Human activity and its main types. Activities. There are different classifications of activities 5 main activities

There are various classifications of activities:

1. By the way of implementation:

- Practical activities(transformation of objects of nature and society). It includes material and production activity (transformation of nature) and social transformation (transformation of society);

- spiritual activities, associated with a change in the consciousness of people. It includes:

Cognitive activity (reflection of reality in artistic and scientific form, in myths and religious teachings);

Value-oriented activity (people's attitude to the phenomena of the surrounding world, the formation of their worldview);

Predictive activity (planning and anticipating possible changes in reality).

2. By the nature of human activity:

Creative activity - the production of material and spiritual values;

Destructive activity - a negative impact on nature (environmental pollution) and society (wars, invasions, etc.).

3. By creative role in social development:

Reproductive activity - aimed at obtaining a certain result of labor;

Productive activity is the production of new ideas, ways to achieve goals.

4. Depending on compliance with general cultural values and social norms:

Legal and illegal;

Moral and immoral.

5. Depending on the novelty of goals, results, means:

Monotonous, stereotyped, monotonous;

Innovative, inventive, creative.

6. Depending on the public spheres in which the activity takes place

Economic (industrial, consumer, etc.);

Political (state, military, international, etc.);

Social;

Spiritual (scientific, educational, leisure, etc.)

7. By the way a person is formed as a person:

- the game;

Communication.

Work- expedient social activities human, aimed at transforming the environment and achieving a socially useful result. Distinctive feature labor activity is the originality of her motives. Labor is always aimed at achieving programmed results, pre-expected results. Labor, as an expedient activity, began with the manufacture of tools. Availability of tools and special training is a specific feature of human labor activity. Only people are able to act on environment with the help of specially created means of labor. Success requires skill, skill, knowledge. In any work activity, its participants solve some specific problem, plan their actions, anticipate the result.

The game- the primary type of human activity, an imaginary representation of reality in artificially modeled situations. The main motive is not as a result, but in the process itself. Games are often in the nature of entertainment, with the aim of obtaining relaxation. Some forms play activities acquire the character of rituals, educational and training sessions, sports hobbies. The most essential feature of play activity is its two-dimensionality:

On the one hand, the player performs a real action;

On the other hand, actions are conditional. The game in its developed form includes the roles that the players take on. The role is the conformity to the accepted (conditional) norms of behavior in the game situation.

Being engaged in any activity, a person learns something, and, therefore, we change ourselves. Target teachings- the acquisition of knowledge and mastery of the methods of action necessary for successful interaction with the world.

In the process of teamwork, people communicate with each other, exchange practical experience and methods of activity, i.e. are situated in communication.

In modern domestic science, there are different points view on how activities and communication are related:

1) these concepts are identified;

2) activity and communication are opposed to each other;

3) communication is considered, along with activity, as an independent, but equal phenomenon.

V teaching aids the first point of view is more often presented.

Communication is a process of interconnection and interaction of people and social groups, during which there is an exchange of information, experience, and results of activities. In the world of communication, the subject interacts not with the object, but the subject.

Depending on the variety of subjects, the following types of communication are distinguished:

Communication between real subjects (two people);

Communication of a real subject with an illusory partner (communication with an animal),

Communication of a real subject with an imaginary partner (internal dialogue);

Communication of imaginary partners (artistic characters).

All activities are interconnected and in everyday life it is difficult to separate them from each other. So, in the process of labor, a person can communicate with a partner, arranging a game in the form of a competition, learning new skills, and in this process gain fundamentally new knowledge about the world, learning its laws. A number of scientists distinguish as a type of activity, along with work, play, communication and cognition(teaching in this case is interpreted as a particular type of cognition).

Activity- specific conscious human activity aimed at cognition and creative change of the surrounding world and oneself in accordance with actual needs and goals. main feature activity consists in the fact that it cannot be determined only by those needs and motives that give rise to it. The need itself can act as an incentive to be active, and its content will be determined by the level of knowledge, skills, goals of society, and individual experience.

In contact with

Human traits

The activity of the individual is very different from the activity of animals, since it has a creative and transformative character. If you need to give a definition of a person's activity on an exam, then it is important to understand its features in order to clearly formulate the concept.

She has such features:

Main components

In order to fully understand the complexity and specificity of human activity, you need to understand its main components:

Subject - an individual who performs actions.
An object - what the actions and activity of the subject are directed to. The object can be any material (making products), another individual (influencing to change beliefs) or the subject himself (training in the gym to change himself).

There are also components that form the structure of the activity.:

Human needs

The famous American psychologist A. Maslow has developed a "pyramid of human needs"... He divides all human needs into primary (physiological, the need for safety and security) and secondary (social needs, respect, self-realization). Primary needs are basic for the survival of the individual, if they are not satisfied, then the transition to meeting needs from the upper layers of the pyramid is impossible. Secondary needs are acquired in the process of a person's social life, their satisfaction occurs during the interaction of individuals in interpersonal communication.

Motives of activity

Based on the needs, the motives of the subject are formed, pushing him to activity. Complex activities can carry many motives. In such cases, a hierarchy of motives is formed, in which the dominant (main) and secondary motives are determined.

The motive can be formed under the influence of one or several needs, which pass through the prism of interests, beliefs, traditions, attitudes of the individual:

Interest is the main reason for action. Various social groups may have identical needs but different interests. For example, entrepreneurs and people of art: the first group has material interests, and the second - spiritual; the need for both groups is common, but the ways to achieve it are different. In addition, each person has interests that are formed under the influence of the environment, inclinations, level of development (people can read books of different genres or engage in different types of creativity).
Traditions are a set of rituals, attitudes from previous generations, which manifests itself in religion, national rituals, professional and corporate characteristics. Sometimes people, following tradition, can limit their basic needs. For example, soldiers in war can limit their need for security because professional and national traditions demand the protection of their country.
Beliefs - principled and firm views on events and the world which can force the subject to abandon basic needs in favor of what he considers to be right (giving up money to preserve dignity).

Defining the goal

A person's motivation determines the formation of goals and results. The individual can create an internal plan of action, on the basis of which they will be carried out in a certain order to obtain a specific result. When the subject begins to do something, he keeps in mind the image of the desired result. That is, before creating something in reality, the individual creates it in his imagination.

Since human activities are often complex, goals are also divided into simple and complex. To achieve a complex goal, you need to plan your activity, break it down into steps, highlight tasks, identify tools for action and possible ways overcoming obstacles. If all tasks are solved during the manipulations, then the goal will be achieved.

Individuals can have common needs, goals and go to achieve the same results, however, when using different means and performing different actions, the content of the activity will be very different.

Types of actions

There are such types of social actions identified by M. Weber:

goal-oriented - with such actions, a person plans all tasks and means, thinks over ways to overcome obstacles (preparing a teacher for a lecture);
value-rational - this type of action is based on moral principles, values, beliefs (the decision to save the life of another person, risking his own life);
affective - spontaneous actions under the influence of strong emotional states (flight when attacked);
traditional - actions that a person performs out of habit can be developed on the basis of rituals or traditions (sequence of actions at a wedding ceremony).

The basis for active action human are the first two types of actions, which are characterized by awareness of purpose and creativity.

Forms of activity

There are two main forms of activity of the subject, different in the nature of the functions performed:

Physical work- carried out with the activation of the musculoskeletal system, muscles and all functional systems organism. With this form of activity, very high energy costs and body fatigue.
Brainwork- implies intellectual activity to perform work related to information processing. With this form of activity, the tension of all mental processes: attention, memory, thinking, imagination.

Typically, a person's actions include both forms of activity.... There are many examples of human activity in which physical and mental labor are combined: actions with the aim of modifying the surrounding space, performing work on creating creative objects, and others. Let us consider in more detail: in order to plant a tree, you must first think over the course of action, get all the necessary materials for this, and then, with the help of physical efforts, perform this action.

There are many activities that a person engages in throughout his life. But which ones are called the main ones and why? These include play, learning, communication, work, and creativity. They are the main ones, because it is in them that the most intensive and effective development of the individual takes place.

This is a specific type of human activity, the purpose of which is not a result, but a process. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that all actions take place in an imaginary situation that can change rapidly. Children use substitute objects that are analogous to what adults use in real life.

The game is the development of mental processes, attention, social activity and the acquisition of interpersonal skills. Exists different types games that occur at certain age periods, subject to the normal development of the child.

This is one of basic types interaction, which is characterized by the mutual exchange of emotions, thoughts, views... The structural components of communication are the subject (initiator of communication), goal (what the communication takes place for), content (information that is transmitted), means (methods of transmitting information; pictures, audio, video, sensory organs can be used) and the recipient of information.

Communication is a structural component of any purposeful activity, while the activity itself is a condition for the emergence of communication.

The purpose of this type of activity is the acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities by the subject. Learning can be specially organized or spontaneous (gaining knowledge and experience while performing other actions). And also there is such a form of teaching as self-education.

Labor is the purposeful activity of an individual, the purpose of which is to obtain a specific result.... Labor is impossible without a certain level of knowledge, skills and craftsmanship. This purposeful activity helps develop personality and transform the environment.

Creation

Creativity is the activity of a person, which generates something new that did not previously exist. It can be a stand-alone activity or a component of another activity. This is a common activity for all children. When a person grows up, he already has certain abilities and talents that develop and manifest in creativity.

Depending on what result the individual's actions are directed to, there are:

Based on the number of subjects and objects of activity, individual and collective activity. According to the influence on social progress, it is customary to divide progressive(develops society) and reactionary activity. The following types of activities are also distinguished: legal and illegal, reproductive(creation by pattern) and creative(creating something new), extraversional(physical actions) and introversion(thinking, fantasy, feelings).

Purposeful human activity is fundamentally different from the behavioral activity of animals, since it is his mode of existence. The behavior of animals is regulated by instincts and is a means of adapting to changing environmental conditions.

Human behavior is a conscious activity that is aimed at transforming the world around us. An example of this is setting a goal, developing an internal action plan, and anticipating the result of this activity.

The very existence of man is a constant creation and development, changing himself and the outside world to create better conditions life and satisfaction of their needs. Human activity is characterized by awareness, the presence of an internal action plan, which is subsequently implemented when performing the assigned tasks. Another important distinction behavior of a person from an animal is that the activity of an individual is not always associated with basic motives and can very often come into conflict with them. you will find the answer here.

Activity is exclusively human activity that is regulated by consciousness. It is generated by needs, and is aimed at transforming the surrounding world, as well as its cognition.

A person, using his motives and needs, somehow transforms the external environment, and this process is creative. At this time, he becomes a subject, and what he masters and transforms becomes an object.

In this article, we will look at the main people, as well as their forms, but before proceeding with this, there are a few points that need to be clarified.

activities are inextricably linked: the essence of a person is manifested in his activities. Inactive people do not exist in the same way as activity itself without a person.
Human activity is aimed at transforming the environment. B is able to organize such living conditions himself so that he is comfortable. For example, instead of collecting plants or catching animals every day for food, he grows them.
Activity is a creative act. Man creates something new: cars, food, even breeds new types of plants.

Basic human and structure

There are three types human activity: play, work and learning. They are the main ones, and his activities are not limited only to these types.

There are 6 structural components of activity, which are formed in a hierarchical order. First, a need for activity arises, then a motive is formed, which is clothed in a brighter and more specific form in the form of a goal. After that, a person is looking for means that can help him achieve what he wants, and, after finding, he begins an action, the final stage of which is the result.

human: labor

There is a separate science that is aimed at studying the working conditions of a person and optimizing his work.

Work refers to activities that are aimed at obtaining practical benefits. Work requires knowledge, skills and abilities. Moderate work has a good effect on the general condition of a person: he thinks faster and is guided in new areas, and also gains experience, thanks to which he is capable of more complex activities in the future.

It is believed that labor is certainly a conscious activity in which a person interacts with the world around him. Any work is expedient and requires a focus on results.

Human activities: learning

Teaching has one main goal - the acquisition of knowledge or skills. This type allows a person to start more complex work that requires special training. Learning can be both organized, when a person consciously goes to school, enters a university, where he is taught by professionals, and disorganized, when a person gains knowledge in the form of experience in the process of work. Self-education is a separate category.

Human activities: play

To put it simply, this is relaxation. The person needs him because the game allows you to relax nervous system and psychologically distract from serious topics. Games also contribute to development: for example, active games teach dexterity, and intellectual ones develop thinking. Modern computer games(action) improve concentration and attention.

Forms of human activity

There are many forms of human activity, however, they are divided into two main groups: mental and physical work.

Consists in information processing. The process requires increased attention, good memory and flexible thinking.

Physical labor requires a large expenditure of energy, since muscles are involved in its process, there is a load on the musculoskeletal system, as well as the cardiovascular system.

Thus, we can conclude that activity is a necessary and unique vital parameter that contributes to human development.

Human modern society is engaged in a variety of activities. In order to describe all types of human activity, it is necessary to list the most important for this person needs, and the number of needs is very large.

Emergence different types activity is associated with the socio-historical development of a person. The fundamental types of activity in which a person is included in the process of his individual development are communication, play, study, work.

* communication - the interaction of two or more people in the process of exchanging information of a cognitive or affective-evaluative nature;
* play is a type of activity in conditional situations that imitate real ones, in which social experience is assimilated;
* learning - the process of systematic mastering of knowledge, skills, abilities necessary to perform labor activities;
* labor is an activity aimed at creating a socially useful product that satisfies the material and spiritual needs of people.

Communication is a type of activity that consists in the exchange of information between people. Depending on the age stage of a person's development, the specifics of the activity, the nature of communication changes. Each age stage is characterized by a specific type of communication. In infancy, an adult exchanges an emotional state with a child, helps to navigate in the world around him. At an early age, communication between an adult and a child is carried out in connection with object manipulation, the properties of objects are actively mastered, and the child's speech is formed. In the preschool period of childhood role-playing game develops interpersonal communication skills with peers. Younger schoolboy is busy learning activities, respectively, and communication is included in this process. In adolescence, in addition to communication, a lot of time is devoted to preparing for professional activity. The specifics of an adult's professional activity leaves an imprint on the nature of communication, demeanor and speech. Communication in professional activity not only organizes, but also enriches it, new connections and relationships between people arise in it.

A game is a type of activity, the result of which is not the production of any material product. She is the leading activity of a preschooler, since through her he accepts the norms of society, learns interpersonal communication with peers. Among the varieties of games can be distinguished individual and group, subject and plot, role-playing and games with rules. Games have great importance in the life of people: for children, they are mainly of a developmental nature, for adults they are a means of communication, recreation.

Teaching is a type of activity, its purpose is to acquire knowledge, skills, and abilities. In the process of historical development, knowledge was accumulated in various fields of science and practice, therefore, in order to master this knowledge, the teaching stood out in special view activities. Teaching affects the mental development of the individual. It consists of the assimilation of information about the properties of surrounding objects and phenomena (knowledge), the right choice techniques and operations in accordance with the goals and conditions of activity (skill).

Labor is historically one of the first types of human activity. The subject of psychological study is not labor itself as a whole, but its psychological components. Usually labor is characterized as a conscious activity that is aimed at achieving the result and is regulated by the will in accordance with its conscious goal. Labor performs an important formative function in the development of a personality, since it affects the formation of its abilities and character.

The attitude to work is laid down in early childhood, knowledge and skills are formed in the process of education, special training, and work experience. To work means to show oneself in activity. Labor in a certain area of human activity is associated with a profession.

Thus, each of the activities considered above is the most typical for certain age stages personality development. The current type of activity, as it were, prepares the next one, since the corresponding needs, cognitive capabilities and behavioral features develop in it.

Depending on the characteristics of a person's attitude to the world around him, activity is divided into practical and spiritual.

Practical activity is aimed at changing the world around. Since the surrounding world consists of nature and society, it can be productive (changing nature) and socially transforming (changing the structure of society).

Spiritual activity is aimed at changing the individual and social consciousness. It is realized in the spheres of art, religion, scientific creativity, in moral actions, organizing a collective life and orienting a person towards solving the problems of the meaning of life, happiness, well-being.

Spiritual activity includes cognitive activity (gaining knowledge about the world), value (determining the norms and principles of life), predictive (building models of the future), etc.

The division of activity into spiritual and material is conditional. In reality, the spiritual and the material cannot be separated from each other. Any activity has a material side, since in one way or another it relates to the outside world, and an ideal side, since it involves goal-setting, planning, the choice of means, etc.

In the spheres of public life - economic, social, political and spiritual.

Traditionally, there are four main spheres of public life:

§ social (peoples, nations, classes, age and gender groups, etc.)
§ economic (productive forces, production relations)
§ political (state, parties, social and political movements)
§ spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, they are connected with someone, they are isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of social life are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relations of the same people in connection with different aspects of their life.

Social sphere- this is the relationship that arises in the production of immediate human life and man as a social being. The social sphere includes various social communities and the relationship between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc.

The economic sphere is a set of relations between people arising from the creation and movement of material goods. The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of the life of society.

The political sphere is the relationship of people associated with power, which ensures joint security.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

§ political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc .;
§ political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;
§ political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;
§ political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations arising in the production, transmission and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If a person's material life is associated with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of a person's life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

The inclusion of society is massive, collective, individual.

In connection with social forms associations of people for the purpose of carrying out activities distinguish collective, mass, individual activity. Collective, mass, individual forms of activity are determined by the essence of the acting subject (person, group of people, social organization, etc.). Depending on the social forms of uniting people for the purpose of performing activities, they establish individual (example: managing a region or country), collective (ship control systems, work in a cllective), mass (for example mass media is the death of Michael Jackson).

Dependence on social norms - moral, immoral, legal, illegal.

Conditionality from the compliance of activities with existing general cultural traditions, social norms differentiate between legal and illegal, as well as moral and immoral activities. Illegal activity is everything that is prohibited by law, by the constitution. Take, for example, the manufacture and manufacture of weapons, explosives, the distribution of drugs, all these are illegal activities. Naturally, many try to adhere to moral activity, that is, to learn conscientiously, to be polite, to appreciate relatives, to help the old and homeless. There is a striking example of moral activity - the whole life of Mother Teresa.

The potential of the new in activity is innovative, inventive, creative, routine.

When a person's activity affects the historical course of events, with social growth, then they distribute progressive or reactionary, as well as creative and destructive activities. For example: The progressive role of the industrial activity of Peter I or the progressive activity of Peter Arkadievich Stolypin.

Depending on the absence or presence of any goals, the success of the activity and the ways of its accomplishment, they reveal a monotonous, monotonous, routine activity, which in turn proceeds strictly according to certain requirements, and a new one is most often not given (Manufacturing of any product, substance according to the scheme at the plant or factory). But creative activity, inventive, on the contrary, it carries with it the nature of the originality of the new, previously unknown. It is distinguished by its specificity, exclusivity and uniqueness. And the elements of creativity can be applied in any of the activities. An example is dancing, music, painting, there are no rules or instructions, here is the embodiment of fantasy, and its realization.

Types of human cognitive activity

Teaching or cognitive activity refers to the spiritual spheres of human life and society. There are four types of cognitive activity:

· Everyday - consists in the exchange of experience and those images that people carry in themselves and share with the outside world;
· Scientific - characterized by the study and use of various laws and patterns. the main objective scientific cognitive activity - to create an ideal system of the material world;
· Artistic cognitive activity consists in the attempt of creators and artists to assess the surrounding reality and find in it shades of the beautiful and ugly;
· Religious. Its subject is the person himself. His actions are judged in terms of pleasing God. This also includes the norms of morality and the moral aspects of actions. Considering that the whole life of a person consists of actions, spiritual activity plays an important role in their formation.

Types of human spiritual activity

The spiritual life of a person and society corresponds to such activities as religious, scientific and creative. Knowing about the essence of scientific and religious activity, it is worth considering in more detail the types of human creative activity. This includes art or music, literature and architecture, directing and acting. Every person has the makings of creativity, however, in order to reveal them, you need to work long and hard.

Types of human labor activity

In the process of labor, a person's worldview and his life principles develop. Labor activity requires planning and discipline from the individual. The types of work activities are both mental and physical. There is a stereotype in society that physical labor is much more difficult than mental labor. Although outwardly the work of the intellect does not appear, in fact, these types of work activities are almost equal. Once again, this fact proves the variety of professions existing today.

Types of professional human activity

In a broad sense, the concept of a profession means a varied form of activity performed for the benefit of society. Simply put, the essence of professional activity boils down to the fact that people work for people and for the benefit of the whole society. There are 5 types of professional activities.

1. Human nature. The essence of this activity is in interaction with living beings: plants, animals and microorganisms.
2. Man-man. This type includes professions in one way or another related to interaction with people. The activity here is to educate, guide people, and their information, trade and consumer services.
3. Human technology. A type of activity characterized by the interaction of a person and technical structures and mechanisms. This includes everything related to automatic and mechanical systems, materials and types of energy.
4. Human - sign systems... The activity of this type is to interact with numbers, signs, natural and artificial languages.
5. Man is an artistic image. This type includes all creative professions related to music, literature, acting, and visual activities.

Views economic activity of people

Human economic activity in recent times fiercely contested by conservationists because it is based on natural resources that will soon be depleted. The types of human economic activities include the extraction of minerals such as oil, metals, stones and everything that can benefit humans and harm not only nature, but the entire planet.

Types of human information activities

Information is an integral part of human interaction with the outside world. The types of information activities include obtaining, using, distributing and storing information. Information activities often becomes a threat to life, since there are always people who do not want third parties to know and disclose any facts. Also, this type of activity can be provocative in nature, and also be a means of manipulating the consciousness of society.

Types of human mental activity

Mental activity affects the state of the individual and the productivity of his life. The most simple form mental activity is a reflex. These are habits and skills established through constant repetition. They are almost imperceptible in comparison with the most difficult type of mental activity - creativity. It is distinguished by constant diversity and originality, originality and uniqueness. Therefore, creative people are so often emotionally unstable, and professions related to creativity are considered the most difficult. That is why creative people are called talents capable of transforming this world and instilling cultural skills in society.

Culture includes all types of transformative human activity. There are only two types of this activity - creation and destruction. The second, unfortunately, is more common. Many years of transformative human activity in nature have led to troubles and catastrophes.

Only creation can come to the rescue here, which means, at least, the restoration of natural resources.

Activity distinguishes us from animals. Some of its types benefit the development and formation of the personality, others are destructive. Knowing what qualities are inherent in us, we can avoid the dire consequences of our own activities. This will not only benefit the world around us, but will also allow us to do what we love with a clear conscience and consider ourselves people with a capital letter.

Activity- the way a person treats outside world, consisting in transforming and subordinating it to the goals of a person.

Human activity has a certain resemblance to the activity of an animal, but differs in a creative and transformative attitude to the surrounding world.

Specific traits human activities:

Conscious character: a person deliberately puts forward the goals of the activity and foresees its results, thinks over the most expedient ways to achieve them.

Productive character: is aimed at obtaining a result (product).

Transformative character: a person changes the world around him (affects the environment with specially created means of labor that enhance the physical capabilities of a person) and himself (a person retains his natural organization unchanged, at the same time changing his way of life).

Public character: a person in the process of activity, as a rule, enters into a variety of relationships with other people.

The activity is based on human needs.

Motive(from lat. movere- set in motion, push) - a set of internal and external conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine the direction of the activity (for example, needs, interests, social attitudes, beliefs, drives, emotions, ideals).

Purpose of activity- this is a conscious image of the result, towards the achievement of which a person's action is directed.

Material activity is creation material values and things that are necessary to meet human needs. It includes material and production activities, associated with the transformation of nature, and socially transformative activities, associated with the transformation of society.

Spiritualactivity associated with a change in the consciousness of people, the creation of scientific, artistic, moral values and ideas. It includes cognitive, value-orientated and predictive activities.

Cognitive activity reflects reality in a scientific and artistic form, as well as in myths, legends, religious teachings.

Value-orientated activity- this is the formation of a person's worldview and his relationship to the world around him.

Predictive activity represents the foresight and conscious planning of changes in existing reality.

There are various criteria for classifying activities:

by objects and results of activity- creation of material goods or cultural values;

by subject of activity- individual and collective;

by the nature of the activity itself- for example, reproductive or creative;

for legal compliance- legal and illegal;

for compliance with moral standards- moral and immoral;

in relation to social progress- progressive and reactionary;

by spheres of public life- economic, social, political, spiritual.

The main types of human activities:

The game- this is a special type of activity, the purpose of which is not the production of any material product, but the process itself is entertainment, rest. Play, like art, offers a certain solution in the conventional sphere, which can be used in the future as a kind of model of the situation. The game makes it possible to simulate specific life situations.

Teaching- a type of activity, the purpose of which is the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities by a person. The peculiarities of teaching are that it serves as a means of human psychological development. Learning can be organized and unorganized (self-education).

Communication is a type of activity in which ideas and emotions are exchanged (joy, surprise, anger, suffering, fear, etc.). By the means used, the following types of communication are distinguished: direct and mediated, direct and indirect, verbal and non-verbal.

Work - type of activity that is aimed at achieving a practically useful result. Characteristic features of labor: expediency, focus on achieving a specific result, practical usefulness, transformation of the external environment.

Creation - it is a kind of activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before. The most important mechanisms of creative activity are: 1) combination of already existing knowledge; 2) imagination, that is, the ability to create new sensory or mental images; 3) fantasy, which is characterized by the brightness and originality of the created representations and images; 4) intuition - knowledge, the methods of obtaining which are not realized.

QUESTIONS:

1. Establish a correspondence between the types of activities and their characteristics: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

2. Read the text below where a number of words are missing.

“The simplest, the most accessible view activity is _______________ (A). She wears the conditional __________________ (B) and realizes the child's need for activity and knowledge of the world around him based on the assimilation of human forms of behavior. A more difficult type of activity is ___________________ (B), aimed at assimilation scientific knowledge and the acquisition of relevant skills and abilities. The most important type of human activity is __________________ (D). It provides not only the existence of a human ___________________ (D), but is also a condition for its continuous _______________ (E). Among its types distinguish between subject-practical and abstract-theoretical, or the first is often called physical, and the second - mental. "

In the list below, words are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can be used only once.

Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

1) culture

2) character

6) globalization

7) development

8) society

9) sign

3, 2, 4, 5, 8, 7

3. It is believed that the French enlighteners Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Diderot played an important role in the preparation of the Great French Revolution of the 18th century. What kind of activity can be attributed to the "work" of the French educators? Describe this activity.

It is about value-oriented activity.

4. (1−4). Read the text and complete assignments 1-4.

It seems to me that those who are horrified by the development of technology do not notice the difference between a means and an end. (…) The machine is not the target. The plane is not a target, it is just a weapon. The same tool as the plow.

(…) Reveling in our successes, we served progress - we laid railways, built factories, drilled oil wells. And somehow they forgot that all this was created for this, to serve people. (...)

Even the machine, becoming more perfect, does its job more and more modestly and invisibly. It seems as if all the works of man - the creator of machines, all his calculations, all sleepless nights over drawings only appear in external simplicity; as if the experience of many generations was needed, so that the column, the keel of a ship or the fuselage of an aircraft became more and more slender and chased, until they finally found the pristine purity and smoothness of lines (...). It seems as if the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to grind and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a kind of perfection of forms that naturally developed from the kidney , a mysteriously cohesive and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem. As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when nothing can be taken away. A machine at the limit of its development is almost no longer a machine.

So, according to the invention, brought to perfection, it is not visible how it was created. With the simplest tools, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we had an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea; the car is also remarkable - using it, you gradually forget about it.

(A. de Saint-Exupery. "Planet of the people")

1) Find in the text any three examples of human transformative activity.

2) Indicate and illustrate with the help of this text any two distinguishing features of human activity.

3) Can the process of human labor to create machines captured in the document be called creative? Argument your answer with text. Give a definition of creative activity.

4) What is the ultimate goal of human transformative activity in the opinion of the author and in your opinion? Justify both answers.

1. Three examples of human transformative activity:

construction of railways;

construction of factories;

oil well drilling.

2. Two distinctive features of human activity:

practical utility ("... a machine is not a target. An airplane is not a target, it is just a tool. The same tool as a plow.");

transforming character (“in the simplest tools of labor, the visible signs of the mechanism were gradually erased, and in our hands we had an object, as if created by nature itself, like a pebble turned by the sea”).

3. 1) An affirmative answer is given.

Argumentation of the answer:

2) The author describes the emergence of the results of a new, more perfect quality of objects as a result of human labor (“It seems that the work of engineers, draftsmen, designers comes down to this, to polish and smooth, to facilitate and simplify the fastening mechanism, to balance the wing, to make it invisible - is no longer a wing attached to the fuselage, but a kind of perfection of forms that naturally developed from a bud, a mysteriously fused and harmonious unity, which is akin to a beautiful poem ”).

3) Creative activity is an activity as a result of which something new appears that did not previously exist in nature.

4. The ultimate goal of human transformative activity, according to the author, is the pursuit of perfection: "As you can see, perfection is achieved not when there is nothing more to add, but when nothing can be taken away." Your opinion and your explanation.