What is employment; its types. Job search options and personnel selection procedures: A guide for young people with disabilities, graduates of secondary and higher educational institutions What are the names of institutions that help people find employment

Last updated: 23/02/2015

So you've decided to specialize in psychology. What exactly do you plan to do after graduation? Due to the economic downturn, competition has increased dramatically. In order to take a strong position on modern market labor, you should carefully consider the opportunities available to you and choose the area that is in the greatest demand.
According to statistics, the demand for psychologists is growing faster than non-specialists in other industries. Below are just a few of the promising areas of work.

1. Career guidance counselor

Median Base Salary: $ 46,000

Due to the changing conditions in the labor market, many people are looking for new job- in their own field or completely different. help people make career decisions using different tools.

They often start by examining the client's interests, education, professional skills and personal qualities- in order to determine the best match. They also help clients develop skills that are useful for employment - they fake interviews, give tips on how to write a resume, and what to look for when looking for vacancies. They also help clients cope with the stress of job loss.

2. School psychologist

Average wage in the US: $ 59,440

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Employment is understood as the activity of citizens related to the satisfaction of personal and social needs, which does not contradict the legislation and, as a rule, brings them earnings, labor income (Article 1 of the Law).

Citizens are considered to be employed:

working under an employment contract, as well as having other paid work (service);

registered as individual entrepreneurs;

employed in subsidiary trades and selling products under contracts;

performing work under civil contracts, as well as being members production cooperatives, artels;

elected, appointed or approved for a paid position;

military and other types of service (alternative and law enforcement);

undergoing full-time training in educational institutions;

temporarily absent from the workplace for various reasons;

who are founders (participants) of organizations, with the exception of founders (participants) who do not have property rights in relation to these organizations (public, religious, etc.).

Unemployed citizens include:

underage disabled citizens;

pensioners;

able-bodied citizens.

The last category of the population unites both persons capable of work, but not willing to work, and citizens who previously worked and were released from organizations or received training and job seekers- the unemployed. It is in relation to the unemployed that, in general, the state policy is directed to promote their employment.

Definition legal status unemployed means the establishment of the circle of persons belonging to this category of citizens, their rights and obligations, as well as guarantees for the observance of these rights.

In accordance with Art. 3 of the Employment Law, unemployed are citizens who:

a) are able to work;

b) do not have work and earnings;

c) are registered with the offices of the employment service in order to find a suitable job;

d) looking for a job;

e) ready to start it.

These five signs form the concept of "unemployed" and the absence of at least one of them makes it impossible for a citizen to be recognized as unemployed.

The ability to work of citizens is determined by their age and state of health. From the point of view of age, citizens under the age of 16 cannot be recognized as unemployed, as well as those who have been assigned an old-age retirement pension, including early, or an old-age or long-term pension under state pension provision (clause 3 of Art. . 3 of the Law).

To make a decision on recognizing a disabled person as unemployed, he must, along with other documents, submit an individual rehabilitation program, guided by which the employment service institutions will look for him a job.

Lack of work and earnings means that a citizen does not belong to any category of employed.

Registration at the employment service offices is carried out on the basis of the Procedure for the registration of unemployed citizens in the following sequence:

primary registration of unemployed citizens;

registration of unemployed citizens in order to find suitable work;

registration of citizens as unemployed;

re-registration of unemployed citizens.

Initial registration is carried out without the presentation of any documents by citizens in order to take into account the total number of unemployed in order to obtain the necessary information about the needs for work.

For registration in order to find a suitable job, citizens submit the following documents: passport; work book or other documents of experience; professional qualification documents; documents on earnings for the last three months at the last place of work; disabled people - an additional individual rehabilitation program, on the basis of which the employment service institutions must offer the applicant two options for suitable work within 10 days from the date of registration. If it is impossible to provide a suitable job due to the lack of the necessary professional qualifications, a citizen may be offered to undergo vocational training or retraining, as well as improve his qualifications in the direction of employment service institutions.

If at this stage a suitable job for a citizen is not found, then no later than the 11th day from the date of registration in order to find a suitable job, the citizen is registered as unemployed. In case of refusal to register, the citizen has the right to reapply in a month. In this case, the reasons for refusal must be communicated to him in writing.

The re-registration of unemployed citizens is carried out within the time limits established by the institutions of the employment service. Deregistration is carried out in the following cases:

recognition of a citizen as employed;

failure to appear within the time limits established by the employment service institutions to offer a suitable job or to re-register;

moving to another area;

establishing abuses by citizens;

convictions to punishment in the form of imprisonment;

the appointment of an old-age or seniority pension.

Citizens applying for unemployed status must look for work. Evidence that a citizen is looking for a job is his appearance at the invitation of an employment service institution to get acquainted with the proposed job.

Finally, the unemployed citizen must be ready to start work. This means that at the time of registration there should be no obstacles for a citizen to be able to start work as soon as it is found for him. If such obstacles are unavoidable, then recognition of the unemployed is impossible.

A citizen recognized as unemployed acquires specific rights and obligations that allow him to realize that special interest associated with the need to change the status of the unemployed to the status of employed. These rights and obligations can be divided into two groups - those that are common to all unemployed, and those that are established only for certain categories of unemployed.

The basic right common to all unemployed is the right to receive state assistance in finding work and finding employment. To provide such assistance to the unemployed, employment service agencies form job banks on the basis of data provided to them by employers. Other rights of the unemployed include:

the right to receive free information from employment service institutions (paragraph 5 of article 15 of the Employment Law);

the right to free vocational guidance (paragraph 2 of article 9 of the Employment Law);

the right to vocational training, retraining and advanced training in the direction of employment service institutions (clause 2, article 9);

the right to assist in organizing one's own business;

the right to appeal against decisions, actions and inaction of employment service institutions and their officials to a higher employment institution, as well as to a court in the manner prescribed by the legislation of the Russian Federation (Article 11 of the Employment Law);

eligibility for social assistance, including unemployment benefits, scholarships during the period vocational training, advanced training, retraining in the direction of employment service institutions, payment for the period of temporary disability (Chapter 6 of the Employment Law);

the right to compensation for material costs associated with sending to work (training) in another locality at the suggestion of employment service institutions (clause 2 of article 12 of the Employment Law, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 21, 2005 N 633);

the right to free medical care and medical examination when applying for a job and referral to training (clause 2 of article 12 of the Employment Law);

the right to participate in paid public works (paragraph 2 of article 12 of the Employment Law);

the right to reapply to the institution of the employment service one month after receiving the refusal to declare unemployed (paragraph 4 of article 3 of the Employment Law);

the right to be invited to an employment service institution no more than once every two weeks, unless such an invitation is associated with a suitable job offer or with an offer to participate in special employment promotion programs (clause 10 of the Procedure for registering unemployed citizens).

Along with the rights, legislation also establishes a number of general obligations of the unemployed, which, as a rule, relate to certain procedural points. These include:

the obligation to submit a number of documents when registering as unemployed (clause 14 of the Procedure for registering unemployed citizens, hereinafter referred to as the Procedure);

the obligation to appear for re-registration within the time frame established by the institution of the employment service (clause 19 of the Procedure);

duty to present Required documents when re-registering (clause 20 of the Procedure);

the obligation to actively promote their employment, to comply with the procedure and conditions for registration and re-registration, to inform the institution of the employment service about their actions on an independent job search, including about applying for a temporary job (clause 21 of the Procedure);

the obligation to notify the institution of the employment service of employment;

the obligation to appear for negotiations with the employer in the direction of the institution of the employment service.

Employment should be understood as a system of organizational, economic, legal measures aimed at ensuring labor employment of the population... We can talk about employment in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, we are talking about a part of an active employment policy that ensures the creation of conditions for the development of all forms of employment and the involvement of citizens in it. In the second case, one should confine oneself to only those special measures that are carried out in order to assist citizens in finding work, and mainly in the form of concluding an employment contract.

Employment is carried out by various entities. First of all, it can be employers - they have the right to hire citizens who apply to them. In some cases, employers are obliged to take measures for the proactive employment of workers subject to dismissal from the organization.

In this case, employment occurs without the participation of intermediaries.

Both state bodies and non-state organizations can act as intermediaries in employment.

The state body is federal Service on labor and employment and its territorial bodies. Non-governmental mediation can be provided by any legal entities, while activities related to employment abroad are carried out on the basis of a license.

These bodies provide employment assistance services to both unemployed and employed citizens wishing to change their place of work or form of employment. At the same time, state bodies provide services free of charge, non-state, as a rule, on a paid basis.

The employment process goes through two stages.

The first stage is the appeal of a citizen to the institution of the employment service. In this case, a legal relationship arises between the citizen applying for assistance in finding a job and the employing body.

The content of the legal relationship that has arisen depends on whether the citizen who applied for assistance in finding a job is employed or not. In the latter case, the employment service institutions are obliged to offer not only available employment options, but also, if it is impossible to find a job, register a citizen as unemployed, offer him options vocational training, retraining or advanced training, as well as assign unemployment benefits, etc.

This stage can be terminated at the initiative of a citizen at any time, however, employment service institutions, as a rule, cannot terminate it on their own initiative. However, the goal of the first stage is achieved only when the citizen is issued a referral to work or vocational training.

In characterizing a proposed job, it is essential that the job is suitable. The concept of a suitable job is formulated in Art. 4 of the Employment Law. Suitable work is considered to be work, including temporary work, which corresponds to:

the professional suitability of the employee, taking into account the level of professional training. The level of professional training is determined by the presence vocational education, qualification level (rank, class, category), as well as work experience in the specialty. Work in any of the professions and specialties available to a citizen is considered suitable, however, preference is given to the latter work;

the conditions of the last place of work, with the exception of paid public works (the amount of earnings, norms and rules for labor protection, working hours, etc.);

the state of health of a citizen;

transport accessibility of the workplace.

Paid work, including temporary work and community service, is considered suitable for citizens:

looking for a job for the first time (who did not work before) and at the same time do not have a profession (specialty);

dismissed more than once within one year preceding the onset of unemployment, for violation of labor discipline or other culpable actions stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

terminated individual entrepreneurial activity in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;

those seeking to resume their labor activity after a long (more than one year) break, as well as those sent by the employment service for training and expelled for guilty actions;

those who refused to improve (restore) their qualifications in their existing profession (specialty), to obtain a related profession or to undergo retraining after the end of the first period of payment of unemployment benefits;

registered with the employment service for more than 18 months, as well as not working for more than three years;

who applied to employment authorities after the end of seasonal work.

it is associated with a change of place of residence without the consent of the citizen;

working conditions do not comply with the rules and regulations for labor protection;

the proposed earnings are lower than the average citizen's earnings calculated for the last three months at the last place of work.

This provision does not apply to citizens average monthly earnings which exceeded the subsistence minimum able-bodied population calculated in the subject of the Russian Federation. In this case, work cannot be considered suitable if the proposed earnings are below the subsistence level.

The second stage of employment is the conclusion of an employment contract with the employer (or admission to study in the direction of the institution of the employment service). It should be borne in mind that the direction of the institution of the employment service is not compulsory for either the citizen or the employer. Therefore, the second stage of employment takes place only when the citizen sent by the employment service institution actually applied to the organization where he was sent. With such an appeal, a legal relationship arises between the citizen and the employer, which is regulated by the norms of labor legislation.

Legal organization employment with participation public service employment is characterized by the characteristics inherent in the employment of certain categories of citizens. The latter are united by the concept of "citizens experiencing difficulties in finding a job." Their list follows from Art. 5 of the Employment Law and includes:

disabled people;

persons released from institutions executing punishment in the form of imprisonment;

minors between the ages of 14 and 18;

persons of pre-retirement age (two years before the onset of the age that gives the right to retire to an old-age retirement pension, including early, assigned an old-age retirement pension);

refugees and internally displaced persons;

citizens dismissed from military service and their family members;

single and large parents raising minor children, disabled children;

citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl and other radiation accidents and disasters;

citizens aged 18 to 20 years old from among graduates of institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, looking for work for the first time.

Additional guarantees have been established for these categories through the creation of specialized jobs or organizations, the establishment of quotas for employment, the provision of vocational guidance services, as well as through training in special programs and other measures. Among these measures, a special place is occupied by job quotas. The quota is the minimum number of jobs for citizens who have difficulty finding work, which the employer is obliged to employ. This number can be determined as a percentage of the average staff of the organization or in absolute units. Quotas, their validity periods, the range of organizations for which they are established, the range of persons entitled to be hired against these quotas, are established on the basis of territorial bodies employment services by state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and bodies local government taking into account the situation on the labor market and legal requirements.

Economy Russian Federation more and more takes on a market character, which has an impact on the social sphere. In the harsh conditions of a planned economy, there was no opportunity to develop specific forms of labor relations. Market reforms have corrected this situation, making it possible to identify new forms and types of employment. As a result, the employment market has become more optimized. The public sector is quite popular among the population. Private, although it occupies a certain niche in the market, but not to the extent that it suppresses the state. This material will describe the concept and types of employment.

What is included in the concept of employment?

Many definitions describe the concept of "rational employment". Species are completely different definitions. But in a broad sense, the essence lies in a complex of certain activities that are of a different nature. These are actions related to organization, finance and law. All of them are aimed at providing the citizens of the state with work.

All types of employment in Russia are only legal forms of activity. This also includes those types that are characterized by individual support. This is, for example, private enterprise or farm... Also, types of employment are those forms of activity that can be carried out thanks to an existing license from government agencies or private organizations.

What does employment mean?

Employment is a person's activity, the purpose of which is to satisfy personal needs (mainly material), that is, to generate income. These actions must comply with government regulations. According to Russian legislation, every citizen has the right to dispose of labor resources and creativity at its sole discretion. It is the fulfillment of such requirements that is necessary in order to characterize rational employment. Types of employment, regardless of their characteristics, do not imply any coercive measures. The Constitution of the Russian Federation says that the exercise of the right to work should be initiated by the person himself and is carried out by him in a free form.

Employed strata of the population

The concept of employment and employment (their types) cannot be complete without a description of the circle of persons who are the subjects of such relations. The subjects of labor relations are citizens who get a job, as well as employers.

All types of employment are purposeful actions in relation to any subject. A busy person is a person who is a citizen of the Russian Federation who works thanks to the conclusion of an agreement that secures labor Relations... The list of such persons is quite extensive and includes the following categories:

People who perform a specific set of activities on a paid basis. The employee is paid remuneration for the work done, which he performs within the framework of a full or reduced working day. This includes both permanent service and temporary, seasonal types of employment.
Individuals with the status of private entrepreneurs and engaged in commercial activities.
Ancillary workers, the essence of whose earnings lies in the sale of goods in accordance with the conclusion of supply contracts.
Persons who have entered into contracts that have a civil legal basis. They are drawn up in relation to the performance of work or the provision of services. Individual entrepreneurs can be parties to the contract.
People who have received a position or assignment for which a reward is due.
Persons involved in power structures, such as the fire service, internal affairs bodies, criminal bodies.
People in military or alternative civilian service.
Students and pupils of general education institutions, primary, secondary and higher professional institutions.
Persons who, for certain reasons, cannot carry out their usual work activities. Among such factors, one can list the lack of ability to work, passing refresher courses, vacation, sick leave, re-profiling, temporary stoppage of the institution's work, preparation for service in the armed forces, and more.
People who are founders of organizations. Exceptions to this clause are religious, social and charity organisations, because there are no property rights in relation to such created structures.

How is employment carried out?

All types of employment in Russia have general essence, which consists in an order consisting of sequential steps that should ultimately lead to getting a job. In a narrower sense, this definition means the assistance of government agencies to their citizens in the form of job vacancies. This includes not only assistance in finding a suitable job, but also retraining, retraining, and translation. That is, these are those actions that are aimed at realizing a person's right to free labor. But at the same time, the law does not prohibit a person from performing actions to find a job on an individual basis. From this it follows that the types of employment for work on such a classification criterion as a method of implementation are as follows:

independent;
through government agencies.

This process plays an important role in social and social life, as it helps a person to exercise their right to get a job. On the part of employers, this is a plus in terms of the selection of qualified workers or the necessary strength. Another advantage of employment is a good coefficient of efficiency, that is, a person realizes his work time lossless job search.

How is this process carried out with the help of government agencies?

This process can be carried out with the help of special bodies. These mainly include institutions such as employment services. This way of performing this action is called special. Its distinctive feature is that, in contrast to the independent version, it characterizes only the types of official employment.

Although labor is considered, according to the legislation in the Russian Federation, free, but tough measures can characterize the implementation of this process with the help of state influence. For example, this can include a set, which is carried out in an organized manner, and the direction of faces to objects. This was more popular during the period of active development of the planned economy and is practically absent at this time. This was used in order to make this area more rational and provide by human resourses those regions where they are sorely lacking.

Also, special employment refers to the direction of students who graduated from vocational schools. This is done through the conclusion of the appropriate type of contracts with enterprises and institutions, which imply the recruitment of young employees.

Another plus in the implementation of this process with the help of state bodies is that they have the right to subject jobs to quotas. This allows special segments of the population to find jobs.

What categories of citizens are eligible for preferential jobs?

Some segments of the population are entitled to social protection in the form of assistance to realize the right to work. The list of such people includes the following categories:

those with disabilities;
those who have been to places of deprivation of liberty;
those who have not reached the age of eighteen;
those who have two years left to work before retirement;
migrants and refugees;
single mothers and large families;
parents raising a child with a disabled group;
those who are looking for a job for the first time;
those who graduated from specialized educational institutions.

How is this process of employment of people with disabilities carried out?

The types of employment for people with disabilities are very important in social sphere, since it is these people who make up a special category of employed people. The quota applies to such vacancies that may allow people with disabilities to work. These persons cannot be one hundred percent active in society. It is the search for work that helps people with disabilities regain their place in society, recover morally and become full-fledged members of society. Thanks to this process, a person can again feel needed and important, feel that he is beneficial to other people.

Quotas are a formalized requirement that applies to all private entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs should allocate a certain share of vacancies for people with disabilities. However, the percentage established by law in Russia is quite low.

How is this process carried out for minors?

The types of employment of minors occupy their own niche in the employment market. This process is carried out in relation to this category of citizens according to specific rules. In most countries of the world for persons under the age of eighteen, the possibility of getting a job is regulated by law separately.

According to Russian regulations, the opportunity to enter into an agreement with employers appears upon reaching the age of sixteen. But the exception is fifteen-year-old adolescents who have received secondary school education or are studying according to an individual program. They are allowed to perform simple tasks that do not have a negative impact on health and do not interfere with development and life. The younger age group can be involved in the work process only as part-time employment. Labor should allow the adolescent to continue learning. But for such an age category, this action is allowed only with the consent of the parents or guardians.

That is, persons who have not reached the age of majority can be involved in any type of work, with the exception of gambling establishments and nightclubs. They are prohibited from dealing with cigarettes, alcohol and psychotropic substances... They should not be engaged in work that could potentially harm their health. That is, the transfer of weights and loads is limited to a certain weight.

All types of employment related to minors are accompanied by the passage of a medical commission, which must issue its opinion.

Adolescents cannot be employed at work in holidays and night time. Work in excess of the norm is also prohibited for this category. It is not allowed to send them on a business trip.

For such workers, an abbreviated work week... For persons under the age of sixteen, this number is twenty-four hours. For teenagers from sixteen to eighteen years old, this time is equal to thirty-five hours a week.

Minor workers have additional guarantees. That is, an employer cannot voluntarily fire a teenager. This can only be done with state inspection labor.

An employer who hires a minor must understand that he is obliged to provide annual leave... It must be at least one month old. And financial compensation is due for him.

Remuneration for work done for adolescents is calculated in relation to the hours worked.

How is this process carried out without a work book?

Types of employment without a work book are a very realistic option in the Russian Federation. This option is within the scope of the law. However, a work book is the document that confirms that a person was involved in the work process. It indicates full information about a person, which is necessary for the further implementation of such activities. That is, this is information about education, specialty received, dates of employment and the name of the organization. The document indicates the position and reasons for dismissal.

The employment record confirms the fact of employment. But it is quite possible that the provision of this document is not required. This is quite realistic, but at the same time it requires the execution of another document, which is a civil contract. The second way is part-time work. That is, one main job is formalized according to the work book, and the second - according to a special agreement.

The last option for a device without this document is all types of employment. That is, this is labor provided by agreement with natural person... If this is done legally, then an agreement must be drawn up between the employer and the employee. At the same time, the one who pays for the provision of the service must also make contributions to organizations such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Fund.

But more often than not, institutions that do not make entries in the work book are trying to hide from the law in this way. This is mainly due to the shelter of the current financial situation, that is, non-payment of contributions.

Those who agree to work on such conditions most often face such problems as lack of leave, sick leave and maternity leave. And it is impossible to be 100% sure of the stability of such work.

An important point is that the contract, which is concluded instead of writing in a work book, is of a civil nature, and not a labor one. The parties in it are the customer and the contractor. Such contracts are of several types:

author's;
agent;
for the performance of contract work.

All of the above types have common features... For example, they must be in duplicate, fix the details of the parties, deadlines and the amount of remuneration.

What are the types of employment?

The types of employment in the Russian Federation are represented by four main categories. The most common is work with a permanent basis. It is she who brings stable income... She is preferred, since this type gives certain social guarantees... A person is protected, both socially and legally. In the event of a job loss or unemployment, such a person may qualify for benefits. A certain percentage of the salary goes to the balance of the Pension Fund, which provides material support in old age. The advantage of this type of employment is also the possibility of obtaining a loan.

The second type is part-time employment. Most often this is a part-time job that brings little income. Such employment is common among students.

The third kind is contract work. The amount written in it is fixed, and no deductions are made from it. In this case, tax levies must be paid by yourself.

The types of employment do not necessarily provide material reward. Volunteering is such an example. Although it does not provide any financial benefit, it has the advantage of acquiring useful skills and connections.

On this moment several more types of employment can be distinguished. These include freelance and remote work through the Internet. Professionals in many industries can provide their services to employers from all over the world.

General employment and employment issues are settled:

The Law of the Russian Federation "On Employment of the Population";

Government Decree "On the procedure for registering unemployed citizens"

Regulations on the organization of work to promote employment in conditions of mass release;

Public Works Regulations.

Employment- This is the activity of citizens associated with the satisfaction of personal or social needs and bringing them, as a rule, earnings or income. Such activity must not contradict the law.

The following categories of citizens are recognized as employed:

1) persons working under an employment contract, including those temporarily absent from work for valid reasons (due to disability, vacation, suspension of production, etc.).

As well as persons who have other paid work or service, including temporary and seasonal workers. Except for those involved in community service.

2) Students at full-time departments of educational institutions of all types, as well as undergoing training on a referral from the employment service;

3) Persons doing military service, as well as serving in the internal affairs bodies;

4) Persons performing work under civil contracts;

5) Individuals engaged in individual entrepreneurial activities;

6) Elected, appointed or approved for a paid position;

7) Members of production cooperatives;

8) Persons employed in subsidiary trades;

9) Being founders or participants of organizations, with the exception of public, religious organizations, foundations, associations of legal entities.

Employment- this is:

1) in a broad sense - a set of measures (economic, organizational, financial, legal, medical) to ensure employment of the able-bodied population;

2) in a narrow sense - the process of finding suitable work by unemployed citizens, with the help of state or non-state intermediaries, as well as the process of selecting workers by employers.

Forms of employment

2) contacting an intermediary.

State policy in the field of employment

1. Development labor resources, protection of the national labor market.

2. Provision social protection in the field of employment.

3. Prevention of mass and reduction of long-term unemployment.

Legal status of the unemployed

The unemployed are recognized as able-bodied citizens who do not have earnings and are registered with the employment authorities in order to find a suitable job; as well as those who are looking for a job and are ready to start it.

The unemployed also include:

Able to work from the age of 16 to the retirement age,

Persons who have not been assigned an old-age pension or a seniority pension,

Persons not sentenced to imprisonment or correctional labor,

Disabled persons of group 3, if there is a recommendation for work in the individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person,

Persons who submitted reliable information and documents about the lack of earnings, income and work.

Registration of the unemployed is carried out in the employment authorities at the place of residence.