What is the country's foreign trade. International trade. International trade problems. Is foreign trade profitable

Definition 1

Foreign trade is trade between any countries in goods or services, consisting of paid imports and exports.

In turn, international trade is a form of exchange of products and services among different countries, associated with the general internationalization of economic life, the intensification of the division of labor in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution.

The role and significance of foreign trade

Foreign trade implies the interaction of countries with each other in the framework of the movement of goods (services) across established state borders. Foreign trade gives this or that state a number of advantages.

• The state receives income, which is considered additional, from the sale of goods or services on the territory of other states;
• Foreign trade in goods and services allows the state to expand the internal market for its goods and services;
• This type of trade allows the state to receive those national resources that are located on the territory of the state in a limited amount;
• If the state supplies a product or service within the framework of the world market, this gives an additional opportunity to increase labor productivity in this state.

Export and import of goods

The export of goods implies the export of goods or services from the country to foreign markets, for which the state receives income in foreign currency. By increasing the share of exports, the state thereby increases the aggregate demand in its country, which is similar to the investment process, thereby increasing employment in its state.

Definition 2

Import is the opposite of export, when a foreign good or service is imported into the territory of the state with subsequent payment for this good (service). Imports reduce employment and reduce aggregate demand in the country, which is due to the outflow of capital from the country.

In 1947, an agreement on trade and tariffs was developed, which defined general rules and the principles of foreign trade around the world. Today, this document has been replaced by the World Trade Organization, formed in 1996. This organization not only forms the basic principles and rules of foreign trade, but also expands the sphere of influence by regulating the processes of purchase and sale, including not only goods and services, but also intellectual property.

Is foreign trade profitable?

This question was answered in due time by A. Smith, who formulated the theory of comparative advantages. This theory states that the export of goods or services becomes profitable for the state only if the costs of manufacturing this product or service in the producing country are much less than in other countries. If the state releases a product on a foreign market at a price comparatively lower than that of its competitors, then such a product or service has a comparative advantage, which indicates its successful sale on the world market.

Also A. Smitt noted that the state cannot be the leader of production in the world market for all goods, in view of this, it makes sense to import only those goods or services, the production of which is cheaper abroad than on the territory of their country.

If this theory of comparative advantage is adhered to in the state, then the benefits will come from both imports and exports.

Remark 1

Thus, international trade Is an integral part of the trade of any modern state. Some states work more for exports, others for imports, but foreign trade is carried out in any case, as an obligatory element of the country's foreign policy.

International trade

International trade is the process of buying and selling between buyers, sellers and intermediaries different countries... Int. Trade includes the export and import of goods, the ratio between which is called the trade balance. The active inclusion of new groups of countries, previously economically backward, played a significant role in accelerating the growth of world trade. Many of them, after gaining independence, embarked on the path of industrialization, which caused an increase in their import of machinery and equipment from industrialized countries. According to available forecasts, high rates of world trade will continue in the future: by 2003, the volume of world trade will increase by 50% and exceed 7 trillion. US dollars

The commodity structure of world trade is changing under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, the deepening of the international division of labor. Currently greatest value in world trade, there are manufactured products: it accounts for 3/4 of the world trade turnover. The share of such types of products as machinery, equipment, vehicles, chemical products. The share of food, raw materials and fuel is approximately 1/4.

The most dynamically developing trade in knowledge-intensive goods and high-tech products, which stimulates intercountry exchange of services, especially scientific and technical, production, communication and financial-credit nature. Trade in services (especially such as information and computing, consulting, leasing, engineering) stimulates world trade in industrial goods (the dynamics of the structure of which is presented below

The geographical distribution of world trade is characterized by the predominance of countries with developed market economies and industrialized countries. So, in the mid-90s. they accounted for about 70% of world exports. Developed countries trade the most with each other. The trade of developing countries is focused mainly on the markets of industrialized countries. Their share in world trade is about 25% of world trade. The importance of oil exporting countries in world trade has been significantly decreasing in recent years; the role of the so-called newly industrialized countries, especially Asian ones, is becoming more and more noticeable.

IN modern conditions Active participation countries in world trade are associated with significant advantages: it allows you to more efficiently use the resources available in the country, to join the world achievements of science and technology, to carry out the restructuring of its economy in a shorter time, as well as to satisfy the needs of the population more fully and more diversely.

International foreign trade is becoming a real and increasingly tangible factor in the reproduced process, meeting the needs of the population and all economic activity.

Every sixth product or service reaches the consumer through world trade.

At the same time, this is a real factor in the development of an integration type of world economic relations. All this predetermines shifts in the geographic and country structure. international trade: the center of gravity in it is shifting to the mutual relations between economically developed countries and groups of countries (60-70% of world trade). The quantitative and qualitative characteristics of modern IES show the strengthening of the interconnection and interdependence of national economies, the increase in the importance of foreign economic growth, predetermining the advantages of international integration development, associated with the formation and development of the structure international markets labor In a broad sense, the market is a combination of economic, social and political relations formed in the process of exchange of goods and services. The market acts as a separate category, developing under the influence of its own laws and influencing the entire course of reproduction. Consequently, it is an integral stage of reproduction, which develops in close interaction with its other elements - production, distribution and consumption. The market is a system of exchange of products of labor that are different in their consumer properties as commodities "

On the the present stage international trade plays an increasing role in the economic development of countries, regions, and the entire world community. As a result, on the one hand, foreign trade has become a powerful factor in economic growth, and on the other hand, there has been a noticeable increase in the dependence of countries on international trade.

The term "foreign trade" means the exchange of a country with other countries, which includes paid export (export) and import (import) of goods and services.

According to modern classification the subdivision of foreign trade activity on the principle of commodity specialization is carried out as follows: the exchange of finished products, machines, raw materials, services.

International trade serves as a means for the countries participating in the process, by developing their specialization, to increase the productivity of available resources and thus increase the volume of goods and services they produce, as well as the level of well-being of their populations. In the second half of this century, international exchange is taking on an enormous scale. Today, 4/5 of the total volume of international economic relations is accounted for by world trade.

Modern international trade is developing at a high rate.

This steady growth in international trade was the result of the following factors:

Development of the international division of labor and the internationalization of production;

Scientific and technological revolution, contributing to the renewal of fixed capital, the creation of new sectors of the economy, accelerating the reconstruction of old ones; active activity of transnational corporations in the world market;

Regulation (liberalization) of international trade through the activities of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and now the World Trade Organization (WTO);

Liberalization of international trade, the transition of many countries to a regime that includes the abolition of quantitative restrictions on imports and a significant reduction in customs duties- the formation of free economic zones;

Development of trade and economic integration processes - elimination of regional barriers, formation of common markets, free trade zones;

Obtaining political independence of the former colonial countries, singling out from their number "newly industrialized countries" with an economic model oriented towards the external market.

The geographic structure of international exchange provides a system for the distribution of commodity flows between individual countries, groups of countries, formed either on a territorial or organizational basis. -

The unevenness of the dynamics of foreign trade was especially clearly traced in the second half of this century, which influenced the balance of power between countries in the world market. The United States gradually lost its dominant position in the system of international exchange. German exports, on the other hand, approached American exports, and in some years even exceeded them. In addition to Germany, exports of other Western European countries also grew at a significant rate. In the 90s. Western Europe is becoming the main center of modern international trade. The total exports of this region are almost 4 times higher than those of the United States. In addition, in the 80s. Japan also made a significant breakthrough in the field of international exchange. In 1983, this country for the first time was able to come out on top in the world in the export of cars and trucks, household appliances and other goods. One-third of Japanese exports go to the U.S. The gradual decline in U.S. dominance in international trade was associated with a decline in the competitiveness of U.S. manufacturing. By the mid-90s. The United States is once again leading the world in competitiveness, but is closely followed by Singapore, Hong Kong and Japan. Amid these changes, the distribution of equity participation has remained almost constant for two decades. different groups countries in international exchange. Thus, the share of industrially developed countries in world exports has fluctuated in the past twenty years within 70-76%, the countries of the developing world - in the range of 20-24%, and in the former socialist countries - did not exceed 6-10%.

Mercantilism and the Free Trade Theory

The root cause of the emergence and development of international economic relations is the differences in the endowment of countries with factors of production (economic resources), which, on the one hand, leads to the international division of labor, and on the other hand, to the movement of these factors between countries.

Due to the different endowments of production factors, economic entities specialize in the production of a limited set of products. At the same time, they achieve high labor productivity in its manufacture, but at the same time they are forced to exchange these products. The division of labor emerges within the country, then encompasses neighboring countries and the whole world. Production factors (capital, labor, entrepreneurial ability, knowledge.)

The international division of labor is the specialization of individual countries in the production of goods and services that they exchange among themselves. Before industrial revolution(18-19 c) MRI was based on the endowment of countries with natural resources, then specialization increases, based on differences in the endowment of countries with capital, labor, entrepreneurial abilities, and knowledge.)

Movement of factors of production

It is advisable for countries not only to use the abundance of some and the scarcity of other factors to establish exports and imports of certain goods and services, but also to export those in abundance and import the missing factors of production. Countries poor in capital are actively attracting it from abroad, surplus labor for some countries strives to find application in other countries, states with developed science export technology to places where there is no such technology of their own. The international movement of factors of production depends not only on the supply and demand of these factors in different countries, but also on their mobility, various barriers to the movement of factors and many other moments that hinder this movement. Nevertheless, the volume of international movement of factors of production is quite comparable with the volume of international trade.

Import

Also on the topic

• Import
• Trade balance
• Export

Stable growth of investment imports

The value of exports reached $ 46.102 billion in April, which is 37.6% more than last year. Imports amounted to 28.844 billion rubles, an increase over the previous year is estimated at 39.9%. The annual dynamics of imports significantly outpaced the export dynamics during the first quarter of this year. Now, as we can see, the growth rates of exports and imports have significantly converged.

At the same time, the physical dynamics of exports, calculated on the basis of customs statistics, has been declining for two months in a row. In April, the growth rate of exports against the corresponding period of the previous year amounted to -5.4% (in constant prices). The largest decline is demonstrated by the export of agricultural and food products(-37.7%), followed by the export of coke and oil products (-17%) and metallurgical products (-14.9%). It is worth noting the positive growth rates of exports of fuel and energy minerals, which amounted to 3.1% in April. However, if the export of hydrocarbons is already at the pre-crisis level, then the export of other goods is close to the crisis minimum.

Imports, on the contrary, continue to grow at a significant rate (28.7% compared to the previous year, in constant prices). High positive dynamics are maintained by such investment groups goods such as vehicles and equipment (79.6%), machinery and mechanical equipment (44.2%). At the same time, imports of consumer and intermediate products are also growing at a high rate.

Thus, the dynamics of imports indicates a high level of domestic demand, which is an important argument indicating the end of the crisis in Russia.

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Less good and different goods

Russia expects even more difficult year from the point of view of external economic conditions and market conditions, therefore, the decrease in the volume of exports and imports will continue. Moreover, in order to reduce the balance of payments, we will have to abandon half of the usual foreign goods.

The existing economic structure and foreign trade of Russia should become an impetus for the provision of new methods of development, since the old ones were not effective. Our country will experience a slowdown in economic growth if it continues to lag behind other states in terms of efficient production and scientific and technological progress. This can lead to a deterioration in the well-being of the population, as well as the lack of a country's predisposition to independent development.

It is worth finding out what Russia's foreign trade is, the statistics of which can tell a lot. But first, it's worth familiarizing yourself with the concept of world trade.

International trade is the process of buying and selling services and goods that are carried out between sellers, buyers, and also their intermediaries from different countries. It contains the import and export of goods. The ratio between them is the trade balance, and the amount is the turnover.

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution and MRI, the commodity structure of world trade is changing. Thanks to this condition, world trade becomes the main factor not only in economic, but also in political and social development. The most powerful driving component of world economic development is foreign trade.

Sources of efficiency gains

Participation in international trade provides a country with an opportunity to increase the level of satisfaction of social needs. The following sources of efficiency gains are worth mentioning:

• Increased competition in domestic market.
• Savings achieved by scaling up production.
• The ability to use and obtain resources outside the country.
• Application of the principle of "comparative advantage".

Principles of International Trade

International trade carried out in modern conditions has the following principles:

In addition, it is worth noting that developed countries and international institutions are committed to increasing the flow of technical and financial assistance to support those states that are at the stage of development. In doing so, their development needs must be taken into account.

Foreign trade of the Russian Federation. Problems and their causes

For a long time Russia has been a supplier of raw materials and semi-finished products to the world market. The domestic manufacturing industry was far from the leading positions in international exports... The main problems of Russia's foreign trade in ensuring competitive spheres of the manufacturing industry were the long-term closure of the USSR from foreign markets.

The high degree of militarization of the economy, combined with a small amount of financial resources, led to the actual division of the economy into two parts. The first was a developed and secured complex of defense industries. The second part was a technically backward area consisting of civilian industries. It is quite important that the majority of the products of the machine-building complex were sent to developing countries that had a political connection with the USSR.

At the present time, raw materials also occupy the predominant part in domestic exports. This condition determines the significant dependence of the state on markets with the absence of a stable conjuncture. At the same time, regular price fluctuations hinder the provision of a stable flow of foreign currency into the country. In this situation, the regulation of Russia's foreign trade should be carried out at a high level.

Also negative can be called the fact that a significant part of domestic exports are products of environmentally harmful industries. These include the pulp and paper, chemical and metallurgical industries.

Commodity structure of exports and imports of the Russian Federation

In the commodity structure of domestic exports, the raw materials orientation has remained, in which energy carriers prevail. This is evidenced by the dynamics of Russia's foreign trade. Half of the country's total exports are fuel and energy products. This is followed by metals, chemicals, precious stones and products made from them.

Foreign trade in machinery and equipment testifies to the level of competitiveness of the state. In Russia, it occupies only one tenth of the total export.

The unfavorable commodity structure of Russia's foreign trade can be explained by the non-competitiveness of the predominant number of species finished products... This indicator for imports is quite stable.

Geographic structure

This structure of Russia's foreign trade has undergone serious changes back in the 90s. Initially, its trading partners were former socialist countries, which accounted for about 67% of the commodity turnover. Mutual trade between them dropped to 10% by the end of the last century due to changes in the terms of cooperation.

In the Russian Federation, the share of exports from industrialized countries has sharply increased. At the moment, a significant part of raw materials and products of its direct processing is supplied to these markets. Access to finished products for developed countries is difficult. This is due to the fact that in relation to domestic exporters are applied different methods to prevent them from realizing their competitive advantages.

Russia's foreign trade with developing states is highly volatile. The Russian Federation has actively developed foreign trade relations with the CIS countries and is interested in their preservation. In addition, important communications of Russia for the implementation of foreign trade run through the territories of most of them. In particular, these are highways and railways, as well as oil and gas pipelines.

Modern trends in the development of exports and imports of Russia

It should be noted that the Russian Federation has the following export development trends:

These trends will improve the level of development that distinguishes Russia's foreign trade and will allow it to take a higher position in the international market.

Russian export development strategy

For the development of the country's trade, it is necessary to increase the share of goods with high level processing, and first of all - finished products. At the same time, the diversification of the geographical distribution of international trade should be strengthened. Russia should return to the markets of developed countries and increase the share of the CIS countries. In the future, the development of import substitution is required. Consequently, Russia's foreign trade will begin to develop gradually.

An alternative for the country's raw material exports can be the concentration of its potential not in the engineering sector, but in industries with higher competitiveness, for example, nuclear energy, high technologies and programming.

by myself international trade ... Character, level of development and significance International trade are determined by the respective production method. At the heart of International trade lies international division of labor .

International trade arose in ancient times and contributed to the growth of commodity production and commodity-money relations in pre-capitalist formations. In the slave and feudal era, when production was mainly natural, International trade covered an insignificant part of the products of production and served mainly the personal consumption of the ruling classes. During the period of decomposition of feudalism, the development International trade and the emergence of the world market (16-18 centuries) contributed to the establishment of the capitalist mode of production. Most widespread development International trade received in the era of capitalism, especially at the stage of large-scale machine industry. "Capitalist production," wrote K. Marx, "does not exist at all without foreign trade" (K. Marx and F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., Vol. 24, p. 534). The world market "... is the basis and the vital atmosphere of the capitalist mode of production" (K. Marx, ibid., Vol. 25, part 1, p. 122). The world market, being a historical prerequisite for the development of the capitalist mode of production, was at the same time its result. Foreign markets constitute an inseparable part of the capitalist market in general. Therefore, "... it is impossible to imagine a capitalist nation without foreign trade, and there is no such nation" (V. I. Lenin, Poln. Sobr. Soch., 5th ed., Vol. 3, p. 56).

V.I.Lenin, having smashed the false idea of ​​the petty-bourgeois economists (Zh. Sh. Sismondi and Russian populists), as if without external markets and a non-capitalist environment, it is theoretically impossible to realize surplus value with expanded reproduction of capital, showed the real reasons for the need for external markets under capitalism. First, the need for foreign markets for capitalist countries is determined by the fact that "... capitalism is only as a result of a widely developed commodity circulation that goes beyond the state" (ibid.). Large-scale capitalist industry arises on the basis of the already existing, fairly developed international commodity circulation and broad trade relations between states. Many large enterprises and entire branches of industry, in their emergence (and even more so with further development), are guided to one degree or another not only by internal , but also to the foreign market. Secondly, the need for external markets is associated with the inherent in capitalism (due to the anarchy of production) uneven development of individual industries. social production... “The various branches of industry that serve as 'markets for each other do not develop evenly, but overtake each other, and a more developed industry is looking for a foreign market' (ibid.). Wherein International trade does not and cannot eliminate the contradictions arising from the disproportionality of the capitalist economy within the framework of individual countries. On the contrary, on the scale of world capitalist production, the anarchy and disproportionality of various industries turn out to be even stronger. therefore International trade only transfers the contradictions of capitalism into the wider sphere of the world market and, in particular, gives an international character to crises of overproduction. Thirdly, the need for external markets is caused by the fact that capitalist production is characterized by a constant transformation of the modes of production and a tendency towards an increase in the size of production. If the law of pre-capitalist formations is the repetition of the production process in the same size, on the same technical basis, then “... a capitalist enterprise inevitably outgrows the boundaries of the community, the local market, the region, and then the state”, which leads each branch of industry “... to the need to “look for an external market” ”(ibid., p. 57).

The relative narrowness of the internal markets of capitalist countries enhances the role of external markets and leads to an intensification of the struggle for these markets. The struggle for foreign markets is also exacerbated by the desire of the capitalists to speed up the export of goods to economically backward countries at prices higher than in the domestic market in order to extract the maximum profit. In the struggle for sales markets, the capitalist widely uses state machine and combine methods of "peaceful" trade with methods of violence, robbery and robbery. Free trade slogans in history International trade capitalist countries have always been just a cover for the desire of economically developed countries to freely penetrate foreign sales markets and exploit less developed countries, selling high prices finished products and exporting raw materials and food from there.

During the period of pre-monopoly capitalism International trade grew rapidly on the basis of the involvement of new areas of the globe in international trade. By 1880, the turnover of world trade had increased 10 times from 1800 and 3.5 times compared to 1850. This period was characterized by the industrial monopoly of England and its dominant role in world trade.

In the era of imperialism, capitalist International trade acquired new features determined by the rule of monopolies. Monopoly capital has widely developed offensive protectionism, capturing foreign markets with the help of dumping and other aggressive methods International trade Received tremendous development export of capital , which is used to increase the export of goods and capture profitable markets and sources of raw materials.

For development International trade a certain influence is exerted by such factors as the geographical position of a given country, the presence of rich and large deposits of minerals, convenient natural communication routes, etc. However, as K. Marx emphasized, the decisive influence on the formation of the international division of labor, on the structure and direction of international trade is exerted not by natural-geographical, but by socio-economic factors, on which it depends whether they are used at all, to what extent and for what purposes. natural features and advantages of individual countries for development International trade This is clearly seen from the fact, for example, that developing countries, possessing enormous natural resources, vast territory and human resources, occupy small place in world capitalist trade.

Capitalist International trade reflects the ugly division of labor in which industrial production and export of finished products (especially machinery and equipment) are concentrated mainly in imperialist states, and economically backward countries act mainly as producers and exporters of agricultural raw materials and importers of industrial products. The creation of the colonial system of imperialism led to the transformation of the colonial and dependent countries into raw materials appendages of the metropolises. Financial capital the latter began to exploit the population of the colonies and dependent countries through unequal exchange - the sale of industrial products from the metropolitan countries at monopoly high prices and the siphoning of raw materials and food from the colonies at low prices. Most of the turnover International trade of all capitalist countries fell on the mutual trade turnover between the industrially developed countries, the population of which constitutes an insignificant part of the world's population. Thus, the share of 11 capitalist countries - the USA, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Belgium. The Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada - before the 1st World War 1914-18 accounted for over 55% of all international trade, while the population of these countries was about 20% of the world's population; China and India, where 40% of the world's population lived, accounted for no more than 5% of world trade.

Tab. 1. - The volume of trade between the capitalist countries (billions of dollars)

	Export								Import
	1950	1955	1960	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969	1950	1955	1960	1965	1966	1967	1968	1969
Total	55,5	83,4	111,8	162,9	178,6	187,7	210,9	240,6	58,3	88,6	117,9	172,7	189,6	199,0	222,2	252,4
Including:
Industrialized countries	36,8	60,0	84,8	126,7	140,0	147,7	166,4	191,4	41,2	64,4	87,9	135,0	149,0	57,0	175,6	202,2
Developing countries	18,7	23,4	27,0	36,2	38,6	40,0	44,5	49,2	17,1	24,2	30,0	37,7	40,6	42,0	46,6	50,2
Of them:
Countries of Asia	8,5	10,2	12,2	16,3	17,4	18,4	20,4	22,6	7,4	10,2	13,6	18,0	19,4	19,5	22,3	24,0
Latin American countries	7,1	8,6	9,3	12,0	12,7	12,7	14,1	15,0	6,3	8,6	9,6	11,2	12,2	12,8	14,9	15,9
African countries	3,0	4,4	5,3	7,6	8,2	8,4	9,7	11,1	3,4	5,3	6,6	7,9	8,2	8,2	8,7	9,3

International trade The countries of the world capitalist economic system after World War II (1939-45) are distinguished by a number of features. The volume of trade has grown (and continues to grow) International trade capitalist countries (see table. 1).

Increase International trade reflects the increased importance world capitalist market in the process of social reproduction. It is characteristic that the volume International trade grows faster than volume industrial production... If the index of industrial production of the capitalist countries (1963 = 100) increased from 86 in 1960 to 126 in 1967, then the index of the physical volume of exports increased from 84 to 134, and imports from 83 to 135. On changes in the position of individual countries in the world capitalist market can be judged by the following data (see Table 2).

Tab. 2. - Share of selected countries

in exports of the capitalist world (%)

	1948	1969
The whole capitalist world	100	100
Western Europe	33,0	49,5
Including:
FRG	1,1	12,1
Great Britain	12,1	7,7
France	3,8	6,3
Italy	2,0	4,9
USA	23,8	16,0
Japan	0,4	6,5

The trade turnover of the industrial capitalist states, especially their mutual turnover, is growing rapidly. The share of developing countries in the total exports of the capitalist world is declining (in 1967 it amounted to only 21.2% against 28.5% in 1955). Trade between imperialist and developing countries serves to a large extent as an instrument of exploiting the latter, in particular through the export of capital and unequal exchange.

Significant changes have taken place and are taking place in the commodity structure International trade capitalist countries. These changes are associated with the prevailing growth in the export of finished goods compared with the growth in the export of raw materials and food products (with the especially rapid growth in the export of machinery, equipment and means of transport), as well as with the fact that some imperialist countries have turned into large producers and exporters of agricultural commodities (see table. 3.). This further aggravates the position of the developing countries in the world capitalist market and increases the ratio of export and import prices, which is unfavorable for these countries.

Tab. 3. - The structure of world capitalist exports (1968, billion dollars)

Goods	Total	Including
		from developed countries	from developing countries
Agricultural commodities	74,9	40,7	34,2
Including:
Raw materials	23,9	15,5	8,4
Fuel	20,3	5,5	14,8
Finished goods	133,9	124,3	9,6
Including:
cars and equipment	57,6	56,9	0,7
Chemical goods	15,7	15,0	0,7

The bulk of the export of finished goods in the world capitalist market (85.8% in 1967) is accounted for by 11 countries: the USA, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland, among which decisive positions are taken by leading imperialist powers. In the 60s. the export of finished goods from the Federal Republic of Germany grew rapidly, which overtook Great Britain and came close to the level of the United States, and in the second half of the 60s. - export from Japan and Italy (see Table 4).

On the International trade capitalist countries have a growing impact on the development of state-monopoly capitalism, state regulation the monetary system, as well as international state-monopoly associations. It is characteristic, for example, that during the existence (since 1959) of a closed economic grouping of six Western European states " Common market"Mutual trade of the member countries has grown much more (from $ 7.5 billion in 1958 to $ 28.9 billion in 1968) than their trade with" third "countries (respectively, from $ 15.9 billion). to $ 35.3 billion) and especially with developing countries (from $ 6.1 billion only to $ 9.3 billion).

Tab. 4. - Exports of finished goods from developed capitalist countries (billions of dollars)

Countries	Years
	1960	1968
USA.	13,00	23,65
Germany | Combination letter "VN" | "International trade" Article about the word " International trade"in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia was read 10452 times	Interesting