Institution of social service of the social system. The system of social services for the population in Russia. Social service institutions for pensioners
SOCIAL SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS- organizations providing social services at home, semi-stationary social services, stationary social services (Article 23 of the Federal Law dated 28.12.2013 No. 442-FZ “On the Basics social service citizens in Russian Federation”).
O.S.o. in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, they are created and operate taking into account the methodological recommendations for calculating the needs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the development of the OSO network. and in accordance with the rules for organizing the activities of OSO, their structural divisions.
The social service system includes:
- - OSO, which are under the jurisdiction of federal executive bodies;
- - OSO, which are under the jurisdiction of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation;
- - non-state (commercial and non-commercial) public associations, including socially oriented non-commercial organizations that provide social services;
- - individual entrepreneurs providing social services.
State (municipal) OSO are created in the form of institutions. Federal Law of 08.05.2010 No. 83-FZ 83 “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving legal status state (municipal) institutions ”defines three types of state (municipal) institutions: state, budgetary and autonomous. All three types of institutions - state or municipal and differ in the degree of financial and economic independence and independence from the state.
A budgetary institution is a non-profit organization created by the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation or a municipal formation to perform work, provide services in order to ensure the implementation of the powers provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, respectively, of state authorities (state bodies) or local self-government bodies in the fields of science, education, health care, culture , social protection, employment, physical culture and sports, as well as in other areas.
The decision to create a budgetary or state institution is made in the manner prescribed by:
- 1) by the Government of the Russian Federation - for federal budgetary or state institutions;
- 2) the highest executive body of state power of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation - for budgetary or state institutions of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
- 3) the local administration of the municipality - for municipal budgetary or state institutions.
The founder of a budgetary or state institution is:
- 1) the Russian Federation - in relation to a federal budgetary or state institution;
- 2) subject of the Russian Federation - in relation to a budgetary or state institution of the subject of the Russian Federation;
- 3) a municipal formation - in relation to a municipal budgetary or state institution.
The decision to create a non-governmental organization as a result of its establishment is taken by its founders (founder).
A budgetary institution carries out its activities in accordance with the subject and objectives of the activity, determined in accordance with federal laws, other regulatory legal acts, municipal legal acts and the charter. An exhaustive list of activities that budgetary and state institutions can carry out in accordance with the goals of their creation is determined by the constituent documents of the institutions.
A non-governmental organization can carry out one type of activity or several types of activity that are not prohibited by the legislation of the Russian Federation and correspond to the goals of the organization's activities, which are provided for by its constituent documents.
The legislation of the Russian Federation may establish restrictions on the types of activities that non-profit organizations of certain types have the right to engage in, and in terms of institutions, including certain types.
Certain types of activities can be carried out by organizations only on the basis of special permits (licenses). The list of these types of activities is determined by law.
A budgetary institution has the right, in excess of the established state task, to perform work, provide services related to its main activity, provided for by the constituent document, to citizens and legal entities for a fee, as well as conduct other activities that are not main, only insofar as it serves to achieve goals, for which it was created.
State institutions can carry out income-generating activities, but the incomes received by them from this activity go to the corresponding budget of the budgetary system.
Financial support for the activities of social service organizations under the jurisdiction of federal executive bodies is carried out in accordance with the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation at the expense of the federal budget, as well as at the expense of recipients of social services when providing social services for a fee or partial payment.
Financial support of the activities of the O.so. of the subject of the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation at the expense of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation, as well as at the expense of the recipients of social services in the provision of social services for a fee or partial payment.
Financial support for the provision of social services by non-governmental organizations, individual entrepreneurs engaged in social service activities and providing social services by socially oriented non-profit organizations is carried out by providing subsidies from the corresponding budget of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation in accordance with the budgetary legislation of the Russian Federation, procurement of social services in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the contract system in the field of procurement of goods, works , services to meet state and municipal needs, as well as at the expense of recipients of social services in the provision of social services for a fee or partial payment.
The property of a budgetary institution is assigned to it on the right operational management in accordance with The Civil Code RF. The owner of the property of a budgetary institution is the Russian Federation, a constituent entity of the Russian Federation, a municipal entity, respectively.
The land plot necessary for the budget institution to fulfill its statutory tasks is provided to it on the basis of the right of permanent (unlimited) use.
An autonomous institution, in contrast to the state and budgetary institutions, has the right to open not only personal accounts in territorial bodies Federal Treasury (financial authorities), but also accounts with credit institutions. In addition, institutions of this type are allowed to place funds on deposits with credit institutions and make transactions with securities.
A budgetary institution, like an autonomous institution, is responsible for its obligations with the property that it has on the right of operational management (with the exception of immovable and especially valuable movable).
State institutions are responsible for their obligations with the funds at their disposal. In case of insufficient funds, the owner of the property bears subsidiary responsibility for the obligations of state institutions.
In state OSO. boards of trustees are being created. The structure, formation procedure, term of office, competence of the board of trustees and the procedure for making decisions are determined by the charter of the OSO. in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation on the basis of the approximate provision on board of trustees social service organizations.
Coordination of activities and general methodological support for an independent assessment of the quality of the provision of services by organizations in the field of social services are carried out by the federal executive body that carries out the functions of developing and implementing public policy and legal regulation in the field of social protection of the population, in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation (Federal Law of 21.07.2014 No. 256-FZ).
N.N. Strelnikova, L.I. Kononov
Lit .: Federal Law dated 28.12.2013 No. 442-FZ "On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation", Federal Law dated 08.05.2010 No. 83-FZ "On Amending Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Connection with Improving the Legal Status of State (Municipal ) institutions ”; Federal Law of July 21, 2014 No. 256-FZ “On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation on the Issues of an Independent Assessment of the Quality of Services Rendered by Organizations in the Sphere of Culture, Social Services, Health and Education”; Topchiy L.V. Organization of social services for the population. M., 2008; Management in Social Work: A Textbook for Bachelors / Ed. E.I. Kholostova, E.I. Komarova, O. G. Prokhorova. M .: ITK “Dashkov i K °”, 2014.
Social services for the population include an extensive system of measures designed for citizens in difficult life situation which they cannot overcome on their own. The reasons may be as follows: illness, disability, orphanhood, neglect, unemployment, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, inability to self-service, lack of a certain place of residence and other situations (in accordance with the federal law "On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation" ).
Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
The system of social services includes:
state enterprises and social service institutions that are federal property and are under the jurisdiction of federal government bodies;
state enterprises and social service institutions owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and under the jurisdiction of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;
municipal enterprises and social service institutions run by local governments;
enterprises and institutions of other forms of ownership engaged in social service activities.
Institutions (social services) of social services, regardless of the form of ownership, are:
comprehensive centers of social services for the population;
territorial centers of social assistance to families and children;
social service centers;
social rehabilitation centers for minors;
centers for helping children without parental care;
social shelters for children and adolescents;
centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population;
centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone;
centers (departments) of social assistance at home;
overnight houses;
special houses for single pensioners;
inpatient institutions of social services (boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psycho-neurological boarding schools, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities);
gerontological centers;
other institutions providing social services to the population.
The organization and operation of social services is based on approximate regulations on the relevant institutions (Appendix).
The government of the Russian Federation approved the federal list of state-guaranteed social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by social service institutions, and recommended that the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, on its basis, establish territorial lists of guaranteed services, taking into account the needs of the population.
The federal list of guaranteed services includes the following types:
1.services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary institutions of social labor rehabilitation; legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services);
2.services provided at home to elderly citizens and disabled people who need outside help due to partial loss of the ability to self-service (services for organizing meals, everyday life, leisure; social medical and sanitary and hygienic services; assistance in obtaining education and profession for disabled people; assistance in employment and in the organization of funeral services);
3. Additional services provided by home care departments (monitoring the state of health; providing emergency medical assistance; performing medical procedures, etc.);
4. services provided by the departments of urgent social assistance, created under the bodies of social protection of the population. Urgent social services are envisaged, providing for the provision of one-time services to those in dire need of social support (provision of clothes, shoes, etc.; provision of material assistance; assistance in the provision of temporary accommodation; provision of free hot meals or food sets; organization of emergency medical and psychological assistance; assistance in employment; organization of legal and other consultations);
5. services provided in semi-stationary conditions (day or night departments): services for catering, everyday life and leisure; social medical services; assistance in obtaining education and profession; legal services.
At the regional and local level, their lists of social services are adopted, which must contain no less number of services than in the federal list.
The main sources of funding for the public sector of the social service system are the federal budget and the budgets of the subjects of the federation. Financing of the municipal sector of the social service system is carried out at the expense of local budgets.
Additional non-budgetary sources of financing for social services are funds from funds to support the population, bank loans, income from securities, service fees, charitable contributions, etc.
The main principles of social services are: targeting; availability; voluntariness; humanity; the priority of providing social services to minors in difficult life situations; confidentiality; preventive focus.
2. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SOCIAL SERVICE IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION The right to social services is an objective necessity for those citizens who need social services who have found themselves in a difficult life situation. A fairly large number of people live in Russia who, for various reasons, cannot serve themselves and are limited in their life. Statistics indicate that the health of citizens is deteriorating, there are many aging and disabled people, there is unemployment and poverty of the population. Population aging is a problem not only for the Russian Federation, but also for a significant number of countries around the world. One of the trends observed in recent decades in the developed countries of the world is the increase in the absolute number and relative share of the elderly in the population. Therefore, the state is obliged to assume obligations to help preserve and extend the full life of every person, to recognize its duty to him and to support his social, labor, educational and creative activity. To carry out the full-scale functions of social assistance, support and social security, the Russian Federation has a social protection system. Unfortunately on this moment in Russia, the quality and level of social services are not in the best condition. Implementation of state policy in social sphere have now acquired particular relevance. The transition to a socially oriented policy requires the creation of an effective and developed system for providing social protection to the population. Therefore, social policy focuses primarily on the problems of social security and services for the elderly, support for people with disabilities and families with children53. As noted, in our country there is “a tendency towards an increase in the number of elderly and disabled people in the population. This is accompanied by a deterioration in their health and limitations in self-care. The need for various types of rehabilitation services is experienced by 80% of disabled elderly and disabled people. More than 30% need constant outside help and social and medical services54 ”. In the process of aging of the human body, a person has a risk of acquiring chronic diseases, at any time you may need medical, rehabilitation assistance, care of another person. The elderly often have problems not only in the medical field, but also psychological disorders and problems. social nature... Social problems are associated, as a rule, with a low and even extremely low material standard of living, the inability to buy all the necessary (often expensive) medicines and medical equipment, to seek paid medical care, etc. And the benefits and benefits provided by the state cannot solve all the material problems of such old needy people. Psychological problems mainly appear due to the fact that elderly people who have retired and quit their labor activity begin to experience a lack of communication and a feeling of loneliness, uselessness. The need for outsiders, including medical care in elderly people it is several times higher than in people of working age. Being alone at home, elderly people cannot always cope with health problems on their own. Elderly patients need long-term supportive therapy and outside care, medical and social assistance. If we talk about medical and social assistance, then it is a complex of medical, social, psychological, pedagogical, rehabilitation and legal measures carried out at the state and regional levels and is aimed at meeting the basic needs of a socially vulnerable category of citizens (elderly citizens, as well as people with disabilities - disabled people). This assistance is provided by inpatient institutions, both in the health sector and in the social services of citizens. It aims to provide treatment and care to restore and maintain health and self-care abilities. Currently, along with the concept of medical and social assistance, there is the concept of social medical assistance. Its tasks are to maintain and improve the state of health of citizens in need of it, to organize medical and recreational activities, to provide medicines, assistance in the timely receipt of qualified medical care, as well as the solution of other social and medical problems. This view assistance is provided in stationary institutions of social services for elderly citizens - boarding houses for the elderly and disabled. social service. Both in public and private organizations that provide medical and social services to citizens in need, all services provided should be aimed at meeting a wide range of needs of their patients: comfortable accommodation, good nutrition, professional medical care, health and rehabilitation procedures, psychological support. But not all institutions have sufficient capabilities to meet the needs for medical and social assistance of all citizens who have applied. Indeed, the continuous growth of the elderly population increases the burden on the health care and social services, but the lack of financial resources leads to problems in the provision of medical and social assistance to the elderly and disabled. There is an inextricable link between the quality of health care delivery and the level of social services. Both organizations providing social services and their employees should do their utmost to improve medical care, medical and social assistance, and for this, carry out various activities aimed at the proper functioning of these social organizations. However, the literature notes that there are negative phenomena occurring in the field of social services: a decrease in the dynamics of the development of social service institutions; low quality state of the art this sector; unsatisfactory social and economic situation of social workers; insufficient financial, material and technical, personnel and information support for the activities of social service institutions56. As already mentioned, among the serious reasons why the goal of rehabilitation of disabled people and other persons in need of this is not always achieved, there are problems of lack of professionalism in the work of medical personnel, lack of development of rehabilitation techniques, and so on. Therefore, for successful rehabilitation, it is necessary to take into account the complex of medical, socio-psychological, professional aspects, as well as the personal characteristics of patients. Also, one of the solutions to the problems of organizing and operating stationary social services for the rehabilitation of disabled people is the optimization of the structure of institutions, the reconstruction of existing and construction of new buildings. It is necessary to expand new promising types of social service institutions - small-capacity boarding houses for elderly citizens and disabled people. Reforming the system of social services for the population should be aimed at taking measures to overcome the shortage of places in stationary social institutions by moving these institutions from environmentally unfavorable areas and creating acceptable living conditions in them57. Thus, the provision of affordable medical care for the elderly and disabled is impossible without the creation of an extensive system of specialized rehabilitation institutions. And social programs at all levels remain an effective tool for responding to the problems of the elderly population. So, the state of the social service system is influenced by a combination of various factors. One of the most important reasons is economic. The economic factor is expressed in the lack of funding, sponsoring the social services sector. This, in turn, affects the effectiveness of the provision of social services to the population, leads to the inaccessibility of social services for some categories of citizens. Due to the shortage of funds allocated to this area, there is an outflow of labor, often highly professional, personnel - social workers who provide relevant services. The equipment and technical equipment of many social service organizations and institutions is also in decline. One of the important impulses to change the existing social tension and social reality will be the development and functioning of the system of non-state social services, support and strengthening of the role of trade unions, public funds, charitable organizations, etc. The role of the constituent entities of the Federation in establishing the social situation cannot be underestimated. For example, they can stimulate charity, independently introduce additional new types of social services that combine elements of traditional types of social services. If we consider this category of citizens as disabled, then they represent an extremely vulnerable and fragile social group. There are also people with disabilities among the able-bodied population. Social services for people with disabilities should be significantly improved and improved, because at present there are some serious problems... To protect and support disabled people, the following measures should be taken: - to increase the volume and quality of prosthetic and orthopedic products and other means of rehabilitation for disabled people; - discover new additional institutions manufacturing products for the disabled; - make special re-equipment of training places for disabled people in educational institutions; - to increase the number of educational institutions teaching disabled people and persons with disabilities; - to carry out work on informing and highlighting in various mass media the peculiarities of providing social services to this category of citizens, etc. As evidenced by judicial practice, court proceedings involving disabled people, the elderly arise due to corruption in the field of social services, lack of understanding of the characteristics of the viability of these people ... The relevance of disputes in this area is not decreasing. Modern Russian legislation in the field of social services and the elderly is extremely mobile and needs significant changes and additions. Another problem associated with the enforcement of legislation on social security and social services is confirmed by frequent cases of violation of the rights and legitimate interests of disabled people and elderly citizens. Along with other court proceedings, I studied the determination of the Primorsky Regional Court of December 24, 2014 in case no. 33-1126458. As it turned out, disputes between social institutions that provide social services and citizens who conclude an agreement with them are not at all rare. In the proceedings I studied, the plaintiff (a boarding house for the elderly and disabled) filed a claim for damages, amending the inpatient service agreement. Since since the conclusion of the agreement on inpatient services, the cost of living and pension has repeatedly changed due to the rise in consumer prices, in connection with which a debt was formed, which the defendant (pensioner) voluntarily refused to pay off. As a result, the court satisfied the claim, since it was established that the defendant had violated the terms of the inpatient service agreement. The court concluded that inpatient services for elderly citizens and disabled people are paid for, and the conclusion of agreements on inpatient services for elderly citizens and disabled people is mandatory by law. The size of the monthly payment for inpatient services is determined by the institution, taking into account the approved food standards, standards for the provision of soft inventory, the prevailing level of consumer prices in the region, tariffs for payment utilities and is reviewed no more than once a year. All of the above problems should not be ignored by society and the state. It is also important to note the following about the development and prospects of social services in Russia. Modern system social service has evolved over the past decade. Social services have now become an integral part of social security, one of its rapidly developing elements. Currently, in connection with the processes of restructuring the economic and social life in the country, the lawmaking of the state in the field of social services for citizens is developing continuously and dynamically. Important priority areas state policy in Russia should be: striving to solve social problems and interests of all segments of the population, preserving and strengthening the health of the able-bodied population. The socio-economic development of the Russian Federation directly depends on the successful resolution of pressing problems. Despite the large number of normative legal acts regulating relations on social services, it is worth emphasizing that they still do not fully meet the requirements of society and do not correspond to the tasks set by the state. Therefore, it is necessary in the future to actively develop the system of providing assistance to citizens in need to maintain their health and material standards. Of course, competently drafted legislation can help in the further development and improvement of the sphere of social services. Normative acts must contain social guarantees for all segments of the population. Then, ideally, after an indefinite time, a new model of social services for the population will have to be built, which will simultaneously meet the objective needs of Russian society and the financial and economic capabilities of the state. Previously, social services as an independent part of the state social security system required the development and adoption of a single separate normative act... As noted by legal scholars and political scientists, such an act could be the Code or the Law on the Foundations of Social Services for Citizens of the Russian Federation. Thanks to the adoption of the Federal Law of December 28, 2013 No. 442-FZ "On the Basics of Social Services for Citizens in the Russian Federation" 59, it can be said that the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating relations in social services has taken a big step towards further development. Summing up, it can be noted that a fair idea was expressed in the literature that “the legal norms governing the relations for the provision of citizens with certain types of social services are separate relatively independent legal subinstitutions that have autonomy of functioning, actual and legal homogeneity of legal norms and external isolation60 ". These sub-institutions can be combined into a general institution of social services. It would unite all independent subinstitutions that have a generic isolation, which consists in the absence of conditionality of the right to receive social services with a certain socially useful activity. The unification of subinstitutions into the general institute of social services makes it possible to predict the formation in the future of such a sub-sector in the system of social security law as the right of social services61. I believe that the emergence of an independent social service law would mean significant progress in all social security law and a positive dynamic in its functioning and development. New topical ones would appear scientific works and work on this topic, as well as in the literature, there would be interesting debates and discussions.
1. FEDERAL LAW ON THE BASIS OF SOCIAL SERVICE OF THE POPULATION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
(as amended by Federal Laws of 10.07.2002 N 87-FZ,
from 25.07.2002 N 115-FZ, from 10.01.2003 N 15-FZ, from 22.08.2004 N 122-FZ)
This Federal Law, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, establishes the foundations of legal regulation in the field of social services for the population in the Russian Federation.
Chapter I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1. Social services
Social services are the activities of social services for social support, the provision of social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services and material assistance, social adaptation and rehabilitation of citizens in difficult life situations.
Article 2. Legislation of the Russian Federation on social services
The legislation of the Russian Federation on social services consists of this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Article 3. Basic concepts
The following basic concepts are used in this Federal Law:
1) social services - enterprises and institutions, regardless of their form of ownership, providing social services, as well as citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity;
2) social service client - a citizen who is in a difficult life situation, to whom social services are provided in this regard;
3) social services - actions to provide certain categories of citizens in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, to a client of a social assistance service provided for by this Federal Law;
4) difficult life situation - a situation that objectively disrupts the life of a citizen (disability, inability to self-service due to old age, illness, orphanhood, neglect, poverty, unemployment, lack of a definite place of residence, conflicts and abuse in the family, loneliness, etc. ), which he cannot overcome on his own.
Article 4. Systems of social services
1. The state system of social services is a system consisting of state enterprises and social service institutions owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and under the jurisdiction of the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
(as amended by Federal Law of 22.08.2004 N 122-FZ)
2. Social services are also provided by enterprises and institutions of other forms of ownership and by citizens engaged in entrepreneurial activities in social services to the population without forming a legal entity.
3. The state supports and encourages the development of social services regardless of the form of ownership.
2) Decree of the Government of St. Petersburg dated 03.07.07 No. 732 "On the development plan of the system of social service institutions for the population of St. Petersburg in the territories of St. Petersburg districts for 2007 - 2010".
To create an optimal system of social service institutions for the population, a development plan for the system of social service institutions was approved. In accordance with the Concept for the Development of the Social Protection System of the Population of St. Petersburg for 2006 - 2010, in each district of the city by the end of 2010 such a system of social services should be created that would fully satisfy the needs of all categories of citizens and meet modern requirements. The system includes three types of institutions: institutions for senior citizens; institutions for the disabled; institutions for families and children.
Federal Law of August 2, 1995 N 122-FZ "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people"
Social services are provided through the system of social services.
The concept of "social service" refers to the basic concepts in social services to the population and is defined as a system of state and non-state structures that carry out social work and include special institutions for the provision of social services and their management bodies.
The social service as a tool of social work organizes its activities in two directions: social protection and social assistance... The implementation of activities is based on the following approaches:
· Assistance should be of a reintegrating nature;
· When providing assistance, they carry out an individual approach to the client's request;
· Social assistance is provided on the basis of the principle of subsidy;
· The beneficiary should be active;
· Mechanisms of social assistance are “switched on” when other methods of support have been exhausted (psychological, moral, contractual, legislative).
The system of social services includes state, municipal and non-state services.
The state social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, executive authorities of the Russian Federation and the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.
The municipal social service includes institutions and enterprises of social services, local self-service bodies, whose competence includes the organization and implementation of social services.
Non-governmental social service includes institutions and social service enterprises created by charitable, public, religious and other non-governmental organizations and individuals.
In the context of these approaches, a client who finds himself in a difficult life situation can receive the following support based on his requests (see table).
Client assistance system in the social service system
State social services are focused mainly on providing people in need with various kinds of services. This determines the totality and content of its functions, among which, according to the Concept for the Development of Social Services for the Population of the Russian Federation (1993), the following are distinguished:
a) the function of social assistance, which includes:
identification, registration of families and individuals most in need of social support (low-income citizens, families with minor children and other disabled members), provision of material (financial, in-kind) assistance and provision of temporary housing to those in need, etc .;
prevention of poverty: creating conditions for families to independently ensure their well-being, family entrepreneurship;
home-based services for those in need of outside care (delivery of food, medicines, transportation for treatment, home health monitoring, etc.);
promoting the development of non-traditional forms of preschool, school and out-of-school education;
organization of temporary forced stay of a child outside the parental family, his further placement in a child care institution, under guardianship (guardianship), adoption;
b) the function of consulting, which includes:
consulting specialists (lawyers, sociologists, teachers, doctors, psychologists, etc.);
participation in the preparation of young people for the choice of a profession;
preparing young men and women for marriage and conscientious parenting;
parental medical and psychological universal education;
c) the function of social correction and rehabilitation, which includes:
social medical and psychological rehabilitation of minors with deviant behavior, neglected children and adolescents, children left without parental care;
medical and social rehabilitation and rehabilitation of children and adolescents with disabilities and families raising them;
d) the function of information of the population, study and forecasting of social needs, within the framework of which there are three directions:
providing the client with the information necessary to resolve a difficult life situation;
dissemination of medico-psychological, pedagogical and other knowledge among the population;
study by specialists in social work, specially created institutions, as well as with the help of scientific organizations, the needs of their clients and social problems that give rise to crisis situations in the region, the development and implementation of specific measures aimed at their elimination;
e) the function of participation in the implementation of emergency measures to overcome the consequences of natural disasters and social conflicts. In this regard, it is envisaged:
participation of social service specialists in the development of emergency programs;
the formation within the framework of rescue services organized at the central and other levels, teams of social workers, etc.
The main directions of social services for the population are determined by the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (1995):
· Provision of material assistance to citizens in difficult life situations, in the form of cash, food, as well as special vehicles, technical means for the rehabilitation of disabled people and persons in need of outside care, etc .;
· Social services at home, which is carried out by providing social services to citizens in need of permanent or temporary non-stationary social services;
Social services in inpatient institutions, carried out by providing social services to citizens who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and who need constant outside care, and ensuring the creation of living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, carrying out medical, psychological, social activities, nutrition , care, as well as the organization of feasible labor activity, rest and leisure;
Provision of temporary shelter in specialized social service institutions for orphans, neglected minor children, citizens in difficult life situations, homeless citizens who have suffered from mental or physical violence and other social service clients who need temporary shelter;
· Organization of a day stay in social service institutions with the provision of social, social, medical and other services to elderly citizens and disabled people who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement, as well as to other persons, including minors in difficult life situations;
· Consulting assistance on issues of social and social and medical support of life, psychological and pedagogical assistance, social and legal protection;
· Rehabilitation services for persons with disabilities, juvenile offenders, other citizens who have found themselves in a difficult life situation and in need of professional, psychological, social rehabilitation.
Social service is based on principles: equal opportunities for citizens regardless of nationality, gender and age; availability; voluntariness; promoting self-reliant social adaptation; targeting; the priority of assistance to citizens in a dangerous or helpless state; humanity, benevolence, confidentiality; preventive focus; legality and consideration of international standards.
Social service is formed on the basis of legality, humanism, justice and democracy. At the same time, general principles are uniform for the entire system of social service, the widespread adherence to which makes this system integral and consistent:
The principle of the priority of state principles in organizing social services and guaranteeing the rights of citizens to receive social services and assistance in difficult life situations means that the state ensures individual rights, sovereignty, honor and freedom, protects it from all kinds of encroachments. It provides the social service system with the necessary materials, finances, personnel resources, determines the responsibilities of institutions, governing bodies and social service workers.
The principle of reliance on public participation means that the public component is an essential link in the operation and management of social services. Moreover, in cases where the activities of social services require social professional training, public participation is possible only as an aid to the main subjects of this activity.
The principle of territoriality means that the social service is as close as possible to the population and therefore to the maximum extent available for direct use. This principle makes it possible to solve the problems of integrating departmental interests and opportunities for a comprehensive solution to the problems of social services, to preserve the diversity of activities with uniform goals.
The principle of awareness means that institutions and management bodies of the social service have the right to collect information, to receive, upon a reasoned request from state and public bodies, information that is necessary for their functions and to help clients.
The functions of managing the issues of social services to the population in the subordinate territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. They build their activities in cooperation with health authorities, public education, culture, physical education and sports, law enforcement agencies, government services for youth and employment and other government bodies, as well as with public, religious, charitable organizations and foundations.
3. Institutions of social services for the population: their types and specificity of activities
The system of social services includes a network of specialized institutions designed to serve the relevant groups of the population.
An important place in this system belongs to the territorial centers of social services for the population. Territorial social service is a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units of the Russian Federation: in regions, urban and rural areas, microdistricts, etc.
The functions of managing social services for the population in the subordinate territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. Local authorities (as well as non-state, public, private and other organizations with a license) create specialized social service institutions, the leading place among which is given to territorial social service centers. In accordance with the approximate Regulation on the Center for Social Services (order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 137 of 20.07.1993). Social Service Center is an institution for social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities on the territory of a city or district to provide various types of social assistance to elderly citizens, disabled people and other groups of the population in need of social support. Social service centers may have various social service units in their structure, including day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance services, and others, created based on the need and available opportunities. Such centers provide comprehensive social assistance of various types: psychological, legal, rehabilitation, socio-pedagogical, medico-social, preventive, etc.
The territorial service may also include functional specialized centers, institutions and social service enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership. Services can be state, municipal, non-state.
State social service (federal bodies and institutions, social service enterprises; subdivisions of social services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation).
Municipal social service(local authorities
departments responsible for social services; institutions and enterprises of social services of municipal subordination).
Non-state social service ( institutions and social service enterprises of public, charitable, religious and other non-governmental organizations).
Today, one can observe how the network of institutions and social service enterprises is constantly developing, new types of them appear, which makes it possible to cover an ever wider range of social problems of various strata and groups of the population. The social service system is still in the process of formation. Financing of social service institutions is carried out, as a rule, on a budgetary basis. So, the financial resources of the social service are formed from:
Ø normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding
a level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;
Ø receipts from the fund for social support of the population by allocating part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;
Ø funds from the federal budget for the implementation of statutory tasks;
Ø finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services of various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;
Ø additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted activities on adaptation of the population's income to the growth of the cost of living, etc .;
Ø income from paid services and from the economic activities of institutions and service enterprises;
Ø charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable actions.
The funds of the specialized centers are formed depending on the type of activity and the type of organization of their financing: budgetary, self-supporting or mixed. When the center organizes paid services to the population and makes a profit, it is directed to the further development of the center's core activities and is exempt from taxation in terms of funds credited to the local budget.
The basic principle of the organization of social services in the Russian Federation is the territorial principle. At the same time, social services of various ministries and departments are considered as integral components (or sectors) of territorial social services. At times, local social service institutions have dual administrative subordination and several sources of funding. At the same time, practice proves the need for the formation of a subsystem of social services within individual departments, for example, social protection of the population, education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the employment service, youth.
However, the development of the network of social service institutions is currently constrained by the following factors:
ü weak legal basis social service systems;
ü limited financial resources available at the disposal of federal and regional government bodies, as well as local government bodies;
ü lack of coordination in the activities of ministries and departments in the field of social services;
ü lack of personnel with professional training in the field of social work;
ü low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;
ü insufficient use of financial, economic and intellectual capabilities of non-governmental institutions.
Institutions of social services for families and children
An important aspect in the regulation of socio-economic processes in society is the protection and support of the institution of the family. The basic principles in the organization of social assistance to the family on the part of state, municipal and public organizations can be expressed in the following:
Empowering the family to meet vital challenges;
Establishing family ties with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;
Promoting the effective and humane action of the family as a socio-economic system;
Development of self-help to improve family social policy in the territories.
The general functional diagram can be represented as a system of family interaction with state, public, confessional and private structures.
The plans for the development of social service institutions for families and children are linked, as a rule, with the tasks of implementing regional programs of family policy. Currently, horizontal structures of the system of social assistance to families are being created at all levels, taking into account the specifics of the regions. So, at the district (city) level, the organizers of social services serving families should know the needs of the population for such services. For these purposes, it is necessary to take into account the types of families, the presence of acute problems, the attitude of the population to such a service; in cases of need to form public opinion about the creation of an appropriate service and the possibility of applying to it for any resident of the region. The practice of developing social assistance services for families in Russia shows that it is necessary to provide a range of social services in the district (microdistrict) for both children and parents.
Regional institutions are also called upon to perform scientific and methodological functions: for example, a comprehensive regional center for social assistance to families and children or a regional center for social health of the population should, based on the local situation, come out with recommendations to the authorities. Such regional institutions as the Doverie service, etc., also seem to be quite promising.
The social assistance service should be organized as an open system in accordance with the social situation of a particular territory, where individual institutions and service units act as structures of elements created as needed.
The State Service for Helping Families and Children performs the following functions:
analytical: examines the problems and needs of their contingent of families or team members;
planning and organizational: plans and organizes social services in society;
managerial: provides contact with government agencies, on which the solution of the client's problems depends, achieves a solution, evaluates the result of a particular event, etc.;
information: informs the population about the possibilities of the service, new government decisions on social protection of the population.
Social work in these services can be expressed in various forms of family assistance... So, for example, emergency care in acute mental conditions of a person caused by social conditions or a difficult life situation is aimed at removing or reducing the negative, including even the possibility of suicide, consequences of such a condition. This assistance can be provided by such institutions and service units as helplines, emergency psychological aid points, etc.
Help can be long-term, when in difficult life situations the client is provided not only primary, but also deep long-term support aimed at improving the attitude to the situation, identifying the client's internal reserves and increasing his confidence in himself and the ability to overcome the current circumstances. Such assistance is carried out in territorial centers of social assistance to families, social shelters for children and adolescents (mothers with children), rehabilitation centers, centers for helping children left without parents, in psychological and pedagogical consultations, territorial brigades of social workers, which include social workers, specializing in different types family problems, which makes it possible to jointly search for solutions in the most difficult situations.
Help can be direct or indirect. Direct assistance is aimed directly at protecting the rights and interests of the client, improving his living conditions, removing unwanted mental states etc. Indirect assistance is provided through work with the client's social environment (family, work collective members, friends, street company, etc.), through various government organizations and foundations.
In addition, help can be direct in another sense of the word, namely, in response to a situation or a client's request, as well as of a preventive nature, that is, warning of a predicted unfavorable situation.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 47 of April 14, 1994, the Approximate Regulation on the Territorial Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children was approved, which defines it as an institution of the state system of social protection of the population intended for comprehensive services in the territory of a city, district or microdistrict of families and children in need of social support through the provision of timely and qualified social assistance of various types.
The center may have in its structure various units of social services for families and children, including departments of primary admission, information, analysis and forecasting, socio-economic assistance, medical and social assistance, psychological and pedagogical assistance, prevention of child and adolescent neglect, etc. etc.
The purpose of the Center's activities is to promote the realization of the right of families and children to protection and assistance from the state, to promote the development and strengthening of the family as a social institution, to improve socio-economic living conditions, indicators of social health and well-being of families and children, to humanize family ties with society and the state. , the establishment of harmonious intra-family relations.
The main tasks of the Center are:
ü identification of the causes of social distress of specific families and children, their need for social assistance;
ü determination and provision of specific types and forms of socio-economic, medico-social, psycho-social, socio-pedagogical, legal and other social services to families and children in need of social assistance;
ü support of families and individuals in solving problems of their self-sufficiency, realizing their own abilities to overcome difficult life situations;
ü social patronage of families and individuals in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support;
ü participation in work on prevention of neglect of minors, protection of their rights;
ü analysis of the level of social services for families with children in the city, district, microdistrict, forecasting their need for social assistance and preparation of proposals for the development of the sphere of social services;
ü involvement of various state and non-governmental organizations in solving issues of social services for families and children.
Families: single-parent families, large families, low-income families, etc .;
Children and adolescents in unfavorable family conditions that threaten their health and development; orphaned or left without parental care; having deviations in physical and mental development, incl. disabled people, etc .;
Adult citizens (pregnant women and lactating mothers; with dependent minor children, etc.);
Former pupils of orphanages and boarding schools.
Today in the system of social protection bodies there are about 1,500 institutions designed for families and children, of which about 200 are centers of social assistance to families and children.
Social service institutions for pensioners
In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, citizens of Russia have the right to social, including pension, security in old age.
Pension is a cash benefit received by citizens from public consumption funds for old age, in case of disability, for length of service, in case of loss of a breadwinner, which is the basis for calculating a pension. Payments are made monthly in connection with reaching the retirement age.
In accordance with the legislation, pensions are divided into state and non-state. Labor and social pensions are established by law. In connection with labor and other socially useful activities, pensions are assigned: for old age (for age), for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner, for length of service. Citizens who, for whatever reason, do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities, are assigned a social pension.
The pension is assigned for life. Pension benefits in accordance with the current legislation are carried out by state social security authorities.
Men have the right to an old-age pension upon reaching 60 years of age with at least 25 years of work experience, women - upon reaching 55 years of age with at least 20 years of work experience. Pensions are assigned to certain categories of citizens on preferential terms (that is, at a lower age and seniority).
Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of state pension. An exception is established only for persons who have become disabled as a result of a military injury, who can simultaneously receive two types of state pensions: old age (or seniority) and a disability pension.
Great importance in modern conditions, the institutions of social services for pensioners, interdepartmental work on the organization of social support for the elderly are acquired. This is due to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population, a change in the social status of a person in old age, the termination or restriction of labor activity, the transformation of values, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties, both in social and domestic psychological adaptation to new conditions. All this dictates the need to develop and implement specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with pensioners and the elderly. Social services for the elderly are carried out in accordance with ethical principles of the International Labor Organization:
personal dignity- the right to be treated with dignity, treatment, social assistance and support;
freedom of choice- every elderly person has the right to choose between being kept at home and living in a shelter, temporary or permanent;
coordination of assistance- assistance provided by various social bodies should be active, coordinated and consistent;
individualization of care- assistance is provided, first of all, to the elderly citizen himself, taking into account his environment;
bridging the gap between health and social care- given the priority character of the criterion of health status, the level of financial assistance cannot depend on the standard of living and place of residence.
The regulatory framework for social work with the elderly in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law "On the Basics of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (dated 10.12.1995). In accordance with this law, the sphere of social services provided to the elderly includes: social welfare, social medical, psychological and pedagogical, social and legal services; material assistance and social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly.
At the initial stages of the development of the system of social assistance to the elderly, such urgent problems as the organization of food, medical services, housing, material support were solved in order to create normal living conditions for them.
At the present stage, the organization of assistance to the elderly, along with the solution of these traditional social problems, involves the development of social technologies, the introduction of which will contribute to solving issues related to the psychological difficulties that elderly people encounter in the process of communication or from loneliness. It is also necessary to take into account how older people will perceive other age groups, what are the social problems of those who live to old age, their relationships with people around, the role and status of the elderly in the family and society, etc. It should be noted that there are different categories of older people. There are people among them:
Not needing help;
Partially disabled;
In need of service;
Requiring constant care, etc.
As a rule, programs of social assistance, rehabilitation, correction are developed depending on belonging to a particular category of elderly people. The use of various principles, methods, techniques for working with a client is also associated with this.
The main principles of working with older people are respect and interest in the personality of the client, an emphasis on the need and usefulness of his experience and knowledge to the people around him. It is important to perceive the elderly person not only as an object, but also as a subject of social work. This should help to find and develop their internal reserves, conducive to self-realization, self-support and self-defense. An important role is played in this professional competence social worker, including knowledge of gerontological and psychological characteristics age, taking into account the client's belonging to a particular social group.
Help for the elderly is carried out by the social protection authorities through their departments, which identify and keep records, carry out various types of social support, offer and provide paid services. Social services are carried out by the decision of the bodies of social protection of the population in the institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by the bodies of social protection with the institution of social services of other forms of ownership.
The following institutions also perform the function of social protection and assistance:
ü boarding houses;
ü departments of day and night stay;
ü special homes for lonely elderly people;
ü hospitals and departments for chronic patients;
ü hospitals of various types;
ü territorial centers of social services;
ü departments of social assistance at home;
ü gerontological centers, etc.
In the system of stationary institutions of the Russian Federation, a relatively new element is special houses for permanent residence of single elderly people and married couples who retain full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need appropriate conditions for self-realization of basic life needs.
Approximate Regulation on a special home for such pensioners (dated April 7, 1994) lists its functions:
Ø ensuring favorable living conditions and
self-service;
Ø providing living elderly citizens
constant social and household and medical care;
Ø creation of conditions for maintaining an active lifestyle, including a feasible work activity.
Architectural and planning solutions of a special house should correspond to the age characteristics of the living contingent of citizens. Such a house consists of one-two-room apartments, includes a complex of services for social and domestic purposes: a medical office, a library and a room for club work, a canteen (buffet), points of orders for food products, delivery of things to a laundry and dry cleaning, as well as premises for work, etc.
A special house is equipped with small-scale mechanization facilities that facilitate self-service for the elderly living in it. It should have a round-the-clock dispatch center, provided with internal communication with all living quarters and external telephone communication.
Medical care of citizens is carried out by medical personnel of territorial medical and preventive institutions.
Based on the current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid in full the pension. They have the right to priority referral to inpatient institutions of social welfare authorities.
The organization of special homes for single elderly and elderly couples is one of the most promising ways to solve a whole range of social problems of pensioners and senior citizens.
The social protection of the population of our country, which was limited in the 90s to the provision of social support to the elderly and disabled, the provision of social benefits and benefits, has undergone significant qualitative changes. The population of Russia paid a high social price for the political and economic transformations carried out in the country in the last decade of the twentieth century. A sharp drop in industrial and agricultural production, the outbreak of a social and moral crisis affected the lives of most families. Their real incomes and consumption levels fell catastrophically, and the pricing reform destroyed labor savings. The scale of crime has increased significantly, drug addiction, prostitution, and homelessness of children have spread rapidly, like an epidemic.
There have also been significant changes in the formation of civil society. One of them was the emergence and development of social work - a genuine social phenomenon that has become an integral part of Russian reality.
At present, the development of the system of social services for the population is at the stage of creating a network of institutions and developing technologies for social services, taking into account the specifics of various regions of the Russian Federation.
Russia, being a social state in accordance with the Constitution, has managed, in extremely difficult socio-economic and financial conditions, to create the foundations for the development of a full-fledged system of social services for the population.
The formation of a system of social services for the population required not only a new concept of social work, but also huge efforts to train the necessary personnel, ensure legal regulation of issues related to the provision of social services. Today, the industry employs more than 450 thousand social workers who every day face the need to help people in critical situations. Helping veterans, disabled people, women, children, they make a significant contribution to the normalization of the social situation in the country.
The continuing problems in the economy cause the growth of the population's demand for social protection. The socio - economic situation objectively predetermines the scale and direction of the industry, which is forced to constantly increase the volume of social services, developing the system as a whole.
So, social service institutions are legal entities... The procedure for the creation, operation, reorganization and liquidation of institutions and enterprises of social services, regardless of the form of ownership, is regulated by the civil legislation of the Russian Federation. State institutions of social services are not subject to privatization and cannot be re-profiled for other types of activities. Social service institutions have the right to conduct business only insofar as it serves the achievement of the goals for which they were created.
Social service institutions are, regardless of ownership:
1) Comprehensive centers of social services for the population;
2) Territorial centers of social assistance to families and children;
3) Centers of social services;
4) Social rehabilitation centers for minors;
5) Centers for helping children without parental care;
6) Social shelters for children and adolescents;
7) Centers for psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population;
8) Centers for emergency psychological assistance by telephone;
9) Centers (departments) of social assistance at home;
10) Night stay houses;
11) Special homes for lonely elderly people;
12) Inpatient social service institutions (boarding homes for the elderly and disabled, psycho-neurological boarding schools, orphanages for mentally retarded children, boarding homes for children with physical disabilities);
13) Gerontological centers;
14) Other institutions providing social services.
Social service enterprises include enterprises that provide social services to the population.
Social services are provided by social services free of charge and for a fee.
The procedure for the provision of free social services is determined by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Paid social services in the state system of social services are provided in the manner established by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Tariffs for social services provided to the population by state social services are set by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
The conditions and procedure for payment for social services in social services of other forms of ownership are established by them independently.
In accordance with Art. 16 of the Law on the Fundamentals of Social Services to the Population Free social services in the state system of social services in the amounts determined state standards social services provided:
1) Citizens who are incapable of self-service due to old age, illness, disability, who do not have relatives who can provide them with assistance and care, if the average per capita income of these citizens is lower living wage established for the subject of the Russian Federation in which they live;
2) Citizens who are in a difficult life situation due to unemployment, natural disasters, catastrophes, suffered as a result of armed and interethnic conflicts;
3) Minor children in difficult life situations.
More specific lists of categories of citizens to whom social services are provided free of charge are contained in the legislation on social services of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Since the procedure for the provision of free social services and paid social services by the state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation has not yet been determined, the guideline here can be the Regulation on the provision of free social services and paid social services by state social services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 739.
The procedure and conditions for the provision of free home-based, semi-stationary and stationary social services, as well as on terms of full or partial payment, are established by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Prior to the adoption of the relevant regulations, one should be guided by the Regulation on the procedure and conditions for payment of social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by state and municipal institutions of social services, approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 473.
At the same time, in order to determine the right to free or partial payment of social services, the living wage established for a given region is of prime importance. The law on the subsistence minimum stipulates that the value of the subsistence minimum per capita and for the main socio-demographic groups of the population in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is determined on a quarterly basis. The specified values of the subsistence minimum should be established in the manner prescribed by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Regulation, social services are provided at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by social service institutions free of charge:
Single elderly citizens (single married couples) and people with disabilities receiving a pension below the subsistence level established for the region;
Elderly citizens and disabled people who have relatives who cannot, due to the remoteness of their residence, low security, illness and other objective reasons, provide them with assistance and care, provided that the amount of the pension received by these citizens is below the regional subsistence minimum;
Elderly citizens and people with disabilities living in families whose average per capita income is below the subsistence level established for the region.
Social services are provided on a partial payment basis:
Lonely elderly citizens (single married couples) and people with disabilities who receive a pension in the amount of 100 to 150% of the subsistence minimum established for the region;
Elderly citizens and disabled people with relatives who, for objective reasons, cannot provide them with help and care, provided that the amount of the pension received by these citizens is from 100 to 150% of the regional subsistence minimum;
Elderly citizens and people with disabilities living in families whose average per capita income is from 100 to 150% of the regional subsistence level.
At the same time, the monthly amount of partial payment for social services provided at home should not exceed 25% of the difference between the pension received by these citizens (average per capita family income) and the subsistence minimum established for the region.
The monthly amount of partial payment for social services provided in semi-stationary conditions should not exceed 50% of the difference between the pension received by these citizens (average per capita family income) and the regional subsistence minimum.
Monthly payment for social services provided in stationary conditions is made in an amount not exceeding 50% of the difference between the received pension or average per capita income and the subsistence minimum established for the respective region.
Social services are provided to other citizens at home, in semi-stationary and stationary conditions by social service institutions on a full payment basis.
The payment (partial or full) of social services provided to the elderly and the disabled does not include the costs of providing medical care in the amount of the basic program of compulsory medical insurance for citizens of the Russian Federation, obtaining an education within the framework of state educational standards and ensuring compliance with sanitary rules in social service institutions ...
The decision on the conditions for the provision of social services (free of charge, with partial or full payment) is made by the administration of the social service institution on the basis of documents submitted by elderly citizens and disabled people or their legal representatives, taking into account the subsistence minimum established for the relevant region, as well as the fees charged for inpatient service.
When providing social services on a partial or full payment basis, social service institutions are obliged to conclude agreements with the elderly and disabled people or with their legal representatives in the established form that determine the types and volume of services provided, the time frame in which services should be provided, as well as the procedure and the amount of their payment.
It should be noted that the payment for inpatient services for elderly citizens and disabled people in government agencies social services includes not only payment of social services, but also the cost of purchasing food and soft equipment, as well as the maintenance of the provided living quarters
Now, let's talk about the problem of social services in Russia and ways to solve them.
There are many problems in the field of social services for pensioners:
On the one hand, paid social services are slowly developing, and on the other, there is a danger that paid services will become absolute, compared to the volume of paid services, the share of free services is decreasing;
The problem of priority for getting places in institutions remains acute (about 12 thousand people need social services in a hospital setting and about 100 thousand people in non-stationary conditions);
The network of hospices is underdeveloped, including hospices at home;
The problem of financing the institutions and services of social services is urgent. At the same time, in the near future, the demand for social services by senior citizens, primarily for objective reasons, will increase;
The work of existing social service institutions needs significant improvement, replenishment of specialists, improvement of the legal and material and technical base;
The problem of retraining and advanced training of specialists and service personnel in social service institutions of a new type requires due attention.
To improve the social status of pensioners living in stationary social service institutions, it is planned to build and reconstruct these institutions. Gerontological centers, general boarding homes to be converted into gerontological centers, gerontopsychiatric centers, as well as inpatient institutions were selected as key objects.
Another obvious problem that complicates the interaction between the state and society in working with older people is the lack of information. For more successful activities It would be advisable for social protection bodies to have a database of public organizations working with older people and operating in the territory of their municipalities. The consistency and availability of this information at the regional and federal levels will improve inter-sectoral interaction, enrich public services with new ideas and approaches, and give public organizations the opportunity to disseminate their successful experience.
The next factor hindering the successful development of the institution of social services is the imperfection of legislation, its inconsistency and fragmentation, duplication of some acts by others. Often, there are no clearly formulated concepts of a particular type of social service. This creates difficulties in study and law enforcement practice.
In Russian society, there are a large number of people with signs of disability. It's no secret that in recent times in the country there is a deterioration in the state of health of the nation, an aging society, unemployment, and poverty.
Obviously, in the area under consideration, solutions require solutions in two main areas: in the field of socio-economic development and legislative regulation.
Measures to reform social services are needed to address many of the issues. In particular, there is a need for a transition to a funded system in the field of social services - social insurance, when citizens, at the expense of personal contributions to the fund being formed, will be able to receive social services when they find themselves in a difficult life situation.
A measure that can change the financial situation is the creation of a state non-budgetary fund for social services, which will allow to concentrate existing receipts (tax and others), and in the future to spend them exclusively in the field of social services.
The next step could be development non-state system social services, in particular strengthening the role of public organizations (trade unions, religious organizations, public funds, charitable organizations, etc.).
Reforming the social services sector, it is also necessary to pursue a policy of regional equalization in order to create an equal level of social services throughout the country. However, it is important to avoid an equalization approach and to apply individual measures to different regions.
One of the measures to improve the situation in the field of social services is to provide regions with the opportunity to find additional non-standard solutions, for example, stimulating charitable activities, developing non-traditional types of social services, such as a sanatorium at home or a social service institution on wheels.
In the field of protection of persons with disabilities - one of the most vulnerable categories, it is necessary:
an increase in the volume and quality of manufactured prosthetic and orthopedic products, rehabilitation means;
an increase in the number of institutions specializing in such production;
equipping places for training disabled people in educational institutions, expanding the network of specialized educational institutions.
As part of improving the legislation, it is necessary to adopt a codified act at the level of the law, regulating the main issues in the field of social services. This will help streamline and systematize the existing legislation on social services.
IN further work With the legislative framework, it is important to expand the subject composition of those in need, to move away from the concept of social services as an institution that regulates the relations of a narrow circle of subjects, only the elderly, the disabled and the poor.
The fastest boat in the world!
The history of the Off-White brand
Habakkuk: how the British tried to build an aircraft carrier from ice Why the project was curtailed