, legs and arms - 4-27 Hz, lumbar spine - 4-14 Hz, abdomen - 4-12 Hz. The skin is most sensitive at a vibration frequency of 100–300 Hz. These resonance zones change their ranges when the position of the human body changes.

If the oscillations are so rare that the eye distinguishes each of them separately, then the frequency is determined by counting the total oscillations over a certain period of time. With a decrease in the amplitude of oscillations, the accuracy of eye perception decreases. The oscillation frequency in the range of 25–100 Hz makes it possible to distinguish small amplitudes up to 0.1 mm.

Various methods of visualization of mechanical vibrations.

In practice, it is possible to determine the range of large oscillations (5 mm and more) by the shadow cast by the object on the screen in a beam of parallel or diverging rays.

The nature of the straight line drawn on the paper lying on the body of the mechanism makes it possible to qualitatively assess the frequency and intensity of oscillations (Figure 7). In this case, vibrations are recorded in the direction perpendicular to the direction of movement of the pencil. The speed of movement of the pencil should be as constant as possible.

Figure 7 - An example of a “manual” recording of mechanical vibrations

To compare the range of oscillations of various nodes of the mechanism, oscillating in the vertical plane, it is possible to use small auxiliary objects. Different behavior of coins, nuts, washers, sand in different parts of the mechanism will help to identify the nodes with the greatest vibration. A typical example is the installation of coins on the edge. However, this indicator is insensitive to high frequency fluctuations.

If it is necessary to register relatively large vibration amplitudes (0.5–10 mm) with an accuracy of 0.5 mm at a low frequency (10–20 Hz), it is possible to use a measuring wedge. With vibration occurring with a frequency of 8 Hz and higher in the direction perpendicular to vibrations (), the eye retains the ability to visualize all positions of the wedge and clearly sees the point of intersection of the extreme positions of the wedge at a distance l from the beginning of the triangle. If the swing s, wedge height h and base L, then from the similarity of triangles:

l = s × L / h.

The base of the wedge must be calibrated and digitized in millimeters of the swing or amplitude of mechanical vibrations, (the swing corresponds to the double amplitude of vibrations). The higher the height h, the larger the amplitudes can be measured with a wedge. The smallest amplitudes (about 0.1 mm) can be measured with a measuring wedge with a height h= 5 mm and base L= 100 mm. Choose h even less impractical.

Figure 8 - Measurement of the vibration amplitude with a measuring wedge

Figure 16 - Using the method of paper chromatography: 1 - core; 2 - oil; 3 - water

Water factor:

To water = d 3 / d 2,

where d 3 is the diameter of the outer ring of water; d 2 is the diameter of the oil ring. An acceptable value of 1.3 corresponds to approx. 2% water in oil.

Impurity factor:

Impurity = d 2 / d 1,

where d 2 is the diameter of the oil ring; d 1 - diameter of the inner ring of impurities. A permissible value of 1.4 corresponds to approximately 0.7% water in oil.

The presence and content of impurities is determined by the spot of an oil droplet on filter paper or thin layer chromatography plates. For analysis, a drop of thoroughly mixed oil is applied to filter paper, after which the appearance of a spot of a drop of oil absorbed into the paper is compared with reference oil spots. By the color of the kernel, light yellow, dark brown, gray colors are allowed. The black color of the core with a shine indicates the operation of the lubricant at an elevated temperature.

The above brief review of subjective methods of technical diagnostics of mechanical equipment shows that the information obtained can become a weighty argument for making a decision to repair or continue to operate the mechanism. The real arsenal of human capabilities as a diagnostic “device” is much wider. Unfortunately, this experience, accumulated by many generations of mechanics, may disappear. Now the continuity in the transfer of knowledge is being interrupted, which should be made up for by generalizing the previously used methods of monitoring the technical condition in articles, manuals, instructions, textbooks. The effectiveness of organoleptic methods is comparable to the effectiveness of instrumental methods of diagnostics and is determined by the degree of use of the obtained information on the technical condition.

Methodology "The level of subjective control"

Locus of control (LC) denotes a person's belief system regarding where the forces are located (or are localized) that affect the results of his actions and his entire destiny. Persons who are convinced that the main forces that determine their life (i.e. efforts, efforts, abilities) are within themselves are called internals. Persons who are convinced that what happens to a person depends on external factors (be it other people, fate or chance) are called external. The higher the internality, the more likely it is that a person feels "the master of his own destiny", has a higher level of development of self-regulation of life. The lower the indicators of internality, the less self-confident he is, the more he needs psychological and any other help. It is used to examine subjects over 16 years old.

Target: definition of internality in various fields.

Instruction. You will be offered statements from people about life. You can agree with them or disagree. If you think “Yes, I think about the same,” put a “yes” or a plus on the answer sheet next to the number of the statement. If you think: “No, I think about it differently,” then put the answer “no” or a minus next to the number.

Questionnaire

1. Career advancement depends not so much on abilities and efforts as on a lucky combination of circumstances.

2. Most divorces occur because both spouses have not tried hard enough to adapt to each other.

3. It is a mistake to think that illness is a matter of chance, and if it is destined to get sick, then nothing can be done.

4. It is precisely those people who become lonely who themselves do not show interest and friendliness to others.

5. The fulfillment of my desires very often depends on luck or bad luck.

6. It is useless to try to win the sympathy of people if they have a preconceived opinion about you.

7. External circumstances, such as parents and wealth, affect family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses.

8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.

9. My grades in studies depended more on chance, for example, on the mood of the teacher, than on myself.

10. I make plans for the future and I know that I can carry them out.

11. What from the outside seems like good luck or luck, most often it is a consequence of long purposeful activity.

12. If people do not suit each other, then, no matter how hard they try, they will still not be able to establish communication.

13. The good I do is usually appreciated by others.

14. I think that chance or fate does not play a very important role in my life.

15. I try not to plan far ahead, since everything does not depend on me, but on how the circumstances turn out.

16. In the event of a conflict, I often feel guilty for myself than for the other side.

17. The life of most people is mainly dependent on the coincidence of circumstances.

18. For me it is better to have such a leadership in which I have to independently decide how to do this or that work.

19. I think that lifestyle in itself is not the cause of disease.

20. As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from being successful in their business.

21. Ultimately, all the people who work for an organization are responsible for the poor leadership of an organization, not just the leader.

22. I often feel that I can not change anything in the existing relationship with loved ones.

23. If I really want, I can win over anyone.

24. The growing generation is influenced by so many different factors that the efforts of parents to raise their children are often futile.

25. Almost everything that happens to me is the work of my own hands.

26. It is difficult to understand why leaders do this and not otherwise.

27. A person who has failed to achieve success in his work must agree that he has poorly organized his activities.

28. I can get what I want from the people around me.

29. Other people were very often the cause of my troubles and failures.

30. A child can be protected from colds if he is properly dressed and raised correctly.

31. In difficult circumstances, I find it wiser to wait for the problems to resolve themselves.

32. Success, as a rule, is the result of hard work and little depends on chance or luck.

33. The happiness of my family depends on me more than on anyone else.

34. I often find it difficult to understand why some people like me and not like others.

35. I make decisions and act on my own, not expecting help from others and not hoping for fate.

36. Unfortunately, the merits of a person often go unrecognized, despite all his efforts.

37. In dealing with people, there are often situations that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.

38. Talented people who have not realized their capabilities should only blame themselves for this.

39. Most of my successes would be absolutely impossible without substantial help from other people.

40. Almost all the failures in my life come from my ignorance, inability or laziness.

Interpretation of results. Main scale "General internality"(Io) - 40 points, divided into two subscales:

1. "Internality in describing personal experience" (I) - 20 points;

2. "Internality in judgments about life in general" (F) - 20 points.

"Internality in the field of achievement"(ID) - 8 points.

"Internality in the realm of failure"(Ying) - 8 points.

"Predisposition to self-blame"(Psob) - is determined by subtracting the Id point from the Ying point.

"Readiness for activities related to overcoming difficulties"(Dt) - 8 points.

"Readiness for independent planning, implementation of activities and responsibility for it"(Ds) - 8 points.

"Denial of activity"(Oa) - 16 points, or the scale of fatalism, consists of subscales "Dt" and "Ds", but with opposite signs. A high tendency to fatalism leads a person to a resolute denial of the meaning of any activity aimed at achieving life goals. Those who scored high scores on the "Oa" scale do not consider themselves masters of their own destiny, optimists, self-confident, feel insufficient emotional comfort, have low adaptability, low persistence and high neuroticism; not focused on action either in case of failure or in decision-making.

"Internality in professional activity"(Ip) - 16 points, has two subscales:

1. "Professional and social aspect of internality" (Ps) - 8 items;

2. "Professional and procedural aspect of internality" (PP) - 8 points.

"Internality in interpersonal communication"(They) - 16 points, has two subscales:

1. "Competence in the field of interpersonal relations" (MC) - 8 items;

2. "Responsibility in the field of interpersonal relations" (Mo) - 8 points.

"Internality in the field of family relations"(Is) - 8 points - directly or indirectly can characterize behavior in the sphere of family and matrimonial relations.

"Internality in the field of health"(From) - 8 points. Predicts a person's attitude to health, as well as the prevention and treatment of possible diseases.

High scores on the scale "And about" indicate that what happens to a person is largely the result of his activity, and therefore, responsibility for his own life lies with the person himself, and not with any other, external forces.

The uneven distribution of points on the subscales "I" and "F" speaks about the ratio of the influence on the internality of the subject of his personal experience ("I") and judgments about life in general ("F").

Scale "Eid" covers situations associated with accomplished achievements in the activities of any person and the respondent himself, and also reveals faith in the possibility of achieving success in certain situations. High rates indicate that a person considers himself the reason for his own achievements and is ready to make efforts to achieve positive results in the future. Low - that he does not believe in the ability to significantly affect the success of his own life and work.

Scale "Ying" characterizes the attitude towards situations of accomplished or possible failures. High rates indicate that a person feels more responsible for those failures that have already occurred or may still occur in his life. Low ones indicate that a person is not inclined to see himself as the cause of either accomplished or possible failures in his life; he blames the responsibility for his failures on external forces, be they some people, just bad luck or “not destiny”.

Psob= In - ID. It can be a positive or negative number. The greater the positive indicator, the more pronounced a person's predisposition to blame himself for everything bad that happens to him or only can happen, that is, he believes that the reason for his failures is himself, and the reason for his achievements is who something else: "it was by accident", "they helped me." This indicator speaks of a self-doubt, possibly still hidden for his self-awareness. The greater the negative value, the less probable manifestations of self-accusatory behavior, since in case of successes, he often sees their reasons in himself, and in case of failures, he is inclined to believe that "someone else is to blame, but not me." A large number of negative points may indicate that the respondent is uncritical, but only in relation to himself. A score of zero is optimal.

Ip- high indicators on this scale indicate a person's understanding that the results obtained by someone depend on the quality of his own actions. In their professional activities, such workers are more likely to show a tendency to take responsibility for themselves. Low indicators often indicate the presence of difficulties in explaining the reasons and ways to achieve a particular result; such people are less likely to assume any responsibility.

Ps- this scale determines the inclination (or lack thereof) to show initiative and take responsibility in the sphere of social relations at work.

PP- according to it, the presence or absence of developed skills to ensure the process of professional activity is established. Low scores are evidence that in the process of solving specific production problems, even with appropriate motivation, this person may face great difficulties, since he has poorly developed skills for high-quality implementation of independent activities.

Them- the scale characterizes the activity aimed at maintaining interpersonal relationships to the extent that this suits the person. High rates indicate that the respondent sees his role in the relationships that he has with close and unfamiliar people around him. Low - that a person is dependent on others and is not able to change the nature of his communication with them.

Mk- high scores on this subscale are an indicator that a person considers himself sufficiently competent in interpersonal relationships.

Moe- this subscale determines whether a person is inclined to take responsibility for both positive and negative variants of the established interpersonal relationships. The higher the scores, the higher the responsibility.

Oa- the scale characterizes a person's beliefs in the meaninglessness of any activity aimed at achieving life goals. High rates indicate the presence of ideological attitudes corresponding to “convinced externality”. This is not just a statement of the predominant role of external forces in a person's life, but also conclusions (or beliefs) emanating from this statement about the unreasonableness, uselessness and senselessness of the implementation of an activity that cannot in any case lead to a positive result. If the majority of externalists need psychological help, which increases their belief in the possibility of their own influence on what is happening in their lives, and encourages them to act independently, then externalities with a high score on the "Oa" scale are much more difficult to convince of this, since they explain the lack of effectiveness of their own activity by the laws of the world order and do not try to change anything in their life, since it is “meaningless”. Low scores confirm the subject's tendency to internality, and not only at the level of worldview, but also readiness for activity.

The results on the subscales "Dt" and "Ds" have meanings opposite to the results on the "Oa" scale.

Key

Io - general internality:

(+) 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 35, 38, 40.

(-) 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 39.

F - internality in judgments about life in general:

1, 2, 3, 4, b, 7, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 26, 27, 30, 32, 36, 37, 38.

I am internality when describing personal experience:

5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40.

ID - internality in the field of achievements:

1, 5, 11, 13, 23, 28, 32, 33.

Ying - internality in the area of ​​failure:

4, 16, 20, 27, 29, 36, 38, 40.

Predisposition to self-blame:

Psob = In - Id

Internality in professional activity:

Yp = Ps + Pn

Ps - professional and social aspect of internality:

1, 9, 13, 18, 21, 26, 28, 36.

PP - professional and procedural aspect of internality:

15, 27, 31, 32, 35, 37, 38, 40.

Internality in interpersonal communication:

Im = Mk + Mo

Mk - competence in the field of interpersonal relations:

6, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29, 34, 37.

Mo - responsibility in the field of interpersonal relations:

2, 4, 7, 12, 13, 16, 21, 33.

IS - internality in the field of family relations:

2, 4, 7, 12, 16, 22, 33, 37.

From - internality in the field of health:

3, 8, 14, 17, 19, 25, 30, 31.

Oa - denial of activity(Oa keys are opposite to Io keys):

(+) 1, 6, 15, 17, 22, 24, 26, 37.

(-) 10, 11, 14, 25, 32, 35, 38, 40.

Dg - readiness for activities related to overcoming difficulties:

1, 6, 15, 17, 22, 24, 26, 37.

DS - readiness for independent planning, implementation of activities and responsibility for it:

10, 11, 14, 25, 32, 35, 38, 40.

From the book Psychodiagnostics the author Alexey Luchinin

45. The questionnaire of the level of subjective control. The questionnaire of the level of subjective control (USC) is a personal questionnaire. Designed to diagnose internality / externality. Developed on the basis of the Locus of control scale by J. Rotter and published by E.F.Bazhin with

From the book Integral City. Evolutionary Intelligences of the Human Hive the author Hamilton Marilyn

Deployment of subjective well-being In the integral model, the intentions of the townspeople live in the upper-left sector. This "I" -space, the core of intention, attention, inner experience of many intelligences, or lines of development (for example, emotional, cognitive and

From the book Psychology of Personality in the Works of Russian Psychologists author Kulikov Lev

The reality of the subjective spirit. VI Slobodchikov With all the numerous historical attempts to create an integral system of rational knowledge about the spirit - something like a "psychology of the spirit" - pneumology as a scientific discipline has not yet taken shape.

From the book The Book for Those Who Like to Live, or The Psychology of Personal Growth the author Kozlov Nikolay Ivanovich

Treason as a subject of subjective experience - Well, your wife and I sat like that! - And we lay with yours! At the exit of the guests, kindly. There was a family: at first it was good for them, and then it became bad for them. And now she is already going to leave him ... How do she begin

author Silva Jose

The use of subjective communication. At the moment I am communicating with you objectively. My left side of my brain is busy putting words down on paper. Your left brain is involved in reading these words. If I spoke to you orally, it would still be the activity of our

From the book Getting Help from the "Other Side" by the Silva Method. author Silva Jose

The use of subjective communication to solve world problems. As I write this book, I asked the graduates of the Silva Method to enter the alpha level every night and program the following: - So that more doctors work side by side with

From the book Getting Help from the "Other Side" by the Silva Method. author Silva Jose

The use of one-on-one subjective communication. Problem solving should start with your personal relationships. Personal problems you may have, in particular with: - Friends - Spouse - Children - Parents - Relatives

From the book Diagnostics of the ability to communicate the author Batarshev Anatoly

Methodology for determining the localization of control Localization of control or, in other words, the locus of control, is a personal quality that characterizes a person's tendency to ascribe responsibility for the results of his activities to external forces or his own abilities and

From the book The Psychology of Adulthood the author Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

Method "Cognitive orientation (locus of control)" The method allows you to identify the orientation of a person to external (external) or internal (internal) stimuli. Based on the scale of J. Rotter's locus of control, various options have been developed, one of which is presented

the author Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

Methodology "The level of correlation of" value "and" availability "in various spheres of life" The methodology was developed by EB Fantalova and is designed to recognize internal conflicts caused by the discrepancy between what is desired and what is available. Terminal values ​​are used,

From the book Motivation and Motives the author Ilyin Evgeny Pavlovich

Methodology "Cognitive orientation (locus of control)" Author - J. Rotter. The technique allows you to identify the orientation of a person to external (external) or internal (internal) stimuli. External people are convinced that their failures are the result of bad luck, accidents,

From the book The NLP Project: Source Code the author Volker Wolfgang

The Structure of Subjective Experience In 1980, Robert Dilts, John Grinder, Richard Bandler, Leslie Cameron-Bandler, and Judith DeLosier published Neuro-Linguistic Programming. The topic of this publication was the analysis and change model to be applied.

From the book Change Your Brain - Your Body Will Change by Amen Daniel

From the book Pickup. Seduction tutorial the author Bogachev Philip Olegovich

Method number four: method "plus-minus" - You broke my arm! - There are 215 bones in the human body. It was only one. Terminator 2. This technique is used in conversations as a means of making a good, advanced compliment. The main thing in this technique is contrast.

From the book I, again me and us by Little Brian

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From the book Invasion between the legs. Removal rules the author Dmitry Novikov

A person choosing a profession must be independent enough and able to be responsible for their choice. If, in your mind, independence lies in the ability to take care of yourself in everyday life, then you have grasped only part of this phenomenon with your inner gaze. Being self-reliant is about setting your own goals, not waiting for older or powerful adults to do so, and being willing to admit that your faults are far more to blame for your troubles than unfortunate circumstances.

Some people tend to believe in luck and circumstances, and neither friends nor useful books will succeed in convincing them that everything depends on each of us. Everyone is free to make a choice for himself - whether to be responsible for his life or to rely on fate. In any case, you need to study how you tend to control your life or entrust it to circumstances, and based on these indicators, think about which profession is right for you.

Instructions

We ask you to answer each of the 44 items of the questionnaire, using the answer options - "agree", "disagree".
You answer by putting a "+" sign in the required column - I agree,
"-" - I do not agree.

Questionnaire text

1. Career advancement depends more on a lucky coincidence than on a person's abilities and efforts.
2. Most divorces stem from people not wanting to adjust to each other.
3. Illness is a matter of chance; if you are destined to get sick, then nothing can be done.
4. People find themselves lonely due to the fact that they themselves do not show interest and friendliness to others.
5. The fulfillment of my desires often depends on luck.
6. It is useless to make an effort to win the sympathy of other people.
7. External circumstances - parents and well-being - affect family happiness no less than the relationship of spouses.
8. I often feel that I have little influence on what happens to me.
9. As a rule, management is more effective when it fully controls the actions of subordinates, rather than relying on their independence.
10. My grades in school often depended on random circumstances (such as the mood of the teacher) rather than my own efforts.
11. When I make plans, I generally believe that I can carry them out.
12. What many people think of as being lucky or fortunate is actually the result of a long, focused effort.
13. I think that the right lifestyle can help your health more than doctors and medicines.
14. If people do not fit together, then no matter how hard they try, they will still not be able to establish family life.
15. The good things I do are usually appreciated by others.
16. Children grow up the way their parents bring them up.
17. I think that chance or fate does not play an important role in my life.
18. I try not to plan far ahead, because a lot depends on how the circumstances turn out.
19. My grades in school depended most of all on my efforts and degree of preparedness.
20. In family conflicts, I often feel guilty about myself than the other side.
21. Most people's lives depend on a combination of circumstances.
22. I prefer a manual where you can decide what to do and how to do it yourself.
23. I think that my lifestyle is in no way the cause of my illnesses.
24. As a rule, it is an unfortunate combination of circumstances that prevents people from succeeding in their business.
25. After all, the people who work for the organization are responsible for the poor management of an organization.
26. I often feel that I can not change anything in the established relationship in the family.
27. If I really want to, I can win over almost anyone.
28. The younger generation is influenced by so many different circumstances that the efforts of parents to educate them are often futile.
29. What happens to me is the work of my own hands.
30. It is difficult to understand why leaders do this and not otherwise.
31. A person who has failed to succeed in their work most likely has not exerted enough effort.
32. More often than not, I can get what I want from my family members.
33. For the troubles and failures that have been in my life, other people were more often to blame than myself.
34. A child can always be protected from colds by keeping track of him and dressing him correctly.
35. In difficult circumstances, I prefer to wait for the problems to resolve themselves.
36. Success is the result of hard work and little depends on chance or luck.
37. I feel that the happiness of my family depends on me more than on anyone else.
38. I have always found it difficult to understand why some people like me and not like others.
39. I always prefer to make a decision and act on my own, rather than relying on the help of other people or fate.
40. Unfortunately, the merits of a person often remain unrecognized, despite all his efforts.
41. In family life, there are situations that cannot be resolved even with the strongest desire.
42. Talented people who have failed to realize their potential should only blame themselves for this.
43. Many of my successes were only possible with the help of other people.
44. Most of the failures in my life stemmed from inability, ignorance, or laziness, and little depended on luck or bad luck.

Key

1... And about				3. Ying
				4. Is
				5. Ip
				6. Them
2.Id				7. From

The indicators of the USC questionnaire are organized in accordance with the principle of the hierarchical structure of the activity regulation system - in such a way that they include a generalized indicator of an individual USC, invariant to particular situations of activity, two indicators of the average level of community and a number of situational indicators.

1. Scale of general internality (Io). A high score on this scale corresponds to a high level of subjective control over any significant situations. Such people believe that most of the important events in their life were the result of their own actions, that they can control them, and, thus, they feel their own responsibility for these events and for the way their life in general develops. A low Io score corresponds to a low level of subjective control. Such subjects do not see the connection between their actions and the events of their life that are significant for them, do not consider themselves able to control their development and believe that most of them are the result of an accident or the action of other people.

2. The scale of internality in the field of achievement (ID). High scores on this scale correspond to a high level of subjective control over emotionally positive events and situations. Such people believe that they themselves have achieved all the good that was and is in their life, that they are able to successfully pursue their goals in the future. Low indices on the Id scale indicate that a person attributes his successes, achievements and joys to external circumstances - luck, good fortune, or the help of other people.

3. The scale of internality in the area of ​​failure (In). High scores on this scale indicate a developed sense of subjective control in relation to negative events and situations, which manifests itself in a tendency to blame oneself for various troubles and sufferings. Low Yin indices indicate that the subject is inclined to attribute responsibility for such events to other people or to consider them the result of bad luck.

4. The scale of internality in family relationships (Is). High IS rates mean that a person considers himself responsible for the events in his family life. Low IS indicators indicate that the subject does not consider himself, but his partners, as the cause of significant situations that arise in his family.

5. The scale of internality in the field of industrial relations (Ip). High PI indicators indicate that a person considers his actions to be an important factor in the organization of his own production activity, in the developing relations in a team, in his advancement, etc. Low PI indicators indicate that the subject is inclined to ascribe more importance to external circumstances - leadership, workmates, luck / bad luck.

6. The scale of internality in the field of interpersonal relations (them) , the degree of responsibility for relationships with other people.

7. The scale of internality in the relationship between health and disease (From). High rates from indicate that the subject considers himself largely responsible for his health: if he is sick, he blames himself for this and believes that recovery largely depends on his actions. A person with low health considers health and illness to be the result of chance and hopes that recovery will come as a result of the actions of other people, especially doctors.

A person with low subjective control (who believes that he has little effect on what happens to him, and is inclined to consider his successes and failures as a consequence of external circumstances) is emotionally unstable, prone to informal behavior, uncommunicative, he has poor self-control and high tension. A person with a high level of subjective control has emotional stability, tenacity, determination, sociability, good self-control and restraint. It is significant that intelligence and many of the factors associated with extroversion - introversion do not correlate with either Io or the situational characteristics of subjective control.
Subjective control over positive events (achievements, successes) is more correlated with the strength of the ego, self-control, social extraversion than subjective control over negative events (troubles, failures). On the other hand, people who do not feel responsible for failures are more likely to be more practical and businesslike than people with strong control in this area, which is not typical for subjective control over positive events.

1. USK test form
No. _________________________________ Date __________________________
FULL NAME. ____________________________________________________________

	+ agree	- disagree		+ agree	- disagree

Bazhin E. Encyclopedia of psychological tests. Personality, motivation, need. - M .: "Publishing house AST", 1997.