Able-bodied population labor resources quantity. Labor resources: basic concepts. Reproduction of labor resources

labor personnel cost control

The source of labor is a person. But every person can be a worker. The population of the country can be: 1. of pre-working age; 2.worker; 3. after working age.

Labor resources- this is a part of the country's population with the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.

Are not part of labor resources children and the elderly. Also, the labor resources of persons who have lost the ability to work or do not have, for example, disabled people or patients who have been on treatment for a long time are not. Therefore, the number of labor resources in the country is always less than the total population. The increase in the share of labor resources depends on the total number of inhabitants, their sex and age composition, as well as the state of health of the nation.

The composition of the population by sex is changing. According to statistics of past years, there are less women in the country aged 15 to 35 than men by 600 thousand people, but at the age of 35 to 45 years - about 300 thousand more. human. Russian women live on average 10 years longer than men (74 and 64 years, respectively).

The share of the urban population in Russia has been stable in recent years and amounts to about 73% of the total population.

The ability to work is determined by the working age. It has certain physiological boundaries. Able-bodied (working) age includes the period of life within certain years, during which a person is able to work without prejudice to his health. The lower limit of this age in Russia is 16 years. The working age for men is set from 16 to 60 years, for women - from 16 to 55 years.

In terms of employment, any person can be classified into one of three groups: employed, unemployed, and outside the total labor force.

Employed persons include persons of working age who perform work for hire for remuneration in enterprises of any form of ownership, as well as other work that generates income, engaged in entrepreneurial activity; self-supporting themselves with work; working without pay in a family business; performing work under civil law contracts. Persons performing military service and serving in the internal affairs bodies are considered to be employed; full-time students vocational training and persons who are absent from the workplace for good reason(vacation, disability, retraining, etc.). Also, the employed include the unemployed and that part of the active population that needs work, but is not registered as unemployed.

The unemployed are able-bodied citizens of working age who do not have a job and earnings, are registered with the employment service, want to work, are able and willing to work, but do not find a corresponding demand for their professional skills in the labor market.

The employed and unemployed make up the economically active population or the aggregate labor force. The economically active population or total labor force is the part of a country's population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services. The aggregate workforce does not include the groups of people that make up the economically inactive population. These are preferential pensioners; disabled people of working age who have completely lost their ability to work; persons who are in places of deprivation of liberty; people of working age who are temporarily not working for any reason, but potentially able to replenish the labor market in the future; housewives; persons who have stopped looking for work; persons who do not need work as a way to maintain their existence. Regardless of the reasons that induce a person to be included in the production process, he must comply in his labor activity requirements of that production organization which provides him the necessary conditions for the realization of his professional abilities. Professional abilities are understood as the totality of skills, knowledge, production skills and experience that an individual possesses. The presence of professional abilities is one of the prerequisites for the inclusion of an individual in the production process along with others. This is the availability of appropriate jobs, i.e. certain demand for professional work; the presence of a positive motivation for the employee to take these jobs based on their professional and life interests; availability of appropriate socio-economic mechanisms and institutions that ensure the necessary connection of workers with specific jobs. Inclusion in production activities carried out through employment. Employment is a process of official registration, securing the right of an individual to occupy a certain workplace and perform specialized, labor functions.

Each employee, involved in the production process, pursues certain goals:

• * he seeks to meet the needs for livelihoods for himself and his family members;
• * realizes the steady need to combine their professional activity with the institutionally fixed means and institutions existing in society;
• * realizes the values ​​learned by him and standard social behavior.

The bearers of labor potential are labor resources. They are based on the working age population. Recommendations The International Organization labor (ILO) labor boundaries are not defined. This means that the working age (working age) is established by law, taking into account the conditions of each country.

Thus, the labor force is the part of the population that is actually employed or is capable of work due to age and health status. In domestic statistical practice, before the transition to market relations, this economic category was used to characterize the size of the population capable of work. The size of the working-age population is determined on the basis of current legislation based on gender and age of people. Currently, the working age in Russia is considered to be 16-60 years for men and 16-55 years for women.

The number of labor resources is calculated by two methods:

1) demographic (according to the sources of formation);

2) economic (based on actual employment).

Demographic method the number of labor resources (T)

calculated as the sum of the population of working age (Ntv), minus the disabled of groups I and II (I | „), with the addition of the number of working adolescents under the age of 16 (Pn) and working people retirement age(Ppence), i.e. T = Ntv - I, u + Pn + Ppen-

In 1998, there were 84.8 million people of working age in Russia, including 44 million men; the economically active population was 72.8 million people, including 38.8 million men.

When calculated by the economic method, the number of labor resources is the aggregate of the entire actually employed population (N3), including those employed in personal, subsidiary and farming enterprises, plus people of working age employed in household and childcare (Tdx), plus students with a break from work over 16 years old (Tu), unemployed (TB) and other unemployed persons of working age (Tnz) -. T = H3 + TDX + Tu + tb + tnz.

Calculations by these methods should give the same results, however, in the regional context, they may not coincide due to the commuting of the population and labor resources.

At the same time, the total number of employed and unemployed (or, more precisely, job seekers) constitutes the category of economically active population (EAP), which is widely used in international practice, i.e. and employed in the household is a mobile reserve.

When determining the number of labor resources by sources of formation (demographic method), they proceed from the principle permanent residence able-bodied population in the area. As for the calculation of the number of labor resources based on actual employment (by the economic method), it is based on the number of employees in enterprises and institutions (employed in the economy), as well as the number of students enrolled in educational institutions located in a given territory. However, among the workers and students of a given area there may be persons permanently residing in the territory of other areas and making systematic movements from their place of residence to an enterprise or educational institution and back (pendulum migration). At the same time, the workforce in a given area may include people who work or study in other areas.

Consequently, when determining the number of labor resources and the actually employed population for individual regions, it is necessary not only to take into account, but also to quantitatively express the influence of commuting. This is especially important when determining the employment rates of labor resources. Otherwise, the resulting coefficients may be significantly distorted - overestimated or underestimated.

Labor resources and related categories are shown in Figure 3.1.

In international and domestic practice, the concept of economically active population is used - the part of the population that provides the supply of labor for the production of goods and services, in relation to which indicators of the level of employment and unemployment are calculated.

The economically active population is the sum of the employed population and the unemployed. In 1997, the economically active

In accordance with the ILO recommendations, the economically active population includes all actually employed population (workers, employees, entrepreneurs, helping family members, etc.) and potentially active population: unemployed persons of working age who are able to work, job seekers but not working.

Rice. 3.1. Labor force composition

Unemployed - able-bodied persons of working age, not working (having no profitable occupation), actively looking for a job and ready to start it at any time. Persons who have reached the age of 16, studying with a break from work (pupils, students), pensioners and disabled people are counted among the unemployed if they were looking for work, that is, they applied to employment services, employers, etc., and were ready to start To her.

When characterizing the economically active population, international practice distinguishes between: usually the active population and the population active in this moment.

Typically, the active population includes all persons over a certain age (in Russian statistics - from 16 years) who have been employed or unemployed for a greater number of weeks or days over an extended period (for example, the previous year).

The currently active population includes all persons who meet the requirements for classification as employed or unemployed. This population is recorded for a short reference period (for example, a week or a day). The economically active population is measured in relation to the surveyed period.

The economically inactive population is the population that is not part of the active population, including persons under the age established for calculating the economically active population (in Russia, under 16 years old). The size of the economically inactive population is measured in relation to the surveyed period and includes the following categories:

a) pupils and students, listeners and cadets attending day education institutions (including day postgraduate and doctoral studies);

b) persons receiving a pension on preferential terms, as well as receiving pensions in the event of the loss of a breadwinner or upon reaching retirement age.

The population that is not active at the moment includes all individuals who were not employed or unemployed, did not look for work during a given short period, and therefore were not active at the moment due to: visits educational institutions, fulfillment of household duties, old age, disability, old-age pensions, etc. Such a status for a certain period does not allow them to be classified either as employed or unemployed.

The economically inactive population includes the following categories of able-bodied persons of working age: pupils and students; housewives; recipients of income (pensions), rentiers; other recipients of public or private assistance; persons over 16 years old, not attending school and not working.

The level of economic activity of the population is the share of the economically active population in the total population of the corresponding age group.

The most important component of socio-economic statistics is labor statistics. Its indicators characterize the number, composition, regional distribution and use of labor resources; use of working time; the level and dynamics of labor productivity; labor costs, labor costs, conditions, labor protection and labor safety and other phenomena and processes. Labor statistics are covered in full in the industry statistics course. This topic discusses the indicators of the number of labor resources and working hours.

The main tasks of labor market statistics are:

• collection of information on the number of employed and unemployed as two components of the labor force;
• study of the state and trends in Russian market labor through indicators of employment and unemployment;
• study of the composition of the employed and unemployed according to different characteristics (sex, age, industries and sectors of the economy, by regions of the country and other characteristics) in order to regulate the labor market, develop programs to increase the level of employment, employment of the unemployed, their professional retraining etc.

Employed and unemployed

The entire population of the country can be divided into two groups: economically active and economically inactive population.

- this is the part of the population that offers its labor for the production of goods and services.

The economically active population (also called labor force) includes two categories - employed and unemployed.

Employed persons include persons of both sexes aged 16 and over, as well as persons of younger ages, who in the period under review:

• performed work for hire for remuneration, money or paid with them in kind, as well as other work that generates income;
• were temporarily absent from work due to: illness or injury; days off; annual leave; various kinds of vacations with or without pay, time off; vacations initiated by the administration; strikes and other reasons;
• performed work without pay in a family business.

When assigning or not assigning a person to the number of employed, the criterion of one hour is used. In Russia, in the survey of employment, the number of employed includes persons who worked one hour or more in the surveyed week. The use of this criterion is due to the fact that it is necessary to cover all types of employment that may exist in the country - from permanent to short-term, casual and other types of irregular employment.

The unemployed are persons aged 16 and over who, during the period under review:

• did not have a job (or an occupation that generates income);
• looking for a job;
• were ready to get to work.

This definition is consistent with the methodology of the International Labor Organization (ILO). When assigning a person to the category of unemployed, all three criteria specified above must be taken into account.

Is a population that is not part of the labor force. This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in household; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

- ensure the supply of labor in the labor market for the production of goods, performance of work and provision of services. That is, they want to work, but at the same time they can both work and look for work. Accordingly, the economically active population is divided into two categories: the number of those employed in the sectors of the economy and the number of unemployed.

The economically active population is part of the labor force. The economically active population changes in individuals in relation to a certain period of time.

The number of people employed in the sectors of the economy Is an indicator that characterizes the demand for labor in the labor market. The higher the demand for labor, the higher the employment rate in the economy. Every economy strives for population indicators.

Number of unemployed- this is the excess of supply over demand for labor in the labor market. Usually, the supply exceeds the demand for labor, which objectively determines the availability. This does not exclude the opposite situation in certain sectors of the labor market (regional, by type of activity).

Economically inactive population

Economically inactive population- these are persons capable of work (they are included in the labor force), but they cannot be classified as either to or to.

Economically inactive population Is a population that is not part of work force... This includes: pupils and students; pensioners; persons receiving disability pensions; persons engaged in housekeeping; persons who have stopped looking for work, having exhausted all the possibilities of obtaining it, but who can and are ready to work; other persons who do not need to work regardless of the source of income.

The categories of economic activity of the population considered above do not imply that once having got into any group, a person remains there forever. The labor market has a highly dynamic nature, therefore, it is necessary to consider not only the size of each group in certain period time, but also the movement (flows) of people between various groups... The diagram below illustrates a dynamic labor market model.

V market economy the possibility of unemployment of the able-bodied population is allowed... The reasons for the economic passivity of this part of the population are social status, material security, housekeeping, raising children, or the hopelessness of employment. In russia, this category of the population numbers several million people. The primary task of statistics is to study employment, that is, the degree of satisfaction of the supply of labor. The study also examines the number, composition, territorial distribution and reasons for economic passivity.

Indicators of employment and level refer to the main characteristics of the socio-economic situation of the country and the state of the labor market.

In the 90s. On the Russian labor market there was a decrease in the supply of labor, the largest decline was in 1998. The number of the economically active population, despite a slight increase in 1999 and 2000, did not reach the level of 1992; it was less by 3.3 million people. On a large scale, there was a decrease in the demand for labor. The number of people employed in the economy during this period decreased by 6.4 million people, or by 9%. There was a release of labor from state enterprises and organizations in connection with the decline in production, the redistribution of labor between sectors of the economy, the transition from state to private sector, but in general, with a decrease in the number of employed, the number of unemployed systematically increased. The unemployment rate (the proportion of the unemployed in the economically active population) in 1998 reached 13.2% and remained at a high level until 2000.

Economic activity ratio

It is the ratio of the economically active population to the total population.

Task

The economically active population in Russia in November 2009 amounted to 72.8 million people

• number of employed 65.0 million people
• total population - 144.9 million people.

Find the number of unemployed, the coefficients of economic activity, employment and unemployment.

The economically active population includes both employed and unemployed, therefore,

• The number of unemployed = 72.8 - 65 = 7.8 million people.
• Economic activity ratio = (72.8 / 144.9) * 100% = 50%
• Employment ratio = 65 / 72.8 = 0.9
• = 7,8 / 72,8 = 0,1

Task

• Average annual population: 148,300 thousand people
• Total employed in the economy: 67,100 thousand people.
• Number of unemployed: 6410 thousand people

Find: the number of the economically active population (EAP), the coefficient of economic activity of the population, the coefficient of employment and the coefficient of unemployment of the population.

• EAN = 67100 + 6410 = 73510 thousand people.
• EAN coefficient = 73510/148300 = 0.5
• Employment ratio = 67100/73510 = 0.91
• Unemployment rate = 6410/73510 = 0.09

Task

The number of employed and unemployed as of the date was:

Find: the average number of employed, unemployed, economically active population for the year, the coefficients of employment and unemployment for this period.

1. The average number of employed and unemployed is calculated using the simple chronological average formula.

2. The economically active population is the sum of the employed and the unemployed.

• EAN = 718 + 73.25 = 791.25

3.K employment = 718 / 791.25 = 0.91
4. To unemployment = 73.25 / 791.25 = 0.09

Economically active population

Based on the materials of sample surveys of the population on employment problems: 1992, 1995. - at the end of October; 2000-2007 - at the end of November. Since 2006 - including data on the Chechen Republic.

	Thousands of people
- Total	75060	70740	72332	72421	72835	72909	73811	74156	75046
including:
employed in the economy	71171	64055	65273	66266	67152	67134	68603	69157	70813
unemployed	3889	6684	7059	6155	5683	5775	5208	4999	4232
Men	39197	37338	37499	36997	37206	37079	37511	37627	37967
including:
employed in the economy	37161	33726	33754	33709	34199	34177	34710	34996	35702
unemployed	2036	3613	3745	3288	3007	2902	2801	2631	2264
Women	35863	33401	34833	35423	35629	35831	36300	36529	37079
including:
employed in the economy	34010	30330	31519	32557	32953	32958	33893	34161	35111
unemployed	1853	3072	3314	2866	2676	2873	2407	2368	1968
	As a percentage of the total
Economically active population- Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,5	90,2	91,5	92,2	92,1	92,9	93,3	94,4
unemployed	5,2	9,5	9,8	8,5	7,8	7,9	7,1	6,7	5,6
Men	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,3	89,8	91,1	91,9	92,2	92,5	93,0	94,0
unemployed	5,2	9,7	10,2	8,9	8,1	7,8	7,5	7,0	6,0
Women	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
including:
employed in the economy	94,8	90,8	90,5	91,9	92,5	92,0	93,4	93,5	94,7
unemployed	5,2	9,2	9,5	8,1	7,5	8,0	6,6	6,5	5,3

Labor resources - a part of the country's population, which, in terms of physical development, acquired education, professional qualification level, is capable of engaging in socially useful activities.

Labor resources - that part of the population with physical development and intellectual (mental) abilities necessary for work. The labor force includes both employed and potential employees.

Labor resources are a category that occupies an intermediate position between the economic categories "population" and "total labor force". In quantitative terms, the labor force includes the entire able-bodied population employed, regardless of age, in the spheres of the public economy and individual labor activity. They also include persons of working age who are potentially able to participate in labor, but are employed in domestic and personal peasant economy, on-the-job studies, in military service.

In the structure of labor resources in terms of their participation in social production there are two parts: active (functioning) and passive (potential).

The size of the labor force depends on the officially established age limits - the upper and lower levels of the working age, the share of the working age population among the working age population, the number of people outside the working age participating in social labor. Age limits are established in each country by applicable law.

V modern conditions the main sources of replenishment of labor resources are: young people entering the working age; servicemen dismissed from the armed forces in connection with the reduction in the size of the army; forced migrants from the Baltic countries, Transcaucasia, Central Asia. Quantitative changes in the number of labor resources are characterized by such indicators as absolute growth, growth rates and growth rates.

The labor resources of the enterprise are the numerical professionally qualified composition of employed workers (personnel). Under the personnel of the enterprise is understood not only employees, but also the owners or co-owners of the company, if they take part in the activities of the enterprise with their labor and receive appropriate remuneration for this. Consequently, the personnel of the enterprise is a set of employees, both for hire and owners, whose labor potential corresponds to the trade and technological process and ensures effective economic activity.

Labor in trade has its own characteristics:

• - a combination of production and non-production labor. Production labor associated with the continuation of the production process in the sphere of circulation; non-production - associated with a change in the forms of the value of goods (accounting).
• - the labor of trade workers does not create new consumer values.
• - the prevalence of female labor (out of 10 workers, 8 are women).

The number and structure of the company's personnel depend on the type and scope of the firm's activities, specialization, number of jobs, working hours, level of labor productivity, etc.

Workers commercial enterprise can be classified according to different criteria:

According to the functional composition, all employees of the enterprise can be divided into 3 groups:

• - administrative and management personnel;
• - trade and operational personnel (sellers, cashiers, heads of departments);
• - auxiliary personnel (cleaning of premises, worker carrying goods, electricians, etc.).

• - leaders,
• - specialists;
• - employees;
• - workers.

By profession: economist, commodity expert, sales manager, seller of food and non-food products, etc.

By qualification (level and combination of practical and theoretical skills that allow to determine the complexity of the work):

• - unqualified;
• - low-skilled;
• - qualified;
• - highly qualified.

By category:

• - industry / catering - 6 categories,
• - trade - 3 categories.

Other types of classification are also used:

• - in relation to property (employees-owners and employees),
• - the nature labor relations(permanent and temporary),
• - by gender, age, work experience, etc.

For analysis, planning, accounting and personnel management, all employees of the enterprise are classified according to a number of characteristics. Depending on participation in production process the entire personnel of the enterprise is divided into two categories: industrial production personnel (PPP) and non-industrial personnel.

Industrial production personnel include workers who are directly related to production and its maintenance.

Non-industrial personnel include employees who are not directly associated with production and its maintenance. These are mainly employees of housing and communal services, children's and medical and sanitary institutions belonging to the enterprise.

Personnel development trends:

• - Annual increase in the number of employees.
• - A qualitative change in the structure of personnel (the proportion of certain categories of workers in their total number), a decrease in the proportion of management personnel and an increase in the proportion of working categories.
• - Qualitative change in the composition of personnel - an increase in the number of specialists with higher education, the discovery of new specialties in trade.

The formation of labor resources is a process of their continuous reproduction, the renewal of their numbers. In 2000, the structure of the labor force was as follows: the able-bodied working-age population - 95.17%, working pensioners - 4.47%, working adolescents - 0.06% of the total labor force. According to the results of observations over a number of years, the following trends were noted: in the first group - relative stability, in the group of working pensioners - an increase in the number, in the group of working adolescents - a decrease. Based on this, we can conclude that the development of the labor market is associated with the population of working age, and the dynamics of the number of labor resources is determined by the dynamics of the size of this population category, which depends on a number of demographic factors, namely on the mortality rate and the ratio between the number of young people who have reached working age. age and the number of citizens reaching retirement age. Russia as a whole is characterized by steep rises and falls in the size of the working-age population, which is due to overall development country. This circumstance poses the task of the economy to constantly adapt to this dynamics.

The number of working adolescents is also influenced by demographic factors, as well as the level of family well-being: the higher it is, the less adolescents work.

Regarding the number of working pensioners, we note that how more people the retirement age, the more workers there are among them. This category is growing most rapidly, since the age-sex structure of the population is strongly deformed.

In general, the number of working adolescents and retirees also depends on the demand for labor and on the availability of jobs that correspond to the specifics of their employment.

The use of labor resources implies their distribution and the effectiveness of the use of their labor. The distribution takes place according to the types of employment for the employed and unemployed, in turn, the employed are distributed:

• - by industry;
• - according to labor regimes;
• -in the territory of the country;
• -on the floor;
• -according to the age;
• - by the level of education and health;

by type economic activity(employees, employers, self-employed persons, members production cooperatives, workers not classified by status).

• Introductory lesson is free;
• A large number of experienced teachers (native and Russian-speaking);
• Courses are NOT for a specific period (month, six months, a year), but for a specific number of classes (5, 10, 20, 50);
• More than 10,000 satisfied customers.
• The cost of one lesson with a Russian-speaking teacher - from 600 rubles, with a native speaker - from 1500 rubles

Working age: Men 16-59, Women 16-54. This is a set of people capable of work by age and health.

The size of the working age population minus disabled persons of this age who are not working, minus the number of pensioners at this age.

Labor resources. This is the part of the country's population that is employed in the economy or not employed, but capable of age and health. This is the able-bodied working-age population, working adolescents under 16 years of age, persons over working age, employed in the economy or unemployed.

Also taken into account balance of pendulum migration. Natural movement - change in numbers excluding migration. Replenishment - adolescents entering the working age and attracting disabled persons. Retirement - mortality, retirement, retirement and termination of work and disability. To characterize the intensity, the following are used: the coefficient of natural growth and the coefficient of migration growth .

Workforce balance - statistical table.

Section 1 - The number and reproductive composition of the population (the number of labor resources in total, including:

a) able-bodied population of working age,

b) working adolescents,

c) working pensioners.

Section 2 - Distribution of labor resources by type of employment in total, including:

a) the number by industry,

b) students of working age, studying with a break from work,

c) able-bodied population of working age not employed in the economy).

Economically active population - the part of the country's population that provides the supply of labor (employed + unemployed). Employed - having an occupation that generates income. Unemployed - over 16 years old, did not have recent times work, were looking for it, were ready to start it. Economically inactive population - non-working and not looking for work (children, housewives, students and other persons).

Distribution by age and employment.

1. Population of working age = B + D + D + E

2. Able-bodied population = B + G + E

3. Labor resources = B + C + G + E + F + W

4. Employed in the economy = B + C + F

5. Unemployed = G + W

6. Economically active = B + C + D + H + F

7. Economically inactive = A + D + E + I

7.1 Economically inactive working-age population = D + E

7.2 Economically inactive population of not working age = A + I

8. Labor resources = 6 + 7.1 -D

1. Working capacity ratio of the population- the share of the working-age population in the total number.

2. Working capacity ratio of the working age population- the share of the working-age population in the working-age population.

3. Employment rate of the entire population- the share of the employed in the total number.

4. Employment rate of the working age population.

5. Total load factor- the number of disabled people per 1000 people of working age.

6. Replacement rate of able-bodied resources- the number of children and adolescents per 1000 people of working age.

7. Aged dependency ratio- the number of pensioners per 1000 people of working age.

8. Unemployment rate- the share of the unemployed among the economically active.

9. Economic activity ratio- the share of economically active among the total population.