Social mobility presentation. Presentation on social science "social mobility". Forms of social mobility

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SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY. DIFFERENCES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF CRITERIA OF SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL CLASSES MAIN CRITERIA STRATIFICATION CRITERIA - place in the system social production-relationship to the means of production -the role in the social organization of labor -the size and methods of obtaining social wealth SOCIAL LAYERS -the nature of the property -the size of wealth, income -the amount of power -prestige -level of education -level and lifestyle -kind of occupation -the prestige of the profession -level of qualifications etc.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - hierarchically organized structure of social inequality that exists in a certain society, in a certain historical period of time depends on the possession of power by the property of the social status of value orientations main elements social class social stratum (stratum) social group

THE MOST IMPORTANT DIFFERENTIATING SIGNS OF THE LAYER (STRATEGY) economic position of a person social prestige, authority, influence division of labor the amount of power the presence of private property the amount of income the level of material well-being of the position role position the nature of work the level of qualifications vocational education official position possession of socially significant information types and forms of management activities

TYPES OF DIFFERENTIATION by citizenship by nationality by profession, occupation by economic status by religious affiliation

HISTORICAL TYPES OF STRATIFICATION slavery caste class patriarchal class patriarchal slavery slavery (mature (primitive) form) CLOSED SOCIETY social movement from lower strata to higher strata are either completely prohibited or significantly limited OPEN SOCIETY movement from one stratum to another

TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL MOBILITY (P. SOROKIN) Social mobility - “any transition of an individual, or social object, or value ... from one position to another” vertical horizontal group individual ascent descent ascent descent descent territorial, religious, family , political ... economic political professional, etc.

MAIN TRENDS OF THE STRATIFICATION STRUCTURE OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY TRENDS deepening property inequality, social polarization blocking the formation of the middle class emergence of “new” poor intelligentsia, their outflow to other spheres of activity participation of criminal structures in the emergence of ethnocentric activity migration increase in groups of marginal type

MAIN TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL RELATIONS IN MODERN RUSSIA modern Russian society growth in unemployment decline in the social status of intellectual professions the problem of “brain drain” unsustainable social mobility marginalization Russian society increased social differentiation increased social conflicts

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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Social and psychological factors of children's health according to the results of city monitoring in 2013

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Distinguish between individual mobility - the movement of one person independently of the others, and group - movement occurs collectively. You can make a career alone or in a group. When there are caste, racial or class privileges restricting individual mobility, then representatives of the lower castes, estates and races can try to organize a riot in order to achieve the abolition of these restrictions and their whole group to climb the steps of the social ladder. Theorist personality type always tries to pursue a career alone, so he is the least successful in an administrative career. Examples of group mobility: The Bolsheviks were outcasts before the October coup, during the coup they overcame a huge social distance, as a result, they all together rose to the status that the tsarist aristocracy used to occupy. This is an example of the collective ascent of the Bolsheviks.

Social studies presentation on the topic "Social mobility and stratification" Grade 11.

Teacher: Vovk Yuri Nikolaevich

Introduction.
The essence of stratification processes.
The concept of stratification.
Social differentiation.
Social stratification scales.
Types of social stratification.
Social mobility concept.
The main types of social mobility.
Individual and group mobility.
The importance of social mobility.
Indicators of social mobility of Russian society in different historical periods.
Social mobility channels.
The concept of channels of social mobility.
The main types of channels of social mobility.
Indicators of social mobility.
Marginality.
A kind of marginals.
Conclusion.

Introduction

The social structure of society is part social system, which acts as a set of the most stable elements and their connections, ensuring the functioning and reproduction of the system. It expresses the objective division of society into communities, classes, strata, groups, indicating the different position of people in relation to each other. To describe the inequality of various social groups, there is a concept "Social stratification". This concept introduced into scientific circulation by a Russian-American sociologist and culturologist P.A. Sorokin. Term "stratification" came to sociology from geology, where he denotes the location of the layers of the Earth vertically.

Society is in constant motion and development, changing. People are changing who perform certain social roles, occupying certain status positions. Accordingly, individuals are also in constant motion as the main elements of the social structure of society. For descriptions of this movement of the individual along social structure society exists social mobility theory ... So in 1927 Pitirim Sorokin year introduced the concept of social mobility .

Pitirim A. Sorokin

(1889-11968)

The essence of stratification processes

Formation of ideas about social stratification was a direct consequence of the development of a structural approach in sociology in the second half of the XIX - early XX century, starting with O. Comte, K. Marx, G. Spencer and up to E. Durkheim and T. Parsons. Within the framework of this approach, the idea was formed that all relations in society, be it intergroup or interpersonal interactions or stable ties, have rank character , that is, the individuals, groups, communities they associate are often part of different in his rank level social systems. At the same time, such a ranking is stable, and the links, accordingly, acquire an institutional character.

Theory social stratification has greatly improved understanding of a range of key issues social knowledge... At the same time, the theory of social stratification has been repeatedly successfully used to study and describe societies that differ in their cultural traditions, in the level of socio-economic and political development, which confirms its undeniable cognitive and general theoretical value.

Stratification concept

P. Sorokin defines social stratification in the following way: « Social stratification is the differentiation of a given set of people (population) into classes in a hierarchical rank. It finds expression in the existence of higher and lower strata. Its basis and essence lies in the uneven distribution of rights and privileges, responsibilities and duties, the presence or absence of social values, power and influence. "

Thus, social stratification is a system of social inequality, consisting of hierarchically arranged social strata (strata).

Under stratum (from Latin stratum - layer, flooring) in sociology is understood a real, empirically fixed community, a social stratum, a group of people united by some common social attribute (property, professional, educational level, power, prestige, etc.). All people belonging to a particular stratum occupy approximately the same position and have common status features.

Social differentiation

To describe social heterogeneity, other than the concept "Social stratification" the broader concept applies "Social differentiation" , which implies any - not just rank - social differences. So, people who are fond of collecting insects are united by this common feature, but this feature has nothing to do with the process social stratification(stratification).

Social differentiation (from Lat. Differentia - difference) is the division of society into different social groups that occupy different positions in it.

Collecting, say, butterflies can be representatives of any social groups and strata, representatives different professions, which does not affect the social hierarchy in any way.

Social stratification scales

Different sociologists explain differently the reasons for social inequality and, consequently, social stratification. So, according to Marxist School of Sociology , the inequality is based on property relations, nature, degree and form of ownership of the means of production ... According to functionalists (K. Davis, W. Moore), the distribution of individuals according to social strata depends on importance of their professional activity and contribution which they contribute by their labor to the achievement of the goals of society. Supporters exchange theory (J. Homans) believe that inequality in society arises due to unequal exchange of results human activity .

In modern sociology, it is customary to distinguish the following basic criteria for social stratification :

income - the number of receipts for certain period(month year);
wealth - accumulated income, i.e. the amount of cash or materialized money (in the second case, they act in the form of movable or immovable property);
power - the ability and ability to exercise one's will, to exert a decisive influence on the activities of other people using various means (authority, law, violence, etc.);
education - a set of knowledge, abilities and skills acquired in the learning process .;
prestige - public appraisal attractiveness, significance of a particular profession, position, a certain occupation.

Types of social stratification

Throughout the history of mankind, four types of stratification are distinguished.

System name

Characteristic

Slavery

Society type

The form of the most rigid fixation of people in the lower strata.

Caste

Estate

Caste - a social group, membership in which a person owes exclusively his own birth.

A system that presupposes a person's lifelong attachment to a certain stratum on an ethnic, religious or economic basis.

Closed society

Estate - social a group that has an established custom or legal law and inherited rights and obligations.

A system that assumes the legal assignment of a person to a particular stratum.

Class

Class - a large social group that is formed and functions on the basis of fundamental social interests.

An open system that does not imply a legal or any other way of securing an individual to a certain stratum.

Open society

Social mobility concept

Social mobility (from French mobile - mobile) is the movement of groups or individuals in the social structure of society, a change in their status.

Myself P. Sorokin identified social mobility as any transition of an individual or social object (value) from one social position to another.

Vertical movement up (upward mobility) or down (downward) on the socio-economic scale, associated with a change in place in the social hierarchy

Individual movement up, down or horizontally occurs in each person independently of others

Group movements are collective

The main types of social mobility

Horizontal migration or change of position at the same socio-economic level, i.e. without changing the status

Social mobility happens

Individual and group mobility

Individual and group mobility are a variety vertical mobility.

Individual mobility occurs when an individual member of society changes his social status... He leaves his old status niche or stratum and goes into a new state. To factors individual mobility sociologists attribute social background , the level of education , physical and mental capacity , external data , place of residence , profitable marriage , concrete actions(for example, a felony, a heroic act).

Group mobility especially often observed in the context of changes in the very system of stratification of a given society, when the social significance of large social groups changes. The reasons for this mobility may be social revolutions , interstate and civil wars , political coups , foreign intervention , change of political regimes and etc.

Along with this, there are also intergenerational , intragenerational , organized and structural mobility.

The importance of social mobility

Mobility indicators characterize changes in social distribution in social groups. Such an analysis allows monitoring long-term social processes, establishing patterns in the implementation of social careers in various social groups and communities. For example, which social strata are most or least susceptible to upward or downward mobility? An objective answer to this question allows us to reveal the methods of social stimulation in certain social groups, the features of the social environment, which determine the desire (or lack thereof) for social growth. For example, intragenerational mobility describes changes in status distribution within a certain age group, "Generation", which allows you to track the overall dynamics of inclusion or distribution of a given group in the social system. For example, information about what part of today's youth is studying or being trained in universities, what part would like to be trained, can be very important. This information allows monitoring of many relevant social processes. Knowing general features social mobility in a given generation, you can objectively assess social development a specific individual or small group of this generation.

Indicators of social mobility of Russian society in different historical periods

For an illustrative example of the importance of social mobility, let us consider its indicators, which characterize changes in social groups in our country during the twentieth century. For this, let us take five age cohorts whose representatives began their independent career in different decades. These cohorts are characterized by deep internal differences, since the dissimilarity is too great social conditions life and spiritual atmosphere in which socialization took place, the entry into an independent life of representatives of each of them. All this was reflected in the movements from one public group to another. It was found that the most active mobility from one social group to another occurred in the 1950-1970s: about 30% of the respondents moved from collective farmers to workers, 37% from workers to employees and specialists, from collective farmers to employees and specialists - 26 %. People who started their career before the 1950s. (the first cohort) turned out to be three times more mobile than those who started it in the 1980s. (fifth cohort). But by the 1980s. the educational level reached its limit, and representatives of the fifth cohort (moreover, workers, collective farmers, and employees with specialists) turned out to be the most inactive in terms of improving their education.

Social mobility channels

In the process of social mobility, there is a constant redistribution of individuals within the social structure in accordance with the principles of social differentiation existing in this system. How, within the framework of the social structure of society, does social mobility, that is, the movement of individuals along this very social structure?

V modern society whose social structure is very complex and institutionalized, most social movements are associated with certain social institutions. That is, most statuses exist and are meaningful only within the framework of specific social institutions. This gives rise to the idea of social institutions as a kind of social spaces within which most of the status changes occur. Such spaces are called channels (or elevators) social mobility .

The concept of social mobility channels

In a strict sense, under channel of social mobility such social structures, mechanisms, methods that can be used for the implementation of social mobility are understood. Of primary importance are political authorities , political parties , public organizations , economic structures , labor organizations and alliances , army , church , education system , family and clan ties.

The main types of channels of social mobility

Own

Social mobility indicators

To quantify the processes of social mobility, they usually use indicators her speed and intensity... By combining the indicators of speed and intensity of mobility, we obtain the aggregate mobility index. It allows you to define and compare the processes of mobility taking place in different societies.

Index

His essence

Mobility speed

vertical social distance or the number of strata - economic, professional or political, which an individual passes in his movement up or down over a certain period of time

Mobility intensity

the number of individuals changing social positions in a vertical or horizontal direction over a certain period of time

Marginality

It should be noted that the processes of social mobility can be accompanied by marginalization and lumpenization society. Under marginality the intermediate, "borderline" state of the social subject is understood. Marginal (from Lat. marginalis - located on the edge), when moving from one social group to another, retains the old system of values, connections, habits and cannot assimilate new ones (migrants, unemployed).

Lumpen , trying to move from the old group to the new in the process of social mobility, finds himself completely outside the group, breaks social ties and eventually loses the basic human qualities - the ability to work and the need for it (beggars, homeless people).

A kind of marginals

Characteristic

Ethnomarginal

They arise as a result of migration to a foreign ethnic environment

Economic marginals

Are generated by the loss of work and material well-being

Religious marginals

Persons outside traditional denominations

Sociomarginal

Appear due to the incompleteness of social displacement

Political marginals

Arise as a result of the loss of generally accepted norms and values of political culture

Biomarginal

Persons whose health has ceased to be the subject of state concern

Conclusion

Thus, at the heart of social stratification lies natural and social inequality between people, which manifests itself in their social life and has a hierarchical character. It shows that strata exist in different conditions and people have unequal opportunities to satisfy their needs. Inequality- a source of stratification in society.

Social mobility is an important tool analysis of the dynamics of society, changes in his social parameters. Processes social mobility can take various forms and even be contradictory. But at the same time, for a complex society, the free movement of individuals in social space is the only way of development otherwise, social tension and conflicts in all spheres of public life can await him.

SOCIAL MOBILITY MBOU "Lyceum №12", Novosibirsk, teacher of VKK Stadnichuk T.M.

Do you see a man diligent in his business?

He will stand in front of the kings.

B. Franklin (1706-1796) - American educator,

scientist and statesman

Which of your current statuses are achievable? What have you done to achieve them?
What does the vertical and horizontal structure of society mean?

Social mobility is a change by an individual or a group of their social position in social space.

People are in constant motion, and society is constantly evolving. This means the variability of its structure. The totality of all social movements of an individual or groups is included in the concept of social mobility.

Social mobility concept

THE TALE OF THE FISHERMAN AND THE FISH"

THE FAIRY TALE "CINDERELLA"

Social mobility concept

The concept was introduced into scientific circulation by P. Sorokin in 1927. The level of social mobility characterizes the degree of openness of society, the possibility of transition from one group of the population to another. He identified two main types of mobility:

horizontal,
vertical.

PITIRIM SOROKIN

(1889 -1968) - Russian, American sociologist and culturologist.

Mobility types

Depending on the direction of movement, there are upward vertical mobility (social rise) and downward mobility (social decline).

Vertical mobility is a set of social movements, which is accompanied by an increase or decrease in the social status of an individual.

Mobility types

An example is the transfer from one citizenship to another, from one profession to another, which has a similar status in society. The varieties often include geographic mobility - moving to another place of residence, tourism, etc.

Horizontal mobility is the transition of an individual from one social position to another, located at the same level.

TYPES of mobility

INTRA-GENERAL is a change in status within one generation (people tend to achieve a new status through their own efforts) = social career

INTERGENERATION -

this is a comparative change in social status among different generations (for example, the son of a worker becomes an engineer)

TYPES of mobility

GROUP - collective movement of people in a social structure. (impact of social revolutions, wars, change of political regimes)

INDIVIDUAL -

movement of the individual in the social structure, which occurs independently of other people.

TYPES of mobility

SPANAL is the movement of a person or entire groups up, down or horizontally under the influence of historical events and processes.

ORGANIZED -

these are movements of a person or entire groups up, down or horizontally controlled by the state.

TYPES of mobility

STRUCTURAL - these are changes in the structure of the economy in addition to the will and consciousness of individual individuals (for example, the disappearance or reduction of industries or professions leads to the displacement of large masses of people)

Open and closed types of companies

In an open type of society, the degree of vertical mobility is very high, and in a closed type of society, it is very small. An example of the second kind is the caste system in India. The degree of vertical mobility can be measured, for example, by the share of "upstarts" among rulers and senior officials, people from the "bottom"

VC. BLUCHER (1890 -1938) - Marshal of the Soviet Union

Social elevators

Sorokin named eight elevators that people use to move up or down the steps of the social ladder in the course of their personal careers.

A social lift is a mechanism for raising (or lowering) social status.

Social elevators

The ARMY functions in this capacity not in a peaceful, but in war time... Large losses among the command staff lead to the filling of vacancies from lower ranks. During war, soldiers advance through talent and courage.

NAPOLEON BONAPART

GEORGE WASHINGTON

OLIVER CROMWELL

Social elevators

The CHURCH as a channel of social circulation has moved a large number of people from the bottom to the top of society. Gebbon, Archbishop of Rheims, was a former slave. Pope Gregory VII - the son of a carpenter. Thanks to the institution of celibacy, after death officials the vacated positions were filled with new people.

DAD GREGORY VII

Social elevators

SCHOOL. The system of social elevators at all times included the institutions of upbringing and education. In countries where school is accessible to all segments of the population, it is an excellent channel of mobility to move upwards. Big contests v

colleges and

universities in many

countries are explained

the fact that education

is the most

fast and affordable

channel vertical

mobility

Social elevators

POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS - from political parties to government - are one of the channels of individual mobility. To move up the social ladder in many countries, it is enough to enter the civil service.

WILLIAM JEFFERSON (BILL) CLINTON (born 1946) - 42nd President of the United States (1993-2001) from the Democratic Party. Prior to his election as President of the United States, Clinton was elected Governor of Arkansas five times. The son of a salesman and a nurse.

Social elevators

ART. A person gains recognition and fame, and his works begin to cost fabulous money. Among the most famous literary men in France, 13% were from the working environment. Felix Mendelssohn skillfully arranged for Princess Victoria of Germany and Crown Prince Frederick - German Emperor Frederick III to be married on his wedding march).

FELIX MENDELSON

(1809 - 1847) - German composer

Social elevators

PRESS, TV, RADIO. Newspapers and television can provide publicity and promotion for people who are fluent in a popular writing style, have close acquaintance with a large number of people, and have oratory.

OPRA WINFREY

(born 1954) - American TV presenter, actress, producer

She lived in poverty and was sexually abused at an early age. For 2014, Winfrey's capital exceeds $ 2.9 billion.

Social elevators

ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS. The accumulation of wealth is the most reliable way up in the conditions of observance of the rule of law; in conditions of social cataclysms, wealth can be easily taken away by fraud or violence. And people who become rich will buy or gain privileges.

MICHAEL SAL DELL (born 1965) is the founder and CEO of Dell. He started his company in artisanal conditions. Ranked 49th in the list of 100 in 2013 richest people world with a fortune of $ 15.9 billion.

Social elevators

B. DISRAELI (1804-1889) - 40th and 42nd Prime Minister of Great Britain

FAMILY AND MARRIAGE. According to ancient Roman law, if a free woman married a slave, then her children

became slaves. Today

there is an "attraction"

rich brides and poor

aristocrats when in case

marriage, both partners receive

mutual benefit.

Disraeli became a member of parliament on the 4th attempt. A marriage of convenience with Mary Ann Evans allowed him to focus on a political career without thinking about making money - Mrs. Disraeli was sponsored by his wife.

Marginality

The movement of people between different social strata and statuses in some cases is accompanied by marginality - a situation of an intermediate, structurally indefinite socio-psychological state.

Marginalized - individuals and groups that do not have a specific social identification excluded from the system of stable social connections and relationships.

Marginality

The following main types of marginals are usually distinguished:

ethnic marginals - migration, when the adaptation of a person to a different ethnic environment has not yet been completed;
economic marginals - appear as a result of the loss of work, property;
social marginals - the loss of the habitual

lifestyle);

political marginals - destruction of generally accepted social norms and values).

marginality

The overwhelming majority of the middle class has experienced downward mobility and joined the ranks of the poor, this part is called the “new poor”. Distinctive feature - high level education. Teachers, professors, engineers, doctors and other categories of state employees were among the poor only by economic criterion- income.

Social mobility

The movement of people in society occurs constantly. This social process contributes to the improvement of both individuals and society as a whole. The change in status is less and less dependent on external causes and more and more - on the person himself. The most important social lift that you can use today is education.

"Spheres of Society" - The Role of the Modern Civilized State: Unitary. Legislature. Parsons T. Concept of the social system. Spiritual realm. The political sphere of society: form of government. The political sphere of society: forms of the territorial structure of the state. Separation of powers in a state governed by the rule of law.

"Social sphere of life" - Margins. Basic concepts. Typology of families. Interethnic relations. Social role picnicity. Deviant (deviant) behavior. Types of stratification. Social mobility. Stratification theory. Social control. The family as a social institution. Social adaptation. Social lift. The social status of the individual.

"Socio-economic sphere" - The classification of income is made according to different criteria. Social policy of the state. Utilitarianism. The actual amount of real income. Human Development Index. The decile factor is calculated as a ratio. Gini coefficient values. In the implementation of the social policy of the state, two approaches are used.

"The social sphere of the life of society" - Theories of S. p. arose in opposition to the Marxist-Leninist theory of classes and class struggle. One of the main channels of marginalization is mass migration from village to city. The bourgeoisie? I (fr. Bourgeoisie) - a class of large property owners who widely use hired labor. Distinguish between high and low social mobility.

"Spheres of life of society" - Stages of social development. STAGES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (D.Bell, A.Turen). Features of the dynamics of the development of society. The spheres of public life are organically interconnected. Signs of society as an integral complex system. The concept of "society". Components of society. Conclusion: Spheres of social life. SPHERES OF LIFE OF SOCIETY (continuation).

"Social sphere of society" - Basis. Philosophy science religion law art morality ideology. Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations: Tutorial... Topic: 19. Conceptual apparatus of social philosophy. Social Philosophy Studies: Terms of Decision global problems civilization. Civil society. Economic sphere. For example, antique, Chinese, Germanic.

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