Presentation on the topic "sociological research programs". Presentation: Sociological research, its structure and functions Methods of social research presentation

Issues under consideration: 1. Stages and program of sociological research. 2. Methodology and technique of sociological research. 3. Hypothesis as the main methodological research tool. 4. The concept of representativeness of a sample survey. 5. The main methods of collecting information. 6. Sociological experiment.

1. Stages and program of sociological research. In sociology, three interrelated levels are distinguished: 1) general sociological theory; 2) special social theories and 3) sociological research. Social research is carried out by representatives of various disciplines: historians, lawyers, anthropologists, social psychologists, economists, etc. Sociologists study not only a person in society, but also society through a person. Sociological research is a system of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, subordinated to a single goal: to obtain accurate objective data about the studied social phenomenon.

Stages of sociological research: 1) Working out the goals, program, plan, determining the means, terms, methods, etc. 2) Preparing the information collected during the research (questionnaire survey, interview, content analysis, etc.) for processing on computer, compilation of processing, processing. 3) Analysis of the processed information, preparation of a scientific report based on the results of the study, the formation of conclusions and recommendations for the customer.

The type of sociological research is predetermined by the nature of the goals, objectives, and the depth of analysis of the social process. There are reconnaissance (aerobatic) types of research. They are made to test the research tools - interviews, questionnaires, observation cards. The program is simplified, the number of subjects is small. Goals, hypotheses, tasks, formulations are specified. Such studies are carried out when the problem is insufficiently understood. Descriptive research is also carried out, with the help of which empirical information is obtained.

The research program is a statement of the main tasks, methodological premises and hypotheses of the research, indicating the rules of procedure and the logical sequence of operations for testing hypotheses. Ideally, the program includes: 1. Formulation of the problem, definition of the object and subject of research. 2. Preliminary system analysis of the research object. 3. Study of literature, definition of basic concepts, their interpretation and operationalization.

Research program: 4. Working hypotheses. 5. Principal strategic research plan. 6. Justification of the sampling system of observation units. 7. A sketch of the basic procedures for collecting and analyzing the initial data, the choice of methods. 8. Conducting research. In the processes of research, a problematic situation is revealed - a contradiction between knowledge about the needs of people in some actions and ignorance of the ways, means, methods, ways of implementing these actions.

Social problem It is necessary to distinguish between social and scientific problems. A social problem is a vital social contradiction that requires its resolution in practice. The scientific problem should more or less accurately reflect the problematic social situation. Formulating a scientific problem means going beyond what has already been studied into the realm of what is to be studied. Therefore, a scientific problem is the state of “knowledge of ignorance”.

2. Methodology and technique of sociological research. There are four main options for the exploratory search strategy. These are: 1) a reconnaissance plan; 2) descriptive; 3) analytical and experimental; 4) re-comparative research plan.

A reconnaissance (aerobatic) plan when there is a vague idea about the object of research and the sociologist is not able to put forward any hypotheses. The purpose of the plan is to clarify the problem and formulate hypotheses. In a new field, research begins: by examining the available literature; conversations with competent persons and specialists are possible. Then - the stage of field observation. The work on the reconnaissance plan ends with a clear statement of research objectives and the formulation of basic hypotheses. Then you can start a descriptive and analytical search.

Reconnaissance (aerobatic) plan A descriptive version of the plan is possible when knowledge of the object is sufficient to put forward descriptive hypotheses. The purpose of the plan is a strict description of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of social structures and phenomena. The difference with this plan is that all the elements to be described must be predetermined and classified.

Reconnaissance (aerobatic) plan An analytical-experimental plan is used only if there is sufficiently high knowledge in the studied area, which allows one to put forward explanatory assumptions, that is, hypotheses. This approach is often used in the search for management decisions to identify trends in social processes. It involves the comparison of data over a significant time interval. Such studies are also carried out within the same time interval.

The main task of the research meets its purpose, and the whole research procedure is to search for an answer to the central question. When compiling any part of the program, a single conceptual apparatus, or a system of concepts, is used. The task is to reveal the content of these concepts. This is possible if their interpretation goes in two directions: 1) comparing concepts with other concepts (theoretical interpretation of concepts) and 2) comparing them with observation and experimental data. After the interpretation of the concepts, they move on to operationalization, to research tools. Since research at any level is always systemic, the requirement for the systemic quality of the object and subject of research is mandatory.

3. Hypothesis as the main methodological research tool, organizing the whole process, subjecting it to internal logic. In sociological research, hypotheses are reasonable assumptions about the structure of social objects, about the nature of the connections between the studied social phenomena. Hypotheses are basic and hypotheses are consequences that follow from the basic hypotheses. A working hypothesis is a preliminary explanation for a phenomenon or process. According to the degree of elaboration, hypotheses are primary (put forward before the collection of empirical data) and secondary, corrected or put forward again at the stage of information processing and analysis. They can be confirmed or not.

4. The concept of representativeness of a sample survey. Sociology is the science of socially typical phenomena. This is the only science that knows exactly what the average person thinks and wants. Sociological research is usually selective, since the complete coverage of the studied population requires excessive material and time expenditures. Therefore, when designing a study, one of the main tasks is to form a sample that would be both representative and economical. The type and methods of sampling directly depend on the objectives of the study and its hypotheses.

Selective method If the object of research is more than 500 people, then the use of the sampling method of research will be correct. When preparing the sample, it is necessary that the selected part is a micromodel of the whole and contains the most important features of the general population. The general population is the object of research to which the conclusions of sociological analysis apply. A sample population is a certain number of elements of a general population, selected according to a strictly specified rule. Elements of a sample population (respondents, documents, etc.) to be studied are the units of analysis.

Sampling method Sampling can be: Mechanical sampling, in which selection can be made after 10, 20, 50, etc. people; Serial sampling, in which the general population is divided according to a given criterion (gender, age, profession, etc.) and then the selection of respondents is made separately from each series; A nested sample, in which whole groups and collectives are selected as research units, in which a continuous survey is conducted.

Sampling method There is also targeted sampling. It uses the methods of spontaneous sampling of the main array and quota sampling. The spontaneous sampling method is a postal, telephone, computer survey of readers of newspapers and magazines. Disadvantage of the method: impossibility of qualitative selection, such as would be necessary; it is not known who and how will respond to the survey. Quota (stratified) selection - it is based on the construction of a qualitative model of the general population. There is also a continuous selection, when the entire object of research is examined (for example, in a population census).

Representativeness is the validity of the sample With a descriptive research strategy, the requirement for strict representativeness arises. According to the selected parameters, the composition of the surveyed should approach the corresponding proportions in the general population. The general population is actually the object of research, the totality of all possible social objects. A secondary population (sample) is a part of an object of the general population, selected using special techniques to obtain information and the entire population as a whole. The number of observation units that make up the sample is called its volume (sample size). There are a number of sampling procedures: the number of sampling steps; sampling frame (list, card index, map); unit of observation at the last sampling step.

Description of sample sample Let us take a study of labor efficiency in small enterprises that exist in the structure of large state-owned enterprises. Workers and employees involved in the organization of labor in the system of small enterprises are taken as an empirical object. The study is selective and representative. The general population is all workers and employees in the system of small businesses. Three stages of selection are applied: the first stage includes small enterprises engaged in primary and secondary production. For the study of small enterprises engaged in auxiliary production, due to their small number, a continuous survey is used.

Description of the sample sample Small enterprises engaged in primary production will be sampled. The second stage is the selection of small enterprises engaged in the main production. In terms of performance indicators, small businesses are divided into three groups: 1) the most effective; 2) medium; 3) low efficiency. Depending on the number of small businesses that fall into each group, a random, disproportionate selection is made for each list. For example, three small businesses are selected from each group using a certain “selection step”. The third stage - in the selected small enterprises, a continuous survey of employees is carried out. Individual workers are the unit of observation. With a properly sampled sample, the result will be considered representative and reliable. Otherwise, it is unrepresentative and unreliable.

Representative bias Sociologists are constantly concerned with the question of how many people should be interviewed. The Gallup Institute in the United States conducts regular polls on a national sample of 1,500 people and achieves accuracy - the error is 1-1.5%. The center at the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences conducts research on a sample of 2,000 people, while the sampling error does not exceed 3%. The discrepancy between the general population and the sample is called the error of representativeness. For example, if the average salary of the population is 5 thousand rubles and at the sample level it is 10 thousand rubles, then this is already a discrepancy between the two sets.

Statistical inference is an inductive generalization based on mathematical processing of a set of research units. For example, we surveyed 15,000 voters and found that 30% of young voters voted for a certain democratic candidate, and 60% of older voters voted for communists. Statistical inference is the area of ​​probabilistic knowledge (studied in the mathematical theory of probability). Based on the theory of probability, it is possible to estimate the required sample size to obtain results of the required accuracy in a sample survey.

The Law of Large Numbers Sociology uses the law of large numbers to establish patterns that arise when a large number of random factors interact. The law of large numbers says that the combined action of a large number of random factors leads, under certain general conditions, to a result that is almost independent of the case. If a sociologist interrogates many people and each observation does not depend on each other, then the law of large numbers reveals stable connections, mass processes. The law of large numbers is used to build the sample survey procedure, the sample size.

5. The main methods of collecting information First of all, these are surveys, which are questionnaire, apartment, postal, on the Internet, in the press (conducted using focus groups). At the same time, two large classes of survey methods are distinguished: questionnaires and interviews. The choice of the type of survey is determined by the objectives of the study, its capabilities and requirements for the reliability and reliability of information. So, for example, mail poll, although it is a fairly popular method of polling large populations of people, has its weaknesses - a low return rate (about 30%). The art of polling is in the correct formulation and arrangement of questions. However, journalists, doctors, investigators, teachers and professors also ask questions.

What is the difference between a sociological survey? 1) The number of respondents. A sociologist, unlike journalists or investigators, interviews hundreds and thousands of people. Summarizing the information received, he gets an average picture of reality. That is why the sociological questionnaire does not require personal data, it is anonymous. 2) Credibility and objectivity. The sociologist gains the ability to process data mathematically. He averages a variety of opinions and, as a result, receives more reliable information than a journalist. It is even objective, although it is obtained on the basis of subjective opinions. 3) The purpose of the survey. A doctor, journalist or investigator does not at all strive for generalized information. They figure out what makes one person different from another. None of them is aimed at expanding scientific knowledge, enriching science, clarifying the truth.

Interview is the second most popular method in sociology. The respondent fills out the questionnaire on his own, in the interview the questions are read to him by a specialist - the interviewer. The interview method is carried out on the basis of formalized, rigidly fixed questionnaires, in which the answer options are clearly presented. Based on the results of the interview, a protocol is filled out. There can be non-standardized free interviews and semi-standardized ones, including the features of both formalized and informal interviews. One of the types of interviews is a focused interview. Its purpose is to focus the respondent's attention on the problem under discussion. The use of technical means when conducting surveys is associated with the use of electronic questionnaires. Another direction is a telephone interview, the main advantage of this method is the efficiency of the survey and its low cost.

Observation method is a method of collecting information by directly studying a social phenomenon in its natural conditions. Distinguish between included and not included supervision. When observation is not enabled, the researcher is outside the object under study. Otherwise, it leads to a corrective effect on the research object. Included is an observation in which the researcher is more or less included in the object under study, takes part in its activities. There are field observations conducted in the natural environment. There are laboratory observations used in psychic experiments, systematic and unsystematic, overt and covert observations.

Questioning is the most common method in sociology. A questionnaire is a document reproduced on a typewriter, computer or by typographic method, containing on average from 30 to 40 questions, addressed to a selected set of respondents as objects of research. The interviewed respondent fills out the questionnaire independently according to the rules set out in the instructions for it. The questions in the questionnaire are formulated as concretely and accurately as possible. All questions are divided into two types: open and closed. In open questionnaires, the respondent himself formulates his opinion. In closed ones, the sociologist offers several answers. There are also two types of questionnaire survey: continuous and selective. A variation of the first is the general population census, in the second case, its basis is the sample population.

The biographical method is the primary source of detailed and motivated descriptions of the history of the individual. It was used in the 1920s-1940s in the United States. Life story materials include any records or documents, including stories of social organizations, that shed light on the subjective behavior of individuals and groups. The peculiarity of the biographical method is its focus on recreating the historical perspective of events unfolded in time. For example, the personnel policy at enterprises of various types was investigated through labor biographies. At the same time, life stories can be complete, then the life path from the cradle to the grave is outlined. Thematic, that is, referring to one side of the subject's life, for example, to the professional career of a “thief in law”.

Content analysis is a method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of documents in order to obtain reliable information about objective reality. This also includes the analysis of the media, non-verbal iconographic documents, be it portraits, photographs, dreams, essays, etc. The object of research should be represented by a large array of homogeneous documents and be encountered with sufficient frequency. The content analysis procedure consists in the algorithmized selection of certain content elements of interest to the researcher in the text. It can be a single word, a judgment, a complete thought, a logical chain in which the central idea is revealed.

6. Sociological experiment is a kind of research method. Experiment is a general scientific method used in sociology and aimed at establishing an exact causal relationship. Distinguish between laboratory, field and thought experiments. Experiment in sociology is closely related to the concept of a variable, that is, a certain feature that can take on a particular value. For example, in our country, most people are educated. However, some people have higher education, others - secondary vocational, and still others - incomplete secondary education, etc. In addition, some people have more than one education. Therefore, “educational level” is a variable.

The sociological experiment includes an experimental and a control group. The experimental group is placed in conditions in which its members find themselves under the influence of the factor being studied. The control group is not affected by this factor. Then both groups are investigated with the same methods and in accordance with the same design, and the results are compared. The experiment is even used in the sociology of understanding, focused on the study of the role of a particular person in the construction of social reality. The so-called. crisis experiments proposed by Harold Garfinkel, founder of ethnomethodology. The scientist set before sociology the goal of analyzing the behavior of individuals in their own terms. He believed that social interaction is based on a number of hypotheses and expectations that are put forward by its participants. For example, it is assumed that guests at a celebration will not steal dishes.

The essence of a crisis experiment is the violation of basic expectations regarding the behavior of a person. So, parents expect from children a certain manner of interaction, and a change in this manner causes them a kind of disintegration, which is overcome by putting forward a new hypothesis that stabilizes a new picture of the world. So, a sudden cooling in this situation between parents and children can be interpreted as manifestations of adolescence, problems in the study of children at school, etc. , the crisis experiment shows that the advancement of hypotheses, including in sociology, is aimed not only at explaining and describing causal relationships; it has an important function of stabilizing the image of the social reality surrounding the individual.

Literature Kravchenko AI Sociology: A textbook for students challenge. - Yekaterinburg: Business book; M.: "Logos", 1999. - 368. Osipov GV, Moskvichyov LN, Kabyscha AV Sociology: Fundamentals of General Theory: Textbook for universities. - M.: Aspect-Press, 1998 .-- 461 p. Yadov V.A.Strategy of sociological research. Description, explanation, understanding of social reality. - M.: Dobrosvet, 1998 .-- 569 p.

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Sociology methods

A method is defined as a method, a set of techniques for studying an object. It is also defined as the technological principle of the study of a subject. Sociology distinguishes three groups of methods. The first group is general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, the ascent from the particular to the general, statistical, etc.). The second group is often referred to as general approaches. The third group consists of methods of specific sociological research.

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Applied direction of sociology

Sociology as a science should be based on accurate, specific data about individual social facts that make up the process of change and the structure of society. This data is collected by researchers using a set of empirical research methods. At the empirical level, sociologists collect numerous facts, information, opinions of members of social groups, personal data, their subsequent processing, generalization and formulation of primary conclusions regarding specific phenomena of social life ..

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Sociological research concept system

Method is the main method for collecting, processing and analyzing data. Method toolkit - a set of research documentation (questionnaires, forms, observer diaries, etc.) that ensure the implementation of the method. Method procedure - one separately taken operation of the method implementation (for example, filling out the researcher's diary). Technique of the method - special techniques that increase the effectiveness of the method (development of its tools and implementation of procedures). Method technology - the sequence of procedures and techniques of the method used. Sociological research methodology is a collective concept that summarizes all methods used in research, their tools, procedures, techniques and technologies.

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SI structural elements

The goal of the study should always be result-oriented; it should, through implementation, help to identify ways and means of solving the problem. Research objectives - a system of studied questions, the answer to which ensures the achievement of the research goal. The object of research is real social processes that contain contradictions or a problem situation. The subject is the sides, properties, relations of the object, the boundaries within which the object is studied in this case. A hypothesis is a preliminary assumption that explains a social fact for the purpose of its subsequent confirmation or refutation. Three types of hypotheses: 1) quantitative ratios (they can be exact, approximate, preliminary); 2) to explain and to identify the elements of the system (when it is necessary to explain why it happens this way and not otherwise); 3) forecast, foresight, prediction (is complex in nature, reveals the mechanism of causation).

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1. Conceptualization - defining the purpose of the study, putting forward hypotheses, clarifying concepts and their operationalization. 2. Schematization - establishing the procedures to be applied during the interview and deciding on the nature of the sample required. 3. Preparation of tools - drawing up a questionnaire or an interview form, determining the number and order of questions, preparing the necessary visual aids or any other auxiliary means. 4. Planning - Considering the financial, administrative, logistical and personnel issues associated with the survey. 5. Sampling is the selection of prospective respondents according to whichever method best suits the purposes and means of the study. 6. Briefing - preparation of interviewers, coders and other personnel serving the survey to work with respondents and to process data; supply of personnel with the necessary material resources. Stages of sociological research

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7. Pre-testing - testing of the selected toolkit on a sample of small sizes in order to verify that the respondents understood the instructions and questions correctly, as well as to verify that their answers correspond to the expected type of answers. 8. Survey - in the form of a questionnaire or an interview - obtaining information from the sample participants using pilot instruments. 9. Observation of the course of the survey (monitoring) - checking the correctness of the application of the methodology by the respondents, as well as ensuring that only the sample participants are interviewed strictly (checking the records of interviewers, cases of respondents' refusal to interview, etc.). 10. Control check - check (through additional contacts with respondents) whether all members of the sample were actually covered by the survey, and whether all of them returned the questionnaire. 11. Encoding - converting the collected data into numerical form. 12. Processing - preparing data for analysis. 13. Analysis - the processing of data using statistical and other means in order to obtain meaningful conclusions. 14. Reporting - presenting the results of the analysis in the form of a research report.

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The sociological research program is a strategic research document, it is a thesis statement of the concept of the organizers of the work, their intentions and intentions.

Consists of two parts: methodological: includes the formulation and substantiation of the problem, indication of the goal, definition of the object and subject of research, logical analysis of basic concepts, formulation of hypotheses and tasks; methodological - the definition of the surveyed population, the characteristics of the methods used for collecting primary sociological information, the logical structure of the tools for collecting this information and the logical schemes of its processing on a computer.

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The elements of the program are: definition of the problem and research topic; formulation of its goals and objectives; theoretical analysis of the problem; putting forward hypotheses; selection of the principal research plan; definition of an object, type of sample; development of methods for collecting material; creation of data collection techniques; search for a way to process the material; drawing up a work plan.

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Research program requirements

the explicitness of the program - all provisions should be clear, all elements - thought out in accordance with the logic of research and clearly formulated; the logical sequence of all elements of the program - you cannot start with the choice of a fundamental plan without seeing the goals and objectives of the research; flexibility of the program - its individual provisions can be refined as errors are detected. The research work plan outlines: the stages and timing of the work, justifies the number of employees, fixes the performers, compiles an estimate of costs, determines the timing of submission of preliminary and final research results to clearly define what the customer expects from the planned research and what, from the point of view of sociologists, can be implemented accurately , which presumably or not at all will succeed.

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Types of sociological research

Pilot Study - A pilot study designed to test the quality of the main study, covering small populations based on a simplified program. All elements of the future research are checked, the difficulties that may be encountered during its conduct are identified, new hypotheses are formed and operational sociological data are collected.

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Descriptive research is more complex, since, in terms of its goals and objectives, it presupposes obtaining a holistic view of the phenomenon under study. It is carried out in full with the appropriate tools. Descriptive research is conducted when the object of study is a large community of people with a variety of characteristics. You can identify and compare the connections between them, make comparison and comparison. Analytical research is the most in-depth type of sociological analysis. Its purpose is to identify the reasons underlying the process and determining its specificity. Its preparation takes a long time. It is complex in nature.

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Depending on whether the subject is studied in statics or in dynamics, they distinguish: - Point (one-time) - reflects an instant snapshot of the characteristics of the object, - Repeated studies are trend, panel and longitudinal. trend ones are carried out on similar samples with an interval in time within the framework of a single general population. There are: cohort (when a certain age group is studied - a cohort) and historical (when the composition of the cohorts changes). panel research is a survey of the same people at regular intervals. It is important to maintain uniformity with it. Individual changes are reported. The main difficulty is keeping the sample from one study to another. lungitude is a study if the moments of re-examination are selected taking into account the genesis (development over a long time) of the studied population, then this is.

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Sample

- This is a research method, when from the general studied (general) population of homogeneous units, a certain part of it (sample population) is selected and only this part is examined.

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Sampling procedures:

1) determination of the strata and groups of the population to which the results of the survey are supposed to be extended (general population); 2) determination of the number of respondents, necessary and sufficient to represent the general population; 3) determination of the rules for the search and selection of respondents at the last stage of selection. Usually sociologists use random sampling in their research. For random sampling, researchers randomly select research objects using either random numbers or systematic sampling. If the sample population is too large, a quota sample is carried out, implying its breakdown into strata by sex, age, social class, and place of residence.

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Basic SI methods

Observation This is a method of collecting primary social information about the object under study through directed, systematic and direct perception and registration from the point of view of the goals and objectives of the study. Observation is used when the information required by the researcher cannot be obtained by any other means, for example, when studying the behavior of people at meetings, concerts of a rock group, etc.

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Observation is used: -when studying the behavior of people in habitual, often repetitive circumstances, -when the actions of individuals and groups become automated, -in extreme cases to identify the typical reactions of people to emergency situations. Objectives of observation: - can be used as a source of information about the investigated social object. - with its help, you can get additional information about the studied object. - capable of serving as a means of verifying data obtained by other means. There are two options for this method: non-included observation, which is carried out "from the outside", included - carried out with the participation of the observer himself.

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This is a set of methodological techniques and procedures used to extract sociological information from documentary sources in the study of social processes and phenomena in order to solve certain research problems. A document in sociology is a specially created object intended for the transfer and storage of information. Document analysis

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Two main methods of document analysis

Traditional analysis is an independent creative process that depends on: 1) the content and focus of the document itself; 2) the conditions, goals and objectives of the research being conducted; 3) the scientific qualifications and talent of the researcher himself. This shows that Traditional Analysis carries the possibility of violating the principle of objectivity in explaining a document. Formalized or content analysis. This type of analysis is focused on extracting sociological information from large arrays of documentary sources that are difficult to traditional intuitive analysis. In its process, certain content elements of interest to the researcher (terms, names of politicians, judgments, points of view, various types of publications, etc.) are highlighted in the studied text. They are classified, counted and quantified.

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This is a research method that allows you to obtain information about the quantitative and qualitative changes in the performance indicators of the studied social object as a result of the impact on it of new factors introduced or modified by the experimenter and controlled by him. Sociological experiment is based on the development of a hypothetical model of the studied phenomenon or process. Experiment

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This is a data collection method in which the researcher obtains information directly from members of the population, selected in such a way that, based on their answers, it is possible to draw conclusions about the entire population or about some part of it with sufficient reliability. Interview

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The persons who answer the questions are called respondents.

The survey provides the researcher with information of five types: Facts. In the category of facts, biographical information about the respondent, which may be significant in the interpretation of other data. Knowledge. The category of knowledge includes the respondent's judgments about the world around him, that is, what a person knows about him. Opinions. In the category of opinions are the respondent's judgments about his preferences or views on certain objects and events. Relationship. Relatively stable sentiments of respondents and their assessments of certain events, phenomena, people are ranked among relationships. Behavioral reports. Behavioral reports are the statements of the respondents about how they act in a particular case.

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Questioning is a survey method in which communication between the researcher and the respondent, who is the source of the desired information, is mediated by a questionnaire. A questionnaire is a set of interrogative judgments ordered by sequence, content and form, embodied in the form of a questionnaire. Questions can be open-ended, when the respondent is required to freely express his or her opinion, and closed, if one needs to choose one of the proposed alternative answers. questioning

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Questionnaire quality

1) the wording of the questions should correspond to the research task, that is, to provide information about the studied attribute. 2) the wording should correspond to the respondent's capabilities as a source of information, that is, the questions should not impose unbearable requirements on the respondent, on his memory, analytical capabilities, and his ideas about self-esteem.

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Interviewing method

The interview is based on a conversation according to a previously developed detailed plan, but more often sociologists conduct interviews on the basis of a previously prepared questionnaire, in which all the questions of interest are given in a certain sequence and with given formulations. The participation of the interviewer allows the questions of the form-interview to be maximally adapted to the capabilities of the respondent.

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Three types of interviews

Formalized means a strict regulation of the communication between the interviewer and the respondent with a detailed questionnaire and instructions. Focused - aims at collecting opinions of assessments about a specific situation, phenomenon, its consequences or causes. The respondents are introduced to the subject of the conversation in advance. Although questions are prepared in advance, they can be asked in any sequence and in a different formulation. The main thing here is to get information on each issue. A free interview is conducted without a pre-prepared questionnaire or a conversation plan, only the topic of the interview is determined. The information obtained in this way is unique and is not processed statistically, but using traditional methods of document analysis.

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A kind of survey is a research conversation, as well as an expert survey. The research conversation in its form is close to a free interview, is characterized by a joint - researcher and respondent - search for the truth, methodically close to an expert survey.

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Expert judgment method

It is used in a situation when it is difficult or impossible to single out the object - the carrier of the problem and, accordingly, use it as a source of information to assess a phenomenon. Most often, such situations are associated with an attempt to predict a change in a particular social phenomenon, process; with the need to present the state of the subject of interest to the researcher after one, two, five or more years, or to give an objective assessment of such aspects of the activities and qualities of people, according to which their self-esteem may be distorted.

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Socio-psychological methods

the method of independent characteristics, used, for example, when it is necessary to study hidden phenomena and processes in a military collective, when knowledge about them belongs to all members of the collective and, to a lesser extent, to officials. a sociometry method that studies the structure of a social group (for example, a work collective) in order to identify microgroups and leaders in it on the basis of mutual evaluations of all members of the collective. methods of studying personality, with the help of which the personal qualities of individual individuals and team members are investigated in the process of their interpersonal interaction.

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Author: Doctor of Social Sciences Korostyleva N.N. "Sociological analysis of research and teaching activities in the field of personnel management" 1. Sociological analysis: concept and main characteristics. 2. Sociological analysis of professional development of personnel. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE AND HUMAN RESOURCES OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF PUBLIC SERVICE UNDER THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

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Sociology The term sociology comes from two words: the Latin "societes" - "society" and the Greek "logos" - "word", "concept", "doctrine". Thus, sociology can be defined as the science of society. Sociology is the science of the laws of formation, functioning, development of society as a whole, social relations and social communities, the mechanisms of interconnection and interaction between these communities, as well as between communities and the individual

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Levels of sociological knowledge Most sociologists distinguish three levels of sociological knowledge: general sociological theory, special (particular) sociological theories, empirical sociological research. Empirical sociology is a set of methodological and technical techniques for collecting primary sociological information. Empirical sociological research is specific detailed information about the processes taking place in society (observations, polls, comparisons). Any empirical sociological research is aimed at identifying or solving a specific problem in a specific place and at a specific time. As a fundamental science, sociology explains social phenomena, collects and summarizes information about them. As an applied science, sociology allows you to collect, generalize social facts and, on the basis of them, predict social phenomena.

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Macro- and micro-sociological analysis Macrosociological level means an orientation towards the analysis of social structures, communities, large social groups, layers, systems and processes occurring in them. The macrosociological approach to phenomena is associated with social world systems and their interaction, with different types of cultures, with social institutions and social structures, with global processes.The microsocial level concerns the analysis of specific social processes in certain spheres of social life and social communities. Microsociology addresses social behavior, interpersonal communication, motivation for action, incentives for group and individual actions. It is studied mainly by empirical research methods. Empirical sociological analysis is carried out on the basis of sociological research.

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What is a case study? Sociological research is a process consisting of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational-technical procedures, linked by a single goal - to obtain reliable data about the phenomenon under study for subsequent practical application. There are three main types of sociological research: reconnaissance (sounding, aerobatic), descriptive and analytical.

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Intelligence research Intelligence research is the simplest form of sociological analysis that can solve limited problems. In fact, when using this type, the tools (methodological documents) are tested: questionnaires, questionnaires, cards, study of documents, etc. The program of such a study is simplified, like the toolkit. The surveyed populations are small - from 20 to 100 people. Intelligence research, as a rule, precedes in-depth study of the problem. In the course of it, goals, hypotheses, tasks, questions and their formulation are clarified.

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Descriptive research Descriptive research is a more complex form of sociological analysis. With its help, empirical information is studied, which gives a relatively holistic idea of ​​the studied social phenomenon. The object of analysis is a large social group, for example, the labor collective of a large enterprise. In descriptive research, one or more methods of collecting empirical data can be applied. The combination of methods increases the reliability and completeness of information, allows you to draw deeper conclusions and justify recommendations.

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Analytical research The most serious type of sociological research is analytical research. It not only describes the elements of the studied phenomenon or process, but also allows you to find out the reasons underlying it. It examines the totality of many factors that justify a particular phenomenon. Analytical research, as a rule, completes intelligence and descriptive studies, during which information was collected that provides a preliminary idea of ​​certain elements of the studied social phenomenon or process.

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2. Sociological analysis of professional development of personnel. Professional development is the process of measuring the qualities of employees as subjects of professional labor, the result of increasing professionalism and special education, professional development and self-education of an employee. Professional development management is a process of purposeful influence of the heads of governing bodies and personnel services on improving professionalism, expanding professional competence (the range of opportunities for the manifestation of knowledge and skills) and increasing the competence (the degree of expression of professional experience and knowledge in a person) of personnel

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Professional development has two substantive aspects - professional and qualification development through advanced training, professional retraining and training of employees - professional job development of personnel, due to their job promotion and the organization's need for the most effective use of the labor potential of each employee.

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Sociological research in the field of professional development of personnel is a tool for the sociological study of phenomena and processes in professional labor activity using methods that allow quantitative and qualitative collection, measurement, generalization and analysis of sociological information in the professional field for making management decisions and developing measures for professional qualification, personnel and social development of organizations.

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The goals and objectives of sociological research are complex and diverse and depend on the specifics of the enterprise, working conditions in it, on the quality of management, on the social structure of personnel, on the social and personnel processes taking place in organizations. from the style of management. from the financial condition of the enterprise.

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Areas of sociological research in the field of professional development As a rule, the goals of sociological research in the labor sphere concern, first of all, 1. Study of professional knowledge, skills and abilities of workers in order to increase the social and economic efficiency of their labor activity, 2. Ensure professional and career growth of workers , 3. satisfaction of their professional needs, 4. Definition of professional and job requirements on the part of management to personnel 5. removal of contradictions and conflicts in the team and the formation of positive labor relationships. 6. Assessment of individual properties and qualities of personnel. 7. wages of various categories of workers. 8. management of professional development in the organization.

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The organization of a sociological research requires drawing up a research program, identifying an object, developing research methods, collecting and analyzing the material obtained. The object of the research is the bearer of the problem situation, as a rule, the personnel of the organization or part of it, as well as the social group, if the research concerns the study of a wide range of organizations (workers, employees, managers, managers, etc.). The object of research should always be clearly quantitatively defined, limited by a time frame and described in a system of factors influencing its condition. The subject of research is certain aspects of the object that need to be studied (relationships in a team, leadership style, causes of conflict, staff turnover, decreased motivation, decrease in production rates, state and hierarchy of labor values, etc.)

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After determining the object and subject, a program of a specific sociological research is drawn up. A sociological research program is a sequential presentation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of research (its general concept), hypotheses, rules, procedures and operations. It contains two sections: methodological and methodological (procedural), as well as applications.

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Section of the program Contents Methodological section Statement of the problem Formulation of the goal and objectives Determination of the object and subject Clarification of basic concepts Preliminary system analysis of the object of research Producing working hypotheses Methodical (procedural) section Statement of the principal (strategic) plan Justification of the sample Determination of the sequence of the basic procedures for collecting and analyzing initial data Description of the working a plan indicating stages, deadlines, executors and required resources. Appendix List of Leaders and Participants Research Plan Sociological Toolkit

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Sociological research is carried out in several stages. Stages of sociological research Stages Name first Preparation for conducting research second Collection of primary information third Preparation of collected information for processing fourth Analysis of information, drawing up conclusions and proposals fifth Preparation of a report on the results and provision of practical recommendations

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Sociological research methods Information source Methods Documentary Analysis of documents, content analysis. External manifestations of social phenomena Observation Human Survey (questionnaire, interview) Small group Sociometric survey Social experience Expert survey Organized group Experiment

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The main research methods used in the labor sphere are: document study, observation, interview and experiment. The sociologist considers the analysis of documents as a source of information about the facts of interest. To analyze the documentation at the enterprise, official and unofficial documents are used. Legal documents are especially reliable. They help to give a balanced assessment of the processes taking place in the organization. Observation is direct recording of events by the researcher. Observations at the workplace provide essential information about the individual and flow character, content and working conditions, about the rationality of labor operations, as well as about relationships in the team, the causes of conflict situations.

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Survey methods are the most common of all methods of collecting primary information. There are two classes of survey methods: interviews and questionnaires. An interview is a direct communication between the respondent and the interviewer. A questionnaire is a survey using a questionnaire, a document containing questions that must be answered in writing. These research methods help to establish the cause-and-effect relationships of many social and labor processes at the enterprise, to show trends in the development of the labor collective, to eliminate barriers and attitudes that prevent personnel from performing their official duties in a quality manner, etc. The success of interviews and questionnaires largely depends on the correct wording and sequence of questions. The experiment helps empirically, by modeling situations and phenomena, to analyze a specific problem. This method is used both to study the behavioral models of workers (cooperation, competition), and to optimize production processes, introduce innovative technologies.

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Questionnaire Questionnaire (French - investigation) - a questionnaire, independently filled out by the respondent according to the rules specified in it. The respondents are considered as the object of research. Any list of questions cannot be called a questionnaire. It only refers to what is addressed to the multitude of people who are interviewed in a standard way. It should not last more than 30-40 minutes, otherwise the respondent gets tired and the last questions remain without full answers. It is important that interest in the subject of the survey does not decrease, but gradually increases. Therefore, more complex in content (and perception) questions should follow simpler ones. The first question should be neither controversial nor alarming. It is best if it is neutral. It is advisable to place difficult questions in the middle, so that the respondent "gets involved" in the topic. Questions should be clear, precise, understandable to the respondent (all without exception). Questions must meet the requirements of logic: at the beginning it must be about establishing a fact, and then about its assessment. This is the most important requirement of sociological research.

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A sample is a set of elements of the object of sociological research, subject to direct study. 1. The sample should take into account the interconnections and interdependence of the qualitative characteristics and features of social objects, in other words, the survey units are selected based on the most important features of a social object - education, qualifications, gender. 2. The second condition: when preparing the sample, it is necessary that the selected part is a micro-model of the whole, or the general population. To a certain extent, the general population is the object of research to which the conclusions of sociological analysis apply.

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FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS At the first stage, any labor collectives, enterprises, institutions are selected. Among them, elements are selected that have characteristics typical for the entire group. These selected items are called sampling units, and units of analysis are selected from among them. This method is called mechanical sampling. With such a sample, selection can be made after 10, 20, 50, etc. people. The interval between the selected is called the selection step. if the general population we have is 5000 people, of which 2000 are women and 3000 are men, then in the quota sample we will have 20 women and 30 men, or 200 women and 300 men. Quota samples are most often based on demographic criteria: gender, age, region, income, education, and others.

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FORMATION AND SAMPLING METHODS The serial sampling method is quite popular. In it, the general population is divided according to a given criterion (sex, age) into homogeneous parts. Then the selection of respondents is carried out separately from each part. The number of respondents selected from a series is proportional to the total number of elements in it. Sometimes sociologists use the cluster sampling method. As units of research, not individual respondents are selected, but entire groups and collectives. The nest sampling provides scientifically based sociological information if the groups are as similar as possible in the most important characteristics, for example, by gender, age, and types of education. Targeted sampling is also used in research. It most often uses spontaneous sampling, bulk and quota sampling methods. The spontaneous sampling method is a regular mail poll of TV viewers, readers of newspapers, magazines. It is impossible to determine in advance the structure of the array of respondents who will fill out and send the questionnaires by mail. The conclusions of such a study can be extended only to the surveyed population.

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Questions of the questionnaire According to the form, the questions are divided into: 1. Open-ended questions assume an original narrative answer in the form of a word, a sentence or several sentences. Formally, these questions are distinguished by the fact that they are followed by several blank lines, which should be filled in. At the same time, the answer received is of a natural nature, provides maximum information on the research topic, which is very important for a sociologist. However, difficulties arise associated with the processing of the received responses, their coding, which inevitably leads to a significant limitation of the use of computers. 2. Semi-closed questions. Here, along with a set of specific answer options in a situation of impossibility to choose the appropriate option from the proposed list, the respondent is given the opportunity to express his opinion on the problem under discussion in a free form, i.e. signs of openness and closeness are combined.

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Questionnaire questions 3. Scale questions. The answer to these questions is given in the form of a scale, in which it is necessary to mark this or that indicator. Menu questions. Here the respondent is asked to choose any combination of options for the proposed answers. Alternative questions involve answers on the basis of "yes - no", are mutually exclusive. At the same time, the proposed list of alternatives should be completely exhaustive, and the alternatives themselves should be mixed without shifting in any direction, i.e. balanced. 5. Question with a preamble. The question of facts, like any other, can be perceived as an evaluative characteristic of the respondent, therefore it is advisable in some cases to ask it in a form that somewhat weakens his evaluative character. For example: “Some people clean the apartment every day, others do it from time to time. What do you do most often? " The indication in the preamble to the question that not all people do what they seem to do allows the respondent to talk more freely about their behavior. 6. Questions - tables are very convenient for the researcher. These are difficult questions in which the respondent has to make a number of efforts to answer them. In such questions, we are talking about things that can be answered only when the knowledge and mental abilities of the respondents are used. After such questions, it is advisable to move on to simpler ones.

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The functions are distinguished: 1) the main questions formulated to obtain the necessary information about the subject of research; 2) control questions, the functional purpose of which is to check the veracity of the answers to the main questions, to clarify the information received. Filter questions - belong to the class of non-basic questions of the sociological questionnaire, since their task is not to clarify the content of the studied social phenomenon, but to establish the main addressee of the question. The need for them arises when the researcher needs to obtain data that characterize not the entire population of respondents, but only some of it. In order to separate the part of the respondents of interest to the researcher from all others, filter questions are asked.

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The composition of the questionnaire The composition of the questionnaire includes: 1) title page. The title page must contain the name of the organization conducting the sociologist. issled. and theme; 2) introductory part (contains an appeal to the respondent, a brief indication of the purpose of the survey, the anonymity of the survey, the organization that conducts the survey, instructions for completing the questionnaire, expression of gratitude to the respondent); 3) the main (substantive) part (questions of the questionnaire aimed at researching the problem); The structure and sequence of questions in the questionnaire essentially represent the sociologist's intention to develop communication with the respondent: awakening interest, gaining trust, confirming the respondents' confidence in their capabilities, and further maintaining the conversation. 4) socio-demographic part (passport). It is necessary to analyze the collected data, to assess the representativeness of the results, to conduct comparative studies, etc. You cannot start a survey with a "passport", which generally worries some people. It is useful to include information about the demographic data of the respondent at the conclusion of the questionnaire.

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Presentation slides text content: Types of sociological research Lesson plan: concept and stages of sociological research; types of research. The epigraph of the lesson "Any beginning is difficult - this is true for every science" K. Marx "You cannot say anything about the depth of a puddle until you get into it" Miller's Law I. The concept of sociological research (SI) This is a system of logically consistent methodological, methodological and organizational and technical procedures related to the purpose of obtaining reliable data about the surveyed object for their subsequent use in the practice of social management. (Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. Sociology: a course of lectures. - M .: Biblionika, 2008). required to obtain information) Data collection (field research) Preparation and analysis of data (editing, coding and transformation of data, checking for accuracy) Preparation and presentation of a report (coverage of the entire SI process, presentation of the results obtained) According to the degree of complexity of empirical analysis, flight (sounding) , intelligence) descriptive analytical express survey experiment II. Types of SI By the method of collecting information, survey, observation, analysis of documents, questioning, interviewing, mass specialized, Types of SI, by the nature of the study, Point (one-time) repeated longitudinal trend panel cohort trends, historical trends. 7.A definite age group, which remains constant during the research g) Longitudinal study 6.Represent SI, in which the object of research is studied as it reaches a certain stage of development E) cohort 5.The study of the same persons at the same time intervals E) Pilot study 4. Participants of mass surveys D) Panel study 3. A pilot study, preceding the main study and designed to check the quality of the preparation of the SI. C) observation 2. Methodical documents with the help of which the collection of primary social services is carried out. information B) respondents 1. Purposeful, systematized direct perception and registration of phenomena, facts subject to control and verification A) Sociological tools Check yourself! Correct answer: A2; B4; B1; D5; D3; E7; G6 Homework: learn the definitions of the basic concepts of the lesson; know the main types of SI; form creative groups to work on SI projects

3. Scale questions. The answer to these questions is given in the form of a scale, in which it is necessary to mark this or that indicator. Menu questions. Here the respondent is asked to choose any combination of options for the proposed answers. Alternative questions involve answers on the basis of "yes - no", are mutually exclusive. At the same time, the proposed list of alternatives should be completely exhaustive, and the alternatives themselves should be mixed without shifting in any direction, i.e. balanced. 5. Question with a preamble. The question of facts, like any other, can be perceived as an evaluative characteristic of the respondent, therefore it is advisable in some cases to ask it in a form that somewhat weakens his evaluative character. For example: “Some people clean the apartment every day, others do it from time to time. What do you do most often? " The indication in the preamble to the question that not all people do what they seem to do allows the respondent to talk more freely about their behavior. 6. Questions - tables are very convenient for the researcher. These are difficult questions in which the respondent has to make a number of efforts to answer them. In such questions, we are talking about things that can be answered only when the knowledge and mental abilities of the respondents are used. After such questions, it is advisable to move on to simpler ones.