Mental processes properties and states presentation. Human cognitive processes. Face and tree

Goals :

prepare students for adequate professional self-determination; to form a well-grounded professional intention in them.

Profession -

this is an occupation, a love affair, a work of a lifetime. And therefore, a favorite business is chosen once and for a lifetime.

Typical mistakes when choosing a profession

1. ignorance of the world of professions
2. ignorance of oneself
3. ignorance of the rules for choosing a profession

Lesson topic: "Mental Processes"

This topic considers such human abilities as:

Sensation
Perception
Attention
Memory
Thinking

Feeling -

it is a reflection of individual properties of objects that affect the senses.

In a person's professional activity, sensations and perceptions play an important role.

Let's list the most important sensations that help a person navigate the world.

Visual - color, size, location in space;
Auditory - speech, sound;
Olfactory - smells;
Taste - sweet, bitter, sour;
Cutaneous - touch, temperature, pain;
Kinetic - coordination and control of movement;
Vibrational - vibration of an elastic medium;
Statistical - the position of the body in space.

Perception -

it is a reflection of objects and phenomena in the aggregate of their properties and parts with their direct impact on the sense organs.

Perception:

Visual;
Auditory;
Tactile;
Taste;
Olfactory.

In a person's professional activity, sensation and perception play an important role. :

So, for example, no device can recognize the taste and aroma of a product (coffee, tea, perfume, etc.). Good olfactory sense - professional important quality taster, cook, perfumer. For flying professions, visual acuity (not less than one) is required.

The innate property of a person not to distinguish between green and red is called color blindness. Color blindness is incurable and interferes with activities related to color assessment: pilots, drivers, artists, sailors, painters, diesel locomotive drivers, etc.

The sense of hearing is central to the musician, instrument tuner, singer, turner, engine mechanic.
Tactile sensations should be well developed in doctors, turners, machine operators, repairmen.
Motor sensations are professionally important for athletes, circus performers, stuntmen, etc.

Performance -

a visual image of an object or phenomenon that arises on the basis of past experience by reproducing it

The following types of representations can be distinguished:

Temporary;
Spatial;
Visual;
Abstract logical.

Imagination -

the mental process of creating new samples based on the material of sensations and representations (fantasy).

Memory -

the ability to fix, preserve subsequent reproduction. In memory, four main processes are distinguished: memorization, preservation, forgetting and restoration. Each person has his own kind of memory characteristic of him

Memory types can be divided into:

voluntary, involuntary, operational, long-term, auditory, tactile (tactile), visual, emotional, motor, verbal, figurative.

Attention –

focus and focus on a specific object.

Students write test, there is silence in the classroom, suddenly a loud bang is heard outside the window. All students' gazes are directed to the window. This is an example of involuntary attention.

According to the degree of human activity in organizing attention, they are distinguished:

- involuntary;
- arbitrary;
- post-voluntary.

By showing attention, a person develops an important quality in himself - attentiveness, which can and should be developed.

Thinking -

the process of reflecting reality, the highest form of human creative activity

Thinking always has a purposeful character, since any act of thinking is aimed at solving a certain mental task, finding an answer to a question that has arisen in consciousness. By the nature of the tasks to be solved, practical thinking (occurring in the course of practical activity) and theoretical (aimed at solving theoretical tasks not directly related to practice)

Give examples of what can happen due to inattention

a) in the lesson; b) on the street, on the road; c) in production.

Observation:

I show an image of the figures, examine them carefully for 1-2 seconds, then I remove (close the slide) with the image of the figure, your task is to write down in a notebook which figures are drawn, which numbers were inscribed in each figure.

Look carefully (1-2 sec)

Now please calculate:

a) how many figures did you remember correctly?
b) how many numbers did you interpret correctly?
c) how many numbers did you enter correctly into the figure?

Your attention span is a + b + c =
Conclusion: A good amount of your attention is 8-10.

Reflection:

What new did you learn in the lesson?
What have you learned?
What was left unclear?
What did you like?
Is it important to take this knowledge into account when choosing a profession?

Description of the presentation for individual slides:

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MEMORY Memory is one of the mental functions and types of mental activity, designed to store, accumulate and reproduce information. Ability to store information about events for a long time outside world and reactions of the organism and reuse it in the sphere of consciousness for the organization of subsequent activities.

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MEMORY Memory is a set of activities, including both biological, physiological and mental processes, the implementation of which at a given moment is due to the fact that some previous events, close or distant in time, have significantly modified the state of the organism. (C. Flores).

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MEMORY There are different typologies of memory: for sensory systems - visual (visual) memory, motor (kinesthetic) memory, sound (auditory) memory; on the organization of memorization - episodic memory, semantic memory, procedural memory; by temporal characteristics - long-term memory and short-term memory.

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MEMORY Visual (visual) memory is responsible for the storage and reproduction of visual images. Motor memory is responsible for storing information about motor functions. A top-notch baseball player, for example, is great at throwing the ball, thanks in part to the memory of motor activity on past throws. Episodic memory is the memory of events, the participants or witnesses of which we were. Examples of this include memories of how you celebrated your birthday when you turned 17; This type of memory is characterized by the fact that the memorization of information occurs without visible efforts on our part. Semantic memory is the memory of facts such as the multiplication table or the meaning of words.

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MEMORY Procedural memory, or remembering how to do something, has some similarities to motor memory. The difference is that the description of the procedure does not necessarily imply any motor skills. For example, in your school years, you were supposed to be taught how to work with a slide rule. It is a kind of "knowing how", which is often contrasted with descriptive tasks that involve "knowing what."

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Long-term and short-term memory Physiological studies reveal 2 main types of memory: short-term and long-term. One of the most important discoveries of Ebbinghaus was that if the list is not very long (usually 7), then it can be remembered after the first reading (usually the list of items that can be memorized immediately is called the amount of short-term memory).

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Short-term memory Short-term memory exists at the expense of temporal patterns of neural connections emanating from the regions of the frontal (especially the dorsolateral prefrontal) and parietal cortex. This is where information comes from sensory memory. Short-term memory allows you to remember something after a period of time from a few seconds to a minute without repeating. Its capacity is very limited. George Miller, during his work at Bell Laboratories, conducted experiments showing that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 ± 2 objects (the title of his famous work reads "The magic number 7 ± 2").

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Short-term memory For example, if you present the string FBIPHDTWAIBM, a person will be able to remember only a few letters. However, if the same information is presented in a different way: FBI PHD TWA IBM

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Long-term memory Storing in sensory and short-term memory usually has a tightly limited capacity and duration, that is, information remains available for some time, but not indefinitely. In contrast, long-term memory can store much more information, potentially infinite time (throughout life).

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Mythology, religion, philosophy of memory In ancient Greek mythology, there is a myth about the river Leta. Lethe means "oblivion" and is an integral part of the kingdom of death. The dead are those who have lost their memory. On the other hand, some of those who were honored with preference - among them Tiresias or Amphiarai - retained their memory even after their death. The opposite of the Leta River is the Goddess Mnemosyne, personified Memory, the sister of Kronos and Oceanos - the mother of all muses. She possesses Omniscience: according to Hesiod (Theogony, 32 38), she knows "everything that was, everything that is, and everything that will be." When the poet is seized by the muses, he drinks from the source of knowledge of Mnemosyne, which means, first of all, that he touches the knowledge of the "sources", "beginnings".

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IMAGINATION Imagination is the ability of consciousness to create images, representations, ideas and manipulate them; plays a key role in the following mental processes: modeling, planning, creativity, play, human memory. A kind of creative imagination is Fantasy.

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Imagination - like Adam's dream - when he woke up and saw that it was all true JJ. KITS

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IMAGINATION Imagination is one of the forms of mental reflection of the world. The most traditional point of view is the definition of imagination as a process

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IMAGINATION Imagination is a mental process that consists in creating new images (representations) by processing the material of perceptions and representations obtained in previous experience

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IMAGINATION Active types of imagination (includes recreational and creative imagination) passive (includes unintended and unpredictable imagination) productive reproductive concrete abstract

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IMAGINATION Forms of imagination agglutination - creating a new image from parts of other images hyperbolization - increasing or decreasing an object and its parts schematization - smoothing out the differences between objects and identifying their similarities sharpening - emphasizing the features of objects typification - highlighting the repetitive and essential in homogeneous phenomena

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IMAGINATION Imagination and reality The world is perceived as an interpretation of data from the senses. As such, it is perceived as real, unlike most thoughts and images.

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IMAGINATION Imagination is a cognitive process, the specificity of which is the processing of past experience.

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IMAGINATION Both thinking and imagination arise in a problem situation, motivated by the needs of the individual. Both processes are based on forward reflection. Depending on the situation, the amount of time, the level of knowledge and their organization, the same task can be solved both with the help of imagination and with the help of thinking. The difference lies in the fact that the reflection of reality, carried out in the process of imagination, occurs in the form of vivid representations, while the anticipatory reflection in the processes of thinking occurs by operating with concepts that allow generalized and indirect cognition of the environment.

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IMAGINATION Imagination is closely related to the emotional sphere. This connection is of a dual nature: on the one hand, the image is capable of evoking the strongest feelings, on the other hand, an emotion or feeling that has arisen once can cause the vigorous activity of the imagination.

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THINKING Thinking is a set of mental processes that underlie cognition; thinking is precisely the active side of cognition: attention, perception, the process of associations, the formation of concepts and judgments. In a closer logical sense, thinking includes only the formation of judgments and inferences through the analysis and synthesis of concepts.

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THINKING Thinking is an indirect and generalized reflection of reality, a type of mental activity, which consists in knowing the essence of things and phenomena, regular connections and relationships between them.

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THINKING Thinking is a mental process of reflection and cognition of essential connections and relationships of objects and phenomena of the objective world.

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THINKING Bertrand Russell believed: "What we call thoughts ... depends on the organization of paths in the brain, in much the same way that travel depends on roads and railways."

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THINKING Thinking is the highest stage of cognition and ideal mastering of the world in the form of theories, ideas, and human goals. Relying on sensations, perceptions, thinking overcomes their limitations and penetrates into the sphere of supersensible, essential connections of the world, into the sphere of its laws. The ability of thinking to reflect invisible connections is due to the fact that it uses practical actions as its tool.

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THINKING Thinking is associated with the functioning of the brain, but the very ability of the brain to operate with abstractions arises in the course of man's assimilation of the forms of practical life, the norms of language, logic, and culture. Thinking is carried out in various forms of spiritual and practical activity, in which the cognitive experience of people is generalized and preserved. Thinking is carried out in a figurative-symbolic form, the main results of its activity are expressed here in the products of artistic and religious creativity, in a peculiar way generalizing the cognitive experience of mankind.

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THINKING Thinking is also carried out in its own form of theoretical knowledge adequate to it, which, based on the previous forms, acquires unlimited possibilities of speculative and model vision of the world. Thinking is studied by almost all existing scientific disciplines, being at the same time the object of research in a number of philosophical disciplines - logic, epistemology, dialectics. Thinking is the source and the main instrument of truly human existence. Freeing a person from the pressure of blind instincts and from the need for direct reactions to pressure external environment, thinking acts both as a path to freedom, and as freedom itself, available to everyone and inalienable under no circumstances.

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THINKING Spinoza defines thinking as the mode of action of the thinking body. This definition also implies the method of disclosure / definition of this concept proposed by him. In order to define thinking, it is necessary to carefully investigate the mode of action of the thinking body, as opposed to the mode of action (from the mode of existence and movement) of the non-thinking body.

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THINKING What we call thinking and consciousness seems to depend on the cortex, a layer about six millimeters thick that covers all four lobes of the brain. Its complex and highly specialized structure includes approximately three quarters of all neurons in the cerebrum, the number of which is several billion. You are already familiar with some areas of the cortex that perform specific functions. For example, the primary visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe, processes visual signals and is responsible for visual function. However, this kind of innate rigid connection with specific functions for a number of large areas of the cortex has not yet been established.

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THINKING Features of thinking The first feature of thinking is its mediated nature. What a person cannot know directly, directly, he knows indirectly, indirectly: some properties through others, the unknown through the known. Thinking always relies on data from sensory experience - sensations, perceptions, representations - and on previously acquired theoretical knowledge. Indirect cognition is mediated cognition.

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THINKING The second feature of thinking is its generalization. Generalization as cognition of the general and essential in objects of reality is possible because all the properties of these objects are related to each other. The general exists and manifests itself only in the particular, in the concrete.

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THINKING The following types of thinking are distinguished: Logical thinking Panoramic thinking Combinatorial thinking Outside thinking Lateral thinking Conceptual thinking Divergent thinking Practical thinking Walking thinking Sanogenic thinking Pathogenic thinking

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THINKING Thinking is divided into: Visual-figurative (The ability to remember and carry out various manipulations in consciousness with the help of representation.) Abstract-logical (Thinking with abstractions - categories that do not exist in nature. abstract thinking.) Subject-effective (Tasks are solved with the help of an existing, real object.)

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SPEECH Speech is a historically established form of communication between people through linguistic constructions created on the basis of certain rules.

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SPEECH The following main functions of language are distinguished: a means of existence, transmission and assimilation of social and historical experience; a means of communication (communication); an instrument of intellectual activity (perception, memory, thinking, imagination)

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SPEECH The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use common human experience, both past and present, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of labor activity. Speech is language in action. Language is a system of signs, which includes words with their meanings and syntax, a set of rules according to which sentences are built.

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SPEECH The word is a kind of sign, since the latter are present in various kinds of formalized languages. The objective property of a verbal sign that determines our theoretical activity, is the meaning of a word, which is the relation of a sign (a word in this case) to an object denoted in reality, regardless of how it is presented in the individual consciousness. In contrast to the meaning of the word, personal meaning is a reflection in the individual consciousness of the place that a given object (phenomenon) occupies in the system of human activity. If the meaning unites the socially significant signs of the word, then the personal meaning is the subjective experience of its content.

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SPEECH Speech is an essential element of human activity that allows a person to learn the world, transfer their knowledge and experience to other people, accumulate them for transmission to future generations.

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SPEECH I.P. Pavlov noted that only speech activity gives a person the opportunity to abstraction from reality and generalization, which is a distinctive feature of human thinking.

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SPEECH The hypothesis of the divine origin of language This hypothesis is reflected in the ideas of the peoples inhabiting Asia and Hindustan. So, in the Indian Vedas it is said that the installer of names is God - the Universal artisan and "lord of speech." He gave names to other gods, and the names of things were established by people - the holy sages. In the biblical legend, in the first three days of creation, God named large objects himself, and when he moved on to creating animals and plants, the right to establish names was transferred to Adam. This hypothesis, like any religious guesses and assumptions, is not based on scientific knowledge.

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SPEECH The hypothesis that people are the inventors of language Plato was a supporter of the concept of establishing names by a person. Aristotle believed that words are signs of the emotions of the soul, impressions of things. According to some ideas, the names were established by the sovereign or ruler. Every ruler in China began by correcting names. J. J. Rousseau and A. Smith believed that language arose as a result of a treaty agreement, that is, people got together and agreed on the meaning of words.

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SPEECH Hypotheses of a random invention of language The researcher Thorndike believed that the connection of sounds with the semantic content of words could be established in individual individuals by chance and then, when repeated, be recorded and transmitted to other members of the team. Indeed, in different languages there is no correspondence between meaning and sound phonemes.

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SPEECH Affect Hypothesis This is one of the earliest hypotheses, it believes that speech arose from unconscious cries accompanying various emotional states. However, the sounds produced in a state of passion, excitement, could not contain semantic load and generalization. Some scholars believe that the first real elements of speech were the endings of voluntary shouts that varied in intensity. Gradually, these sounds became isolated and became commands.

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SPEECH The hypothesis of life noises According to V.V.Bunak, speech arose on the basis of sounds characteristic of higher monkeys, but not on the basis of affective cries, but on the basis of life noises accompanying everyday behavior: this grunting, grunting, meowing, etc. sounds when gathering food, at lodging, meeting with other animals. Sound images became the main nucleus in communication and prepared the appearance of speech.

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Onomatopoeia hypothesis The German philosopher Leibniz believed that words were formed due to the spontaneous instinctive imitation of the impressions that environmental objects and animals made on ancient hominids, for example, "cuckoo" - "cuckoo". According to the hypothesis of L. Nuare, ancient man imitated, first of all, the sounds accompanying labor operations, for example, "knock-knock."

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Even Charles Darwin in his book "The Origin of Species" pointed to the possible origin of speech by onomatopoeia. Imitation plays an important role in imitating sounds in the process of learning speech in a person, but the sounds characteristic of a species can only be mastered if there is a developed hearing and speech-motor organs. They tried in vain to teach the monkeys the sound speech of man. Except for two words, "papa" and "cup", the young orangutan could not utter anything, since he has a different position of the larynx and an underdeveloped speech apparatus. In general, the ability to reproduce sounds, as some birds, parrots, crows, starlings do, is not characteristic of primates

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Hypothesis of hand gestures According to W. Wundt, the movement of the vocal organs originally arose as a part of the pantomimic complex - movements of the body, hands, face. Hand movements are of particular importance. At first, primitive people had a pantomime, accompanied by inarticulate sounds, like monkeys, for example, danger signals, attracting attention. The pantomime was too cumbersome in everyday communication. The sound became the image of a piece of pantomime. N. Ya. Marr believed that at first people used intentional hand movements associated with different actions or objects. It could be pictorial or pointing gestures... But communication with the help of hands is uneconomical, contains a small number of signs. Sound speech differs from gestures by a greater generalization of sound units, a greater combinatorial ability to indicate various situations, ease of reproduction, and economy.

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In addition, in the process of labor activity, the functions of the hand - communicative and manipulative - came into conflict, that is, a person could not simultaneously use his hand both for communication and for work. Therefore, sign communication was gradually replaced by more effective articulate sound speech. Based on these hypotheses, we can say that the process of forming speech was long and complex.

Slide 12

Universal principles of memory mechanisms

When memorizing material, it is best to reproduce its beginning or end ("edge effect").
Memorization improves by repeating the material several times over several hours or days.
Any repetition contributes to better memorization of the learned. Repetition should not be mechanical, but logical.
The memorization mindset leads to better memorization. It is very useful to link the material to the purpose of the activity.
One of the interesting effects of memory is the phenomenon of reminiscence. This is an improvement over the time of reproduction of the studied material, without any additional repetition. Reminiscence most often occurs on the second or third day after memorizing the material.
Simple events that make a strong impression on a person are remembered immediately, firmly and for a long time.
A person can experience more complex and less interesting events many times, but they are not postponed in memory for long.
Any new impression does not remain isolated in memory. The event memory changes as connects with another impression.
A person's memory is always associated with his personality. Therefore, any pathological changes in personality are always accompanied by memory impairment.
Human memory is always lost and restored according to the same “scenario”. With memory loss, the more complex and recent experiences are the first to be lost. When restoring, on the contrary, at first simpler and older memories are restored, then more complex and recent ones.

Mental processes and their content

Introduction

1. General concept of sensations

2. Perception

3. Thinking process

4. Imagination

5. The concept of memory and its classification

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The psyche arose and was formed as the ability of living organisms to actively interact with the surrounding world on the basis of neurophysiological coding of vital influences and ways of interacting with them, as the ability of organisms to adapt to the environment.

The human psyche is a reflective and regulatory activity that ensures its active interaction with the outside world on the basis of the appropriation of common human experience. The psyche provides the subject with selective contacts with reality, depending on the system of his needs and recognition in the environment of what satisfies these needs. The psyche is a signal reflection of reality: the external signs of phenomena serve as a signal for a person of their meaning and meaning.

The human psyche takes on a special form - the form of consciousness generated by the social way of its existence. However, consciousness does not exhaust the entire essence of the psyche. Along with it, a person has both biologically formed mental structures (the sphere of his congenital-unconscious activity), and an extensive sphere of in vivo acquired automatisms (the sphere of the subconscious).

The main phenomena of the psyche are the mental processes of the formation of ideal (mental) images and the processes of mental regulation of activity.

Mental phenomena are inextricably interconnected, but traditionally they are divided into three groups: mental processes, mental states and mental properties of the individual.

We will consider in more detail the cognitive mental processes, which are basic phenomena. These include the following processes: sensation, perception, thinking, imagination and memory.

Speaking about mental processes, we distinguish between cognitive, emotional processes and can also talk about volitional processes. However, distinguishing mental, or intellectual, emotional and volitional processes, we do not establish any disjunctive division by this, in the same way as psychology did, which divided the psyche, or consciousness, into intellect, feeling and will. One and the same process can be and, as a rule, is intellectual, and emotional, and volitional. The emotional process, for example, is never really reduced to "pure", that is, abstract, emotionality; it always includes in some kind of unity and interpenetration not only emotional, but also intellectual moments, just as the intellectual process of thinking usually includes emotional moments to one degree or another, and is not reduced to "pure", that is, abstract, intellectuality taken in isolation. The point for us is not that emotion is in unity and interconnection with thinking or thinking with emotion, but that thinking itself as a real mental process is already a unity of the intellectual and emotional, and emotion is the unity of the emotional and intellectual.

Thus, when we consistently analyze intellectual, or cognitive, emotional and volitional processes, we are talking about the characteristics of unified and at the same time diverse mental processes according to the intellectual, emotional or volitional component prevailing in each such process. Each mental process can be characterized in relation to each of them. We characterize it as intellectual, emotional or volitional according to the component prevailing in it, which in this case leaves its defining imprint on the process as a whole.

Mental processes, including in themselves as components certain psychophysical functions, in turn are included in certain specific forms of activity, within which and depending on which they are formed. So, psychology can and should study the process of thinking in the general laws of its course, which distinguish the thinking process, for example, from the elementary associative process. In reality, this thought process is usually carried out in the course of some specific activities- practical labor activity that solves a certain production problem, the activity of the inventor, rationalizing this manufacturing process, in the theoretical work of a scientist solving a problem, or, finally, in learning activities a student who assimilates in the process of learning the knowledge already acquired by science. Realizing realistically in different types specific activity, mental processes in it are also formed. And only by studying them in the real context of this activity, it is possible to reveal not only more particular, but also the most general the laws of mental processes as really meaningful patterns.

The meaning of traditional functional psychology, which interprets all complex mental processes as functions, was to present them as manifestations that depend exclusively on internal conditions, on the immanent characteristics of the organism, spirit, and personality. The fundamental prerequisites - conscious or unconscious - of such functional psychology are biologizing ideas that all mental functions are the product of the immanent maturation of the organism, or idealistic theories, according to which various, ever higher manifestations of the psyche are the result of the self-development of the spirit. In fact, the course of mental processes and their specific features depend on the specific material conditions in which they occur. Therefore, a genuine overcoming of the basic vices of functional psychology is achieved not by reservations about this or that understanding of functions, illegally trying to identify them with what is no longer a function in any sense, and not by talking about interfunctional connections, but only by including in the plan of psychological research of activity. in which the psyche and the specific features of various mental functions and processes are actually formed.

1. General concept of sensations

Sensation- the mental process of direct, sensory reflection of the elementary (physical and chemical) properties of reality. Sensation - a person's sensitivity to sensory influences of the environment. All complex mental activity of a person is based on sensations.

Feeling is an elementary but basic mental process. This is not a passive fingerprint physical properties reality, but an active mental process of human interaction with the world.

Mental processes are processes of active mastery of the world. A person's feelings are mediated by his knowledge, that is, by the socio-historical experience of mankind. Expressing this or that property of things and phenomena in the word ("red", "cold"), we thereby elementarily generalize these properties.

Sensations reflect not only the specific properties of objects and phenomena, but also their intensity, duration and spatial localization. The images of sensations are objectified.

Human sensations are interconnected, associated, as well as various properties of reality are interconnected. Sensation is a channel of the body's sensory connection with reality.

Human life activity is based on the continuous reception and analysis of information about the physical and chemical characteristics of the external environment and internal states of the body. This process is carried out through the functioning of specialized neurophysiological

their mechanisms - analyzers that provide reception and analysis of sensory, sensory influences. The information received by the analyzers is called sensory (from lat. sensus- feeling), and the process of its reception and primary processing is sensory activity.

2. Perception

Knowing the surrounding reality, interacting with it, we meet with the objective world. Objects are identified by us by the totality of their characteristic features.

Perception is a direct, sensory reflection of objects and phenomena in an integral form as a result of awareness of their identifying features.

Perception images are built on the basis of various sensations. However, they are not limited to the simple sum of these sensations. Perception is associated with the identification, understanding, comprehension of objects, phenomena, with their assignment to a certain category according to the corresponding signs, grounds.

Only by including an object or phenomenon in a certain system, embracing it with an appropriate concept, can we correctly interpret it.

As a sensory stage of cognition, perception is inextricably linked with thinking, has a motivational focus, and is accompanied by an emotional response.

Being associated with the process of identification, perception includes the processes of comparison, correlating a given object with typical standards stored in memory. In the process of ontogenesis, perceptual learning occurs.

People selectively highlight what they are used to and want to see. Habitual objects are perceived simultaneously (simultaneously), unfamiliar objects are perceived structurally, in stages (successively). In the latter case, a hypothesis is first put forward about the essence of the object, a decision is made on its categorization, nominalization, and then its features are critically assessed.

The mental development of a person is associated with the development of a culture of perception - an educated, aesthetically developed person is able to enjoy the grace of form, color and sound harmony of the environment.

Perception process- perceptual action. Its effectiveness depends on what features of the object will be highlighted by the subject as the initial pivotal elements.

The most important component of each type of perception is motor processes (movement of the eye along the contour of an object, movement of a hand on the surface of an object, movement of the larynx, which reproduces an audible sound).

3. Thinking process

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Knowing and transforming the world, a person reveals stable, regular connections between phenomena. Regularities, internal connections of phenomena are reflected in our consciousness indirectly - in the external signs of phenomena, a person recognizes signs of internal, stable relationships.

Noticing the connections between phenomena, establishing the universal nature of these connections, a person actively assimilates the world, rationally organizes his interaction with it. Generalized and mediated (sign) orientation in a sensually perceived environment allows the archaeologist and investigator to reconstruct the real course of past events, and the astronomer - to look not only into the past, but also into the distant future.

Not only in science and professional activity, in all daily life, a person constantly uses knowledge, concepts, general ideas, generalized schemes, reveals the objective meaning and personal meaning of the phenomena around him, finds a reasonable way out of various problem situations, solves the problems that arise before him. In all these cases, he carries out mental activity - a generalized orientation in the world.

Thinking- the mental process of generalized and indirect reflection of stable, regular properties and relations of reality, essential for solving cognitive problems, schematic orientation in specific situations.

Thinking forms the structure of individual consciousness, its semantic (conceptual) field, classification and evaluative standards of the individual, its generalized assessments.

The system of personal meanings interacts in the thinking of an individual with the objective meaning of phenomena, with an understanding of the essence of specific phenomena as a variety of a certain class of phenomena. In an elementary form, understanding manifests itself already in the recognition of objects, referring them to a certain category. To understand something means to include something new in the system of existing connections.

4. Imagination

Imagination- figurative and informational modeling of reality based on the recombination of memory images. Thanks to imagination, a person foresees the future and regulates his behavior, creatively transforms reality.

Imagination is a specifically human manifestation of mental activity, formed in labor activity: any labor activity requires a preliminary awareness of the goal, that is, the formation of a mental model of the future result of the activity. Imagination provides an anticipatory reflection of reality, in which the past is extrapolated (projected) into the future.

Imagination allows a person to make decisions when there is a shortage of initial information, to form high-probability assumptions in problem situations. Imagination is a person's ability to reconstruct reality, to generate autoimages - to create images from oneself.

It provides the formation of figurative representations from descriptions, creative design and fantasy. All this testifies to the integrative essence of the imagination process: it combines the sensory, rational and mnemic spheres of the human psyche.

The images that arise in the process of imagination activate the emotional sphere of a person, mobilize his energy to achieve future results. Through imagination, the future determines human behavior. Every act of thinking includes imagination. Only thanks to him, abstraction becomes possible, such methods of cognition as extrapolation and interpolation, thought experiment. Deep penetration into reality requires a free relationship of consciousness to the elements of reality.

Imagination provides integrity and constancy of perception. It orientates a person in the endless spaces of the future and allows him to reconstruct pictures of the distant past.

A person's ability to foresee and deeply experience imaginary ethical situations is the basis of his moral behavior.

Environment is for a person a multilayered problematic world, the realization of which is impossible without a sufficiently developed imagination. It provides a person with a sign of mastery of the world and underlies the ideal reflection of reality.

5. The concept of memory and its classification

The impressions that a person receives about the world around them leave a certain mark, are preserved, fixed, and, if necessary and possible, are reproduced. These processes are called memory.“Without memory,” wrote S. L. Rubinstein, “we would be creatures of the moment. Our past would be dead to the future. The present, as it progresses, would irrevocably disappear in the past. "

Memory is the basis of a person's abilities, it is a condition for learning, acquiring knowledge, and developing skills. Normal functioning of neither personality nor society is impossible without memory. Thanks to his memory of its perfection, man stood out from the animal kingdom and reached the heights at which he is now. And further progress of mankind is unthinkable without constant improvement of this function.

Memory can be defined as the ability to receive, store and reproduce life experience. There are three types of memory in humans that are much more powerful and productive than that of animals: arbitrary, logical and mediated. The first is associated with a broad volitional control of memorization, the second with the use of logic, and the third with the use of various means of memorization, mostly presented in the form of objects of material and spiritual culture. More precisely and strictly than it was done above, human memory can be defined as psychophysiological and cultural processes that perform functions in life memorization, preservation and reproduction information. These functions are essential for memory. They are different not only in their structure, initial data and results, but also in the fact that different people are not equally developed. There are people who, for example, have difficulty remembering, but reproduce well and keep the material they have memorized for quite a long time. These are individuals with developed long-term memory. There are people who, on the contrary, quickly remember, but also quickly forget what they once remembered. They are stronger short-term and operational types of memory.

The classification of types of memory by the nature of psychological activity includes: motor, emotional, figurative and verbal-logical.

Conclusion

Mental processes are separate manifestations of human mental activity, (conventionally) isolated as relatively isolated objects of research. Each mental process has a common object of reflection and a single reflective and regulatory specificity.

Mental processes are forms of the subject's reflection of objective reality in the process of the central nervous system and act as primary regulators of behavior.

Cognitive mental processes include mental processes associated with the perception and processing of information. These include sensation, perception, representation, memory, imagination, thinking, speech, and attention. Thanks to these processes, a person receives information about the world around him and about himself.

Mental processes are expressed in a specific content: the function of sensitivity - in sensations, memory processes - in reproduced images of representation. The elementary content associated with functions forms, as it were, the composition of mental life; more complex formations that arise in mental processes - images of perception, representations, etc. - constitute its qualitatively new content. All mental processes, like functions, are considered by us in unity with their specific content.

Mental processes act as primary regulators of human behavior. Mental processes have a certain beginning, course and end, that is, they have certain dynamic characteristics, which primarily include the parameters that determine the duration and stability of the mental process. On the basis of mental processes, certain states are formed, knowledge, skills and abilities are formed.

Bibliography

Vygotsky L.S. The development of higher mental functions.- M .: Publishing house. APN RSFSR, 1987.

Gromova E.A. Emotional memory and its mechanisms. - M. Enlightenment, 1980.

R.S. Nemov General psychology: A textbook for university students. Moscow: Humanities Publishing Center VLADOS, 2005.

General, social and legal psychology: Textbook for universities / M. Enikeev. - SPb .: Peter, 2007.

Psychology. Textbook for humanitarian universities / Ed. V.N. Druzhinin .- SPb .: Peter, 2002.

Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of General Psychology: In 2 volumes. Vol. 1. –M .: Pedagogy, 1989.

Smirnov A.A. Problems of the psychology of memory.- M .: Education. 1982.

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Presentation slides text content: PRESENTATION ON PSYCHOLOGY on the topic: TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT Completed by: Murtazaev Niyazi Skladanyuk Mikhail A little about the project In this project you will get acquainted with the features of each type of temperament, learn about how this or that type of temperament is manifested in human behavior. You will find something new and interesting for yourself! CONTENTS The concept of temperamentTypes of temperamentTestCharacteristics of temperamentTemperature and properties of the nervous system Eysenck's circleType of temperament depending on personality traits TestManifestation of personality traits depending on temperament "Let's rest !!!" Temperament (from the Latin temperamentum - the proper ratio of parts), features of the psyche that explain the way a person acts in a given situation. Reflects the dynamic, not the content side of mental activity. There are two main characteristics: Activity in which a person interacts with the world around him. It manifests itself in the pace, speed, intensity of actions; Emotionality, which is expressed in sensitivity, impulsivity and impressionability. The concept of temperament content Types of temperaments content temperament phlegmatic melancholic choleric sanguine small test ! Do you want to know about your type of temperament? You will need a piece of paper and a pen for the dough! You will be given columns: from the columns, choose the characteristics that are most suitable for you, after calculating the results, determine your temperament. (The test is shown in the next slide) SANGVINIKBezzabotnyyLegkomyslennyyZhivoyAktivnyyObschitelnyyOtzyvchivyyRazgovorchivyyBystryyTrudogolikBoltunKrasnorechivyyPoverhnostnyyChutkiyBoltlivyyDruzhelyubnyyLegko prispo-sablivayuschiysyaYarkiyNeterpelivyyBezotvetstven-nyyNenadezhnyyNepostoyannyyGibkiySchedryyLegkiySchastlivy HOLERIKImpulsivnyyNeugomonnyyVspylchivyyAktivnyyLegkovozbudimyyPyshuschy zdorovemAgressivnyyLiderSilnyyEnergichnyyEkstravertNeterpelivyyInitsiatorShumnyyPraktichnyyEffektivnyyZabyvchivyySportivnyySopernichayuschiyVynoslivyyDominiruyuschiyNeterpimyyUpryamyySerdityyDeyatelny MELANHOLIKPessimistichnyyPechalnyyGrustnyySereznyyNervnyyPogruzhenny vsebyaTihiySderzhannyyZamknutyySkuchnyyPavshy duhomZadumchivyyTrebovatelnyyRanimyyChitatelMedlitelnyyMrachnyyMyslitelUmnyyHoroshaya pamyatSozertsatelNeblagodarnyyNeudovletvoren-nyySamootverzhennyyBezuteshny FLEGMATIKVnimatelnyyMetodichnyyUravnoveshennyyPassivnyyMirolyubivyyZadumchivyySpokoynyySderzhannyyRasslablennyyNetoroplivyyMedlitelnyyNepreklonnyyRazmerennyyTihiyPogr Self-controlledDreamyLoving routine workSlowly learningStableStubbornShyWiseDull Characteristics of temperamentsSanguine This is a person of very cheerful disposition. He seems to be an optimist, full of hope, a humorist, a joker, a joker. The sanguine quickly ignites, but cools down just as quickly, loses interest in what very recently worried him and attracted him to himself. He promises a lot, but does not always keep his promises, easily and with pleasure comes into contact with strangers, is a good conversationalist. He is distinguished by kindness, willingness to help. Strenuous mental and physical work quickly tires. The sanguine person is very active, energetic, he has lively movements, rich facial expressions. Under unfavorable conditions and lack of upbringing, a sanguine person may develop haste, frivolity in actions, and inattention. An example of a sanguine temperament is the famous d'Artagnan - the impetuous, addicted hero of Dumas. Characteristics of temperaments melancholic A person with a melancholic temperament usually lives a difficult and tense inner life, attaches great importance to everything that concerns, has increased anxiety and a vulnerable soul. A melancholic is almost always a restrained person and does not throw words to the wind. When he cannot fulfill his promise, he sincerely suffers, even if he knows that nothing depended on him. Apparently, Prince Hamlet and Eugene Onegin were typical melancholic. Characteristics of temperaments choleric Such a person is usually very quick-tempered, hot-tempered and unrestrained. At the same time, the choleric person quickly cools down and calms down if they give in to him and go to a meeting. His mental movements are impulsive, but short-lived, his mood often changes. Let us recall the knight Don Quixote, who quickly replaced anger with mercy, and noble rage with despondency. Characteristics of temperaments phlegmatic The owner of this temperament is cold-blooded. He is more prone to inactivity than to strenuous, active work. Such a person slowly gets into a state of excitement, but also gradually calms down. The facial expressions and movements of the phlegmatic are inexpressive and slow. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov, who spent all the time on the couch, in a lazy half-asleep, is a bright phlegmatic. In life, one rarely meets "one hundred percent" phlegmatic or sanguine people, since most people combine the features of different temperaments. content Temperament and properties of the nervous system Certain stable combinations of the properties of the nervous system form the types of higher nervous activity, or in short - types of VND. Temperament, according to I.P. Pavlov, is a mental manifestation of the general type of the nervous system, and the types of GNI can be correlated by the classification of temperaments: "live" type of GNI - strong, balanced, easily adaptable (sanguine) "unrestrained" type of GNI - strong, unbalanced, mobile, high vital energy, lack of self-control, hot-tempered, unrestrained (choleric) "inert" type of VND - strong, calm, slow (phlegmatic) "weak" type of VND - poor resistance to environmental stimuli, passivity, high sensitivity (melancholic) content Type of temperament depending on personality traits The famous English psychologist Eysenck proposed to determine the type of temperament depending on personality traits: 1) extraversion - introversion 2) neuroticism - emotional stability Extroverts are characterized by sociability, the desire to be among people, impulsivity, flexibility of behavior, great initiative and social adaptability. Introverts are characterized by: lack of communication, withdrawal into oneself, a rich inner world, social passivity, a tendency to introspection. The indicator "extraversion - introversion" characterizes the individual - psychological orientation of a person either to the world of external objects (extraversion), or to the inner subjective world (introversion). The index of "neuroticism" characterizes a person in terms of emotional stability. The indicator of types is biopolar and forms a scale, on one pole of which there are people characterized by high emotional stability, and on the other - nervous, unstable and poorly adapted individuals. content open stability irascible neuroticism Eysenck's circle S FXM introversion extraversion INSTABILITY touchy anxious impressionable pessimistic uncommunicative restrained optimistic leading impulsive aggressive violent irritable passive diligent diligent thoughtful peaceful content find out who you are: an extrovert or an introvert? You will need a piece of paper and a pen! The proposed questions need to be answered "yes" or "no" without hesitation. (THE TEST AND THE KEY TO THE TEST ARE SHOWN ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES) Is it true: You like to sit quietly alone with your thoughts. You are annoyed by traffic jams. You like to explore deeply one subject rather than constantly looking for new ones You feel like you are constantly on the move. You are prefer to talk to a client on the phone than meet him. You are annoyed by drivers who drive slowly. You feel uncomfortable if the other person comes too close to you during the conversation. You like taking part in theatrical performances more than watching them. You prefer quiet passive relaxation to active ones. You like it when a lot of interesting things happen at the same time. You try to avoid meeting people. You like it more when the characters of the novel act, rather than speak. Sometimes you want to relax. You agree with the statement: "The more the better." You like to reflect on your life. There are times when you feel explosive energy and you need to act immediately. You prefer to work alone. You are more attracted to work, requires immediate action, not a lot of thought. You rarely tell your friends about yourself. You like to make a little noise with close friends or even people you know. Key. If you answered “yes” to eight or more even questions and “no” to eight or more odd questions, then you are extroverted. The reverse distribution of positive and negative responses indicates an introspective attitude towards life. content Manifestation of personality traits depending on temperament Role in communication Self-esteem Self-confidence Friendship and love Movement and gait Appetite Sleep content Role in communication depending on temperament unstable, heightened, tells about success, the highest in sight, striving for superiority, the opponent is underestimated, modest, out of sight, low, shy, in the group sanguine choleric choleric melancholic hopes for good luck self-confident, hides weaknesses, no self-confidence, worries about himself, does not lose heart Insecure about himself, exaggerates shortcomings, does not believe in luck Back to top Friendship and love depending on the temperament to anger, jealousy, to rupture from a tendency to experience sympathy easily, brightly and cheerfully not inclined to express vivid feelings, calm attitude towards a partner, amorous, calm attachment devotion, obeys a couple, ashamed to open his feelings, monogamous To the beginning Movement and gait sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic impetuous, sharp, tense mobile, fast, "fidget" slower, smooth, relaxed slowed down, indecisive To the top Appetite sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic good, "gourmet" eats fast, much depressed appreciates processed food, does not rush while eating To the top Sleep sanguine choleric phlegmatic melancholic with colorful dreams sleeps a little, wakes up late, sleeps a little at night, fatigue is felt in the evening, tends to sleep quickly falls asleep, it is difficult to wake up. 1 2 3 4 Imagine: you are sitting on a bench, next to you is your hat, a man comes up to you and sits on it! How do you react ??? Test results You chose picture number 1, which means that you will behave like a sanguine person in this situation !!! exit Back to test Test results You have chosen picture number 2, which means that you will behave like a melancholic in this situation !!! exit Return to test Test results You have chosen picture number 3, which means that you will behave like a choleric in this situation !!! exit Return to test Test results You have chosen picture number 4, which means that you will behave in this situation like a phlegmatic person !!! Exit Return to test