Classification of world information resources

The main sources of information resources are presented on the Internet. The vast majority of resources are available through online access.

World information resources are classified according to various criteria.

1. By the way information is presented (by the search method):

• WEB pages;
• GOPHER is a hypertext standard that is practically not developing today, since it only supports the textual form of information presentation;
• Databases with an Internet interface (usually paid);
• File servers (FTP);
• Teleconferences (NEWS GROUPS).

1. By language.
2. On a territorial basis.
3. By the type and nature of the information provided.

• Subject information.

The most valuable type of information directly related to a specific subject area: technical, technological, marketing, and the like.

Rarely present on the Web in its "pure form".

As a rule, it turns out to be included in the composition of information blocks of one of the types listed below.

• Scientific publications: articles, abstracts, reviews and other scientific publications stored on the Internet (articles of some newsgroups).

A special type of such documents is represented by marketing research(free or paid) - www.cnews.ru

• Advertising information.
• Reference information - reference materials, links to companies' WEB-sites, presented similarly to the traditional "yellow pages" or in another way, regulatory framework etc.
• News is a kind of "raw", unprocessed information that is valuable not so much in itself as in the context of other events or in the dynamics of development, and often needs further processing.
• Secondary information is systematized and pre-processed information of significant value.

Sources of secondary information - resources containing:

• reviews;
• collections of abstracts;
• directories;
• specialized thematic sites.

See the presentation for more details.

Information market structure

The information resources market can be represented by the following structure (see Fig. 1):

• electronic information;
• electronic transactions;
• network communication systems;

software.

Rice. 1. Components of the information resources market

The electronic information market is represented by the following sectors:

• business information;
• Legal information;
• information for specialists;
• mass, consumer information.

See the presentation for more details.

TO business information includes exchange and financial information, for example, about exchange rates, securities quotes, discount rates, markets, etc. economic and statistical information; commercial information (about enterprises, firms and their products, managers).

Business information must change promptly. Access to such information influences decision making and incomes of businesses. This information changes on an hourly basis.

Legal information is the text of laws, regulations, regulations of international importance, state and local.

The sector of scientific and technical information includes reference information and data from various fields of science (physics, technology, medicine, pedagogy, computer science, etc.), as well as professional information etc.;

The electronic transactions market represents the sectors of electronic transactions:

• systems of banking and interbank transactions;
• electronic bidding;
• system of reservation of tickets and places in hotels;
• systems for ordering goods, services, etc.

The market for network communication systems includes:

• e-mail systems;
• teleconferences;
• electronic network bulletin boards (BBS);
• systems that unite computer users.

The software market includes all types of software products:

• commercial software products;
• open source software.

Programs open source(with free software) are programs whose license to use requires that they (up to the source code) be in the public domain, and their source code can be modified and redistributed. Developed by the international community of programmers.

Open source software is licensed. As a rule, these are licenses GNU GPL (General Public License) and GNU LGPL (Lesser General Public License), MPL (Mozilla Public License).

Commercial software products are closed source programs.

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As suppliers information on the market of information services are commercial structures, government and public organizations, individuals. Usually they are called information corporations, news agencies, information services, information centers.

They perform the corresponding functions in the electronic information market:

• centers-generators of databases (research centers, institutes of scientific and technical information, consulting firms, agencies, computing centers, etc.);
• information distribution centers based on databases;
• information brokers.

Features of the demand for information

It should be noted that information is the basis for decision-making in all spheres of human activity. It helps to improve the efficiency of labor in various fields. This circumstance determines the fact that consumers(users) of information services are specialists working in almost all spheres of production.

Users can be classified on various grounds. For example, users can be divided into the following groups:

• specialists from industrial enterprises and trade enterprises;
• specialists from consulting and marketing information agencies;
• employees of research institutions and educational institutions;
• workers government agencies;
• workers public organizations;
• individual users.

Depending on the type of information, different requirements are imposed on it. Business information influences decision making and needs to be timely. Exchange and financial information, for example, exchange rates, stock quotes, discount rates, etc. changes very quickly, so it needs to be updated in a timely manner, otherwise it will make no sense. Such an update should occur hourly, and possibly more often.

Commercial information, for example, information about companies, their leaders, sales, must also be operational. For example, to conduct business with a firm - business partner general affairs, it is necessary to check the data about her, even if she had an impeccable reputation for a long time. Therefore, the requirements for commercial information are also constantly updated. But this type of information can be updated at least once a week. News is constantly provided to consumers of business information. They must have access to economic information, surveys, forecasts.

Statistical information should change over a period of time.

Legal information is the text of laws, regulations, regulations of international importance, state and local. It must come from reliable sources, be correct and complete. It should be updated as the newly issued laws, decrees, additions, regulations, orders, orders, etc. are received.

The sector of scientific and technical information includes reference information and data from various fields of science (physics, technology, medicine, pedagogy, informatics, etc.), as well as professional information, etc. As a rule, such information changes slowly, as the theory and practice in scientific fields.

Information on different sectors of the information market can be obtained from various sources. Important sources of information are universal sources that contain data on different market sectors, as well as information about information... This is:

• archives;
• statistical sources of information;
• libraries;
• classification tables;
• reference books;
• encyclopedias;
• aggregating sources that collect various databases.

Informregistr

Information is presented in a formalized form or in text. It is organized into databases. Databases are registered by special authorities in accordance with the law.

IN Russian Federation such a body is "InformRegister". The center provides methodological assistance in the preparation of information about the created and operated databases and data banks for their state registration and registration, publishes information about registered databases and registered data banks, provides information services based on the metadata database and the State Register of databases.

Informregister issues:

• electronic catalog of the State Register Russian bases data with their description and contains the following signs:
  • Name;
  • content;
  • technical means of implementation;
  • address and reference data of the owners;
  • reference catalog "Databases of Russia";
• directory "Where to find the address". The catalog contains names, descriptions, volumes of databases containing information about organizations and enterprises, the range of products, services, and address and reference data of the database owners;
• electronic catalog “Where to find the address;
• catalog "Russian electronic editions".

Library network of the Russian Federation

The most important sources of information are world and Russian libraries.

The library network includes the following systems:

• public libraries federal, regional and municipal level;
• scientific and technical libraries and reference and information funds included in the Russian state system of scientific and technical information (SSSTI);
• information and library system of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS);
• the library system of higher education institutions;
• a network of municipal libraries;
• agricultural library network;
• other systems and networks.

Major public libraries of national importance:

• Russian State Library (RSL) - 38 million items;
• Russian National Library- 30 million storage units;
• All-Russian State Library of Foreign Literature.

At the regional level, there are 217 central libraries all 89 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 49.7 thousand public city and municipal libraries.

Archive fund

The Archive Fund (AF RF) is under the jurisdiction of the Federal Archival Service (Rosarkhiv). The volume of funds is 460 million storage units.

The archives are intended for storing state and municipal archives, state museums and libraries, institutions of the RAS system.

Archival documents can be temporarily stored by ministries, departments, institutions, organizations and enterprises classified as sources of acquisition of state and municipal archives.

State system of statistics

State system of statistics ( Goskomstat Russia) is a federal executive body that manages the system of state statistics of the Russian Federation, as well as bodies in the republics, etc. Its tasks:

• development of scientifically based statistical methodology;
• provision of official statistical information to the President of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the State Duma of the Russian Federation, federal executive bodies, the public, as well as international organizations;
• providing all users with equal access to open statistical information;
• publication of statistical collections and other materials.

The main tasks of the Goskomstat of Russia are:

• integration of information resources of the entire system of state statistics bodies.
• analysis of economic and social processes based on indicators contained in the state statistical reporting... Information is provided by the Chief interregional center processing and dissemination of statistical information from Goskomstat.
• preparing publications in the field of statistics and informing the general public.

Goskomstat publishes periodicals annually:

• "Socio-economic situation in Russia";
• "Information on the socio-economic situation in Russia";
• "The Socio-Economic Situation of the Federal Districts of Russia" (separate publications for each district);
• "Statistical Review" (in Russian);
• "Statistical Review" (at English language);
• "Short-term economic indicators RF ".

Sources of business information

Exchange and financial information is provided to users by exchanges, banks, special services of exchange and financial information. They provide information about:

• quotations of securities;
• exchange rates;
• discount rates;
• the market of goods and capital;
• investments;
• prices.

See more in the reader

Special agencies are engaged in the supply of economic and statistical information such as:

• numeric economic;
• demographic;
• social;
• in the form of rows of dynamics;
• predictive models;
• ratings.

Commercial information - information on enterprises, firms, their products, prices, managers, as well as information on commercial offers (about buying / selling for certain product groups) is collected in databases.

Business news in the field of economics and business comes from stock exchanges, enterprises, special services. They provide fresh, but "raw", primary and operational information. The source of information is government bodies departments such as the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Finance.

There are complex databases covering both exchange and financial, as well as economic and commercial information. They are aimed at investors, business leaders.

Sources of business information are information and consulting agencies, federations. For example, the Economic News Agency, the International Financial Information Agency (MAFI), RosBusinessConsulting, the Rating Economic Information Agency, the Federation of Russian Stock Exchanges (FFBR), and the Cominfo Commercial News Agency.

Business news comes from sources such as publishing houses, news services. For example, the newspapers "Financial Gazeta", "Economics and Life", the publishing house "Kommersant".

Business news abroad is contained in the databases of foreign agencies LEXIS - NEXIS, Dialog, Reuters.

Sources of the system of access to electronic collections of decrees, regulations, instructions and other documents issued by the state and local government are Reference and legal systems. These include (the state system "System", commercial systems: ConsultantPlus, Kodeks, Garant, etc.).

A well-known source of information for lawyers abroad is the LEXIS - NEXIS system.

Information for specialists

• scientific and technical information- reference information and data in various fields (physics, technology, computer science, etc.);
• professional information - special data and information from the field of various sciences, medicine, pedagogy, astrology, etc .;
• access to primary sources - bibliographic and abstract information, as well as access to full-text electronic data.

Information sources for all the listed types of information are world-renowned news agencies that aggregate databases of various topics. Below is a reference to some of them.

DunandBradstreet, which appeared 150 years ago. It provides users with information about the financial condition and creditworthiness of companies; reference books-ratings of debt obligations; international training programs for specialists in the field of finance, marketing, information support and others. The agency provides business information, credit and analytical information, payment and analytical information.

Dialog is an information corporation founded in 1972. The volume of its databases is 12 terabytes. Their topics are business, government and legislative acts, science, social sphere, news and current events.

LEXIS- NEXIS- the world's largest full-text online Information system... Designed to meet the demand for legal information. Currently, it is aggregating databases of various directions.

Questel- Orbit – the system contains 267 databases on various topics. The topics of the bases are of interest to economists. This is business, news, trade marks, patents. The Patents group contains international information on patents (by industry, by individual countries).

Mass, consumer information

This type of information resources is of interest to a wide range of people. This is

• information from news services and press agencies;
• consumer information - local news, weather, radio and TV programs, transport timetables, hotel and restaurant guides;
• information and services for car rental, hotel reservations and air (bus) flights, etc.

The user receives all this information from thematic catalogs, encyclopedias, from the websites of airlines, online stores, etc.

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Tutors

The bulk of the world's information resources are business information. The practice of recent years shows that the role and importance of business information on the Internet is also constantly increasing, since the business community simply cannot ignore such an attractive object for the application of entrepreneurial efforts, which the Internet has become since the mid-90s.

Business information includes:

1. Market and financial information.

2. Economic and statistical demographic information.

3. Commercial information.

4. Business news.

a) Stock and financial information.

Exchange and financial information includes:

Stock quotes and prices for commodities, as well as for gold and precious metals,

Currency rates, rates of various financial instruments, etc .;

Reference information on institutions of financial and stock market;

Investment opportunity analysts and business news.

With regard to retrospective quotes, prices and rates, stock and financial information to some extent overlaps with economic statistics, and in terms of background information and analytical reviews of investment opportunities - with commercial information.

Exchange and financial information has become independent species information services and products in the second half of the 19th century, when it began to spread in the form of a ticker line through telegraph channels. To inform about the state of the exchange market based on databases for the first time in 1957. appeared (Quotron Systems) and began to use services of interactive access to remote databases, which in recent years have become one of the most massive types of commodity information services on the market of developed countries.

Stock and financial information is constantly required to track the ever-changing market situation, and includes information about securities, major commodities traded on exchanges, exchange rates, real estate, money, capital and insurance.

Sources of obtaining stock and financial information are:

The exchanges themselves;

Specialized services which promptly distribute all over the world, across the regions and regions of the country, stock and financial information in a raw form and supply this information to other exchanges, as well as information services specified below;

Specialized services that promptly distribute exchange and financial information in a form suitable for perception and analysis;

Regional intermediary centers providing information to brokerage agencies;

Services that distribute stock and financial information to PC owners;

Services that distribute stock and financial information over the air using an unused part of an ultrashort wave or television signal for individual users and brokerage agencies equipped with special detectors, video tuners and PCs or directly to the pager of individual consumers;

Brokerage offices and agencies.

Despite the ongoing automation process, many of the exchanges are not fully automated. This is due to the huge volume of transactions and the resulting technical complexity of the task, as well as the reluctance of many brokers working directly on the exchange (floor brokers).

The exchanges provide access to the current information about the operations performed on the user's terminal in real time. There are not so many points of connection to primary exchange and financial information, since its transmission requires high-speed communication channels of large bandwidth. The operational use of this information is facilitated by special information services of the exchanges, which, through parallel channels, inform its consumers about significant deviations that have occurred.

Specialized firms that provide transmission and distribution services for large volumes of raw stock information serve regional intermediary firms, which in turn provide it to brokerage agencies in a raw or already processed form. Information in its raw form is acquired by brokerage agencies that have their own processing systems. Companies that provide raw stock and financial information to regional intermediary companies serving brokers include Standart & Roor "s, Monchik Weber or Commodit Quotations Inc. These regional centers receive information from exchanges through high-speed and leased leased lines and, as a rule, they transmit it to brokerage agencies via telephone lines directly in full or in the form of blocks formed using blocks, which are then transmitted via local networks, while arrays of less frequently used information are stored in the regional center.

The best known in the market of exchange and financial information are specialized global services that provide processed exchange and financial information, which provide their services directly to brokerage agencies not of a particular region, but of an entire country or even several countries through the appropriate terminals, including equipment and special software. An example is Quotron Systems, a pioneer in this sector of the information services market.

Some regional centers of stock and financial information use satellite communications, unused VHF band or vertical TV signal intervals. The information arrives at ground receiving stations or directly at the users' antennas, converted into digital form using special modems and enters the user's PC. This method of transferring stock and financial information is characterized by a low speed, but it is inexpensive and allows a large number of information to be received. small firms and offices. An example is Data Broadcasting Corp. (DBC), which uses the signal of the cable television network Financial News Network and is its subsidiary.

In the mid-90s. systems appeared on the market that delivered stock and financial information to the user's pager at regular intervals. In the second half of the 90s. such systems offered their services in Russia as well. Dialogue systems using cell phones of new standards - first WAP, and then GPRS - became their development. The third generation of cellular telephony standards had a standard built-in function for conversational information exchange with the Internet.

An important part of the system for providing stock and financial information is the system for processing this information in real scale time. The purpose of improving information services in the market of exchange and financial information is to provide consumers with faster access to large volumes of information, as well as to provide new tools for processing and analyzing it, for example, such as software for portfolio management and risk control, as well as new patterns of behavior on the exchange.

The presentation of information is also being significantly improved. Instead of a stream of numbers, the new systems provide a multi-window view of data, in which data from different markets are distinguished by color, for example, green for stocks, blue for currency rates, and red for bonds. After being passed through the analytical program, the information is also presented in graphical form, which makes it easier to perceive the numbers. Brokers can identify prospective clients using search capabilities in multidimensional databases and analyze client positions using risk and portfolio management packages with built-in artificial intelligence. In addition, they communicate via email, and most importantly, all these tasks can be solved simultaneously.

Databases of stock and financial information are divided into two large groups - exchange information bases and financial information bases, there are also complex databases that simultaneously cover not only exchange and financial information, but also economic, commercial, and sometimes special information.

Exchange information databases cover commodity and stock exchanges, providing information on the quotes of goods and securities. The information under these databases is provided in real time and the information is updated continuously throughout the day.

A large group of databases specializes in reference information, and also other information on securities and, above all, shares and bonds. This information is historical in nature. Databases for certain types of securities can be prepared by small specialized research and analytical companies that do not support them in the remote dialog access mode.

There are databases specialized for certain types of goods, for example, energy carriers, agricultural products, precious metals. Exchange information on commodity markets is also represented by databases that include historical information and, above all, time series of prices on the world commodity market.

Consumer access to databases of commodity exchange information is often provided by the same organizations that create them, as well as through major centers exchange information processing and queuing information systems and the Internet.

Databases of financial information. Financial information on the market Money, as a rule, it is current, updated daily, but it is contained in databases of analytical and advisory information prepared by specialized research and consulting organizations.

Internet in the market of stock and financial information... The first attempts to organize access to stock and financial information on the Internet were made at the turn of 1994-1995. Despite its seemingly highly specialized nature, exchange and financial information has occupied a prominent place on the Internet from the very beginning of the development of commercial activities on the Internet. This is primarily due to the opportunities that the Internet provides to individual investors. At the same time, the opportunities provided to individual investors are, as it were, equalized with what was previously available only to professionals of the stock and financial markets.

The phenomenon of high demand for stock and financial information from individual consumers appeared in the early 80s, when commercial dialogue services began to provide these services directly to PC owners.

The Internet, with its lower tariffs or free information, as well as recommendations and advice from leading experts, has significantly expanded the number of users of exchange and financial information.

Internet access to stock and financial information usually requires registration and a subscription fee, which, however, so far usually does not exceed several tens of dollars a month. Most of these servers allow the consumer to use the system for free for a certain period so that he can evaluate its capabilities.

b) Economic and demographic statistical information.

An entrepreneur always needs economic statistics. The importance of statistical information for an entrepreneur lies in the fact that any economic research or business forecasting requires knowledge of not only the current state of the analyzed process (object), but also the prehistory of its development. This information is used both to generate long-term strategy work in general and in individual areas and markets, and to assess the effectiveness of their own operations, as well as the work of competitors, and during the analysis when studying the industry environment.

According to the degree of processing, statistical information circulating in the information services market can be divided into the following traditional groups:

Primary statistical information - economic, demographic, social information collected directly from the surveyed objects;

Statistical information prepared for economic research, that is, sorted, sampled, grouped according to certain methods (this process is often decisive when performing a number of studies), combined into time series or databases;

Economic studies characterizing Current state the investigated object, predicting the possible options for its development.

Given the fact that most of the databases of economic and demographic statistics are prepared by government organizations, which consider their main task to ensure the widest possible dissemination of this information among consumers, the Internet can be considered as the most important channel of access to such information.

Economic and general demographic information continues and develops stock and financial information, bringing it closer to the information needs of a wider range of professionals. The main consumers of services in the field of economic and demographic statistical information are not directly businessmen, managers or other persons taking political, organizational and economic solutions, and those who are engaged in the analysis of the situation and prepare the draft of these decisions.

Services in the field of economic and statistical information can be provided by both general data centers and data centers operating in the field of business and commercial information, as well as specialized data centers of statistical information.

The search for statistical and economic information is mainly direct, targeted, carried out according to the formal characteristics of the object (country, years, indicator, etc.). The user of economic and statistical databases, as a rule, receives information on the display screen in tabular form and in the form of series of dynamics.

Databases of economic statistical information are subdivided into databases of global and regional statistics and databases of national statistics. Both databases can contain indicators on the development of the economy as a whole and in the sectoral context. In addition, databases of historical and forecast information are usually highlighted.

Databases of the world and regional economic statistics can cover all countries of the world, groupings of countries according to the degree of economic development.

Along with economic statistics, databases of world and regional indicators may include demographic data, data on the dynamics of employment, money circulation and prices, material balances, for example, energy carriers. Consequently, many of the databases of global and regional statistics are complex, containing virtually all the necessary country-specific information.

Databases of global and regional industry statistics are found, for example, in the field of individual industries and, first of all, basic industries - mining, metallurgy, petrochemistry. These databases, as a rule, cover statistics of not only production, but also trade (including foreign) and consumption of certain types of products.

A whole group of databases of global and regional statistics is dedicated to foreign trade and other forms of foreign economic relations. The sources of information for the databases of world and regional statistics are data from international governmental and non-governmental organizations, as well as data from national statistical offices.

Databases of demographic statistics. Stand-alone databases of demographic statistics usually cover information for individual countries. These databases are of two main types - databases on characteristics of population or employment, and databases on characteristics of the population, considered as consumers in general or for certain goods and services.

The use of demographic information databases directly by businessmen, as well as analytical and advisory services in marketing research is constantly expanding, especially in the case of consumer goods because of their easy access and simple working methods.

The importance of demographic statistical information for an entrepreneur is that it can be used in everyday work, since it quite fully characterizes such an important sector of the economy as the market for consumer goods and services. It follows that this information is well matched to the opportunities given to the entrepreneur by the Internet.

Databases of information about the preferences of the population are the result of studying public opinion, and at the same time they themselves are widely used in the organization of these works. Databases of this type make it possible to supplement direct demographic information, as well as provide additional information that is not reflected in questionnaires of population censuses, for example, on consumer preferences, lifestyle patterns and worldview.

c) Commercial information.

Commercial information or reference information about enterprises and organizations, their products and services has become more and more widespread on the Internet in recent years. This type of information covers enterprises operating in various areas of business, as well as various government and non state organizations... It includes address data, information about the area and directions of the enterprise, as well as about the main products and services, data on the financial condition (including in the form of full company reports), communications, transactions, contracts and government orders, and, sometimes, and commercial offers.

The main difference between commercial information and exchange information is that the latter is current, changes and is required in real time, every minute following changes in the market, and the former mainly characterizes more stable information about market participants, its state, events that affect To the market.

The market for commercial information emerged somewhat later than the market for exchange and financial, as well as scientific and technical information, but this sector of the information market is characterized by the greatest activity and high dynamics.

When preparing important decisions, commercial information is often used in conjunction and in combination with business, stock and financial, economic and static information, with this type of special information such as legal, news, and sometimes STI, for example, when searching for norms and standards.

In exchange and commercial information, consumers differ both in nature and in rank. If stock and financial information is mainly used top leaders specialists, as well as all those who actively participate in operations on the stock exchange, the main consumers of commercial information are middle managers.

In spite of high value, commercial information, both in the West and in Russia, is usually inexpensive, and this has stimulated the process of its inclusion on the Internet. This is due to the fact that the initial investments in its creation were made a long time ago - back in the era of printed reference books and databases prepared by government agencies, and updating the available information does not require significant costs, since, as a rule, only insignificant changes are made at a time. part (10-15%) of information.

In the Russian information market, commercial information can be considered in short supply, because commercial information services in the past five years, in conditions of low purchasing power of users and the continuing unwillingness to pay for information, have not solved this problem, following the example of developed countries. It seems that the Internet can provide such a solution, but it is necessary that the IBD of commercial information abandon the idea of ​​placing commercial databases on the network, and switch to the principles of disseminating information using the method yellow pages, that is, they would pay for the preparation of reference information at the expense of advertisers, not users. It will not be easy to do this, since in Russia, with its undeveloped information culture, the unit costs for updating commercial information are higher than abroad.

However, the importance of the Internet for the dissemination of commercial information in Russia is higher than in the West.

In Russia since 1995. commercial information on open joint stock companies, extracted from prospectuses of shares and open to all users, was provided on the Internet through the server of the Institute of Commercial Engineering and some others. In addition, in Russia, the most important source of official commercial information on enterprises of all forms are also state organizations, for example, local registration chambers, the State Statistics Committee of the State Statistics Committee with a database, the State Register of Enterprises of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Property, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, other federal agencies, for example, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations, The State Customs Committee, their institutes, as well as the remaining branch institutes of scientific and technical information and technical and economic research. Some of the commercial information in Russia is also provided by the information services of public organizations. This is, for example, a register of partner enterprises for effective entrepreneurial and externally economic activity, which the Russian Chamber of Commerce and Industry tried to prepare, the registers of the Association of Russian Banks (ARB), other professional associations and unions, etc. This information already exists in electronic form, and there are no obstacles to organizing access to it via the Internet.

Business databases can cover industrial and other industries social production, include information on highly specialized enterprises around the world, for example, on hotels, information on enterprises of a certain type, for example, industrial, a significant number of countries or an economic grouping of countries, for example, the EEC or a region - Europe, Asia. Databases of several types of enterprises, as a rule, refer to enterprises of one country. An example of such highly specialized databases is the CorpTech database, which contains descriptions of US corporations working in the field of high technology.

Enterprise databases can be specialized in information not only depending on the field of activity or industry to which the enterprise belongs, but also depending on the form of the enterprise, for example, databases on public and private companies or databases on corporations.

The completeness of information about enterprises in the databases may vary.

The main source of information about enterprises can be the information that is required to inform the public about their activities, enterprises that have declared themselves public (and thus received some financial and tax benefits) and their own information collected by organizations preparing reference information. As a rule, the information provided by public companies is still not enough, and information centers-generators of commercial information collect additional information both through questionnaires (by mail, telephone, in person), and through voluntary and paid assistants and correspondents.

The main supplier of commercial information on enterprises is commercial enterprises.

The approach to organizing the provision of information about products in Western countries, in principle, does not differ from that adopted in our country. Each firm, as a rule, along with the card indexes of its suppliers, consumers and competitors and the dossiers on the most important of them, has a fund of specifications for manufactured and consumed products, a selection of industrial catalogs and advertising materials. The difference lies primarily in the fact that the time and money spent on the acquisition of such funds is small, since the manufacturers of the products themselves usually take care that information about it reaches all interested consumers.

Databases of information on products refer to industrial products (primarily products of certain industries) and to products and services of enterprises and organizations in the non-production sphere.

Databases on financial condition and operations supplement the information of databases on enterprises of various types related to production and non-production spheres.

d) Business news.

Business news includes information on the economic situation in the world, individual regions and countries, by types of economic activities, industries and products. The nature of business and economic news is very diverse and includes press reviews in the field of economics and politics, opinions, comments, details of company activities and events obtained from official and unofficial sources, interpretation of known facts, and much more. Business and commercial news differs from conventional news in that it is designed for the perception of specialists and is prepared with this in mind, either based on the processing of conventional news supplied by news and press agencies, or on purpose.

The Internet is one of the main channels of access to business news - news about the activities of companies, services and products, as well as about the state of the market. If in the early years of its development the Internet was one of the most important sources of business news, grouped by narrow market sectors, problems and user groups, in recent years, business news with a nationwide or even global coverage of events and facts of a polythematic nature has become increasingly widespread. An important advantage of the Internet is that information gains a new quality through the use of hypertext and multimedia technologies.

The emergence of many sources of business news in electronic form has led to the fact that the existing information flow management tools provided by traditional WBS and conversational information systems were insufficient and new tools were required. It turned out that many users simply cannot work with news databases in electronic form, even using powerful information retrieval systems, since only a simple viewing of headlines leads to unreasonably large losses of time.

In traditional conversational systems, a solution to this problem is still sought by more thorough preparation of business news databases, which, in contrast to the raw electronic news have clearly categorized information, carefully selected and evaluated by editors.

The Internet makes it possible to customize the flow of news to the information needs of a particular person using a system of filters that allow him to provide services that were previously called IRI - selective dissemination of information. The filtering is handled by special information services, so-called delivery services, which transmit the required information directly to the user's e-mail inbox or to a personal Web page. Information delivery services, as a rule, operate on a paid basis and, along with filtering information in accordance with the user's profile of interest, provide additional services, for example, offer information whose usefulness is not obvious to him, but undoubted from the point of view of an information service.

Business and economic news with a wide range of industries and countries, as a rule, is abstract and includes summaries of business information from publications in the mainstream and special press.

Business news by industry or product, as a rule, is presented in the form of daily updated databases of full-text information and contains analytical and review materials along with the news.

Business news characterizes the general economic situation in the global and national markets, contains information about the activities of firms and companies and the main events in the market, including information about the emergence of new goods, major transactions, changes in organizational structure market - purchases, mergers and acquisitions, as well as bankruptcies.

Business news refers to historical information that is updated at regular intervals from a few hours to once a year, but mostly daily and weekly.

The market for interactive business news emerged simultaneously with the market for commercial information, that is, somewhat later than the market for exchange and financial, as well as scientific and technical information. Business news, like commercial information, in a competitive environment can be directly used by entrepreneurs and managers in planning and making business decisions. The main consumers of business news are middle managers.

Business news databases are presented in a dialogue mode, on magnetic tapes, on PC floppy disks and CDs, and, as a rule, can be used in many aspects, since the interactive mode of working with text (abstract or full-text) information provides a unique combination of updating speed and the variety of data, the speed and flexibility of search methods, and the simplicity of the user's equipment.

2.2. Information sector for specialists.

The Internet, originally created for communication scientists and specialists among themselves and with civil servants, for this reason, is a system that is effective in providing information to specialists and exchanging it between them.

a) Professional information

Information for specialists can be considered information from almost all sectors of the information market we are considering, from the stock exchange to scientific and technical and news. Information for a specialist is understood as information that expands professional knowledge in a narrow subject area of ​​the profile specialization of its consumers. For businessmen or managers, this is information about the methodology of economic research and management technology, for lawyers - laws and others. legal documents, for a doctor - reference books on treatment, pharmacopoeias, for scientists and engineers - information on the properties of substances and materials, engineering reference books, etc.

Legal information databases can be cited as an example. Lawyers became some of the first mass users of interactive information systems in practice (and not just research or decision analysis) and declare that informatics has radically influenced their profession and that they simply cannot imagine further work without legal information systems. The introduction of CD-ROMs only expanded their capabilities, and now every lawyer has the means of prompt and inexpensive access to virtually all complete legal information.

The second most important group of users of professional information databases are doctors, pharmacists and chemists. Descriptions of pharmaceutical products and chemical reference books(primarily on hazardous substances requiring special handling) can be supplemented with current information from databases of scientific, technical and commercial information and in this combination are also an indispensable everyday means of practical activity. Example, MEDLINE database for medicine.

Specialized professional databases for doctors, pharmacologists and chemists can be numeric and text-numeric, which can be searched by free text. As an example of such a reference database combining different kinds information can be called EECDNG, which contains data on the health effects of hazardous chemicals and how to handle them. Toxicity information is contained in the MERC INDEX database.

Databases for specialists undoubtedly include many databases of commercial information for narrow purposes. For example, these can be databases containing software that can be rebooted into the user's PC, as well as reference databases for software and full text databases in this area, for example, Direct-Net, containing reviews and descriptions of more than 5 thousand programs. for IBM-compatible PCs, Compuhe1p, containing information about computer products and services for the blind or visually impaired, etc. Such databases may contain news or information about the state of development of any area of ​​activity of interest to a limited circle of specialists, working in this subject area. These databases provide professionals with the ability to contact through telecommunications networks, demonstrations of new products such as software and exchange, e-mail, electronic bulletin boards.

Many databases of information for specialists are prepared on a non-commercial basis and for access to the information contained in them, it is possible to establish scientific and technical cooperation with relevant foreign organizations.

Legal information looks like promising area for commercial activities on the Internet in Russia. The only obstacle to widespread development is the payment for the provision of services due to the difficulties of attracting advertisers to legal Web pages. In this regard, one can expect the outstripping development of such a sector as business-to-business. Apparently, firms working in the field of legal information will be able to switch some of the existing corporate clients from obtaining databases on floppy disks and CDs to work in a network mode.

The future of legal information systems designed for the mass user looks more vague, although the feasibility of setting such tasks for government institutions and, above all, the State tax service and the State Customs Committee looks obvious. This begs the form of information kiosks that could be installed in tax offices and customs offices. The presence of such kiosks is absolutely necessary, since according to the current legislation, the employees of the mentioned institutions have the right not to give any information to visitors, while the Russian economic legislation is already extremely complex, constantly changing and needs clarification. The simplest services would be online help services for filing tax and customs declarations, as well as legal guides and lists of frequently asked questions - FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions.

The Internet contains information of interest to specialists in virtually all fields.

b) Scientific and technical information

The concept of STI and this sector of the world information market combines information and data in the field of fundamental and applied, natural, technical and social sciences, industries and spheres of human activity. NTI databases can be bibliographic (containing links to documents only in the form of bibliographic descriptions), abstract (when the bibliographic description is supplemented by an abstract of the document reflecting its content) and factual. In the latter case, they actually merge with databases of special information.

NTI databases can be subdivided into polythematic and thematic - sectoral and problem-oriented.

Most of all existing world and regional international systems work in the field of STI, for example, INIS for nuclear science and technology, AGRIS for agriculture, Infoterra - in the field of information on sources of information on environmental protection.

Access to NTI databases is provided by most of the world's leading data centers. Dialogue search of bibliographic databases is possible by formal criteria (author, title, publisher, year of issue, etc.) or by subject using headings of the rubricator, descriptors of the thesaurus, keywords from titles or the text of the abstract. The consumer is given the opportunity to search for pre-prepared queries in the arrays of current receipts with delivery to the user's terminal at a time convenient for him or the system.

The search in factual - numerical and text-numerical databases is carried out in the same way as in the case of information for specialists. Many data centers have developed and distribute special software that makes it easier and more efficient to find information. An example of such a PPP that facilitates the user's work with the data center is DIALOG-LINK, which provides an automatic call to the system, preliminary preparation requests, processing of information obtained as a result of the search.

Despite the public orientation of NTI, many large HBS specializing in this type of information and having their own WWW servers and Web pages provide access to information of this type for a fee, even if it is HBS of professional societies, i.e., public organizations or those receiving budget support.

A similar situation is typical for Russia. For example, an excellent source of access to NTI is the VINITI server (http://viniti.ru), which provides search capabilities in current and retrospective databases for about 30 titles with an annual increase of up to 1 million records, also offers its services only for a fee. Prices are even higher than those of their western counterparts. On the other hand, it should be noted that VINITI's web pages are organized in accordance with the best standards and are in no way inferior to the pages of other Western sources of NTI. In this case, the user can download to his computer methodological materials eg format description, thesaurus, search methodology, etc., but also for a fee.

It should be noted that most of the Internet servers operating in Russia since the beginning of the 90s are also associated with NTI, which were originally mainly created on the basis of RAS institutes and leading universities and universities with support from the state through projects and programs of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Ministry of Science and the State Committee for Higher Education. International programs, as well as the activities of the world's leading computer companies, for example, SUN Microsistems, played an important role. Therefore, the well-known J. Soros also contributed to the development of network activity in the field of STI.

c) Access to primary sources

There are three main opportunities for acquiring primary sources: 1) the formation of their own funds through subscription and purchase; 2) obtaining primary sources for temporary use and by interlibrary loan; 3) obtaining primary sources in the form of full-size and micro-copies.

Typically, organizations and individual consumers use all three of these opportunities at the same time, for example, subscribe to specialized serials and purchase books, use the services of libraries and order copies of some sources. In recent years, a number of projects have been implemented to create systems for accessing primary sources in electronic form and through communication channels.

With the passage of many information organizations to the market concept of work, called the information supermarket, the provision of copies on one-time requests began to be carried out in cooperation between large libraries, database generator centers and data centers. At the same time, the user of the services of online access to databases was able to quickly order copies directly during search sessions. At the junction of the provision of online search services and the provision of copies of primary sources, new services have emerged, for example, allowing, based on the results of a search in a factual database, within a few days to receive from the database processing center photocopies of the last 10 articles related to the search object.

In connection with the development of copying primary sources, the problem of copyright protection has become aggravated.

Copying was carried out for research and educational purposes;

The copy was intended directly for a specific consumer.

Section 108 of the aforementioned US law also identifies the following cases of copying as permitted, which, in general, are not cases of correct application of the law:

Copying for the purpose of preservation for future use of unpublished documents;

Copying for substitution purposes (for example, when issuing to readers) some published documents;

Backup;

Copying for the reader and the reader;

Interlibrary loan.

In all these cases, it is assumed that no more than one copy is made at a time (in practice, in 25% of cases this is not done, and according to other data, one copy is made only in 60% of copying cases) and that the copy contains a sign and an indication of copyright (in practice, it is usually not observed when copying fragments of documents).

In the USA in the 70s and 90s. It was considered a violation of copyright to copy an entire document without permission. In addition, it is suggested that next to the copyright mark indicate the address or telephone at which permission to copy may be obtained.

With the advent of the Internet, the system of preparation and access to information sources undergoes significant changes. In particular, an increasing number of books are printed not in predetermined editions, but on order through special services, where this can be done with some delay, but at low cost and price using high-performance reprographic equipment, or are directly printed by users on their printer. The main problem here is settlements with book publishers and authors, since traditional mechanisms publishing activities and the book trade cannot be used.

1st sector- business information, consists of the following parts:

• stock and financial information - securities quotes, exchange rates, discount rates, commodity and capital markets, investments, prices. Suppliers are special services of exchange and financial information, brokerage companies, banks
• statistical information - series of dynamics, forecast models and estimates for economic, social, demographic areas. Suppliers are government services, companies, consulting firms
• commercial information on companies, firms, corporations, areas of work and their products, prices; about financial condition, connections, deals, managers, business news in the field of economics and business. Suppliers are special information services

2nd sector- information for specialists, contains the following parts:

• professional information - special data and information for lawyers, doctors, pharmacists, teachers, engineers, geologists, meteorologists, etc.
• scientific and technical information - documentary, bibliographic, abstract, reference information in the field of natural, technical, social sciences, by industry and spheres of human activity
• access to primary sources - organizing access to information sources through libraries and special services, the possibility of acquiring primary sources, obtaining them on interlibrary loan in various forms

3rd sector- consumer information, consists of the following parts:

• news and literature - information from news services and press agencies, electronic magazines, reference books, encyclopedias
• consumer information - transport schedules, booking tickets and hotel rooms, ordering goods and services, banking transactions, etc.
• entertainment information - games, teletext, video text

4th sector- educational services, includes all forms and levels of education: preschool, school, special, secondary vocational, higher, advanced training and retraining

Information products can be presented in a computer or non-computer form: textbooks, methodological developments, workshops, developing computer games, computer training and control systems, teaching methods, etc.

5th sector- supporting information systems and means, consists of the following parts:

• software products - software packages with different orientations - from a professional to an inexperienced computer user: system software, general orientation programs, application software for the implementation of functions in specific area accessories, for solving problems using typical mathematical methods, etc.
• technical means - computers, telecommunication equipment, office equipment, related materials and components
• development and maintenance of information systems and technologies - a survey of the organization in order to identify information flows, the development of conceptual information models, the development of the structure software package, creation and maintenance of databases
• advising on various aspects of the information industry - what information technology to buy, what software is needed to carry out professional activities, whether an information system is needed and what, on the basis of what information technology better organize your activities, etc.
• preparation of information sources - creation of databases on a given topic, area, phenomenon, etc.

Any type of access can be organized in each sector:

• direct to the storage of information on paper
• remote to remote or located in the given computer databases

The information market, despite different concepts and opinions regarding its infrastructure, exists and develops, which means that we can talk about the business of information products and services, which means not only trade and mediation, but also production.

Functions information business:

• financial management and accounting
• personnel management
• logistics
• organization of production
• marketing research
• leasing operations
• consulting service
• property and information insurance
• organization of an information security service
• service maintenance

Last lecture

Design
Upwards

The main goal of the projects carried out in accordance with this project is to create replicable products, and serving the needs of a particular institution, this approach is partly preserved today. Creating their own departments for optimization, enterprises tried to settle down on their own, however, periodic changes in the technology of work and job descriptions difficulties associated with different views user about the same data, led to continuous improvements to programs to meet more and more desires of individual workers. As a result, both the work of programmers and the information created. system, displeased managers and users of the system. When using this method, it is sufficiently well provided with support for individual functions and almost completely. There is no development strategy for the integrated development of the optimization system, and the integration of functional subsystems becomes a difficult problem.
Associated with the consciousness of this fact, there is a need for sufficient standards of programs. means of optimization of various institutions, enterprises. In accordance with this method, systems began to be designed from top to bottom, i.e. the assumption that one program should satisfy the needs of many users. The very idea of ​​using a universal program imposes significant restrictions and opportunities for developers to form database structures, screen forms for choosing algorithms for calculations. the frames laid on top do not allow flexible adaptation of the system. the specifics of a particular enterprise. The solution of these tasks requires serious modifications of the system, so the material and time costs for the implementation of the system and its completion at the request of the customer usually significantly exceed the planned indicators.
Union.
The purpose of such a methodology is to regulate the design process and ensure the management of this process. The main tasks of the solution, which should be facilitated by the methodology of the method of designing information. systems are as follows:
provide the creation of corporate information. systems that meet the goals and objectives of the organization, as well as the requirements for optimizing the customer's business process;
1) Ensure the creation of a system with a given quality in a given time frame within the established budget;
2) Maintain a convenient maintenance discipline, system build-up modification;
3) Ensure the development continuity i.e. use in the developed information. system the existing infrastructure of the organization.
The introduction of this methodology should lead to a decrease in the complexity of the process of creating information. system, due to accurate and full description this process, as well as the application modern methods and technologies for creating information. systems throughout life cycle inform. systems from concept to implementation. Designing inform. the system covers three areas:
· Design of data objects to be implemented in the database.
· Designing programs, screens, reports that will ensure the execution of data requests;
· Consideration of specific environment or technology, namely: network topology (diagrams), hardware configuration, etc.
According to modern methodology, the process of creating information. system is a process of building a sequential transformation, a number of consistent models at all stages of the life cycle (LC). At each stage of the life cycle, specific models are created for it - organizations, requirements for information. system, project inform. systems, application requirements, etc. the process of creating information. the system is divided into a number of stages:
1) Formation of requirements for the system;
2) Design
3) Implementation;
4) Testing;
5) Commissioning;
6) Operation and maintenance;

Features of the structure and regulation of the information market. Main sectors

The strategic nature of information as a resource for economic and social development causes a high degree of state regulation, a significant level of concentration and monopolization of information production.

Main sectors of the information market

The modern information market includes three interacting areas:

1. information;

2. electronic transactions;

3. electronic communications.

Market for electronic transactions(operations, transactions) includes ticket reservation systems and places in hotels, ordering, selling and exchanging goods and services, banking and settlement transactions.

On the electronic communications market various systems of modern communications and human communication: data transmission networks, email, teleconference, bulletin boards and newsletters, networks and remote database access systems etc.

In the world information market, it is customary to distinguish between the following main sectors, which are also characteristic of Russia:

1. Business Information Sector.

2. Information sector for specialists.

3. Sector of mass, consumer information.

An entrepreneur needs information from all 3 sectors, but the success of his business is determined by the timely use of business information.

Business Information Sector

This sector is represented by such types and sources as:

1. EXCHANGE and FINANCIAL information - information on quotations of securities, exchange rates, discount rates, commodity and capital markets, investments, prices. The sources of such information are exchanges and special services of exchange and financial information serving them. The main factor providing the commercial value of such information is its completeness, accuracy and timeliness.

2. ECONOMIC and STATISTICAL information - numerical economic, demographic and social information. It is provided by economic management bodies and statistics services (state and non-state) in the form of time series, reports, estimates, forecasts, etc. Here, the accessibility (nonclassification) of information to the consumer is of particular value.

3. Commercial information - address and requisite data on industries, enterprises and their responsible employees (including data on areas of activity, product range, prices). Sources - government and a number of non-government organizations. The main factor determining commodity value is the completeness and accuracy of the data.

4. Information on commercial offers comes from specialized firms - information resellers. In most commercially significant cases, potential sellers and buyers are interested in the address and requisite data of counterparties, without which the transaction between them will not take place. Today it becomes possible to immediately conclude a deal based on search results.

5.Political, economic, etc. news of interest to representatives of various social groups... The main factor here is efficiency, accuracy and reliability of forecasts.

Information sector for specialists

Legal information

The legal information sector functions in accordance with subsections by types of legislative and by-laws:

1.general economic acts (civil, arbitration, tax law)

2. acts regulating certain types activities (foreign economic, trade, banking, stock exchange, licensing, copyright protection, etc.)

3. acts regulating the transformation of property rights (privatization of real estate, land, etc.)

For this sector, it is important:

the ability to obtain not only data on the content, location of the data of interest to the consumer, but also the texts of the acts themselves;

tracking by data providers of numerous changes, additions and amendments to additions;

tracking not only legislative, but also non-departmental acts that are not brought to the attention of those who are punished for their violation.

The infrastructure of the information market is a set of sectors, each of which unites a group of people or organizations offering homogeneous information products and services.

The composition of the information market infrastructure is shown in Fig. 1. There are five sectors of the information products and services market.

1st sector - business information, consists of the following parts:

Stock and financial information - securities quotes, exchange rates, discount rates, commodity and capital markets, investments, prices. Suppliers are special services of exchange and financial information, brokerage companies, banks;

Statistical information - series of dynamics, forecast models and estimates for economic, social, demographic areas. Suppliers are government services, companies, consulting firms;

Commercial information on companies, firms, corporations, areas of work and their products, prices; about financial condition, connections, deals, managers, business news in the field of economics and business. The providers are special information services.

2nd sector - information for specialists , contains the following parts:

Professional information - special data and information for lawyers, doctors, pharmacists, teachers, engineers, geologists, meteorologists, etc .;

Scientific and technical information - documentary, bibliographic, abstract, reference information in the field of natural, technical, social sciences, by industry and spheres of human activity;

Access to primary sources - organizing access to information sources through libraries and special services, the possibility of acquiring primary sources, obtaining them on interlibrary loan in various forms.

3rd sector - consumer information, consists of the following parts:

News and literature - information from news services and press agencies, newspapers, magazines, reference books, encyclopedias;

Consumer information - transport schedules, booking tickets and hotel rooms, ordering goods and services, banking transactions, etc.;

Entertainment information - games, teletext, video text.

The 4th sector is education services, includes all forms and levels of education: preschool, school, special, secondary vocational, higher, advanced training and retraining. Information products can be presented in a computer or non-computer form: textbooks, methodological developments, workshops, developing computer games, computer training and monitoring

systems, teaching methods, etc.

5th sector - supporting information systems and means, consists of the following parts:

Software products - software systems with different orientations - from a professional to an inexperienced computer user: system software, general orientation programs, applied software for the implementation of functions in a specific area of ​​belonging, for solving problems using typical mathematical methods, etc.;

Technical means - computers, telecommunication equipment, office equipment, related materials and components;

Development and maintenance of information systems and technologies - examination of the organization in order to identify information flows, development of conceptual information models, development of the structure of the software complex, creation and maintenance of databases;

Consulting on various aspects of the information industry - what kind of information technology to buy, what software is necessary for the implementation of professional activities, whether an information system is needed and which one, on the basis of which information technology it is better to organize your activities, etc .;

Preparation of information sources - creation of databases on a given topic, area, phenomenon, etc.

Any type of access can be organized in each sector:

Direct to the storage of information on paper;

Remote to remote or located in the room computer databases.

The information market, despite different concepts and opinions regarding its infrastructure, exists and develops, and, therefore, we can talk about the business of information products, services, which means not only trade and intermediation, but also production.