1 what is social differentiation. Social science. Social differentiation is the division of society into groups that occupy different social positions and differ in volume and character. on the topic: "Social differentiation of society T va"

DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL

- English differentiation, social; German Differenzierung, soziale. Dismemberment of social. whole or its part into interrelated elements that appear as a result of evolution, the transition from simple to complex. D. s. primarily includes the division of labor, the emergence of various professions, statuses, roles, groups, etc. cm. INTEGRATION.

Antinazi. Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2009

See what "SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION" is in other dictionaries:

Social differentiation, dismemberment of a social whole or its part into interrelated elements; D. denotes both the process of dismemberment and its results. In non-Marxist sociology, mainly formal aspects of D. were developed ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL- (from Lat. diferentia - difference) - the formation in society of classes, other social strata and groups, their evolution, the growth of diversity, changes in the position in the social system. At the heart of D. with. economic processes and phenomena lie. At the same time on D ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL- English. differentiation, social; German Differenzierung, soziale. Dismemberment of social. whole or its part into interrelated elements that appear as a result of evolution, the transition from simple to complex. D. s. primarily includes the division of labor, ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Sociology

DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL- differences between macro and microgroups, as well as individuals, distinguished for many reasons. Attitude to D.S. constitutes the specifics of different ideologies, political. currents and culture as an independent value, ... ... Russian Sociological Encyclopedia

Social differentiation- stratification of society into various, often warring groups based on nationality, property, socio-cultural, religious, political and other characteristics, which can lead to rivalry and conflicts ... Sociological Dictionary Socium

Differentiation- (Differentiation) Contents Contents 1. general statements 2. Population differentiation 3. Differentiation of functional styles 4. Social differentiation 5. Differentiation Differentiation (from Latin differentia - difference) is ... ... Investor encyclopedia

- (from Lat. stratum layer and facio I do), one of the main. concepts of the bourgeois. sociology, denoting a system of signs and criteria of social stratification, inequality in society, the social structure of society; branch of the bourgeois. sociology. Theories of S. with. ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (lat.). Allocation, demarcation, isolation. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov AN, 1910. DIFFERENTIATION [fr. differentiation Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Change by an individual or a group of social position, place occupied in the social structure. S. m. Is associated both with the operation of the laws of societies. development, class struggle, leading to the growth of some classes and groups and a decrease ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (French differentiation, from Lat. differentia difference, difference), the side of the development process associated with the division, dismemberment of the developing whole into parts, stages, levels. Distinguish between functional D., during which it expands ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

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Civil identity and the sphere of civil activity in the Russian Empire. Second half of the XIX - early XX century,. The book, prepared by an international team of historians, raises the question of civic identity in the era of social changes that took place in the Russian Empire during ...

stratification of society into various, often warring groups on national, property, socio-cultural, religious, political and other grounds, which can lead to rivalry and conflicts.

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DIFFERENTIATION SOCIAL

differences between macro- and microgroups, as well as individuals, distinguished on many grounds. Attitude to D.S. constitutes the specifics of different ideologies, political. of currents and culture as an independent value, a source of social. diversity; a lot of social. environments, levels gives a person the opportunity to choose, encourages him to be active and at the same time provides complementarity or constructive contradiction of different lifestyles. Hence the dynamism and multivariance of societies. development. In this context, particular attention is paid to individual differences. Recognition of the intrinsic value of each individual, its uniqueness, and hence the right to their own self-affirmation, to autonomy in a group, society, in eth. sense means high mutual tolerance, wide space for personal sovereignty. In the polit. sense, this means developed freedom of vertical and horizontal mobility, a special status of a minority, as well as an individual's acceptance of responsibility for his own destiny, for the risk of his own choice. At the opposite pole is the attitude towards D.S. as a vice of the society, a source of injustice and mass conflicts. Called D.s. property and status inequality inevitably leads to exploitation, the class struggle of the oppressed against the oppressors. Therefore D.s. needs to be overcome, and about-in - to align any social. differences. The individual in this orientation acts as an element of the whole, his value is determined by his contribution to the whole (organization, common labor). Between the two poles, intermediate variants of attitudes towards D.S. have developed. The grounds for D.s. can relate to both objective signs (economic, professional, educational, demographic, etc.), and signs of mass and individual consciousness. These reasons do not always coincide. So, certain groups of consciousness - macro- and microgroups - cover different professional, age and other groups (for example, according to ideology, cultural preferences). Analysis by D.S. very important for social management. processes. Especially in the transitional periods of the development of the about-va. This analysis has great importance, for example, to determine the social. the basis of reforms, that is, the search for that category of the population on which this or that reform can rely. For example, the commercialization of the national economy requires the allocation of the so-called. social-active element of the society as a structural entity, which is the bearer of the innovative principle in the society. As the society develops, there are some grounds for D.s. can grow (for example, property, ideologies, etc.), while others can disappear (class), social. the meaning of the third is smoothed out (sexual), and the variability of the fourth can grow (religious). See also Concepts of Social Differentiation. Lit .: Prigogine A.I. Restructuring: transitional processes and mechanisms. M., 1990. A.M. Prigogine

Social mobility is the source of social change in society. During periods of the collapse of society, there is a disordered, chaotic movement of people in society. Chaos in social mobility, ultimately, leads to the destruction of the social structure of society, since stability, orderliness of social relations is lost in this case.

In a stable society, social mobility does not at all resemble Brownian motion. It reveals a certain direction, which is steadily manifested in certain periods of the development of society. For example, during the formation of an industrial society, most of the migrants move from village to city. At the same time, a significant portion of the peasants are becoming workers and employees. Work as workers or employees presupposes the development of certain professions, therefore, the formation of new professional communities is taking place. Reverse processes (from town to village, from workers to peasants) during this period are of an episodic nature and therefore do not determine the overall picture of the social mobility of society.

Those communities and strata from which people move are gradually changing both quantitatively and qualitatively. As a result, they either disappear ("die off") or cease to play any significant role in the life of society. Thus, social mobility changes both the quantitative relationship between communities and strata (by the number of their members) and qualitatively (for example, by the average age of people, by the level of education and qualifications, etc.).

Social mobility can occur within one community or stratum, as well as within a society and, thus, between communities and strata. These types of social movements are referred to above as intra- and extrasocial mobility. As a result of intrasocial mobility, the emergence and dying off of various strata and groups within strata and communities occurs. As a result of extrasocial mobility, new strata and communities are formed, other strata and communities disappear already within the framework of society as a whole. So, social mobility is the source of the emergence and development of some communities and strata and the withering away or decline of the role of others and strata of society.

What determines the direction of social movements in society? First, it is related to the nature of the changes functional interconnections in society, primarily in the economic sphere. For example, certain professions "become obsolete", gradually losing their socially important functions. Accordingly, these professions are becoming less prestigious and do not attract the younger generation. With the mechanization of agrarian labor, there is also a decrease in the demand for labor in the countryside, which causes the outflow of the population to the cities. Some professions and specialties, on the contrary, acquire more important functions, and, as a result, there is an increase in competition in educational institutions which train specialists in these professions. Industrial labor begins to play a dominant role in industrial society, therefore, the population employed in this sector of the economy is gradually increasing. The structure of employment is changing in the 21st century - everything in great demand use professions related to the sphere of service, intellectual and information spheres labor activity.

The direction of social movements is also determined by the nature of social stratification. The lower is paid given view labor, the less willing to take it workplace... The village has much less opportunities to improve material well-being, receive vocational education, meet the spiritual, personal and information needs than the city. Therefore, migration from the countryside to the city predominates, and not vice versa. In the same way, you can explain and professional mobility: there are many more people who want to get a high-paying and prestigious profession rather than low-paid and not prestigious. Thus, the direction of social movements is determined by the characteristics of the social structure.

At the same time, social movements are changing the very social structure of society. On the one hand, they destroy the established vertical and functional relationships. However, over time, a new social "frame" of society is being built: the relationship between the newly formed and traditionally existing societies and strata acquire a stable, orderly character. As a result of social shifts, thus, the social structure of society passes from one of its states to another state ("from the old to the new" social order). So, social mobility is a source of renewal of the social structure of society... In sociological science the process of renewal of society is called social differentiation.

Social differentiation is the process of renewing the social structure of society as a result of social displacement, characterized by the emergence of new social communities and strata, and the disappearance of other social communities and strata that have lost their social functions.

Depending on what kind of intra- or extra-social mobility is the source of social differentiation, the latter can exist, respectively, in two varieties. Intrasocial differentiation characterized by the division of a community or stratum and the formation of new communities or strata within them.

For example, in a traditional society there is no clear division into generations (generations). Children gradually begin to fulfill many of the functions of adults. Having acquired full capacity for work, they turn into adults. People who have lost their ability to work turn into old people. Accordingly, cultural differences between generations are not developed. The same norms and values, symbols and rituals govern the behavior of everyone, regardless of age. The formation of an industrial society is accompanied by the division of society into generations. A significant part of children (especially in cities) are cut off from social production, most of their time is spent on education and communication with peers. A new generation is taking shape, taking a place between children and adults - the youth. Unlike traditional society, an industrial society requires a special, transitional time, during which there is a general and vocational education, qualifications and the acquisition of sustainable social (primarily vocational) education. Moreover, the more difficult it is to acquire a profession and adapt to it, the longer this process takes. The life of the younger generation has been increasing since the beginning of the 20th century from 2-3 years to 10 years or more at the end of the century. The generation of adults is also divided into two: the middle generation and the older generation. The middle generation has the maximum capacity for work, the older generation, gradually losing their capacity for work, nevertheless has high qualifications, experience, connections, and, as a rule, generally has a higher social status. In developed countries, the elderly include people over 70 years old, in poor countries people age earlier socially. Having lost their ability to work and, accordingly, independently, without the help of society or other social groups, to ensure their lives, the elderly turn into old people. Thus, in an industrial society, as a result of intrasocial mobility, five generations are formed.

As a result extrasocial differentiation completely new communities and strata are formed, whose representatives acquire a new social status, moving from other communities and strata. So, as a result of the emergence of new professions, the formation of new professional groups (for example, advertising agents, programmers). During the formation of an industrial society, an intensive process of the formation of classes (the working class, the bourgeoisie, the petty bourgeoisie) takes place at the expense of representatives of various estates - the peasantry, the bourgeoisie, the merchants, the nobility, etc. In the course of urbanization, completely new types of settlement appear, such as megalopolises and agglomerations.

As noted above, social movements have a certain direction. The predominant form can be professional or dysfunctional, upward or downward mobility. Depending on the direction and nature of social movements, social differentiation society can take two forms.

The first form of social differentiation Is social integration. The source of social integration is professional(horizontally) and ascending(vertical) social mobility individual, communities and strata. In the process of professional mobility, there is an increase in functional ties between different communities and strata of society. Relations between generations, professional, territorial, ethnic, class and other communities are becoming closer and more interdependent. For example, the effectiveness of the activities of representatives of one profession increasingly depends on the effectiveness of the activities of representatives of other professions. As a result of upward mobility, most of the newly formed or "growing" strata and communities are concentrated in the middle of the hierarchical ladder of society. As a result, many strata and communities are formed in the hierarchical structure of society, separated from each other by an insignificant social distance.

A society in which social differentiation is carried out mainly in the form of social integration (in a socially integrated society), in the social representation of people is perceived in the image of "We" ("we are different, but still we are one whole"). Objectively, there is a strengthening of ties between communities and strata, their unification into a single whole.

So, social integration- This is a kind of social differentiation of society, characterized by the strengthening of hierarchical and functional ties between communities and strata, a tendency towards the integrity of society as a social system.

The opposite form of social differentiation is the social polarization of society. It is characterized by following features... First, there is a weakening of the functional relationships of various social communities and strata of society. Various communities and strata (village and city, generations, regional communities, professional communities, etc.) begin to functionally become isolated, separate from each other. Citizens and villagers, generations, regions, classes and others social communities become less and less interconnected and interdependent in their life. As a result, there are symptoms of a gap between generations in society, and they do not understand each other. Regional separatism is revealed. Various social classes and professional groups as if they begin to live only for themselves, not caring about the problems of other groups. Thus, horizontal mobility gains dysfunctional shape.

Secondly, vertical mobility gains downward shape. Most members of society lower their social status (in terms of income, property, power, access to education and other spiritual benefits). An increase occurs social distance between different communities and strata of the population: between social "lower classes" and "upper classes", between classes and professional groups, between urban and rural residents, between the "powers that be" (the political elite) and citizens.

so , social polarization is a kind of social differentiation of society, characterized by a weakening of functional relationships and an increase in the distance in the social hierarchy between communities and strata, a tendency to dissociation of society as a social system.

Social integration and social polarization in their pure form are practically not manifested. In any society, in the process of its changes, both of these tendencies reveal themselves. At the same time, ascending and descending, as well as professional and dysfunctional mobility occur. At the same time, one tendency can be dominant, prevailing, and the second - subordinate, insignificant. Depending on which trend of social differentiation prevails, the nature and direction of social changes in society depends.

Social differentiation determines the nature of changes in all types of the social structure of society: class, professional, demographic, ethnic, confessional, territorial. In the context of the predominance of integration processes, there is an increase in functional interdependence and relations of solidarity and partnership between classes, professional, ethnic and other communities. The gap between the main groups of society is disappearing. And, conversely, under the conditions of the predominance of polarization processes, the destruction of functional relationships and the strengthening of disunity between social strata and groups are observed, social distance between them.

If social differentiation occurs mainly in an integration form, then social stratification society takes the form of a diamond. Most of the emerging communities and strata of the population are strengthened as a result of social mobility in the "middle" of the hierarchical structure. For example, the formation of a layer of highly skilled workers and employees is accompanied by an increase in their social status (income, working conditions, life, education, etc.), as a result of which the share of the middle strata of society increases.

In conditions when social polarization becomes the predominant tendency, most of the society reduces its social status. As a result, there is an increase in the share of social "lower classes". The social polarization of society leads to many negative consequences. Social tension and confrontation are increasing. In such conditions, the social basis for social partnership between employers and employees for the development of entrepreneurship (for which initial capital is needed) weakens. The middle strata are constantly "washed away" by the next wave of the economic crisis. There is an increase in political apathy due to the lack of faith in the ability to influence the government. And this is a fertile ground for totalitarianism and various forms of dictatorship, xenophobia and nationalism. Social polarization significantly changes not only social stratification, but also the entire social structure of society. Downward social mobility to a large extent covers entire social communities of people.

In the first decade of the 21st century in development Russian society contradictory processes took place. On the one hand, the society has become more integrated, poverty has decreased somewhat compared to the 90s. On the other hand, the integration processes were largely replaced by artificial consolidation against the background of the construction of fictitious threats and mythical enemies of the nation. In addition, there was a process of "averaging" society by reducing the space of economic and political freedom. And, finally, integration was far from always voluntary and natural (for example, the solution of the Chechen problem). Consequently, it is not so much the integration itself that is important as its quality, type, level and technologies for its achievement. Therefore, by the beginning of the second decade of the new century, social integration and unity of the Russian society are not sufficiently strong, stable and long-term.

Brief summary:

The stability of society is achieved with an optimal combination of social statics and social dynamics
Social mobility is social movement associated with changes in status
There are two main types of social mobility - intergenerational (intergenerational) and intragenerational (intragenerational).
There are two main types of social mobility - vertical and horizontal.
Social differentiation is the process of renewing the social structure associated with the emergence of new social communities.
Social integration is characterized by the strengthening of vertical and horizontal ties between communities and strata, the integrity of society.
Social polarization - a weakening of functional relationships and an increase in social distance between communities and strata, a split in society
Social integration is based on the voluntary association of social actors and equal symmetric communication

Practice kit

Questions:

Why does the stability of society depend on the implementation of overdue reforms and changes?
Does individual mobility depend on group mobility?
How does social differentiation differ from a simple division of society from a simple division of society into various groups and strata?
For what reasons can social differentiation acquire the character of integration or polarization?
What type of social mobility can be attributed to layoffs for staff reductions?
Can such a change in status as marriage be called an example of vertical mobility?
How are the concepts of social mobility and social stratification related?
Do you agree with the point of view that social order is associated with different forms political dictatorship, and social chaos is generated by the processes of democratization and liberalization of society?

Themes for term papers, abstracts, essays:

Social mobility and migration
The migration picture of modern Russia
Trends in the change of stratification in modern Russian society
Factors of social integration and unity of Russian society
Social mobility and social dynamics
Structural mobility
Demographic factors of mobility
Social dynamics of Soviet society
Social mobility and cultural dynamics

Types of social groups.

Social differentiation

Differentiation reasons:

1.private property

Social politics

Stratification theory

Main criteria for stratification

3. prestige

4.education

The social status of the individual and social roles.

Social status - this is the position of a person in society, occupied by him in accordance with age, gender, origin, profession, marital status. This is a certain position in the social structure of a group or society, linked to other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

The collection of all statuses held by one person is called status dialing .

One person has many statuses, as he participates in many groups and organizations. He is a man, father, husband, son, teacher, professor, doctor spider, middle-aged man, member of the editorial board, Orthodox, etc. One person can hold two opposite statuses, but in relation to different people: for his children he is a father , but for his mother a son.

The status set will definitely contain main status. Main status name the most characteristic this person the status with which he is identified (identified) by other people or with which he identifies himself. The main thing is always the status that determines the style and way of life, circle of acquaintances, demeanor.

Social statuses are prescribed and acquired.

to the second - profession, education, etc. Some statuses are prestigious, others - on the contrary.

Prestige - it is an assessment by society of the social significance of a particular status. This hierarchy is shaped by two factors:

1. the real usefulness of those social functions that a person performs;

2. a system of values characteristic of a given society.

The social status of a person, first of all, influences his behavior.

The social role of the individual - it is a set of social functions assimilated and performed by a person and the patterns of behavior corresponding to them. Social role - a behavior model oriented towards a given status. It can be defined in another way - as a stereotyped type of behavior aimed at fulfilling the rights and obligations assigned to a specific status.

Each person has not one, but a whole set of social roles that he plays in society.

Their combination is called role-playing system (role-playing set).

A social role is impossible without conditions such as:

1. expectations of group members functionally related to this status;

2. social norms that fix the range of requirements for the performance of this role.

Social mobility

A person occupying a certain place in this structure has the ability to move from one level to another. Such a transition is called social mobility.

Types of social mobility

A high rate of vertical social mobility, other things being equal, is considered an important evidence of a democratic society.

Social elevators (channels of social mobility) Are social mechanisms that allow people to move from one social stratum to another.

P. Sorokin (American sociologist of Russian origin) singled out:

1. Army (Napoleon)

2. Church (Patriarch Nikon)

3. School, education (Lomonosov)

Other channels of social mobility:

1. Family and marriage (Catherine the First)

2. Party activity (Stalin)

3.Media (Malakhov, Ksenia Sobchak)

The family as a small group.

Types of families

1. By related structure there are:

extended families (multigenerational) that unite under one roof a married couple with children and one of the parents of the married couple

nuclear families - married couples with one or two children.

2. Scientists identify families full(two parents) and incomplete(where for some reason one of the parents or the parental generation is absent, and the children live with their grandparents).

3. Depending on the number of children, families are distinguished childless, one child, little and large.

4. By the nature of the distribution of family responsibilities, by how the issue of leadership is resolved in the family, two types of family are traditionally distinguished.

Traditional, or patriarchal, the family presupposes the supremacy of the man. Such a family brings together representatives of at least three generations under one roof. A woman economically depends on her spouse, family roles are clearly regulated: husband (father) is a breadwinner and breadwinner, wife (mother) is a housewife and educator of children.

To characteristics partner, or egalitarian, family (family of equals) include a fair, proportional distribution of family responsibilities, interchangeability of spouses in the decision household issues, discussion of the main problems and joint adoption of important decisions for the family, as well as the emotional saturation of the relationship. Social psychologists especially note this particular feature, thereby emphasizing that only in a family of a partner type can we talk about mutual respect, mutual understanding and emotional need for each other.

5. By employment in social production:

single-career model(in a traditional society, the father was engaged in social production, the mother was engaged in the household)

two-pit model

Family functions

Under family functions its activity is understood as having certain social consequences.

1. Reproductive function associated with the biological reproduction of members of society.

2. The new generation, replacing the old, must master social roles, receive the baggage of accumulated knowledge, experience, moral and other values. This is manifested educational function.

3. Economic and economic function covers various aspects of family relations: household and family budget; the organization of family consumption and the problem of the distribution of domestic labor; support and care for the elderly and disabled.

4. The family helps a person to find calmness and confidence, creates a sense of security and psychological comfort, provides emotional support and maintains general vitality (emotional and psychological function). Scientists especially talk about recreational function, which includes spiritual and aesthetic moments, including the organization of spending free time.

5. In addition, the family provides its members with a social status, thereby contributing to the reproduction of the social structure of society. (social status function).

6. The family regulates the sexual behavior of people, determining who, with whom and under what circumstances can have sexual relations (sexual function).

Youth as a socio-demographic age group

Sociologists refer to youth as people between the ages of 16 and 25. Age boundaries are determined by specific historical conditions, the socio-economic situation, therefore they can be mobile.

The transition from youth to maturity is characterized by the criteria

The main features of the youth subculture

1.Calling the values of adults and experimenting with their own way of life

2.inclusion in various peer groups (informal youth groups)

3.peculiar tastes, especially in clothing, music

4.cult of strength, radicalism

5.It is more a cult of leisure than work (some representatives of the older generation believe that a significant part of modern youth does not live, but lives, does not work, but does part-time, does not do, but pretends to do)

6. openness to innovations

Social functions youth

1. mastering new professions. Regularity: what newer profession, the younger the age of its representatives

2. development of new territorial-production complexes. The territorial mobility of young people is 5 times higher than that of others age groups(examples: development of virgin lands, BAM)

3. cultural and intellectual mobility. Young people are the most active consumer of the latest scientific knowledge.

Ethnic communities. Nations and interethnic relations

Ethnos (Greek - people) - a set of people who have a common language, culture, aware of their historical unity. In the modern world, there are at least two thousand different ethnic groups.

Ethnic forms:

in primitive times - a tribe

in antiquity and the Middle Ages - nationality

in modern times, the most developed and stable community is the nation

A nation is an autonomous ethnic community, not limited by territorial boundaries, whose members are committed to common values and institutions. Representatives of one nation no longer have a common ancestor and common origin. They do not have to have a common language, religion, but the nationality that unites them was formed thanks to a common history and culture.

A nation emerges during the dawn of capitalism. During this period, classes are formed, domestic market and a single economic structure, their own literature, art. On the basis of a single territory, language and economy, a single national character and mental make-up is formed. There is a very strong sense of solidarity with your nation. National patriotic and national liberation movements, ethnic strife, wars and conflicts arise as a sign that a nation has formed and is fighting for its sovereignty.

Signs of the nation:

1. community of the territory;

2. common language;

3. community of economic life;

4. common features mental warehouse;

5. national professional culture;

6. national identity. A person's awareness of himself as an integral part of the nation, involvement in the common historical fate and culture of the nation, feelings for its past, present and future, orientation towards the goals and values of national development.

How to determine the nationality of a person? National self-identification.

Nationality is a private (personal) affair of the citizens themselves. Constitution of the Russian Federation, Art. 25, item 1: “Everyone has the right to determine and indicate his nationality. No one can be forced to determine and indicate their nationality "

Nationalism and chauvinism

Nationalism is an ideology, the essence of which is in the preaching of the specificity and / or exclusivity of its people, the priority of national values, etc.

The extreme form of nationalism is chauvinism, preaching the exclusiveness of its nation, opposing the interests of its nation to the interests of other nations, inciting national enmity and hatred.

Interethnic relations

Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - the attraction to cooperation and periodic conflicts.

Causes of interethnic conflicts:

1. territorial disputes;

2. the historically arisen tension in relations between peoples;

3. the policy of discrimination pursued by the dominant nation;

4. attempts of national political elites to use national feelings for the purpose of their own popularity;

5.the desire of peoples to create their own statehood (SEPARATISM)

When resolving these conflicts, it is necessary to observe the humanistic principles of the policy in the field of national relations:

1. rejection of violence and coercion;

2. seeking agreement on the basis of consensus of all participants;

3. recognition of human rights and freedoms as the most important value;

4. readiness for a peaceful settlement of disputed problems.

Trends in the development of nations

The nature of national relations is determined by two interrelated trends:

differentiation

integration

Each nation strives for self-development, for the preservation of national identity, language, culture. These aspirations are realized in the process of their differentiation, which can take the form of a struggle for national self-determination and the creation of an independent national state.

On the other hand, the self-development of nations in the modern world is impossible without their close interaction, cooperation, exchange cultural property, overcoming alienation, maintaining mutually beneficial contacts. The trend towards integration is increasing due to the need for a solution global problems facing humanity, with the successes of the scientific and technological revolution. It should be borne in mind that these trends are interconnected: the diversity of national cultures does not lead to their isolation, and the rapprochement of nations does not mean the disappearance of differences between them.

National policy

National policy is a set of measures of all branches authorities in the field of national relations.

National policy differs in goals, focus, based on the priorities of state policy.

Goals, focus of antihuman totalitarian policy

Objectives and content of democratic nationality policy

1. upholding the so-called ethnic "purity" 2. incitement to racial hatred 3. violence in the interests of the domination of their state. These goals are realized by laws, organization and the promotion of appropriate group behavior. Fascism is the most misanthropic expression of this anti-democratic policy.

1.the legislative consolidation of respectful attitude towards people of all nationalities, ethnic groups to their self-awareness, identity, 2. creation of the most favorable conditions for the free development of all peoples, 3. coordination of national interests, 4. warning and humane permission interethnic conflicts. State, democratic parties help to ensure that these goals are shared by the population of the country.

The basic principles of state ethnic policy in Russia are as follows:

1.Equality of human and civil rights and freedoms, regardless of race, nationality, language, attitude to religion, belonging to social groups and public associations;

2. prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of a citizen on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation;

3. preservation of the historical integrity of the country, equality of all subjects of the federation, guarantee of the rights of indigenous peoples;

4.the right of everyone citizen determine and indicate their nationality;

5. assistance in the development of national cultures and languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation;

6. timely and peaceful resolution of contradictions and conflicts;

7. prohibition of activities aimed at undermining the security of the state, inciting social, racial, national and religious discord, hatred or enmity;

8.protection of the rights and interests of Russian citizens abroad, support of compatriots living in foreign countries in the preservation and development of their native language, culture and national traditions, in strengthening their ties with their homeland

Social structure of Russian society

Causes of conflicts

1. the possession of one of the parties of material and intangible (power, information) values, at a time when the other party is either completely deprived of them, or has insufficient. At the same time, it is not excluded that the predominance may be imaginary.

2. incompatibility of ideological attitudes and evaluative positions of various social groups (classes, estates, strata) of society;

3. people misunderstanding each other; differences in views and the imposition of opinions on one of the parties, psychological incompatibility of people

4.increased irritability, an overestimated level of claims (in interpersonal conflicts)

Types of conflicts

1. Depending on the spheres of human activity in which conflicts occur, they are divided into

Family

Labor

Political

Ethnic

2. In terms of scale and volume, include

Interpersonal conflicts, when the interests of individuals collide;

Conflicts between small and large social groups:

International conflicts arising between individual states and their coalitions.

3. By the nature of development:

Intentional

Spontaneous.

Conflict stages

Pre-conflict stage- this is a period during which contradictions accumulate.

Directly conflict stage is a set of certain actions. It is characterized by a clash of opposing sides.

On the post-conflict stage measures are being taken to finally eliminate contradictions

Types of social groups.

A) by number - large (nations, estates) and small (family, school class)

B) by the way of organizing and regulating behavior - formal (production team) and informal (bikers, emo)

Reasons for grouping people:

1.groups help achieve common goals

2.groups allow you to satisfy psychological and other problems

3. group membership contributes to the formation of a positive "self-concept"

Social differentiation- This is the division of society into groups that occupy different social positions and differ in the volume and nature of rights, privileges and responsibilities, prestige and influence.

Types of differentiation, their manifestations

It should be noted that with the development of society, its social structure becomes more complicated. Likewise, connections and relationships between people are becoming deeper and more complex.

Differentiation reasons:

1.private property

2.complexity modern society, the need for division of labor

3.different abilities, psychological characteristics of people

Social politics

Social policy is a set of measures aimed at meeting the material and spiritual needs of a person, as well as ensuring social protection of citizens in need of special care from the state.

Social policy is designed to mitigate social inequality.

The traditional directions of social policy are:

1. organization of pension and social insurance, medical care;

2. material and consumer services for the disabled and other categories of people in need social protection citizens (students, temporarily unemployed, orphans, etc.);

3. promoting the employment of citizens.

Stratification theory

Social community

Structural elements of society

One of the most common approaches to the formation of the social structure of society is the selection of various types of social communities as an initial element.

Social community- a really existing, empirically fixed set of individuals, characterized by relative integrity and acting as an independent subject of social action. There is another definition of a social community, when it is understood as all existing social associations, the members of which are linked by common interests and are in direct or indirect interaction.

Social communities differ in a variety of specific historical and situationally determined types and forms. The generalities differ:

§ by the number of elements that make up the community (from two elements to many millions)

§ by the duration of existence (from short-term, existing less than long-term lives of one generation of people, to long-term, existing for many generations)

§ according to the density of ties between members of the association (from tight-knit collectives to nominal associations)

According to the totality of features, social communities can be divided into two types - mass and group. Mass communities differ from group, first of all, the quality and degree of interaction. Signs of mass community are the following features:

§ associations are amorphous formations with indistinct dividing boundaries

§ to unite the character, the uncertainty of the quantitative and qualitative composition, heterogeneity and intergroup nature are inherent in it

§ the association is characterized by a situational way of education, the association is not stable, but rapidly changing

The mass communities are the crowd, political and social movements, various associations.

Due to the amorphous composition, mass communities not considered as a structural social-group structure of society.

Group communities (social groups) differ from the mass ones in closer interaction and act as the main elements of the structure of society.

[edit] Social group

A social group is a set of people who have a common socially significant feature, common interests, values and norms of behavior that develop within the framework of a historically defined society.

According to Robert Merton: "A social group is a collection of individuals who interact in a certain way with each other, who recognize themselves as part of a group and are recognized as members of this group from the point of view of other people."... In this case, belonging to a particular social group is considered as the basis for a person's self-identification.

Social groups, in turn, are divided according to the scale and degree of cohesion into large and small, primary and secondary.

Large groups are large associations of people characterized by the presence of common interests and spatial disunity. Large groups include ethnic groups, classes, territorial communities, professional groups, social strata.

Small groups are small in number in the composition of the association, the members of which are connected by common activities and are in direct, direct, personal communication. The characteristics of small groups are small composition, spatial proximity of members, common group values, norms and patterns of behavior, informal control over the behavior of group members. Examples of small social groups are family, classroom, student group, sports team, brigade, gang.

Secondary groups are social groups whose members interact directly, usually through membership in any institutions and organizations.

Primary groups are small social groups whose members are in direct direct interaction.

All large groups are secondary.

Small social groups can be both primary and secondary. Secondary small groups are usually combined common function and are characterized by a lack of emotional contact.

The main elements of the social group structure can be various types of social groups, identified for different reasons. This complicates the formation of a single social-group structure of society, and gives rise to different approaches.

[edit] Approaches to the formation of the social-group structure of society

Traditional Approach includes several substructures:

§ demographic substructure (gender, age)

§ ethno substructure (tribe, nationality, nation)

§ territorial substructure (urban and rural population, region)

§ class substructure (classes and social groups)

§ family substructure

Socio-economic approach, defended, in particular, by Russian scientists Tatyana Zaslavskaya and Rosalina Ryvkina, understands by the social structure of society - the people themselves, organized in of various kinds groups and performing certain social roles in the system of economic relations.

Within the framework of the approach, it also identifies a number of substructures:

§ ethnodemographic substructure

§ socio-territorial substructure

§ family economic substructure

§ organizational and managerial substructure

§ social and labor substructure

§ professional and job substructure

Pitirim Sorokin's Approach... Considering the social structure of society, Sorokin proposed a scheme for identifying the initial elements of the structure depending on the nature of the values that unite separate groups of communities that act as these elements.

The main forms of unorganized and semi-organized groups based on volatile values:

§ externally organized groups

§ crowd, audience

§ nominal conglomerates

The most important one-sided groups based on the same set of values:

§ biosocial (racial, gender, age)

§ sociocultural (gender, territorial neighborhood, language group, trade union, economic group, religious group, political group, ideological group, elite group)

The most important multi-stakeholder groups built around a combination of two or more sets of values are:

§ estate

Developed in organized group series of values, enshrine the rights and obligations of each member of the group in relation to others, the functions and roles of members, as well as prestige and social status.

Social differentiation

The word "differentiation" comes from the Latin root meaning "difference." Social differentiation is the division of society into groups that occupy different social positions. Many researchers believe that social stratification is inherent in any society. Even in primitive tribes, groups were distinguished according to gender and age, with their inherent privileges and responsibilities. There were also an influential and respected leader and his entourage, as well as outlaws living "outside the law". At subsequent stages of development, social stratification became more complex and became more and more obvious. It is customary to distinguish between economic, political and professional differentiation. Economic differentiation is expressed in the difference in income, living standards, in the existence of the rich, poor and middle strata of the population. The division of society into rulers and governed, political leaders and the masses is a manifestation of political differentiation. Professional differentiation can be attributed to the allocation of various groups in society by the nature of their activities, occupations. At the same time, some professions are considered more prestigious in comparison with others.

Thus, clarifying the concept of social differentiation, we can say that it means not just the allocation of any groups, but also a certain inequality between them in terms of their social status, scope and nature of law, privileges and duties, prestige and influence. Is this inequality removable? Different answers are given to this question. For example, the Marxist doctrine of society proceeds from the necessity and possibility of eliminating this inequality as the most striking manifestation of social injustice. To solve this problem, it is necessary, first of all, to change the system of economic relations, to eliminate private ownership of the means of production. In other theories, social stratification is also viewed as evil, but it is irreparable. People should accept this position as inevitable. Another view is that inequality is seen as a positive phenomenon. It makes people strive to improve. public relations... Social homogeneity will lead society to ruin. At the same time, many researchers note that in most developed countries there is a decrease in social polarization, an increase in the middle strata and a decrease in groups belonging to the extreme social poles. Reflect on the given points of view, try to relate them to real socio-historical processes.

Social stratification

Social stratification(from Lat. stratum - layer and facio - I do) - one of the basic concepts of sociology, denoting a system of signs and criteria of social stratification, position in society; the social structure of society; branch of sociology. The term "stratification" entered sociology from geology, where it denotes the location of layers of the earth. But people initially likened the social distances and partitions existing between them to layers of the earth, floors of objects located, tiers of plants, etc.

Stratification is the division of society into special strata (strata) by combining various social positions with approximately the same social status, reflecting the prevailing idea of social inequality, aligned horizontally (social hierarchy), along its axis according to one or more stratification criteria (indicators of social status). The division of society into strata is based on the inequality of social distances between them - the main property of stratification. Social strata are lined up vertically and in a strict sequence according to indicators of welfare, power, education, leisure, and consumption. In social stratification, a certain social distance is established between people (social positions) and a hierarchy is built from social strata. Thus, the unequal access of members of society to certain socially significant scarce resources is fixed by establishing social filters at the boundaries dividing social strata. For example, the allocation of social strata can be carried out according to the levels of income, education, power, consumption, the nature of work, spending free time. The social strata highlighted in society are assessed in it according to the criterion of social prestige, which expresses the social attractiveness of certain positions. But in any case, social stratification is the result of a more or less conscious activity (policy) of the ruling elites, who are extremely interested in imposing on society and legitimizing