Hygienists have classified human working conditions according to severity and intensity. labor process and according to indicators of harmfulness and danger of factors of the working environment.

the severity of physical labor,- these are mainly muscular efforts and energy costs: physical dynamic load, the mass of the lifted and moved load, stereotypical working movements, static load, working postures, body tilts, movement in space.

Labor process factors that characterize labor intensity, - this is an emotional and intellectual load, a load on human analyzers (auditory, visual, etc.), monotony of loads, mode of operation.

Labor according to the severity of the labor process is divided into the following classes : light(optimal working conditions for physical activity), moderate(permissible working conditions) and heavy three degrees (harmful working conditions).

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are: the amount of external mechanical work performed per shift; the mass of the cargo lifted and moved manually; the number of stereotyped work movements per shift; the value of the total effort applied per shift to hold the load; the convenience of the working position; the number of forced inclinations per shift and kilometers that a person is forced to pass when performing work.

Classification of working conditions by severity and tension:

Labor according to the degree of tension of the labor process is divided into the following classes: optimal- 1st class, permissible- 2nd grade, tense- 3rd grade - work of three degrees.

The criteria for assigning labor to a particular class are:

o degree of intellectual load, depending on the content and nature of the work performed, the degree of its complexity;

: duration of focused attention, number of signals per hour of work, number of objects of simultaneous observation; load on vision, determined mainly by the size of the minimum objects of discrimination, the duration of work behind the screens of monitors;

, depending on the degree of responsibility and the significance of the error, the degree of risk to one's own life and the safety of other people;

o monotony of labor, determined by the duration of the execution of simple or repetitive operations;

o operating mode, characterized by the length of the working day and the shift in work.

Thus, physical work classified by gravity labor, mental- on tensions.

Labor requiring physical exertion, emotional, intellectual stress, responsibility is classified both by the severity and the intensity of labor.

These types of labor include the labor of drivers, typesetters of printing houses, computer users who enter large amounts of information into memory, etc. The work of people of these professions is characterized by stereotyped working movements involving the muscles of the fingers, hands, arms or the shoulder girdle, by the constancy of the working posture, the tension of the analyzers (above all vision), the duration of concentrated observation, etc.

Occupational hygiene Is a field of medicine that studies human labor activity and the working environment from the point of view of their influence on the body, develops measures and hygienic standards aimed at improving working conditions and preventing occupational diseases. Occupational health tasks: determination of maximum permissible levels of harmful production factors, classification of conditions labor activity, assessment of the severity and intensity of the labor process, rational organization work and rest regime, workplace, study of psychophysiological aspects of labor activity, etc.

When assessing quality the environment it is necessary to study not only the influence of various parameters, but also their interaction and develop appropriate complex indicators (for example, an indicator of heat stress).

Hygiene methods include instrumental studies of environmental factors, physiological and clinical observations, as well as methods of sanitary examination and medical statistics.

The parameters of the working environment that affect the state of human health are the following factors:

physical factors: climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility), electromagnetic fields of various wavelengths (ultraviolet, visible, infrared - thermal, laser, microwave, radio frequency, low frequency), static, electric and magnetic fields, ionizing radiation, noise, vibration, ultrasound, irritating aerosols (dust), illumination (absence natural light, insufficient illumination);

chemical factors: harmful substances, including biological ones (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes);

biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, producer microorganisms, preparations containing living cells and spores of microorganisms, protein preparations.

According to the factors of the working environment, working conditions are divided into four classes:

o 1st grade - optimal working conditions- conditions under which not only the health of workers is preserved, but also conditions for high performance are created. Optimal standards are set only for climatic parameters (temperature, humidity, air mobility);

o 2nd class - permissible working conditions- characterized by such levels of environmental factors that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, while possible changes functional state organism pass during rest breaks or by the beginning of the next shift and do not adversely affect the health of workers and their offspring;

o 3rd grade - harmful working conditions - characterized by the presence of factors that exceed hygienic standards and affect the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

Harmful conditions according to the degree of exceeding the standards, labor is divided into 4 degrees of harm:

The harmful working conditions include the conditions in which metallurgists work, miners working in conditions of increased air pollution, noise, vibration, unsatisfactory microclimate parameters, thermal radiation; traffic controllers on highways with heavy traffic, who are during the entire shift in conditions of high gas pollution and increased noise.

o 4th grade - hazardous (extreme) working conditions- are characterized by such levels of harmful production factors, the impact of which during work shift and even part of it poses a threat to life, high risk severe forms of acute occupational diseases.

Dangerous (extreme) working conditions include the work of firefighters, mine rescuers, liquidators of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant... Hard and strenuous work has an adverse effect on human health. So far, a person cannot refuse such activities, but as technical progress develops, it is necessary to strive to reduce the severity and intensity of labor by mechanizing and automating heavy physical work, transferring control, management, decision-making and performing stereotypical technological operations and movements to automatic machines and electronic computers. Human labor activity must be carried out in acceptable working environment conditions. However, when performing some technological processes, it is currently technically impossible or economically extremely difficult to ensure that the standards for a number of factors of the production environment are not exceeded. Work in hazardous conditions should be carried out with the use of personal protective equipment and with a reduction in the time of exposure to harmful production factors (protection by time).

Work in hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th class) is not allowed except for the elimination of accidents, emergency work to prevent emergencies. Work should be carried out using personal protective equipment and in strict observance of the regimes regulated for such work.

Work environment factors can have harmful effects on the body of a working person.

In occupational health, a dangerous and harmful production factor is highlighted.

A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the work process that can cause acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of the offspring.

All harmful production factors are divided into a number of groups.

• 1. Physical factors: temperature, humidity, air velocity, non-ionizing electromagnetic fields and radiation, electrostatic fields, permanent magnetic fields, electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency, laser and thermal radiation, ionizing radiation, industrial noise, vibration (local, general) , ultrasound, infrasound, aerosols (dust) of predominantly fibrogenic action, natural lighting (absence or insufficiency) or artificial, electrically charged air particles (air ions).
• 2. Chemical factors: chemicals and some substances of biological nature: antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations.
• 3. Biological factors: pathogenic microorganisms, living cells and spores.
• 4. Factors of the labor process that characterize the severity of physical labor.
• 5. Factors of the labor process that characterize the intensity of labor.

Any work can be characterized by heaviness and tension.

The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting mainly the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems organism (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.), which ensure its activity.

The severity of labor is determined by the energy (power) component and is characterized by certain indicators.

The indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the value of the static load, working posture, inclinations of the body, movement in space.

Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sense organs, the emotional sphere of the employee and the degree of its severity.

Indicators characterizing the intensity of labor: intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of stress, mode of work, duration and intensity of intellectual stress (according to special scales).

Modern conditions of production in connection with scientific and technological progress determine the emergence of both new professions and new harmful factors of various nature (for example, physical - plasma processes). The role of psychophysiological factors increases with the introduction computer technology, while the physical activity of computer operators is sharply reduced, etc.

Safe working conditions are those conditions under which exposure to harmful and hazardous production factors is excluded or their levels do not exceed hygienic standards.

Hygienic standards for working conditions are the developed MPC (maximum allowable concentration) and MPL (maximum allowable levels).

Production (work) environment includes everything that surrounds a person in the process of labor activity: technical equipment of the organization, features of technological processes and production, the condition of buildings, structures, structures and engineering communications, sanitary and hygienic and aesthetic conditions, relationships in labor collective, the level of professional risk based on the identified hazardous and harmful production factors, etc.

Dangerous and harmful production factors

Section 209 Labor Code RF contains the concepts of harmful and hazardous production factors:

• Harmful production factor- This is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead him to illness.
• Hazardous production factor- this is a production factor, the impact of which on an employee can lead to his injury.

Depending on the quantitative characteristics, duration and conditions of action, certain harmful production factors can become dangerous.

In accordance with GOST 12.0.003-2015 "SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification "(hereinafter - GOST 12.0.003-2015) and Guide R 2.2.2006-05" Guidelines for the hygienic assessment of the factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditions "(hereinafter - Guide R 2.2.2006-05), hazardous and harmful factors of the industrial (working) environment are usually classified by the nature of their impact on: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.

1. Dangerous and harmful physical factors

Harmful physical factors of the working environment:

• high or low air temperature in the working area;
• high humidity and air velocity;
• thermal radiation - thermal load of the environment (TSC-index);
• non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) and radiation, electrostatic field;
• constant magnetic field (including hypogeomagnetic);
• electric and magnetic fields of industrial frequency (50 Hz);
• broadband EMF generated by a personal computer;
• electromagnetic radiation of the radio frequency range;
• broadband electromagnetic pulses;
• electromagnetic radiation of the optical range (including laser and ultraviolet);
• ionizing radiation; industrial noise;
• ultrasound and infrasound;
• vibration (local, general);
• aerosols (dust) of predominantly fibrogenic action;
• natural lighting (absence or insufficiency);
• artificial lighting (insufficient illumination, pulsation of the luminous flux, excessive brightness, high uneven distribution of brightness, direct and reflected glare);
• electrically charged air particles - air ions.

Hazardous physical factors of the working environment:

• moving machines and mechanisms;
• lifting and transporting devices and moving loads;
• moving parts of production equipment;
• electricity;
• increased or decreased temperature of surfaces of equipment, materials;
• location of the workplace at a height, etc.

2. Dangerous and harmful chemical factors

Chemically hazardous and harmful production factors: chemical substances, mixtures, including some substances of biological nature (antibiotics, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, protein preparations), obtained by chemical synthesis and (or) for the control of which chemical analysis methods are used, numerous vapors, gases and dust, which are By the nature of the action on the human body, they are divided into general toxic, irritating, sensitizing (causing allergic diseases), carcinogenic (causing the development of tumors), mutagenic (causing hereditary changes in the body) and affecting reproductive function (acting on the reproductive cells of the body).

3. Dangerous and harmful biological factors

Biologically hazardous and harmful production factors: microorganisms - producers, living cells and spores contained in bacterial preparations, pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, fungi, protozoa) and their metabolic products, as well as macroorganisms (plants and animals).

4. Dangerous and harmful psychophysiological factors

Psychophysiological hazardous and harmful production factors (severity and intensity of work): physical exertion (static and dynamic) and neuropsychic overload (mental overstrain, overstrain of analyzers, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Hygienic standards of working conditions

All factors of the working environment are normalized in order to establish hygienic standards. The heyday of the concept of threshold exposure of harmful factors falls on the middle of the last century. The concept of the threshold impact of harmful factors in the working environment is aimed at observing hygienic standards for working conditions, which include:

• MPC- maximum permissible concentration of chemicals;
• Remote control- the maximum permissible level of physical pollution;
• PDZ- maximum permissible value;
• Traffic rules- the maximum permissible dose of hazardous factors.

The maximum permissible concentration (MPC) was set on the basis that there is a certain limit value of the harmful factor, below which it is absolutely safe to stay in a given area or use the product.

To establish the maximum permissible concentration, computational methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the health of lindens exposed to harmful substances are used. To establish the maximum permissible concentration, computational methods, the results of biological experiments, as well as materials of dynamic observations of the state of health of persons exposed to harmful substances are used. V recent times methods of computer modeling with the use of databases or information-predicted systems, biotesting at various objects, etc. are also widely used.

The MPC standards for pollutants are calculated based on their content in the air, soil, water and are set for each harmful substance (or microorganism) separately. The MPC values ​​are set based on the impact of harmful substances on humans, and these values ​​are generally accepted for the entire territory and water area. Russian Federation.

The MPC levels of the same substance are different for different objects of the external environment:

• For the atmospheric air of populated areas and closed premises, maximum permissible concentrations are established with.with. - daily average, MPC m.r. - maximum one-time;
• For the air of the working area maximum permissible concentration r.z. - in the working area, maximum permissible concentration r.s. - medium shift in the working area;
• For the aquatic environment MPC в1 - for water bodies of the first category of water use, MPC в2 - for water bodies of the second category of water use, MPC for fish farm - for water bodies for fishery purposes;
• MPC p. - for soil;
• MPC p.p. - for food.

The maximum one-time value of MPC is set to prevent reflex reactions of a person with short-term exposure to impurities. The average daily MAC value is established to prevent the general toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic effect of the substance on the human body.

Hygienic standards for working conditions (MPC, PDU)- these are the levels of harmful factors in the working environment, which, during daily (except weekends) work for eight hours, but not more than 40 hours per week, during the entire working experience should not cause diseases or deviations in the state of health detected modern methods research, in the process of work or in remote periods of life of the present and subsequent generations. Compliance with hygienic standards does not exclude health disorders in persons with hypersensitivity.

The maximum permissible value of the hazardous fire factor (IDZ OFP) Is such a value of a hazardous fire factor, the impact of which on a person during the critical duration of a fire does not lead to injury, illness or deviation in the state of health for a normatively established period of time, but the impact on material values does not lead to the loss of their target functions or consumer qualities. The critical duration of a fire is understood as the time during which the maximum permissible value of the hazardous fire factor is reached.

Maximum allowable doses (PDD) of ionizing radiation Is a hygienic standard that regulates the highest permissible value of an individual equivalent dose in the entire human body or in individual organs, which does not cause adverse changes in the health status of persons working with sources of ionizing radiation.

This standard is established by law. In the Russian Federation, the main regulatory legal acts in the field of radiation safety are the federal law dated 09.01.1996 N 3-FZ "On the radiation safety of the population" (hereinafter the Law on the radiation safety of the population), San Pi N 2.6.1. 2523-09 "Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99/2009)" and SP 2.6.1. 2612-10 "Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-99/2010)".

The action of ionizing radiation is a complex process and, when exposed to the human body, can cause two types of effects that are related to diseases in clinical medicine:

• Deterministic(causally determined) threshold effects (radiation sickness, radiation burn, radiation cataract (lens opacity), radiation infertility, abnormalities in fetal development, etc.), in relation to which the existence of a threshold is assumed, below which the effect is absent, and above - the severity of the effect depends from the dose;
• Stochastic(random, probabilistic) nonthreshold effects (malignant tumors, leukemias, hereditary diseases), the probability of occurrence of which is proportional to the dose and for which the severity of manifestation depends on the dose.

In radiobiological experiments at the cellular and molecular levels, the possibility of even single acts of ionization has been shown to cause a violation of some hereditary mechanisms. In addition, one cannot exclude the likelihood of disturbances in cellular structures at low radiation doses and somatic-stochastic and genetic effects caused by these disturbances.

In the absence of direct evidence of the effect of low-dose irradiation or the harmlessness of this irradiation and taking into account the need for a careful, humane approach to standardizing radiation exposure when developing radiation safety standards, a hypothesis was proposed that there is no threshold for stochastic radiation effects based on a linear relationship between the dose and the effect in the region of small doses. This hypothesis in the form of an official concept was adopted by the International Committee on Radiation Protection and the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation as a basis for assessing and predicting damage from the use of ionizing radiation and for implementing practical developments in the field of radiation protection. This hypothesis is most often referred to as the concept of a no-threshold linear dose-response relationship.

All hygiene standards are based on an 8-hour shift. With a longer shift duration, but no more than 40 hours per week, in each specific case, the possibility of work must be agreed with the territorial department of Rospotrebnadzor, taking into account the health indicators of workers (according to periodic medical examinations, etc.), the presence of complaints about working conditions and the mandatory observance of hygienic standards.

It should be noted that the excess of hygienic standards in the process of workers' labor activity leads to an increase in accidents at work, occupational diseases, work-related diseases, loss of working capacity and professional working capacity of a significant number of workers.

The state of the working environment has a significant impact on human performance, primarily due to changes in the balance of energy costs. Unfavorable working conditions cause increased energy consumption for the basic metabolism and resistance of the human body to external influences, form a negative attitude towards work. Accordingly, the possibilities of energy consumption for performing labor actions, which leads to a decrease in performance. A decrease in the general resistance of the human body is not excluded, which leads to the development of both occupational and general diseases.

A decrease in the level of efficiency, loss of time due to morbidity and injuries, an increase in the time spent on rest, an increase in marriage and a decrease in product quality, the emergence of excess staff turnover due to an unsatisfactory state of working conditions, this is a far from complete list of the consequences of an unfavorable working environment leading to a decrease in efficiency activities of organizations.

We should not forget about the colossal social damage: deterioration in the health of workers (and often, as a result, of their offspring), partial or complete disability as a result of injuries and diseases, a drop in labor motivation, a decrease in the level of income and consumption of persons who prematurely lost their ability to work, and their families. That is why the problems of forming healthy and safe environment labor are of particular relevance in our country.

test

Analyze working conditions in the industry in terms of hazard and hazard indicators of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process (analyze for a specific example)

Working conditions play an important role in a person's working life. Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the performance and health of an employee. One of the most important components of labor protection is protection against industrial hazards- that is, factors that negatively affect the health of workers. Working conditions are divided into 4 classes:

b Optimal working conditions (1st class) - conditions under which

the health of workers is preserved and the prerequisites are created to maintain high level performance. Optimal standards of production factors are established for microclimatic parameters and factors of the labor process.

b Acceptable working conditions (2nd class) - characterized by such

the level of environmental factors and the labor process, which does not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or at the beginning of the next shift and should not have an adverse effect in the near and distant period on the health of workers. Permissible working conditions are conventionally referred to as safe.

b Harmful working conditions (3rd class) - characterized by the presence

harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker. Harmful working conditions according to the degree of excess of hygienic standards and the severity of changes in the body of workers are divided into 4 degrees of harm:

1st degree 3rd class - working conditions are characterized by deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards that cause functional changes that recover with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of health damage;

2nd degree 3rd class - working conditions under which the level of harmful factors causes persistent functional changes, leads in most cases to an increase in occupationally determined morbidity, to the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases arising after a long period of service (often after 15 years and more);

3rd degree of the 3rd class - working conditions characterized by such a level of harmful factors, the impact of which leads to the development of occupational diseases of mild and moderate severity (with the loss of occupational disability) during the period of labor activity, the growth of chronic (production-related) pathology, including increased levels of morbidity with temporary disability;

4th degree of the 3rd class - working conditions under which severe forms of occupational diseases (with the loss of general working capacity) can occur, there is a significant increase in the number of chronic diseases and a high level of morbidity with temporary disability.

b Hazardous (extreme) working conditions (4th grade) -

characterized by the levels of production factors, the impact of which during the work shift (or part of it) poses a threat to life, a high risk of developing acute occupational injuries, including in severe forms.

Working environment factors include: microclimate parameters; the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area; the level of noise, vibration, infra - and ultrasound, illumination, etc.

Fig.1 The main elements characterizing the working conditions in production.

The labor process is determined by indicators of the severity and intensity of labor. In a general assessment, the factors of the working environment are divided into:

· A hazardous production factor is a factor of the environment and the work process that can cause an acute illness or a sudden sharp deterioration in health, and even death.

· A harmful production factor is a factor of the environment and the labor process, which, under certain conditions (intensity, duration, and others), can cause occupational pathology, temporary or permanent decrease in working capacity, increase the frequency of somatic and infectious diseases, and lead to impaired health of the offspring.

· The severity of labor is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load on the musculoskeletal system and functional systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, etc.). The indicators of the severity of labor are the physical dynamic load, the mass (weight) of the load being lifted and moved, the total number of stereotypical working movements, the magnitude of the static load, the working posture, body tilts, and movements in space.

· Labor intensity is a characteristic of the labor process, reflecting the load mainly on the central nervous system, sensory organs, the emotional sphere of the employee and the degree of its severity. Indicators characterizing the intensity of labor: intellectual, sensory, emotional stress, the degree of monotony of stress, mode of work, duration and intensity of intellectual stress (according to special scales).

If, for example, we analyze the working conditions of the printing industry in terms of hazard and hazard indicators of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process, then on the basis of the Order State Committee Of Ukraine on industrial safety and labor protection dated December 03, 2007 No. 287 defines the labor protection rules for enterprises and organizations of the printing industry:

· Sanitary standards of microclimate (temperature, humidity and air velocity) at workplaces must be in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.005-88 and DSN 3.3.6.042-99 "State sanitary standards for the microclimate of industrial premises", approved by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 42.

Intensity infrared radiation from heated equipment and insolation at workplaces should not exceed the standards specified in GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air of the working area" and DSN 3.3.6.042-99.

· The temperature of the surfaces of heated equipment accessible to touch should not exceed 43 Cє, according to DSTU EN 563-2001 "Safety of machinery. Temperatures of surfaces accessible to touch. Ergonomic data for setting limit values ​​for the temperature of hot surfaces (EN 563: 1994, IDT) ". Heating devices and elements of equipment with a temperature of external surfaces over 43Cє must be provided with thermal insulation or a fence and applied with a signal paint in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76.

· In production and auxiliary buildings and premises, natural light should be used as much as possible.

· The level of vibration that affects workers in the workplace should not exceed the values ​​in DSN 3.3.6.039-99 "State sanitary standards for industrial general and local vibration", approved by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 No. 39.

· The permissible noise level at workplaces should not exceed the values ​​of ДСН 3.3.6.037-99 "Sanitary norms of industrial noise, ultrasound and infrasound", approved by the decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine dated 01.12.99 № 37.

Analysis of working conditions based on certification of the workplace of a surgeon

Actual and normative values of the measured parameters: Indicators of the intensity of the labor process Class of working conditions 1 2 3.1 3.2 3 ...

Certification of workplaces for working conditions at the enterprise

In the course of studying the factors, the following are determined: - production factors characteristic of each workplace ...

Life safety as academic discipline

Working conditions are a combination of factors of the working environment and the labor process that affect the health of a person's performance in the labor process ...

The severity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of hazard and hazard factors of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Safety of technological processes and equipment at the carpenter's workplace at the LLC TD Igrinsky Lespromkhoz

The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with these "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of the hazard and hazard of working environment factors, the severity and intensity of the labor process" ...

Individual and collective protective equipment

The working environment is the space in which a person's labor activity is carried out. Elements of the production environment: - objects of labor; - means of labor (tools, technological equipment, machines, etc.)

Classification of working conditions and their expertise

Collective and individual protective equipment

dangerous harmful work safety The centuries-old human practice provides the basis for the statement, which formed the basis of the main axiom of life safety, that any activity is potentially dangerous ...

Collective and personal protective equipment for workers

One of the most important conditions for the normal life of a person in the performance of professional functions is the maintenance of the thermal balance of the body ...

1. Intellectual loads. Intellectual loads consider the labor process from the point of view of his mental activity. They have expert opinions ...

Methods for assessing labor intensity

The quantitative value, or detailed expert description of each factor is correlated with Table 4.9. ГК Р.2.2.755-99 and receives a corresponding score; data entered into final protocol(Appendix 4). - Factors ...

Assessment of hazardous and harmful factors in the workplace of a chemistry teacher

Overall score the tension of the labor process is carried out as follows. Regardless of the profession, all of the above 22 indicators are taken into account ...

Industrial dust, effect on the body, preventive measures

In the process of working in the working area, harmful and dangerous production factors that affect a person arise. Hazardous production factor - production factor ...

power plant labor minder fuel supply The workstation of an automated fuel supply minder is designed to control equipment from the fuel supply control panel ...

Development of measures to improve the working conditions of a minder in the fuel supply shop of OGK-6, Novocherkasskaya SDPP

The main functional element of the automated fuel supply mechanic's workplace are vertical panels on which information display means are mounted in the form of recording and indicating devices (thermometers ...

Labor activity can be considered in two aspects: from the point of view of the labor load performed by a person in this type of work, and, on the other hand, - the functional tension of the body as an integral response of the human body to the load.

Labor load is a set of factors of the labor process performed in certain conditions of the working environment. Depending on the characteristics of the factors, the work load has a different effect on the human body, on certain functional systems, determining the magnitude and direction of their functioning. Under certain conditions, the levels of factors of the labor process can be regarded as dangerous and harmful.

According to GOST 12.0.003-74 (since March 1, 2017, GOST 12.0.003-2015 comes into force), factors due to the peculiarities of the nature and organization and organization of labor of workers, parameters of the workplace and equipment, are distinguished into a complex of so-called psychophysiologically dangerous and harmful production factors.

They can have an adverse effect on the functional state of the human body, its state of health, emotional and intellectual spheres and lead to a persistent decrease in working capacity and (or) disruption of the health status of workers.

By the nature of the action, psychophysiological OVPF (hazardous harmful production factors) are divided into physical (static and dynamic) overloads and neuropsychic overloads (mental overstrain, analyzer overstrain, monotony of work, emotional overload).

Psychophysiological HIPF can be characterized by the parameters of labor (work) loads and (or) indicators of the impact of these loads on a person. Accordingly, the nomenclature includes both parameters of physical and neuropsychic overloads - parameters of labor activity, and indicators of their impact on the functional state of the human body during work, its well-being.

Existing in conditions modern production technological processes make high demands on the organ of vision of workers. Up to 90% of all labor operations are now under the control of vision. The miniaturization and microminiaturization of elements, characteristic of many industries, the introduction of new types of equipment, technologies and computer control systems causes an increased voltage of the visual analyzer. The contingent of persons performing work at the limit of eye resolution, using optical means, means of displaying information, is constantly growing.

In accordance with the "Guide m on hygienic assessment factors of the working environment and the labor process. Criteria and classification of working conditionsP 2.2.2006-05 ", The parameters of the labor process (the severity and intensity of labor) according to the degree of influence on the functional state and health of workers are attributed to three classes:

Optimal working conditions (class 1) - conditions under which the health of the employee is preserved and the prerequisites are created for maintaining a high level of performance. Optimal standards for working environment factors are established for microclimatic parameters and workload factors. For other factors, the optimal conditions are conventionally taken to be such working conditions under which harmful factors are absent or do not exceed the levels accepted as safe for the population.

Allowable working conditions (grade 2) are characterized by such levels of environmental factors and the labor process that do not exceed the established hygienic standards for workplaces, and possible changes in the functional state of the body are restored during a regulated rest or by the beginning of the next shift and do not have an adverse effect in the near and long term on the health of workers and their offspring. Permissible working conditions are conventionally referred to as safe.

Harmful working conditions (grade 3) are characterized by the presence of harmful factors, the levels of which exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the worker's body and / or his offspring.
Grade 1 Grade 3 (3.1) - working conditions are characterized by such deviations in the levels of harmful factors from hygienic standards, which cause functional changes, which are restored, as a rule, with a longer (than by the beginning of the next shift) interruption of contact with harmful factors and increase the risk of damage to health;
Grade 2 Grade 3 (3.2) - levels of harmful factors that cause persistent functional changes, leading in most cases to an increase in occupationally determined morbidity (which can be manifested by an increase in the incidence of illness with temporary disability and, first of all, those diseases that reflect the state of organs and systems most vulnerable to these factors ), the appearance of initial signs or mild forms of occupational diseases (without loss of occupational disability) arising after prolonged exposure (oftenafter 15 years or more).

Methodology for assessing the severity of the labor process
The severity of the labor process is assessed by a number of indicators expressed in ergometric values ​​that characterize the labor process, regardless of the individual characteristics of the person involved in this process. The main indicators of the severity of the labor process are:

the mass of the load to be lifted and moved manually;
stereotyped labor movements;
working posture;
body slopes;
movement in space.
Each of the listed indicators can be quantitatively measured and evaluated in accordance with the methodology, section 5.10 and table. 17of the manual R 2.2.2006-05.
When performing work related to uneven physical activity in different shifts, the assessment of the indicators of the severity of the labor process (with the exception of the mass of the lifted and moved cargo and the tilt of the body) should be carried out according to average indicators for 2-3 shifts. The weights of the load to be lifted and moved by hand and the slopes of the body should be assessed according to the maximum values.

Methodology for assessing the intensity of the labor process
The intensity of the labor process is assessed in accordance with the present "Hygienic criteria for assessing working conditions in terms of hazard and hazard factors of the working environment, the severity and intensity of the labor process."
Assessment of labor intensity professional group employees is based on an analysis of labor activity and its structure, which are studied by time-based observations in the dynamics of the entire working day, for at least one week. The analysis is based on taking into account the entire complex of production factors (stimuli, irritants) that create the preconditions for the occurrence of unfavorable neuro-emotional states (overvoltage). All factors (indicators) of the labor process have a qualitative or quantitative expression and are grouped by types of loads: intellectual, sensory, emotional, monotonous, and regime loads.

Since 2017, a training cycle begins to assess the severity and intensity of the labor process.

What is included in the cycle?

Normative documents and standardized values ​​for assessing the severity and intensity of the labor process;

Methods for measuring indicators of the severity and intensity of the labor process;

Working measuring instruments;

Calculation and registration of measurement results;

Conclusion (conclusions) based on the measurement results;

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Training is carried out at a state educational institution.