Style of English Official Documents (Business Speech). Open Library - open library of educational information Calculation translation formal business style English

Parakhina Ekaterina Sergeevna , Omsk Law Institute, Omsk

Head: Babalova G.G., Professor of the Department, Doctor of Philology, Associate Professor

Business correspondence is one of the most important means of communication through which communication between members of society is carried out. So, in business correspondence, the addressee and the addressee not only exchange information, but try to establish personal contact, inspire confidence in the partner, and demonstrate interest in establishing and maintaining relationships.

The main purpose of a business speech is to determine the conditions that will ensure the normal cooperation of the two parties, i.e. the purpose of a business speech is to reach an agreement between two interested parties. This applies to business correspondence between representatives of various firms, and to the exchange of notes between states, and to the establishment of the rights and duties of a soldier, recorded in the military regulations of the British army, and to the procedure of meetings. All these relations are expressed in one way or another in the form of an official document - a letter, a note, an agreement, a pact, a law, a charter, etc. the main task of a business speech is to reach an agreement between two or more interested persons or organizations.

The purpose of the work is an analysis of the features of translation of business correspondence.

In connection with this goal, it seems necessary to solve following tasks:

Identify the difficulties arising in the process of translation of business correspondence.
Demonstrate examples of translation of business correspondence and the features of its translation.

Subject of study: features of translation of business correspondence.

Object of study: business correspondence.

The translation process or translation in the narrow sense of this term refers to the actions of a translator to create a translation text (translation itself). The entire set of speech actions of the translator can be divided into actions using the FL and actions based on the FL. Using the FL, the translator understands the original text; with the help of the FL, he creates the translation text. The step of extracting information from the original is commonly referred to as "figuring out the meaning." The translator must determine exactly what content he will convey in the translation. The second stage of the translation process is selection linguistic means when creating a translation text - represents the speech actions of the translator into the TL.

The different structure of languages is the reason for the use of transformations in translation (English - analytical language and Russian - syntactic). There are the following types of transformations:

Lexical transformations (additions; omissions; substitutions).

Grammatical transformation (transcription; transliteration; tracing; concretization; generalization; antonymic translation; explication; compensation for translation losses; permutations (transpositions); semantic development; holistic transformation).

The functional style of official business literature (FSODL) includes the following genres: diplomatic texts (pact, treaty); legal texts (code, will, statement of claim); business correspondence (letter of offer, fax letter, recommendation); business texts or business documents (contract; bank documents).

FSODL is characterized by the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the use of words in the direct, nominative meaning, the wide use of clichés and stamps, nomenclature names, conditional abbreviations, complex conjunctions, aboriginal prepositions, constructions with verbal nouns, nominative sentences with a listing, limited use of many types of one-piece sentences, incomplete sentences, a tendency towards widespread sentences with a detailed syntactic connection, an almost complete absence of expressive speech means, a weak degree of style individualization.

the purpose of the business style is to establish the conditions, restrictions and forms of further cooperation of two or more people. Any document must provide complete clarity of the essence of the issue, express the main conditions that both contracting parties undertake to comply with. Language functions are only communicative and voluntary.

In addition to being cliché, the formal business style is characterized by terminology. In the process of term formation, two main trends are noted - the formation of abbreviations and the creation of terms-phrases (cash in hand, cash on delivery, on cash, prompt cash). Job titles - the head of the credit department, sale’s manager, production manager. Simple common offers prevail - target or conditions. The length is not limited, gerunds, infinitives, participial phrases are often found. Nominal attributive phrases dominate. There are many component nominative groups (to force down price), predicative units in the passive voice. Another feature is the use of the verb to be, although in the present tense in Russian, it is usually omitted. But in official prose it is often translated by the verbs "to appear", "to make up", "to enter", "to appear", "to be", "is", etc.: The terrestrial globe is a member of the solar system - the globe enters into the solar system. (4, p. 43)

The variety of functional styles of the English language makes it possible to distinguish general concept like business English, not only legal English but also contract English.

The main parts of a business letter are:

The cap is in the upper middle part of the letter. It contains the name of the company and postal address, telephone number, fax number, e-mail.

Date - after the header, either on the left or on the right, depending on the style of the letter. The date has the traditional form of notation - month, day, year (May 13,1999); European style - day, month, year (we write with (.), they - with a slash) 13/5/1999; The British version is characterized by a combination of letters and numbers 13th May 1999 or May 13th, 1999 (read from the). American: May 13, 1999 or May 13, 1999 (read without the). Diplomatic, war correspondence - more formal 13 May 1999

Internal address - on the left side of the letter, contains information about the person or company to which: American corporations have names ending in Co. - company, Corp. - corporation, Inc. - incorporated, f.e. Brown & Co. In England state companies may include abbreviations PLC (plc), and private companies with limited liability- Limited (ltd).

Greeting - placed on the left side of the letter after the attention line. (British Formal - Dear Madam (s), Dear Mr. Brown, Dear Ms, Sir (s), Madam; American Formal - Sir (s): Madam (s): Dear Sir (s): Dear Madam (s): Dear Ms: Gentlemen).

The main part of the letter consists of 3 parts: introduction, the letter itself (contention part), conclusion (complimentary part). Introduction - we indicate the purpose of the letter, only 2-3 lines (I should be grateful if you send me information about ....). Letter - may consist of several paragraphs, in which the goal is motivated in more detail, a description of goods and services is provided. Conclusion - thank you for your cooperation, make an appointment, express a desire to continue the correspondence (I would be happy to meet you to discuss smt ... Please call me at 000-000. I look forward to hearing from you).

The final form of politeness (FPV) - like the greeting, reflects the level of relationship between the sender and the recipient, therefore, the style of the greeting should correspond to the final form of politeness: strictly formal: Respectfully, Respectfully yours; less formal: Yours truly, Yours very truly, Very truly yours; unofficially: Truly yours (only in Am.), Sincerely (yours), Cordially (yours); completely unofficial: Best wishes, Best regards. Always end with (,) regardless of British or American.

The signature is placed between the final form of courtesy and the name of the sender. Then the name of the sender is written - from the point of view of etiquette, the name and surname must be written in full. Then the title or position through (,) after the name.

Additional parts of the letter are:

The attention line - a specific person, position or department is indicated - is used for the convenience of an employee who parses mail, to whom it should be sent: a person or a department of the organization, for example: Attention: Mr. John Brown or Attention: Sales Manager.

The line of the essence of the letter - between the greeting and the main text - brief indications of the essence of the letter are given, for example: Subject: Computer Sales or Re: Computer Sales (concerning, concerning);

The link consists of 2 parts, the initials of the dictating letter and the initials of the typist (for convenience, quickly find the culprit in case of errors, typos). In the UK, the link is usually located under the date, in the US it is in the lower left corner.

Copy - various options spellings: cc - cc; CC - CC; Copies to.

This inscription can be supplemented with the initials, name, surname and address of the recipient. If the sender does not want the recipient to know about the presence of copies of this letter, the inscription "confidential" is put down, i.e. blind copy from blind: BCC - BCC: or bcc - bcc:

A postscript is added to inform the recipient about a particularly important point in the letter, but not about new additional information: PS. PS: PS- P.S. (P.S. If you order within 10 days, I am authorized to offer a ten percent discount).

Business letters (in English) have adopted a more polite form of communication: Please come to the head office building for an interview at 9˚ ˚ - If you will be able to come, we will invite you for an interview at 9 a.m.

The tradition of means of expression underlies another feature of the style of English official documents, namely the presence of a significant number of archaic words and expressions. In any business document, you can find the use of words such as hereby; henceforth; aforesaid; beg to inform, etc.

In English, the decision to fulfill obligations is expressed by the grammatically modal verb shall, to be to, less often should; lexically - undertake, be obliged, be bound: come into effect - come into legal force; be binding upon smb. - be binding on both parties;

Summarizing the above, we can conclude that official documentation requires increased attention during translation. As a standard text in English, such documentation requires knowledge and ability to use various translation "tools" - translation transformations. On the other hand, texts in an official business style require compliance with certain forms of writing a particular type of document, adopted in each country, polite forms of address and construction of proposals. The formal business style is the most conservative style in any language, therefore, deviation from the norms in writing or preparing documents will be perceived as impolite, and sometimes even an insult.

In the modern period of globalization, English has become the main language of science, technology, business; it is this language that is used in communication at the international level. Therefore, in order to achieve success in foreign business arenas, knowledge of not only general English, but also special English, in our case, official business English, is necessary.

Since any text on foreign language is the subject of the study of linguistics, then the translation of business documents is also included in the range of interests and translators. At this point, businessmen and linguists meet. Some do not need to know the peculiarities and subtleties of document translation, while others do not need to know the subtleties and complexities of office work in order to work effectively in symbiosis. The translator must know how to correctly and adequately translate a business document from Russian into English and vice versa, so that through his fault there is no misunderstanding and incorrect perception of the translated information between the business parties.

Bibliography:

1. Halperin A.I. "Essays on the style of the English language" / M. 1958, p343

2. Halperin A.I. "Essays on the stylistics of the English language" / M. 1958, p431

3. Halperin A.I. "Essays on the stylistics of the English language" / М.1958, с432

4. T.R. Levitskaya, A.M. Fiterman "Theory and practice of translation from English into Russian" / M. 1963, p. 43 5. Rosenthal D.E. "Dictionary of linguistic terms" http://www.classes.ru/

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The relevance of the topic of this study is due to the increase
the role of business communication at the present stage of development of society in
the whole. Business communication and correspondence as one of its forms
provide a variety of areas of human activity and
form the basis for the existence of such spheres as: diplomacy, commerce,
international economic, scientific and cultural cooperation.
Currently, due to the expansion of public international
contacts, internationalization of economic activity, unification
office work systems, as well as the creation of new types of communication: Fax, Internet,
SMS and appearance electronic documents, the volume of
business speech, and qualitatively new forms of business communication have emerged.
This is reflected in an increase in the proportion of "business discourse"
updating and differentiating the palette of its speech genres, as well as in
complication of the communicative and proper linguistic tasks facing
people carrying out business communication.

The purpose of this study is to investigate
features of translation of business correspondence. For achievement
the set goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
- to analyze the classification of texts of the official business style
from the point of view of leading theorists and translators;
to analyze the features of the translation of official business style texts from English into Russian;
- to analyze lexical, grammatical transformations,
used in the translation of texts of the official business style from

The object of the research is business correspondence, in
particular contract as part of a commercial transaction, variety
written English formal business style, and the type of office
documentation.
The subject of the research is the analysis of translation features.
official business style texts from English into Russian.
Material
research served as the texts of the official business
nature used in the activities of various business companies
(marriage contract, labor contract, contract for the provision of
customs services, consignment agreement).

Scientific
novelty thesis consists in the analysis of lexicogrammatic, stylistic features of the translation of official business documentation on the example of contracts (labor contract, contract on
provision of customs services, consignment agreement).
The theoretical significance of the work lies in the collection, analysis and
generalizations of material on the research topic.
The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the materials
research can be used in classes in general and private
translation theory into practical exercises for translation and
business English, as well as elective classes
disciplines.

Classification of formal business style
Formal business style is a style that serves the legal and
administrative and public spheres of activity. It is used when
writing documents, business papers and letters in government
institutions, court, as well as in various types of business oral communication.
The most important functions of this style are message and impact -
implemented in such official documents as laws, regulations,
decrees, orders, contracts, agreements, business correspondence, statements,
receipt, etc. This style is also called administrative, since it
serves the sphere of official, business relations, the field of law and
public policy. Formal and business style stands out among
others book styles its stability, isolation and
standardization. (Komissarov V.N.)

Currently, there is an extensive historiography dedicated to
study of business texts. Ideas and principles of linguists-thinkers: M.M.
Bakhtin (1986), L.V. Shcherba (1974) had the most significant influence on
development of the science of language.
The official business style is the style of documents of different genres:
international treaties, state acts, legal laws,
regulations, charters, instructions, official correspondence, business papers and
etc. But, despite the differences in content and the variety of genres,
the formal business style as a whole is characterized by the general and most
important features. These include:
1) accuracy, excluding the possibility of other interpretations;
2) locale.
These traits find expression
a) in the selection of linguistic means (lexical, morphological and
syntactic);
b) in the preparation of business documents.

The main features of a business style are:
1) high regulation of speech, i.e. standard layout
material in a certain logical sequence;
2)
formality (severity of presentation; words are usually used in
their direct meanings, imagery, as a rule, is absent);
3) impersonality, dispassionate presentation;
4) imperative (prescriptive and obligatory nature of speech);
5) precision, non-discrepancy, and consistency.

10.

Let's take a closer look at the types of business papers
and
their
varieties.
According to
classification Lozinskaya R.G. highlighted
several types of business papers:
Personal documents
Statement
Power of attorney
Autobiography
Complaint. Basic Provisions
Complaint. Structure of the text
Summary
Service characteristic
Administrative and organizational
the documents
Position, rule, instruction
Contract, agreement
Execution of the contract
Contract: Additional materials
Administrative documents
Types of administrative documents
Order. General rules for registration
Order. Layout: title and text
Extract from the order
Order
Indication
Reference documents
Views
information and reference
documents
reference
Memorandum
Explanatory letter
Memo
Act
Business letters
Classification
Registration rules.
Appeal
Final part
Text
Protocol (design features)

11. Lexical and grammatical features of the translation of texts of the official business style from English into Russian

The main lexical features of the official business style:
- professional terms (for example, in diplomacy - note, attaché,
ambassador);
- words with an official business connotation (based on, for purposes, in relation to,
about);
- the use of words in a direct nominative meaning;
- an abundance of abbreviated words, nomenclature names;
- lack of vocabulary with emotionally expressive labeling.
Phraseology is also very peculiar: these are speech cliches, turns, cliches,
necessary to save speech effort. So, fines are only imposed,
reprimands are pronounced, the oath is given, etc. (Barkhudarov).

12.

The main types of grammatical transformations include:
- syntactic assimilation (literal translation);
- division of the proposal;
- combining proposals;
- grammatical permutations and replacements due to partial
mismatch of the category of number, forms of passive structures,
infinitive and participles, with some differences in expression
modalities, etc.

13. Stylistic features of the translation of official business-style texts from English into Russian.

Stylistic features of translation
official business style texts with
English into Russian.
Studies already carried out convince that formal business
style has a set of specific features that distinguish
it from other styles of the language. According to most researchers, to
the primary signs of the style of official documents are
the following:

14.

1. Formality. Formality emphasizes the business basis of the relationship between
communicants, connects freedom and immediacy of communication, limiting speech
frames of traditional forms. So, one of the most striking lexical features
the functional style of official documents lies in its inherent set
clichés and set expressions.
2. Accuracy. Stylistic techniques based on the ambiguity of words are often
used in poetry and fiction are not allowed in the language of official
documents, as they can lead to a double understanding of what is written.
3. Brevity. Brevity is the main feature of the language of business communication.
This is due to the need for quick perception of information. In a business letter
it is important to find a balance between brevity and completeness of presentation.
The brevity of the presentation leads to the use of a large number of abbreviations and
various kinds of abbreviations.
4. Stereotype (standard). Patterns and standards are specific
features of the style of official documents, since the thematic circle of business speech is strictly
is determined, the situations of its application are relatively few and the same type.
Template phrases are necessary for the design of the document, the creation of its architectonics.
Each official document has a specific compositional structure:
memoranda, contracts, business letters, etc. - in all these cases, the composition of the text
carries a semantic load commensurate with the immediate content of the text.
5. Consistency. Lack of a detailed form of reasoning, abstraction from
subjective presentation of information associated with the pursuit of maximum accuracy and
compressed information, determines the logical division of the text into compositional blocks
(paragraphs, paragraphs).

15. Analysis of lexical transformations used in the translation of texts of the official business style from English into Russian into the mother

Analysis of lexical transformations used in
translation of official business style texts from English
language into Russian based on business correspondence

16.

Customs brokerage agreement
Astana
No. _________ of the year two thousand
six
The BROKER - Closed Joint-Stock
Company (LLC) Mail Express Worldwide
(hereinafter the "Broker" or "MEW").
Registered Address:
_______________
Tel / fax: _______________________
Taxpayer Identification Number (INN):
_________________
OKPO ____________________
OKONKH_______________________
Current account ___________
with the bank ___________________
Correspondent Account __________
BIC _____, registered by Mr.
____________________
acting in accordance with the Power-ofAttorney
№
________
dated
__________________, 2006.
Contract
about
rendering
services
customs broker
Astana city
No. _____________ two thousand
sixth year
BROKER - Closed Joint Stock
Society - Mail Express LLC
Worldwide "(hereinafter" Broker "or" MEU ").
Legal address: ____________
tel./fax: ___________________
TIN: ________________________
OKPO _______________________
OKONKH ______________________
Checking account __________________
ʙ bank ________________________
Correspondent account __________
BIK ____________________________
ʙ
face
Mr
______________________ acting on
Based on the Agreement
No. __________ dated _____________ 2006
In this part
contract interest
represents
period of abbreviations
from Russian to
English.
For example,
reduction of LLC
impossible
transfer to
English
only with the help
transliterations
OOO, because ʙ
English language
term Closed
Stock
The community has
straight
matching: Closed
Joint-Stock.

17.

(b) effect payment for the Broker’s
services and reimburse the Broker's
expenses incurred by customs clearance,
including amounts paid as customs duties,
and also additional services agreed upon
with the Entity Represented in carrying
out the procedures specified herein;
(b) produce
payment
services
Broker and reimburse the Broker's expenses
on
holding
cleaning
from
customs formalities including
sums
paid
customs
fees, as well as additional
services,
agreed
with
By the person represented ʙ order,
envisaged
real
Agreement;
This sentence uses lexical transformation concretization,
we convey the adverb hereinafter in a specific combination of this Agreement:

18.

In the case of any miss by the Buyer of

If the Buyer passes
the term of payment for the goods stipulated
by this Contract, the Buyer
pays the Seller a fine of 0.5% of
cost of unpaid goods for

5% of the value of the unpaid item.
“Any” - there is no translation of this particular word - this is a lexical omission. "Any"
is used not individually, but in a word combination. In Russian it is translated as
"any". In a sentence, it is most often a qualifier, it is used when it comes to
indefinite quantities, numbers, therefore, as a rule, it is not translated, but simply
goes down. In general, the sentence is translated using transformation -
tracing. No individual transformations used.

19.

The main types of lexical transformations used in
the process of translating official documents with the participation of various foreign languages and
IL, include the following translation techniques:

20. 21. Analysis of grammatical transformations used in the translation of texts of the official business style from English into Russian into mat

Analysis of grammatical transformations used
when translating texts of an official business style from
English into Russian on the material of business
correspondence.
It does not cause any particular difficulties when translating official documents
when translating existence into FL without equivalent grammatical
units. The choice of the grammatical form in translation depends not only and not on
as much from the grammatical form of the original as from its lexical
filling, i.e. from the nature and meaning of lexical units receiving
in the statement a certain grammatical design. Differences in
such design, as a rule, are not an obstacle to
establishing equivalence relations between statements in
original and translated.

22.

Terms of payment
Payment is to be effected in US dollars at
the fact of delivery of each lot of the goods in
Astana within 90 banking days and presented
the following documents:
- consignment note,
- customs declaration,
- invoice,
- certificate of quality issued by the
manufacturing country.
Delivery and acceptance of the goods
The goods are considered as delivered by
the Seller and accepted by the Buyer:
- as to quality - according to the Quality
Certificate;
- as to quantity - according to the
consignment note.
Conditions of payment
Payment is made in ʙ dollars
USA upon delivery of each batch
goods ʙ Astana ʙ within 90 bank
days from the date of delivery of each batch
goods and providing the following
documents:
- waybill,
cargo
customs
declarations,
- invoice,
- quality certificate of the country of origin.
Delivery and acceptance of goods.
The goods are considered delivered by the Seller
and accepted by the Buyer:
- by quality - according to the certificate
about quality;
- by quantity - according to
the number of seats and the weight indicated ʙ
overhead.
“C
dates
supplies
each batch of togara "
this phrase is missing ʙ
original, so we
we see
here
transformation
addition. For more
accurate
translation
adapted
Russian
language
v
formal business
documents, application
additions
gave
clarity, precision and
formality
proposal.
Without
introduction
this
constructions
words
sentence in Russian
language
it seemed
would
inconclusive
imperfect.

23.

Agreed and Liquidated Damages
In the event of any delay in the delivery
against the dated stipulated in the Contract,
the Sellers shall pay the Buyers agreed and
liquidated damages at the rate of 0.5 per
cent of the value of the goods overdue for
each day of delay, but not more than 5 per
cent of the value of the goods overdue.
4.2. In the case of any miss by the Buyer of
the period in the payment of the goods
stipulated by the present Contract, the
Buyer shall pay the Seller agreed and
liquidated damages at the rate of 0.5 per
cent of the value of the non-paid goods for
each day of delay, but not more than 5 per
cent of the value of the non-paid goods.
Penalties
In case of delay ʙ delivery toʙaroʙ
counter
termʙ,
established
by this Contract, the Seller
pays the Buyer a fine ʙ
size
0,5%
from
cost
unseen ʙ term toʙaroʙ for
delays every day, but no more
5% of the cost of not posted ʙ
term of the goods.
4.2. If the Buyer passes
term
payment
toʙara,
envisaged
real
By contract, the Buyer pays
The seller is fined 0.5% of the cost
unpaid goods for each day
delays, but not more than 5% of
the value of the unpaid goods.
“Shall
pay ”
–
"Pays"
this is
grammatical
replacement
the future
ʙ time
on
present time. Since ʙ
contract texts
on
English when changing
Shall is usually omitted, but
if necessary his
translated as "should",
"undertakes".
“Value of the goods over
due "
–
"Price
undelivered ʙ deadline
toʙara ”- ʙ in this case
the word is moving
"overdue".

24.

(c) сensure payment of customs
duties and any such other
payments as envisaged in the
currently effective Russian
Federation's Customs Code,
with regard to the goods
declared;
(d) perform such other actions as
may be required for the customs
inspection
and
customs
clearance, in the capacity of an
entity possessing the powers
with respect to the goods
declared.
(c) provide
payment
customs duties and any
other payments provided
current
Customs
the Code of the Russian Federation ʙ
respect
declared
toʙaroʙ;
(d) perform other actions necessary
for
customs
control and clearance from customs
formalities
acting
ʙ
quality
legal
faces,
possessing
credentials
ʙ
regarding the declared
At
transition
following
proposals
applied
transformation
grammatical
replacement: passive
the form
verb
required and envisaged
ʙ Russian translation
replaced by
on
adjective
the necessary
and
provided.

25. 26. Analysis of the stylistic features of the translation of texts of the official business style from English into Russian based on the material of the business correspondent

Analysis of stylistic features of text translation
formal business style from English into Russian
on the material of business correspondence.
Stylistic features of all texts
document:
- concreteness, brevity, clarity
an established idea;
- high performance of information;
- strict logic;
- clear rhythm of sentences;
- emphasizing the main idea with the help
repetitions of a word;
- lack of subtext information;
- a special system of cliches and stamps;
- use of abbreviations generally accepted
symbols and brands;
- the use of terms in their direct
semantic meaning;
preferential
usage
unambiguous words;
- division of the text into chapters, paragraphs,
paragraphs, often numbered (structure
compositional structure of the document);
-usage
certain
syntactic models;
- graphic decoration
document;
- paper quality, quantity and quality
illustrations, type of printing;
Key features of the contract style:
- a stable system of linguistic
values in the text of the contract;
- lack of emotional coloring;
- decoding of the nature of the language;
- the use of a special symbolic
systems;
- definitions syntactic structure.

27.

The Buyer:
Customer:
Company: Grafford LLP
Company: Graffort LLP
Legal address: 010000, Astana, Imanov st., 19, office Legal address: 010000, Astana, st.
606A
Imanoʙa 19, office 606A
Bank: Bank Center Credit JSC
TRN 620 200 414 189,
BIN 130 540 004 105,
IIC KZ968560000005931755,
BIC KCJBKZKX,
President: IvanovFedorVladimirovich
Head Accountant: IvanovaValentinaFedorovna
Seller_______________________
Buyer______________________
Bank: JSC "Bank Center Credit"
RNN 620 200 414 189,
BIN 130 540 004 105,
IIC KZ968560000005931755,
BIK KCJBKZKX,
President: Fedor Ikanoʙ
Chief Accountant: Iganoha Valentina Fedorona
Seller ____________________________
Customer___________________________
In the text of the contract, there is a severity of presentation, long unfolded
sentences, every new thought begins with a paragraph. There is a lack of
emotionality, strict logic. Emphasizes attention on vowels by
repression contract, agreement, good, obligation. Used words ʙ specific,
direct meaning valid, complainant. The text of the contract is divided into clauses, paragraphs for
accuracy of information transfer.

28.

Among the book styles, the formal-business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. WITH
over time, it naturally undergoes some changes, but many of its features: historically
genres, specific vocabulary, morphology, syntactic turns - give it a generally conservative character.
In the course of the study, the following formal features of official documents were identified.
A. General characteristics business document:
1) communicative orientation;
2) timeliness / efficiency of information.
B. General requirements for the structure and design of an official document:
1) objectively ascertaining, impersonal and / or obligatory-prescriptive and formal-logical
the nature of the presentation;
2) strict adherence to the genre type of the document;
3) the adequacy of style and tone, style uniformity; "Bookishness", correctness / literacy;
4) the given form of the document and the presence of the details of the document; isolation, structuredness, severity and
completeness of the content-compositional form; predestination and clarity of the "vertical structure" of the document;
limited volume;
5) clarity, unambiguity, precision / clarity, conciseness, simplicity; availability;
B. Features of the language of the official document:
1) concreteness, evidence, substantiation / validity, documentary / authenticity;
description of facts and connections between them;
2) formality, politeness, correctness, diplomacy;
3) standardization, stereotype / unification, rigidity, conservatism, constancy, rigor,
restraint;
4) semantic and logical integrity, coherence, harmony;
5) completeness of presentation, exhaustive character, development;
6) message function (informative) and contact-establishing;
7) informativeness (informative value);

29.

Relying on two important requirements,
presented by Ya.I. Retsker to the translator of texts of the official business style, we can say that:
a) the translation must be accurate, i.e. convey exactly what is contained in
original - no more, no less;
b) the translation must be clear and precise - regardless of the degree of clarity
the original.
In the course of practical research - translation analysis of the translation of the contract,
it turned out that the translation could not be performed correctly without using
special knowledge ʙ in the relevant field of economics, without knowledge of the specifics
a specific type of workflow. It is necessary to navigate the ʙ business world, and
also know specific vocabulary and usage patterns
foreign terminology ʙ specific context.

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Features of the translation of texts of the official business style

The current stage of economic development is associated with the expansion of international relations and cooperation, which, in turn, leads to the need for timely and error-free exchange of information, which can significantly reduce economic costs, implement effective intercultural communication, coordination joint activities on the international level. Serving legal and administrative activities when communicating in government agencies, in court, during business and diplomatic negotiations, the official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates. According to L.K. Graudina, “the official business style is a set of linguistic means, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations arising between state bodies, organizations and their subdivisions, organizations and individuals in the process of their production, economic, economic, diplomatic and legal activity". A.B.Shevnin distinguishes the following as two main features of the official business style:

* “The content expressed in the official business style, given its great importance, should exclude any ambiguity, any discrepancies.
* The official business style is characterized by a certain, more or less limited range of topics. " Also, the official business style, according to the scientist, is characterized by:
* “High regulation of speech (a certain stock of means of expression and ways of constructing them);
* formality (the severity of presentation: words are usually used in their direct meanings, imagery, as a rule, is absent, paths are very rare);
* impersonality (official business speech avoids concrete and personal). " A significant number of works by scientists are devoted to the consideration of the official business style and its characteristics, most of them claim that the official business style is characterized by its stability, tradition, isolation, standardization, and formality.

In our opinion, all the above-mentioned features are appropriately reflected in the choice of lexical and grammatical means of the language. Let us dwell on the features of the texts of the official business style at the lexical level:

1. A high degree of terminology, phraseological combinations and clichés Such a stylistic feature of the official business style of speech as accuracy is manifested, first of all, in the use of special terminology. The use of phraseological combinations or clichés and stamps is also a characteristic feature of business documents. According to the definition given to us by the linguistic dictionary, "terms are such words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is strictly determined within a given specialty." According to K. Ya. Averbukh, “the terms of the general linguistic sphere, as a rule, are one-word, and the content of more than one verbal position is either of“ phraseological origin ”(railway, wind rose), or rather is perceived as a combination of lexical units (pilot-cosmonaut, rocket - carrier, spaceship, open space) ". The scientist claims that "it is possible in principle to qualify verbose terms as phraseological units, referring them to the category of so-called non-idiomatic phraseology, which will emphasize the special coherence of terminological phrases and the integrity of their nomination." Consider the terminology, phraseological combinations and clichés typical for use in business documents, with specific examples:

Example (English)

Translating to Russian language

letter of recommendation

terms and conditions

terms of payment

other conditions

I beg to inform you

the above mentioned

provisional agenda

draft resolution

bill of exchange

invoice

after expiration

validity

issue a draft (invoice)

in spite of

conditions of payment

other / other conditions

entity

individual

staff

I inform you, I inform you

aforementioned

on behalf of, on behalf of

stop, suspend

one that can be an object

negotiations

provided if / what if only

provisional agenda

draft resolution

delay, delay

Such phraseological combinations and individual words - terms can be found in reports, statutes, laws, notes, and each area has its own specific terminology, for example, in business documents of a financial and economic nature, there are terms such as extra revenue; taxable capacities; liability to profit tax

* in diplomatic terminology: high contracting parties; to ratify an agreement memorandum (diplomatic note, memorandum); pact (treaty, pact); protectorate (protectorate); extraterritorial status plenipotentiary (authorized representative);
* in legal documents such terms and combinations are often found: the international court of justice; casting vote (casting vote); judicial organ ( Judicial authority); to deal with a case (conduct a process, case); summary procedure committal for trial (referral of the case to the court); to hear a case; as laid down in (as installed); on the proposal of the court (on the proposal of the court); right of appeal

The language of business documents is characterized by traditional means of expression, which accelerates the process of forming phraseological units typical of this style. The tradition of means of expression underlies another feature of the style of English official documents, namely the presence of a significant number of archaic words and expressions. In any business document, you can find the use of words such as hereby (sim, this, real; with this); henceforth (from now on); aforesaid (above, above, above); beg to inform translation expression business document

For comparison, let us consider the features of the use of terminology, phraseological combinations and clichés in the official business style of the Russian language. As already mentioned above, a characteristic feature of the vocabulary of the document language is a high degree of terminology, and a huge layer of nomenclature vocabulary adjoins the terms, it includes the following:

* nomenclature of names: Olimp OJSC;
* nomenclature of positions: sales manager, advertising manager, general manager, Commercial Director;
* nomenclature of goods: VAZ-2106, gasoline A-92, etc.

Here are examples of phraseological units (hereinafter phraseological units) and clichés typical for use in this style of speech in Russian: we hereby inform; please take note that; is hereby certified; we inform you that; we hereby certify that.

2. Abbreviations, abbreviations, compound words. Common to all varieties of business style is the presence of various kinds of abbreviations, abbreviations, compound words.

For example, in English: MP (Member of Parliament), НМS (His Majesty "s Steamship), gvt (government), pmt (Parliament), UN (United Nations), DAS (Department of Agriculture, Scotland), DAO (Divisional Ammunition Officer), ANC (African National Congress), BE (Bank of England), DoD (Department of Defense), EEC (European Economic Community), EU (European Union), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).

A large number of such abbreviations are found in military documents. Here, these abbreviations not only serve the purpose of achieving brevity, but are also code. In business correspondence, nouns are used - the names of people based on an attribute determined by any action or attitude (contractor, designer, customer, etc.); complex abbreviated prepositions expressing standard aspects of the content (due to, with regard to, in connection with, etc.).

Stable phrases of the attributive-nominal type with the coloring of the official-business style (authorized bodies, established order, preliminary approval) and "split" predicates (render assistance, to make reconstruction, to make changes), in contrast to their parallel verb forms (assist, reconstruct , change) also characterize the business style of correspondence.

Examples in Russian:

* abbreviations: ACS ( automatic system control), AIS
(automatic Information system), Efficiency (efficiency);
* abbreviations. In addition to terms, the names of well-known legal acts are abbreviated:

GK ( Civil Code), The Criminal Code (Criminal Code).

Abbreviated nomenclature marks of various properties:

* representing the names of organizations:
- - IMF International Monetary Fund;
- - Central Bank of Russia Central Bank of Russia,
* indicating the form of ownership of the enterprise and included as a classifier in the names of enterprises:
- Limited Liability Company LLC;
- OJSC open joint stock company;
- state of emergency private enterprise;
- MP municipal enterprise;
- Joint venture joint venture.
* the nomenclature of positions is reduced: IO - acting.

When speaking about methods of translating this type of vocabulary, one should be guided by the recommendations offered by the Russian Union of Translators. In the course of this study, we made sure that the proposed techniques are indeed used for translation. Among them are the following:

1. When translated into Russian, the abbreviations found in the source text are deciphered and translated in full, while at the first mention, the abbreviation can be deciphered in the original language, then the full translation of such a decryption into Russian, then either an abbreviation established in the target language, if any , or compiled by the translator himself from the first letters of the deciphered and translated original abbreviation, if there is no established equivalent. If the abbreviation cannot be deciphered, then it is left in the original language and in the note must necessarily indicate that this abbreviation could not be deciphered.
2. When translating into a foreign language, instead of the Russian-language abbreviation, an abbreviation in a foreign language is written, created from the first letters of the complete translation, which, when first mentioned in the text, is indicated in brackets. In the future, both the abbreviation and the full translated name are used.
3. Abbreviated names of brands of machines, apparatus, devices, etc. are usually not deciphered and in translation they are left in the original spelling, for example: BORAX - BORAX reactor.
4. Letter abbreviations of the names of institutions and organizations are written without quotation marks and with a capital letter. If it is impossible to decipher the abbreviation, it is saved in the original language or given in the Russian spelling in accordance with the established tradition, for example: ENEL - the ENEL company or the ENEL company, CNN - the CNN company, VOLVO - the VOLVO company or the Volvo company ". 5. When translating abbreviations from Russian into a foreign language, one should be guided by the norms and usage of the target language, avoiding dissonant and incomprehensible letter combinations in this language. In some cases, it is advisable to decipher such an abbreviation for the recipients of the transfer to understand it.
3. Words and expressions of foreign origin The diplomatic language is characterized by the use of a certain number of Latin and French words and expressions, which have received a kind of terminological coloration in the language of diplomatic documents. Let's consider examples of words and expressions of foreign origin that are often found in business correspondence.

4. High frequency of procedural vocabulary (vocabulary with generalized meaning). Through the use of this type of vocabulary, uniformity of the stylistic coloring of business vocabulary is achieved. written speech... Procedural lexicon represents in the text of the document a specific action, object or feature in the official legal interpretation:
- * violation of labor discipline (it may be late, absenteeism, drunken appearance at work, etc.),
- * disruption of the delivery schedule (delay in transit, untimely shipment of goods, etc.),
- * be liable (subject to fines, pecuniary punishment, criminal prosecution in case of violations, etc.). The presentation procedure is associated not only with the preference for words of generalized semantics, but also with the preference for generic lexemes over specific ones:
- * products (books, brochures, boards, nails);
- * premises (room, apartment, hall);
- * construction (barn, house, shop, etc.).

The most important feature of procedural vocabulary is that words are used in the text in one possible meaning. The unambiguity of the contextual use is due to the subject matter of the document. We can see this in the example below:

The parties undertake to provide mutual barter deliveries ... With all the ambiguity, the word of the party is read only in the legal aspect - “ legal entities concluding an agreement ".

A high degree of generalization and abstractness of the main style-forming vocabulary (termination, provision, loss, calculation, work, disagreements, product, name, etc.) in business writing is combined with the concreteness of the meaning of the nomenclature vocabulary. Nomenclature vocabulary with its specific denotative meaning complements a high level of generalization of terms and procedural vocabulary. These types of words are used in parallel: in the text of contracts - terms and procedural vocabulary, in annexes to contracts - nomenclature vocabulary. In questionnaires, registers, specifications, applications, etc. the terms seem to get their decoding:

Specification contract products: gasoline A-92, cement, roofing material. Service costing contract: preparation of the original layout, production and preparation of the form, bookbinding.

In the texts of documents, the use of swear words and reduced vocabulary, colloquial expressions and jargon is not allowed, nevertheless, professional and jargon words fall into the language of business correspondence: personnel officer, payment, cape and so on. The use of such vocabulary in business letters is just as inappropriate as the use of clericalisms in everyday conversation, since its use is assigned only to the oral sphere of communication, and it cannot meet the requirement. Comparative analysis of theoretical works of such scientists as L.S. Barhudarov, V.G. Gak, A.V. Fedorov, and especially A.D. Schweitser and empirical materials allow us to judge that translation of this type of vocabulary requires a search equivalent in the translating language. It is also necessary to determine and compare the lexical meanings of the translated word and the found equivalent in order to make sure that the meanings of the words are equivalent. In the absence of an equivalent in the target language, one should be guided by the techniques adopted for the translation of the so-called non-equivalent vocabulary.

Let us dwell on the consideration of the main methods of translation on the example of phraseological units used in texts of the official business style. In the official business style, phraseological units are used in clerical, legal and diplomatic documents. In business speech, they are characterized by a high degree of standardization. Phraseologisms are used in their direct and precise meaning, which does not allow for double interpretation. S.I.Vlakhov and S.P. Florin note that the possibility of achieving a full-fledged dictionary translation of a phraseological unit depends on the relationship between the units of FL and PY:

1. “A phraseological unit in the TL has an exact, context-independent, full-fledged correspondence (semantic meaning + connotations), i.e. the phraseological unit of the FL, equal to the phraseological unit of the FL, is translated by the equivalent.
2. A phraseological unit can be conveyed to the TL by one correspondence or another, usually with some deviations from the full translation, i.e. the phraseological unit of the FL, approximately equal to the phraseological unit of the FL, is translated by a variant (analogue).
3. The phraseological unit has neither equivalents nor analogs in the TL, it is untranslatable in the dictionary order, ie. the phraseological unit of the FL, which is not equal to the phraseological unit of the FL, is transmitted by other, nonphraseological means. " We can say that phraseological units are translated either by a phraseological unit - a phraseological translation, or by other means - not a phraseological translation.

According to A.V. Kunin, from a translation point of view, English phraseological units are divided into two groups:

* phraseological units that have equivalents in Russian;
* non-equivalent phraseological units.

The main ways of translating phraseological units that have interlanguage matches are translation using an equivalent (full or partial), an analogue. By interlingual phraseological equivalents we mean multilingual semantically equivalent phraseological units, characterized by the same structural and grammatical organization and component composition. Following E.F. Arsentieva, we distinguish two types of equivalence:

1. complete equivalence, i.e. full correlation of the expression plan and the content plan of phraseological units, the identity of phraseological meaning, structural and grammatical organization and the component composition of the compared units;
2. partial equivalence, which is characterized by minor differences in terms of expression of phraseological units of identical semantics. " So, let's move on to considering each of these types. We will classify phraseological units of English and Russian languages as full equivalents, characterized by the identity of the significative-denotative and connotative macrocomponents of the meaning, the identical structural-grammatical organization and component composition. Here are examples of complete equivalence of phraseological units used in the business style of speech:

your humble servant - your humble servant (put before the signature in an official letter)

numerical superiority - numerical superiority

notice of amendment - notice of amendment (for example, about making

in a trademark)

all the essential conditions of a contract - all essential conditions of the contract

allegiance to principles

an exceptional value - exceptional value (about a thing)

balanced development - balanced development

black market - black market

blatant injustice - blatant injustice

aid and abet - aiding and abetting

Let's consider some of the above indicated full equivalents in more detail:

numerical superiority Semantic dictionary definitions of the components of both phraseological units coincide. Both phraseological units relate to the formal business style, in particular to the sphere of politics. The number of tokens of the matched phraseological units is the same, structural organization is the same: adj + n. Conclusion: these phraseological units are full equivalents.

balanced development The meaning of the components of both phraseological units is the same. Both phraseological units relate to the formal business style, in particular to the sphere of politics. The number of tokens of the matched phraseological units is the same, the structural organization is the same: adj + n. Conclusion: PU data are full equivalents.

all the essential conditions of a contract - all essential conditions of the contract. The values of the components of both phraseological units coincide. Both phraseological units refer to the formal business style, in particular to the economic sphere. The number of tokens of the matched phraseological units is the same, the structural organization is identical: adj + adj + n + prep + n. Only the presence of indefinite articles in the structure distinguishes the English phraseological unit from the Russian one. This difference is not significant, since the use of articles is a specific feature of English grammar. Conclusion: PU data are full equivalents.

your humble servant - your humble servant (placed before the signature in an official letter) The meaning of the components of both phraseological units is the same. Both phraseological units have an expressive character - a manifestation of obedience and submission. This phraseological unit has the same quantitative component composition, the structural organization is identical: pronoun + adj + n. Conclusion: PU data are full equivalents.

We refer to partial phraseological equivalents semantically equivalent phraseological units of the Russian and English languages, characterized by certain differences in terms of expression, which can be of a component or morphological nature. In most cases, the differences affect only the component composition of PU. It is noteworthy that lexemes of adjacent semantics are often used as differing components.

As an example, consider the phraseological unit of the English language “a battle of words” and compare it with the Russian phraseological unit “verbal skirmish”. By these phraseological units, we mean a discrepancy of opinions, a divergence of views, the component composition of both phraseological units is the same. The order of the components of the phraseological units does not match. However, the similarity of the component structure of the semantics of both phraseological units is obvious. Phraseologisms "to balloon prices" (lit. to inflate prices) - to inflate prices act in the meaning of raising the cost of something to a large extent. The composition of both PU is the same. The structural grammatical organization is also the same. The difference in the meanings of the verbal components "inflate" and "balloon" is obvious. However, both verbs signify a process of enlargement, which indicates that they belong to a similar semantic meaning. By phraseological units "black economy" (literally black economy) - the shadow economy, we mean illegal economic activity.

The component composition of both phraseological units is identical, the structural organization is the same. There is only a discrepancy in the choice of one semantic component: black in English and shadow in Russian. Nevertheless, both adjectives mean something negative, hidden, which indicates that they belong to a similar semantic meaning.

Interlingual phraseological analogues include phraseological units that express the same or similar meanings, but are characterized by a complete difference or only an approximate similarity of the internal form. The approximate similarity of the internal form indicates that the phraseological units belong to the same class. Phraseological analogues may include phraseological units with a single structure of a phrase, a sentence, verb, substantive combinations, etc.

Phraseologism credibility gap (literally loss of trust) is a crisis of trust. Phraseological units carry the meaning of distrust of the authorities, have a negative component of evaluativeness. The order of the components of the phraseological units does not match.

Phraseological analogues can also be noted by the approximate similarity of the structural and grammatical organization and different component composition, as in the examples:

all parties in dispute (lit. all parties to the dispute) - all parties to the dispute

in deed and not in name (lit. in deed, not in name) - in deed, not in words

under one "s hand and seal (lit. under someone's hand and seal) - under smb.'s signature and seal

assault and battery (literally assault and beatings) - insult by action

Also, phraseological analogues can be attributed to phraseological units with different structural and grammatical organization and different component composition:

to clear the decks (lit. to clear the deck) - get ready for smth. (to some actions, struggle)

split the difference (lit. to split the difference) - agree on the price, bargain

all the fun for less than half the price -

"Cheap and cheerful", pleasure at half price

balance in hand (literally balance in hand) - cash.

By non-equivalent phraseological units, it is customary to understand phraseological units that do not have a correspondence (equivalent) in the vocabulary of another language.

The main methods of translation of non-equivalent phraseological units are tracing, descriptive translation and combined translation. Calculation or literal translation of phraseological units in the presence of a full or partial equivalent.

Despite the presence of a full or partial equivalent, stable combinations of words sometimes have to be translated verbatim. For example, PU administrator with the will annexed - letters. administrator of the inheritance with an attached will; person appointed to perform the duties of executor. We agree with the point of view of S.V. Vlakhov and S.S. Florin, who assert that a prerequisite for tracing is sufficient motivation of the meaning of a phraseological unit by the meanings of its components. That is, tracing is possible only when a literal translation can bring to the reader the true content of the entire phraseological unit. This is feasible, firstly, in relation to figurative phraseological units.

The descriptive translation of a phraseological unit is reduced to the translation not of the phraseological unit itself, but of its interpretation, as is often the case with units that have no equivalents in the TL. These can be explanations, comparisons, descriptions, interpretations - all means that convey the content of a phraseological unit in the most clear and concise form.

"Eye-wash" election

Letters. swindle elections; bogus elections

Letters. first trial; session of the criminal court, at

pending criminal proceedings

a dormant account

Letters. "Sleeping" account; current account not used by the client for a long time

Letters. action of God; natural disaster (in freight contracts and insurance policies)

action of the first impression

Letters. action of the first presentation; trial in the absence of precedent

Letters. friendly business; legal action initiated with the consent of both parties

a stand-still agreement

Letters. dysfunctional agreement; debt waiver agreement

allegation of faculties

Letters. statement of rights; statement of the wife (who has filed a claim for alimony) about the financial situation of the husband

a full-dressed debate (par.)

letters. "Settled" dispute; debate on an important issue

the treasury bench

letters. treasury bench; ministerial bench in the House of Commons

give smb. the benefit of the doubt

letters. give someone the edge of doubt; acquit smb. for lack of evidence.

As can be seen from the examples, the disadvantage of this technique is that it is uneconomical and sometimes cumbersome. But in the absence of such phenomena in the Russian language and the corresponding expressions for their designation, the most complete disclosure of the meanings of these realities is achieved with the help of descriptive translation.

In cases where the Russian analogue does not fully convey the meaning of the English phraseological unit, a tracing translation is given, and then there is a descriptive translation and a Russian analogue for comparison. In this case, we can talk about combined translation. Here are some examples:

So, the phraseological unit front bench can be translated using tracing paper as a front bench - that is, seats in the House of Commons located in front of other seats. With the help of an analogue, the translation will be as follows - the ministerial bench. And a descriptive translation for a clearer presentation of the reality - seats in the House of Representatives intended for government ministers and representatives of the opposition "shadow cabinet".

PU amicable action can be translated by tracing as an amicable legal case, or by descriptive translation - a legal case initiated with the consent of both parties.

PU administrator with the will annexed by tracing is translated as the administrator of the inheritance with the attached will, and in a descriptive translation - the person appointed to perform the duties of the executor. Based on the considered theoretical material and the analysis of empirical material, it can be concluded that there are many techniques and methods for translating phraseological units, but it must be remembered that the real process of translating phraseological units is not limited to the selection of "equivalent linguistic correspondences", but is a complex process , in which, in addition to the translator's own skill, the set of cultural knowledge of potential recipients, on which the translator is oriented, and the nature of the relationship of the contacting cultures, and many other factors affecting the quality and acceptability of the translation play a role.

The phraseological units used in the texts of the official business style are mostly neutral. However, occasionally, to create the desired effect, emotional-evaluative and expressive-figurative means, including idiomatic expressions, as well as conventional idiomatic expressions that have lost their imagery over time, can be used.

Talking about writing business style of speech (business letters, contracts, reports and other types of documentation), we can assume that it uses incompletely rethought motivated phraseological units that arose from the merger of the meanings of lexical components and are the expression of a single integral meaning. These units are phrasal stamps, standardized stylistic clichés.

I.A. Nesterova Business translation of texts from English into Russian // Encyclopedia of the Nesterovs

Against the background of the development of translation opportunities, there is an increase in the share of business translation of texts from English into Russian in the structure of translation science. With the growth of the business community in Russia, there is a growing need for qualified translators capable of competent business translation of texts from English into Russian.

Official business style of translation

Business translation of texts from English into Russian is impossible without understanding the features of the official business style of translation, which is understood as a set of language tools, the function of which is to serve the sphere of official business relations arising between state bodies, organizations and their divisions, organizations and individuals in the process of their industrial, economic, economic, diplomatic and legal activities.

Characteristics formal business style are shown in the figure. It is important to understand that the translation of texts of the official business style is focused on the transfer of content. In other words, it is informative.

Characteristic features of a formal business style

The official business style also has its own characteristics in terms of translation equivalence. It is characterized by the semantic commonality of the original and the translation, which includes not only the preservation of the purpose of communication, indicating the situation and the way of describing it, but also the maximum possible closeness of the meanings of the correlated syntactic and lexical units. Within the framework of such equivalence, information is stored not only "for what", "what" and "what" is said in the original text, but partly also "as it is said."

Business English

Currently, the popularity of the so-called "Bisiness English" is growing, which includes various directions including:

business English;
legal English;
economic English.

"Bisiness English" has arisen against the backdrop of the rapid development of international economic and commercial relations and the growing need for multifaceted communication in English within the framework of diverse economic activities. At the same time, the ability to communicate and lead business correspondence in English often determines the level of professionalism of a particular employee.

In the process of studying "Bisiness English" an important role is played by the ability to correctly translate business texts, while adhering to the official business style.

Business translation of texts from English into Russian is the most demanded in the modern conditions of evolution of the theory and practice of translation and is in great demand in the structure of "Bisiness English".

When translating business texts within the framework of "Business English", it is necessary to pay special attention to the adequate selection of lexical units, i.e. equivalence.

Business translation of texts from English requires a high level of competence both in the terminology of the translator and in the field of translation. Tracing and avoidance of terminological use and softening of concepts are inadmissible.

Translation of business letters

Business translation of texts from English into Russian consists of several elements. One of the most important is the translation business letters... A business letter has a number of important features, which can be safely attributed to the following: a clear presentation of information and the absence of emotional elements. Based on this, we can formulate the main requirements that the translation of a business letter must meet:

Accuracy;
Compression;
Clarity;
Literature.

Regarding the last requirement for the translation of a business letter, in our opinion, clarification is necessary, namely, literary content lies in the fact that the translation text must meet the generally accepted norms of the literary language, without using the syntactic constructions of the original language.

In the process of studying "Bisiness English" it is necessary to understand the structure of business correspondence.

letters, including e-mails;
memoranda (memoranda);
letters of recommendation;
summary;
accounts;
contracts.

It is almost impossible to list all types of business letters. However, everyone is united by a common style, common expressions, format. When translating a business letter, it is strictly forbidden to change the structure of the presentation of information laid down by the rules of business correspondence.

Sample business letter

Within the framework of the article, it is necessary to give an example of a business letter and its translation into Russian. For the sample, a highly specialized letter was chosen. The source of this text is the site English for Morflot.

Please note that the covers of packed steel sheets loaded in No 2 lower hold aft part are rusted and most of the bands broken. The Mate's receipt for this particular lot will be claused accordingly. The cover of steel pack-age No 8 is very badly damaged and the con-tents exposed.

Kindly have the cover renewed and inform all concerned.

Yours faithfully,

(signature) / name

Master of m / v "Pobeda"

Ladies and gentlemen!

Please note that the package of stacked steel sheets loaded in the lower hold No. 2 aft is covered with rust and most of the bundles are torn. The corresponding clause will be included in the navigator's receipt for this batch. The packaging of the steel bag No. 8 is very badly damaged and the contents are bare.

Please restore the packaging and inform the interested parties.

Sincerely,

(signature) / name, surname

captain of m / v "Pobeda"

Summarize.

In the course of the study, it was found that for the competent translation of business texts, knowledge of a wide range of terminology and the possession of the skills of concise information transfer based on a narrow range of vocabulary is required.

Literature

1. English for Morflot. // URL: more-angl.ru

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4. Kogotkova S.S. Transfer of the features of the official business style in translation // URL: nop-dipo.ru/ru/node/380