Society's assessment of the social significance of the other. The assessment by a society or a social group of the social significance of certain positions taken by people is called. Mogilev police school

Test on the topic "Social sphere"

Teacher: Taran Elena Alexandrovna

MOU Secondary School No. 1, Gryazovets, Vologda Region

Position: teacher of history, social studies

Note: You can use the test both in the basic level class and in the profile one.

Option 1.

A 1. The assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion is called

1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction

A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as

1) social adaptation 3) social determinants

2) social lift 4) social control

A 3. After graduating from university, K. got a job as a manager in a small private firm... After a while, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest in the South of Russia holding company... This situation can be seen as an example.

1) horizontal social mobility 2) vertical social mobility

3) social stratification 4) professional differentiation

A 4. Relationships between people (or groups of people) that are carried out in accordance with the laws social organization societies are called

1) social relations 2) social structures

3) social integration4) social differentiation

A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called

1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization

A 6. The democratic (partner) family, in contrast to the patriarchal (traditional), is characterized by

1) living together for at least three generations

2) fair division of household responsibilities

3) the economic dependence of a woman on a man

4) the dominant role of men in the family

A 7. The functions of the family include

1) education of law-abiding behavior in children

2) determination of the amount of utility bills

3) setting school standards

4) definition minimum size wages

A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:

1) power and action 2) norms and sanctions

3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles

A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:

The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.

If the boss calls his subordinate, then the latter waits for the boss to hang up. To what type of social norms can they be classified?

1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions

A 10. The social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called

1) social mobility 3) social inequality

2) social status 4) social relations

A.R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.

B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the receipt by a worker of a managerial position in an enterprise in connection with graduation from a university.

A 12. Which judgment is correct?

A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of a society or social group is called deviant.

B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

IN 1. Analyze the data in the table social survey reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

1) young people in all age groups the main criterion for success was economic, independence, independence from others

2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family the most important in life

3) to be the best - a criterion typical for young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their adolescent maximalism.

4) the number of people who believe that the most important thing in life is career, decreases with age

A. The development of interethnic relations in the modern world is associated with two trends - interethnic integration and national differentiation. B. In our opinion, they operate constantly, but not without conflict. C. The aggravation of the national question is associated with the contradictions between the growing scientific and technological revolution, which requires maximum cooperation, the international division of labor, and the national identity of states and peoples. D. Between the nation states themselves, contradictions arise in connection with the presence of specific interests: the use of natural resources, transport communications. E. The reasons for the aggravation of conflicts are of a political, economic, demographic nature.

Determine which positions are worn

Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social *** (A). Specific group or individual *** (B) are recognized by members of society and in public opinion they are attributed to a certain significance. Social inequality in modern society most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the presence of property, valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is primarily determined by the importance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of the social *** (E)

The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word can only be used once. Select words one by one in sequence, filling in each gap. Note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks.

1) status 2) group 3) criterion

4) bundle 5) profession 6) prestige

Part 3 (tasks of level C)

1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social mobility"? Drawing on knowledge of the social science course, compose two sentences containing information on factors affecting social mobility

Option 2.

A 1. The profession of a programmer is especially in demand today. The degree of its prestige is determined

1) higher education institutions2) the administration of the enterprise

3) society 4) laws

A 2. What social lift was limited by the Circular on Cook's Children, adopted in Russia in 1886?

1) army 2) church 3) school 4) marriage

A 3. An example of horizontal social mobility is

1) getting the next officer rank

2) transfer to a new, better paid position

3) retirement

4) moving to another city

A 4. The collision of opposing goals, opinions and views of the subjects of interaction is

1) social control 3) social integration

2) social adaptation 4) social conflict

A 5. Indicate the characteristic characteristic of all types of social norms.

1) fixing in the appropriate regulations, laws

2) transmission from generation to generation in the form of unwritten rules and regulations

3) acting as a regulator of people's behavior

4) provision with the force of state coercion

A 6. What sign must be indicated in order to confirm that the Vasiliev family is extended?

1) Vasilievs N. and M. have been living in a registered marriage for more than 15 years

2) Vasiliev N. and M. have two minor children

3) The Vasiliev family consists of the Vasiliev spouses, their children, as well as the parents of the wife of N.

4) the Vasilievs have their own business

A 7. A small group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are linked by a common life and mutual responsibility, is ...

1) genus 2) family 3) estate 4) elite

A 8. The activities of a society to prescribe and encourage the proper behavior of its members and apply sanctions to violators of accepted norms is called

1) social control

2) social differentiation

3) social stratification

4) social progress

A 9. “When greeting a woman or an elder in office, a man should stand up. A woman in a business setting also greets an incoming employee by standing up if he is higher in rank. ”What kind of social norms does this rule refer to?

1) custom 2) rule of law 3) tradition 4) etiquette

A 10. Trends in the development of nations and interethnic relations are

1) centralization and decentralization2) bureaucratization and democratization

3) integration and differentiation4) collectivization and individualization

A 11. Which judgment is correct?

A. A cardinal change or loss of a profession by a person always entails changes in his social status.

B. As a result of a change in social status, changes social roles person.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

A 12. Are the following judgments about deviant behavior true?

A. Deviant behavior can be beneficial to society.

B. A manifestation of positive deviant behavior in society is scientific and inventive activity.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

Q 1. Analyze the data from a social survey on the topic "How often do you trust people?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

18-24

25-34

15-44

45-59

1) the older people are, the less they trust others

2) most people don't trust each other

3) the most distrustful are people whose generation graduated from school in the late 70s - first half of the 80s of the twentieth century

4) young people from 18 to 24 years old are characterized by an absolute lack of trust in people

Q 2. Read the text below, each position marked with a letter.

A. In our opinion, deviant behavior is very different from the requirements of social norms. B. It entails the application of sanctions - from the desire to reform to punishment and isolation of the offender from society. C. Assessment of human behavior as "deviant" is extremely dependent on the era, prevailing norms and values in society: what is deviant today may become the norm tomorrow. D. In sociology, there are several reasons for deviant behavior: biological (innate predisposition of some people to alcoholism, drug addiction, crime); psychological (associated with mental disorders of the personality); social (impossibility of positive self-realization of an individual) ..

Determine which text positions are worn

1) the factual nature 2) the nature of value judgments

Write a number under the letter of the position indicating its character.

" IN

Q 3. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select the words you want to replace the spaces from the list provided.

Aggravation of ethnic relations results in *** (A). This is a form of conflict in which groups with opposing interests differ by *** (B) attribute. The most common reasons for them are violation of *** (C) representatives of a particular nation, violation of justice and *** (D) in interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts can be resolved only by means of *** (D) - a system of measures implemented by the state aimed at taking into account, combining and realizing national interests, at resolving contradictions in the sphere of national relations. Its strategy in the Russian Federation was developed and substantiated in the Concept of National Policy and the State Program for National Revival and Interethnic Cooperation of the Peoples of Russia. Strategic goal is the strengthening of the unity and cohesion of all peoples on the basis of national revival and interethnic cooperation, strengthening *** (E) and ties, the formation of a state-political and interethnic community ~~ Russians.

Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Remember that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the blanks. Choose one word after another in sequence, mentally filling in each gap.

1) a unitary state 2) interethnic conflicts.

3) human rights 4) national policy

5) ethnic 6) federative relations

7) the state 8) administrative-command methods

9) tolerance

Part 3 (tasks of level C)

1. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "youth"? Make two sentences that reveal the essence of the problems of today's youth.

Additional task for the profile level:

2. To speak at a seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.

3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia

External migration processes in Russia are characterized by qualitative characteristics in relation to the emigrating contingent. Recall that the country has lost at least 100 thousand people annually over the past 15 years. The most educated, professionally trained people are leaving Russia, and huge capital has been spent on their training. "Brain drain" is an indicator that characterizes the socio-economic and political situation of a country. First of all, scientists, doctors, technical and creative intelligentsia, highly qualified workers are leaving Russia. Our citizens, leaving the country, significantly contribute to the growth of the scientific, technical and intellectual potential of Germany, Israel, the United States and a number of other countries.

The "brain drain" is clearly promising. According to the results of surveys of graduate students of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, MIPT, MEPhI, MAI, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific offers for work abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the USA - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is tantamount to a loss of $ 300 thousand per year for Russia. The damage to the departure of one specialist with a doctorate degree in some cases reaches $ 2 million. According to the most conservative estimates of experts on migration high level training will incur losses of $ 30-35 billion annually.

The paradox of the qualitative aspect of the immigration and emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low qualified personnel from part of the surplus labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia; according to many experts, there are at least 1 million illegal immigrants. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has a significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, people from countries South-East Asia(mainly from China) focus on the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.

Illegal immigrants occupy the most low-prestige jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without registration of their labor relations with the employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers are becoming less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.

Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open its doors wide to immigrants. It is extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But changing laws alone is not enough. There is an urgent need for other attitudes in relation to the nation and citizenship, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. However, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today in reality to take care of their welfare and health.

P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"

C1. What is a Brain Drain? Why does the author consider it to be an indicator characterizing the socio-economic situation in the country?

C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.

SZ. What is the qualitative characteristic of illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)

PHILOSOPHY Ed. V.P. Kokhanovsky

"Phoenix" 1995.

PHILOSOPHY Ed. N.I. Zhukova

Minsk STC "API" 1998

PHILOSOPHY Ed. B.S. Tribuleva

Minsk BGPA 1994.

FUNDAMENTALS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC KNOWLEDGE

Minsk BGPA 1994.

PHILOSOPHY Ed. I.P. Mamykina

Minsk IE "Ecoperspektiva" 1997.

E.V. ZOLOTUKHINA-ABOLINA "LAND OF PHILOSOPHY"

"Phoenix" 1995.

PHILOSOPHY Ed. Yu.A. Kharina

Minsk "Higher School" 1993.

MOGILEVSKAYA POLICE SCHOOL

MIA OF THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS

CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES

COURSE "BASICS OF PHILOSOPHICAL KNOWLEDGE"

LECTURE ON TOPIC N 10

"PERSONALITY. FREEDOM. VALUES."

TIME: 2 HOURS

PREPARED BY: HEAD

CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES

Lieutenant Colonel of the Police

A. N. GODUN

LECTURE DISCUSSED AND APPROVED AT THE SESSION OF THE CYCLE OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DISCIPLINES ON OCTOBER 24, 1999. PROTOCOL N 3

MOGILEV, 1999.

LECTURE PLAN

INTRODUCTION

PERSONALITY AND SOCIETY.

THE ROLE OF THE PERSONALITY IN THE PROGRESS OF THE SOCIETY.

INCREASING PERSONAL FREEDOM AS

SOCIAL PROGRESS CRITERION.

INTRODUCTION

Considering the previous topic of the course "Man as a Philosophical Problem", we found out that, unlike other biological species living on planet Earth, man is a unique being.

At the same time, he combines both biological and social principles. That is, he can become a person, a person only by living in society, among his own kind.

The purpose of the lecture: to find out what place a person occupies in society, how relations are built in the system person - society, what influence a person can have on social progress.

I. PERSONALITY AND SOCIETY.

When we talk about a person - "he is a person", we mean that he is a mentally normal person, capable of independently thinking and acting sanely. But each of us can become a person only in society, in the process of life, activity and communication with other people.

In society, each person occupies a certain position, which depends on the functions performed by him - the president, a member of the government, an officer, a doctor, a teacher, an engineer, a worker. In other words, each of us has his own social status.

Social status is an assessment by society of a person's position in it.

The formation of social status is influenced by both objective and subjective reasons.

Objective reasons do not depend on the person himself. This is his social origin, nationality, gender.

Subjective reasons are the personal qualities of a person, his qualifications, education.

It is thanks to these subjective factors that a person has the opportunity to significantly change his social status. Today, subjective factors play a major role in determining social status.

Let me give you an example. Take two young people of your age. But one of them was born in Mexico, in a simple peasant family, and the other in the family of a British lord.

Do you think they will have the same starting positions?

Of course not. Moreover, not only in those countries where they were born.

So, admission to any prestigious university in the world - Harvard, Cambridge, Oxford, Sarbon for a descendant of the British lord will not be a big problem - there would be money for tuition fees. And for a Mexican, even legal entry into any developed country in the world can be a serious problem.

but recent times among the famous names of scientists, businessmen, Chinese, Korean, and Latin American are increasingly common. That is, representatives of various social groups were able to overcome the inequality of starting social positions and thanks to work, perseverance, intellectual activity, to significantly change their social status.

Here are some examples. In 1949, two young Americans, whose entire capital was $ 50, decided to start their own business. The amount that they had at their disposal was scanty, but they had a great desire, passion and a favorite thing, to which they wanted to devote their whole life. Having rented an old garage and repaired it, they create a radio equipment repair workshop here. We worked 12 hours a day and gradually accumulated the necessary amount to expand the business. They were among the first who began to create a prototype of such a familiar personal computer today. The names of these young people were Hewlerd and Packard. It is currently one of the most prosperous computer peripheral firms.

time he is The Director General the largest computer

corporations Microsoft producing the latest software

and his name is Bill Gates.

The higher the level of civilization of the society, the greater the opportunity to change social status.

Was it possible for a commoner to become a nobleman in pre-Petrine times in Russia?

Now, in the civilized countries of the world, every person has rights that make it possible to move freely along the social ladder, from a farmer to a president.

For example, the President of the Republic of Belarus is Alexander Grigorievich Lukashenko. Born into a simple peasant family and thanks to his abilities, hard work and other qualities, he became the first President of the Republic of Belarus.

Or the former President of the United States of America - Ronald Reagan. He was also born into a farmer's family and later became the head of state. Moreover, he showed outstanding ability in government and was re-elected for a second term - a very rare phenomenon for the United States of America.

At the same time, it should be remembered that a person can realize himself as a person within the framework of any social status. It is no accident that the well-known Russian proverb says: "It is not a place that paints a person, but a person is a place!" therefore best implementation abilities of a person is possible when it is in harmony with the activities that it performs.

It often happens that beautiful practical worker becomes a bad administrator, after the appropriate appointment. Therefore, in your future service, think and weigh before agreeing to a tempting offer. And if you are not interested in the activities that you go through, it is better to stay at your old job. Otherwise, disappointment awaits both you and those people with whom you will work.

The concept of social status is closely related to the concept prestige. Prestige is an assessment by people themselves of the importance of their position in society.

In a civilized society, social status and prestige usually coincide.

For example, the social status of a doctor, scientist, policeman, teacher, and skilled worker is very high. At the same time, these professions are very prestigious in developed countries.

The lower the level of civilization of a society, the more social status and prestige do not coincide.

So, in the early 90s in the former republics of the Union it was very prestigious to be a "shuttle trader", director of a commercial bank, a private entrepreneur. At the same time, many were simply embarrassed to admit that they work as engineers, teachers, doctors - these professions were so not prestigious at that time. But without them that society cannot exist!

Do you think this situation still exists in our Republic?

The individual and society are in active relationship with each other. Society forms a person, develops and educates him.

And the more society gives to a person, the more it can expect from him.

At the same time, a person is also responsible to society.

When establishing mutual relations between a person and society, the most complete realization of the personality's abilities is possible, and how

the consequence is of the whole society.

Swedish society can be cited as an example.

For a long time, the state encouraged the production of material values here, stimulated market relations under the control of the state, and regulated the even distribution of income among the population. By the way, Sweden ranks first in the world in terms of the even distribution of income among the country's population. The country has one of the highest living standards in the world.

The state covers the rent if it unnecessarily burdens the Swedish family's budget.

Each child under 16 years old is charged up to 5000 kroons if there is one parent in the family.

The state largely assumes the costs of medical care for each citizen.

Excellent conditions for work and rest are created.

But every resident of Sweden has grasped the truth: well-being does not arise from nothing, it cannot be personal, isolated from society.

Swedes give over 50% of their income to the state in the form of taxes. They are distinguished by a very high level of citizenship. Sweden is one of the most law-abiding countries.

As we can see, there really is a very harmonious relationship between society and the individual.

Realization of human abilities is also associated with ensuring guarantees of individual rights.

And this depends on the political regime that is taking shape in society. The mode can be of three types: democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian.

Democratic regime- this is the most progressive political order, as it creates conditions for true freedom of the individual, his creativity and self-expression in all spheres of activity.

(showing slide No. 1)

In a democratic regime, an individual has the ability to influence the process of making and implementing the most important political decisions.

(showing slide No. 2)

Totalitarian regime - represents the violent political domination of a group of "chosen ones" led by a leader.

(showing slide No. 3)

Under the conditions of a totalitarian regime, the personality is completely suppressed and is completely subordinate to the ruling group.

CONCLUSION:

Thus, each of us can realize himself as a person only by living in society, occupying a certain social status.

The social status of an individual is determined by both objective and subjective reasons. The individual and society are closely related to each other. When harmonious relations are established between them, the most complete realization of the individual is possible, and, as a consequence, of the whole society.

Test on the topic "Social sphere"

Option 1.

A 1. The assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status, enshrined in culture and public opinion, is called

1) value 2) adaptation 3) prestige 4) sanction

A 2. There are a huge number of examples in history when commoners became generals. In this case, the army acts as

1) social adaptation 3) social determinants

2) social lift 4) social control

A 3. After graduation, K. got a job as a manager in a small private firm. After some time, he moved to work as a top manager in the largest holding company in the South of Russia. This situation can be seen as an example.

1) horizontal social mobility 2) vertical social mobility

3) social stratification 4) professional differentiation

A 4. Relations between people (or groups of people), which are carried out in accordance with the laws of the social organization of society, are called

1) social relations 2) social structures

3) social integration 4) social differentiation

A 5. The distribution of social groups in a hierarchically ordered sequence is called

1) adaptation 2) stratification 3) mobility 4) socialization

A 6. The democratic (partner) family, in contrast to the patriarchal (traditional), is characterized by

1) living together for at least three generations

2) fair division of household responsibilities

3) the economic dependence of a woman on a man

4) the dominant role of men in the family

A 7. The functions of the family include

1) education of law-abiding behavior in children

2) determination of the amount of utility bills

3) setting school standards

4) determination of the minimum wage

A 8. Social control is a special mechanism for maintaining public order and includes two main elements:

1) power and action 2) norms and sanctions

3) expectations and motives 4) statuses and roles

A 9. There are rules for ending a telephone conversation:

The caller hangs up first. The man who called the woman is waiting for the woman to hang up first.

If the boss calls his subordinate, then the latter waits for the boss to hang up. To what type of social norms can they be classified?

1) norms of etiquette 2) customs 3) norms of law 4) traditions

A 10. The social conditions under which people have different access to social benefits are called

1) social mobility 3) social inequality

2) social status 4) social relations

A 11. Which judgment is correct?

A.R. and P. got married, formed a family, began to live separately from their parents - this is an example of horizontal mobility.

B. An example of horizontal social mobility is the receipt by a worker of a managerial position in an enterprise in connection with graduation from a university.

A 12. Which judgment is correct?

A. Behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of a society or social group is called deviant.

B. Any manifestation of deviant behavior is a crime.

1) only A is true 3) both statements are true

2) only B is true 4) both judgments are wrong

IN 1. Analyze the data provided in the table of the social survey reflecting the answer to the question "What is success?" What conclusion can be drawn from these data?

Age

Be the best

Respect for others

Material independence, independence

Career

Family Children

14 ~ 18years

24%

25%

26%

18%

18-25 years old

11%

19%

45%

28%

25-30 years old

10%

44%

32%

11%

1) young people in all age groups singled out economic, independence, independence from others as the main criterion for success

2) young people under the age of 25 consider the creation of a strong family the most important in life

3) to be the best - a criterion typical for young people aged 18 to 25 years. This is due to their adolescent maximalism.

4) the number of people who believe that career growth is the most important in life decreases with age

Q 2. Read the text below, each position marked with a letter.

Determine which positions are worn

1) the factual nature 2) the nature of value judgments

Write a number under the letter of the position indicating its character.

Q 3. Read the text below where a number of words are missing. Select the words you want to replace the spaces from the list provided.

Social inequality characterizes the relative position of individuals and social *** (A). Specific group or individual *** (B) are recognized by members of society and in public opinion they are attributed to a certain significance. Social inequality in modern society is most often understood as *** (B) - the distribution of social groups in a hierarchical order. The concept of "middle class" describes such a socially comfortable position as economic well-being, the presence of property, valued in society *** (D), civil rights. Social inequality is primarily determined by the importance and *** (D) of the functions performed for society. In modern society, the profession becomes the defining criterion of the social *** (E)

1) status 2) group 3) criterion

4) bundle 5) profession 6) prestige

Part 3 (tasks of level C)

Additional task for the profile level:

2. To speak at a seminar, you need to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Interethnic relations". Make a plan according to which you will perform.

3. Text. Modern migration processes in Russia

The "brain drain" is clearly promising. According to the results of surveys of graduate students of leading natural-technical universities (Moscow State University, MIPT, MEPhI, MAI, etc.), more than 50% of them would like to emigrate, and 10-12% already have specific offers for work abroad. Today, every fifth emigrant has a higher education, including among those who left for Israel - 30%, in the United States - more than 40% (the share of people with higher education in Russia is only 13.3%). The departure of a highly qualified specialist is tantamount to a loss of $ 300 thousand per year for Russia. The damage to the departure of one specialist with a doctorate degree in some cases reaches $ 2 million.According to the most conservative estimates of experts on population migration, in the coming years Russia will suffer losses of $ 30-35 billion annually due to the departure of highly trained specialists.

The paradox of the qualitative aspect of the immigration and emigration balance is determined by the fact that, giving a number of countries its most highly qualified personnel, Russia acquires very low qualified personnel from part of the surplus labor potential of neighboring and even distant countries. There is no exact definition of the number of immigrants to Russia; according to many experts, there are at least 1 million illegal immigrants. In a number of regions of the country, illegal immigration has a significant impact on the socio-economic, and often even on the state-political situation. For example, immigrants from the countries of Southeast Asia (mainly from China) concentrate in the Far East. Taking into account the growing outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the regions of the Far East, the increase in the proportion of Chinese among the total population creates not only ethnic and cultural problems, but also far-reaching economic, military-strategic and political difficulties.

Illegal immigrants occupy the most low-prestige jobs for the local population. A significant part of them agree to work outside their specialty and without formalizing their labor relations with the employer. This situation creates special social and economic consequences. Employers are becoming less interested in improving working conditions and introducing new, more advanced technology; favorable conditions are created for the development of the shadow economy; the level of injuries and morbidity among migrants is growing.

Russia is unable today to avoid both legal and illegal immigration. Its inevitability is predetermined by the demographic situation in the country. For the sake of preserving the territory, the state will have to open its doors wide to immigrants. It is extremely difficult to curb illegal migration today; we will have to respond by expanding legal opportunities for immigration. It is necessary, without delay, to develop a new migration legislation that takes into account today's and tomorrow's interests of Russia. But changing laws alone is not enough. There is an urgent need for other attitudes in relation to the nation and citizenship, it is necessary to control the structure of immigration. At the same time, new management schemes and aspirations should be aimed at optimizing the demographic situation of the people of Russia, it is necessary not tomorrow, but today in reality to take care of their welfare and health.

P. D. Pavlenok, L. I. Savinov. "Sociology"

C1. What is a Brain Drain? Why does the author consider it to be an indicator characterizing the socio-economic situation in the country?

C2. Name at least three consequences of the brain drain.

SZ. What is the qualitative characteristic of illegal immigration? What social and economic problems arise in connection with it? (Name at least three.)

Answers to tasks:

Option 1.

Part A

Part B.

AT 11

AT 2.

AT 3.

Part 3 (C).

С 1. Social mobility - a change in the place occupied by a person or a group of people in the social structure.

Suggestions reflecting factors: subjective - a person's awareness of his social origin, state policy.

Test "Man and Society" Profile

Option number 1

1. Definition: "The totality of ideas, views, theories, as well as feelings, habits and morals of a certain social community or group" refers to the concept

A) public consciousness B) society

C) everyday consciousness D) ideology

2. Ivan - tall, thin, with beautiful features, courageous, calculating, slow and careful. All this characterizes Ivan as

A) personality B) citizen C) individuality D) professional

3. Automation of production is widespread in R. society, and computerization is being carried out successfully. Which Additional Information will lead to the conclusion that R.'s society is post-industrial?

A) the main product of production - industrial products

B) the main factor of production is knowledge

C) widespread use of mechanisms, technologies

D) class division of society

4. What feature characterizes a traditional society?

A) intensive urbanization B) the predominance of the assigned social status

C) high social mobility D) growth in consumption

5. The meaningful stimuli of human activity include

A) habits B) drives C) motives D) emotions

6. Are the following judgments about the similarities and differences between humans and animals true?

A. Ants and other "social" animals work in the same way as humans.

B. All individuals of animals, unlike humans, always act according to the genetic program.

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

7. The basis of human existence is

A) friendship B) love C) consumerism D) activity

8. Write down the word missing in the outline.

Types ……………………….

traditional

industrial

postindustrial

9. What characteristic is not suitable for a traditional society:

A) low level of social mobility

B) the dominance of religion, customs and traditions

C) the agrarian nature of the economy

D) globalization of life

10. A person's need for anything is:

A) ability B) activity C) needs D) interest E) values

11. Characteristic feature postindustrial society is:

A) expansion industrial production

B) slowdown in the pace of development

C) the creation of mass culture

D) use computer technology

12. The emergence of transnational corporations in modern society, development international trade are a manifestation of the trend:

A) modernization B) globalization C) democratization D) informatization

13. The transition to a post-industrial society is characterized by:

A) formation market economy

B) restriction of social mobility

C) the development of mass communication

D) the organization of factory production

14. Are the following judgments about the globalization process true?

A) the development of mass communications makes modern world more holistic

B) all global problems are the result of economic integration

1) only A is true 2) only B is true 3) both statements are true 4) both statements are false

15. Social progress is expressed in:

A) the progressive development of society B) the relations between society and nature

C) the stability of the forms of social life D) the systemic structure of society

16. In the transition from a traditional to an industrial society:

A) the prevalence of Agriculture over industry

B) the importance of science and education has increased

C) class differences have increased

D) the importance of collectivist values has increased as opposed to the values of individual freedom

17. Which of the following characterizes modern Western society?

A) agrarian type of society

B) underdevelopment of institutions of private property

C) the special value of human individuality

D) the predominance of collective forms of consciousness

18. At the heart of the civilizational approach to the study of society:

A) highlighting the general B) highlighting the special

C) the development of reason D) the development of morality.

19. A number of terms are listed below. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the industrial society. Find two terms that fall out of the general row, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.

1. Mass culture, 2. Technology, 3. Community, 4. Private property, 5 . Castes , 6. Law, 7. Classes, 8. Environmental crisis, 9. Human rights and freedoms.

KEY to the Test "Man and Society" Grade 10. Profile

Option number 1

1- A 2- C 3- B 4- B 5- C 6- 2 7- G 8- Company 9- G 10- C

11- G 12- B 13- C 14- 1 15- A 16- B 17- C 18- B 19- 3.5

Economic problems are not the only difficulties faced by the state. Another area is social problems.

These factors are closely interconnected among themselves, and to one degree or another are found in any country. Below IQReview prepared an analysis highlighting and describing current social problems in Russia and their impact on the lives of citizens.

What are social issues?

According to Wikipedia, social problems are situations, events and conditions that directly or indirectly negatively affect a citizen from the point of view of society. At first, this term ("social problem") concerned only the uneven distribution of wealth. It began to be used at the beginning of the 19th (19th) century, in Western Europe.

The list of problems has changed and continues to change over time along with:

changes in circumstances (economic, social, political);

and changes in living standards citizens;

changes in the mood of citizens.

Types and classification

With all problems can be easily divided into:

Socio-economic. This includes all factors related to finances and material conditions.

Social and household. They include factors related to providing citizens with affordable housing, living conditions, material difficulties of young and large families.

Socio-psychological. Includes factors related to family and internal relations between relatives. This also includes family conflicts, domestic violence, betrayal, divorce.

Socio-political problems. This includes the arms race, regional and state conflicts, the growth of violence in individual countries and the world as a whole. This also applies to conflicts on religious or ethnic grounds.

E If you put another formulation, the classification of problems will look like this:

Between social groups.

Between classes.

Between individuals.

Between social systems.

TO global issues include such factors:

Demographic. Globally, it is associated with the overall growth of the world's population. In a number of states, it concerns a decrease in the number of inhabitants.

Food. Refers to the need to provide residents with food.

Energy. It concerns the need to provide the world's population with energy.

Ecological. Regarding pollution environment and waste disposal.

List of major problems in Russia and the world

Topical social problems all over the world are the same. The difference lies in the fact that in some countries some problems are more acute, while others - less. In some states, a part of social problems is practically absent: the percentage of their manifestations is very small.

Now let's list. The actual social problems today are as follows:

Alcoholism, drug addiction (both among adults and among minors).

Banditry, crime - both children and adults, terrorism, prostitution, extremism.

Homelessness, violations of children's rights, abortion, abandonment of children.

Fascism, conflicts arising on religious, national, ethnic grounds.

Inequality between classes of residents (when one part of the citizens is poor and the other is rich).

Unemployment, poverty, insufficient wages.

Disability (high number of disabled people relative to the total population), attitude towards citizens with disabilities.

Demographic crisis: high mortality, low birth rate, high number of emigrated citizens, a large percentage of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Environmental pollution, the possibility of a man-made disaster.

Health status: increased incidence, epidemics, high chance of infection.

Social inequality, infringement of certain categories of citizens.

Corruption (does not depend on the level of economic development - it can manifest itself in both a poor and a rich state).

Inflation.

Suicide (a large number of cases relative to the population).

Restriction of the rights of citizens, suppression of freedom of speech, movement.

Low level of education, lack of specialists.

Population of Russia

A complete list of these problems is most clearly manifested in third world countries. In addition to their acute manifestation, such states also lack completely (or works ineffectively) a system for their solution. That is, no one is trying to influence the situation. As a result, the harmful situation can progress and last for years and even decades.

In more developed countries, these problems also exist, but they are felt much weaker.

In Russia, the key negative factors are poverty and low wages - even among narrowly specialized specialists and professions in demand.

Less serious are the following social problems:

High level of corruption, "nepotism", promotion of "friends". It can be traced in all structures.

Unemployment, lack of jobs in the regions.

Alcoholism.

Violence in family.

The rest of the social problems in the Russian Federation are for the most part a consequence of these factors, and to one degree or another depend on them.

Brief statistics

Social problems Russia in figures have the following indicators (for 2016):

Alcoholism. Among about 5 million are alcoholics (of which 6% are minors).

Addiction. There are about 3 million citizens who constantly use drugs. Among them, 60% are aged 16-30, 20% are minors, 20% are citizens over 30 years old.

Crime. 2.16 million crimes were registered (10% lower than in 2015). Among them, 44% were cases of theft of someone else's property. Every second crime was committed by persons who previously violated the law, and every third was committed in a state of alcoholic intoxication.

Corruption. The Russian Federation belongs to the countries with a high level of corruption. The most corrupt industries are social sphere(medicine, housing and communal services), law enforcement agencies and some state organizations(land distribution, government orders and government purchases, certification).

Unemployment. The unemployed - 4.1 million (compared to 2015, there is a decline in unemployment by 0.4%).

Inflation: 5.4% (in 2015 - it exceeded 12%).

Abortion. In 2015, 447 thousand abortions were performed at the request of women. According to statistics, the number of abortions in the Russian Federation has been steadily decreasing over the past two decades. For comparison: in 1995, 2.76 million abortions were performed in the Russian Federation.

Suicide. For 100 thousand citizens - 15.4 (for 2016). This is the lowest figure since 1960. In the "nineties" the Russian Federation ranked second in the world in the number of suicides, in 2013 - fourteenth, in 2016 - thirtieth. According to statistics, about 22% of suicides are committed by citizens aged 40-49, and men are 6 times more likely than women.

Ethnic conflicts. Due to the multi-ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation, conflicts on national and religious grounds arise frequently. They mainly occur in large cities (where large diasporas of representatives of other nationalities live) and in cities located close to the southern borders.

Violence in family. Statistics on this type of crime is complicated by the fact that about 60-70% of cases are not reported to law enforcement agencies, and about 97% of cases do not reach court. According to rough estimates, about a quarter of all families are at risk (domestic violence is present to some extent).

Homelessness. The exact number of homeless children in the country has not been established, according to rough estimates, it is several thousand. There are about 72 thousand children of various ages in orphanages. More than 500 thousand children are full orphans, but are brought up in other families.

Prostitution. In 2014, according to rough estimates, the number of female employees in this industry was about 3 million.

Health status. Out of 188 countries, the Russian Federation was on the 119th place in terms of health conditions of citizens. HIV-infected citizens - about 1.5 million. About 300 thousand citizens per year die from cancer. Tuberculosis statistics - 9 cases per 100 thousand population. In general, the assessment of the situation is below average.

Social inequality. According to official statistics around the world, the rating of the Russian Federation in the list of countries is high, but far from the “leaders” (in which inequality is most pronounced).

Demographic situation. Since 2010, the population has been growing steadily. As of the beginning of 2017, it is 146,804,372 citizens. From 1996 to 2009 inclusive, there was a demographic crisis: the population was steadily declining (from 148.291 million in 1996 to 141.9 million in 2009). The situation is more complicated with the age of the nation: the number of pensioners (at the end of 2016) is almost 43 million (that is, almost a third of the total number).

Disability. In 2015, there were almost 13 million people with disabilities in the Russian Federation. Among them - 605 thousand disabled children (under the age of 18).

Poverty. According to Rosstat, 21.4 million Russians (14.6% of the total population) can be considered poor. In fact, this figure is much higher, since (according to which the amount of poverty is calculated) is much lower than the real amount needed for living. According to various estimates, between 40 and 70 million citizens (that is, slightly less than half) are below the poverty line.

Poverty rate in Russia

The relationship between individual factors

Almost all problems are closely interrelated and usually do not develop independently, but in a complex manner.

Larger and more serious factors "pull" several accompanying problems:

The rise in unemployment leads to poverty, an increase in crime, prostitution, social inequality, the demographic crisis.

An increase in the number of alcoholics and drug addicts leads to an increase in crime, prostitution, domestic violence, early mortality, suicide, and an increase in morbidity statistics.

The growth of crime entails an increase in corruption, prostitution.

T social andeconomic problems... In case of prolonged the decline of the state's economy will be aggravated by the following negative factors, along the chain:

Decrease in living standards, incomes of the population.

Rising unemployment.

The rise in crime.

Aggravation of the problem of alcoholism and drug addiction - as citizens in difficult situations often resort to alcohol and drugs to distract themselves.

Increased incidence of domestic violence.

A decrease in the birth rate - as withlow income families do not have enough money to support their children.

Deteriorating health status of the population - due to cheap food, lack of funds for treatment and medicines, difficult working conditions.

Reasons for the appearance

Current social problems are a consequence of various causes. Each problem individually appears due to certain conditions. Often one problem is a consequence of another, since they are all closely related.

If we consider groups of problems, then the reasons for their occurrence include:

Demographic, family problems. They arise due to the low level of income of the population, unemployment, low level of medical care, lack of social programs (or their low quality) aimed at supporting families with children.

Crime. It is growing due to high unemployment, alcoholism and drug addiction, poor work of law enforcement agencies.

Fascism and conflicts arising on religious, national or ethnic grounds. It manifests itself due to the presence in a certain area of two or more different social groups. Also, the reason may be the historical background, due to which some groups are aggressively disposed towards others.

Corruption. It arises due to weak control by the state, lack of public control over the activities of power structures by the population (or lack of response from law enforcement agencies).

Poor health of the population, a high percentage of disability. It arises from insufficient funding for medicine, low living standards, poor environmental conditions, outdated production technologies, alcoholism and drug addiction.

Social inequality. Occurs due to the large difference between living conditions different groups population (in terms of income, opportunities, benefits).

Violence statistics

It is possible to single out general factors that lead to the development and progression of problems:

Weak control state apparatus, slow (or ineffective) response to emerging problems (or lack of it at all).

Not enough effective work law enforcement and other control bodies.

Insufficiently effective work of educational institutions.

The poor state of the economy as a whole.

High population density.

Change too fast(technological progress, rapidly changing fashion trends), which leads to the development of a consumer model of behavior, when the population strives to have all fashionable goods, spending money on it. Also, in this case, people are easily amenable to advertising and other information obtained from external sources.

Ways to fight and prevention

Statistics show that solving social problems forever and everywhere is impossible. It is possible to partially reduce their manifestation, down to a minimum.

Moreover, the measures taken to address some social problems may lead to the emergence of other negative phenomena. For example, in the 30s of the last century Soviet Union actively engaged in the fight against unemployment. Its level fell: new jobs began to be created for citizens in construction, industry and the agricultural sector. However, this led to the creation of inefficient employment and heavy manual labor.

Before starting to deal with the problem, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of it. It should include:

Scale: what territory (city, region, etc.) the factor covers.

“Target audience”: which segments of the population and age groups feel its influence.

How dangerous the situation is.

What problems and factors accompany its appearance.

What problem is the key of the complex (for example, alcoholism is one of the main causes of poor health, increased crime, domestic violence).

After "diagnostics", the authorities must develop a set of measures aimed at combating negative factors. Solutions to social problems can include:

Enlightenment " target audience". The population should be aware of the current situation and its development, as well as the consequences that it entails. For example, when it comes to combating drug addiction, it is necessary to regularly inform the population about the consequences of drug use, as well as about crimes committed while under the influence of drugs.

Development of measures aimed at solving key and related problems.

Strengthening control over the situation, regular monitoring of dynamics. It is necessary to track in which direction the statistics are changing, and at what pace the changes are taking place.

If possible - toughening of responsibility. For example, if we are talking about drug addiction, then the terms of imprisonment for the distribution and production of substances should be increased.

Modern measures to deal with each problem separately is always an individual task. The same negative factor will manifest itself differently in each country.

Representatives of all levels of government, regulatory bodies and state structures - from deputies of the State Duma and up to, should take part in the struggle (prevention). Funds should not be left out. mass media... Their task is to inform the population of the current situation, its changes and possible consequences.

Social problems of Russia (video)

in psychology) (social understanding), a way by which people evaluate their own behavior and the behavior of others. the work of the Austrian is devoted to the origin. Fritz Haider (1896-1988) The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations (1958). He believed that people often give meaning to the not always explainable facts of their lives, linking them with non-obvious causal factors, for example, moods (in such cases great importance has self-perception). Haider also paid great attention prejudice in assessing the behavior of other people. For example, we clearly fall into prejudice when we believe that another person completely shares our opinion. We also exaggerate the role of factors such as ability, character, intentions, and underestimate the role of many others. ext. factors such as societies, pressures and difficulties in fulfilling a person's task. There is disagreement among psychologists about the reasons for this bias. According to ongoing research, people have developed objectivity. representations (scenarios) regarding the consequences of behavior. They do not need special causal analysis because they are scenarios provide ready-made predictions and explanations. Psychologists rely on Haider's ideas to understand how the assessment that people give to success and failure affects motivation and predisposition to depression (interpersonal perception, social identity theory).