The most important stage of the creative imagination. Creative imagination. Stages of creative imagination
Stages of creative imagination
Types of imagination
Imagination is characterized by activity, efficiency. At the same time, the apparatus of imagination can be used and is used not only as a condition for the creative activity of a person, aimed at transforming the environment. Imagination in some circumstances can act as replacement activities, here fantasy can create images that do not come true and often do not come true. This form imagination is called passive imagination.
A person can deliberately evoke a passive imagination: this kind images, fantasies, deliberately evoked, but not associated with the will aimed at translating them into reality, are called dreams. In dreams, the connection between the products of fantasy and needs is easily revealed. But if dreams prevail in the processes of imagination in a person, then this is a defect in the development of personality, it testifies to its passivity.
Passive imagination can also arise unintentionally. This occurs mainly with a weakening of the activity of consciousness, the second signal system, with temporary inactivity of a person, in a half-asleep state, in a state of affect͵ in a dream (dream), with pathological disorders of consciousness (hallucinations).
If passive imagination can be subdivided into intentional and unintentional, then active imagination may be creative and recreational.
Imagination, which is based on the creation of images corresponding to the description, is called re-creating.
Creative imagination, as opposed to recreating, involves the independent creation of new images that are realized in original and valuable products of activity. The creative imagination arising in labor remains an integral part of technical, artistic and any other creativity, taking the form of active and purposeful operation of visual representations in search of ways to satisfy needs.
Stages of creative imagination:
· The emergence of a creative idea;
- "Nurturing" an idea;
- implementation of the plan.
The synthesis, realized in the process of imagination, is carried out in various forms:
· Agglutination - "gluing" of different in everyday life, incompatible qualities, parts;
- hyperbolization - an increase or decrease in an object, as well as a change in individual parts;
- schematization - separate ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly;
- typification - highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images;
- sharpening - emphasizing any individual features.
How can one promote the development of thinking. Let us first of all note the special role of self-organization, awareness of the techniques and rules of mental activity. A person must understand the basic techniques mental labor, to be able to manage such stages of thinking as setting a task, creating optimal motivation, regulating the direction of involuntary associations, maximizing the inclusion of both figurative and symbolic components, using the advantages of conceptual thinking, as well as reducing unnecessary criticality in assessing the result - all this allows you to activate thought process, make it more efficient. Passion, interest in the problem, optimal motivation - one of the most important factors in the productivity of thinking. So, weak motivation does not provide sufficient development of the thought process, and vice versa, if it is too strong, then this emotional overexcitation disrupts the use of the results obtained, previously learned methods when solving other new problems, there is a tendency to stereotyping. In this sense, competition is not conducive to solving complex mental problems.
Let's list the main factors that hinder a successful thought process:
1. inertia, stereotyped thinking;
2. excessive adherence to the use of familiar methods of solution, which makes it difficult to look at the problem “in a new way”;
3. fear of mistakes, fear of criticism, fear of “being stupid”, excessive criticality to one's decisions;
4. mental and muscle tension, etc.
To activate thinking, you can apply special forms organizing the thought process, for example “ brainstorm " or brainstorming - the method proposed by A. Osborne (USA) is intended for the production of ideas and solutions when working in a group. Basic rules for brainstorming:
1. The group consists of 7-10 people, preferably of different professional orientation, in the group there are only a few people who are knowledgeable in the problem under consideration.
2. "Prohibition of criticism" - someone else's idea cannot be interrupted, you can only praise, develop someone else's or offer your own idea.
3. Participants must be in a state of relaxation, ᴛ.ᴇ. in a state of mental and muscular relaxation, comfort. The seats should be arranged in a circle.
4. All expressed ideas are recorded without attribution.
5. Ideas collected as a result of brainstorming are transferred to a group of experts - specialists dealing with this problem to select the most valuable ideas. As a rule, such ideas turn out to be about 10%. Participants are not included in the “expert jury”.
The effectiveness of brainstorming sessions is high. " Brainstorm”, Which is led by a group that gradually accumulates experience in solving various problems, is the basis of the so-called synectics , proposed by the American scientist W. Gordon. During the “synectic assault”, four special techniques based on analogy must be performed: direct (think about how a problem similar to this one is solved); personal or empathy (try to enter the image of the object given in the task and reason from this point of view); symbolic (give a figurative definition of the essence of the problem in a nutshell); fantastic (imagine how fairy wizards would solve this problem).
Another way to activate search is focal object method ... It consists in the fact that the signs of several randomly selected objects are transferred to the considered (focal, in the focus of attention) object, as a result of which unusual combinations are obtained that make it possible to overcome psychological inertia and inertia. So, if a “tiger” is taken as a random object, and a “pencil” as a focal one, then combinations of the type “striped pencil”, “fanged pencil”, etc. are obtained. Considering these combinations and developing them, sometimes it is possible to come to original ideas.
To enhance creative thinking abilities, “exotic” techniques are also used: the introduction of a person into a special suggestive state of the psyche (activation of the unconscious), the suggestion in a state of hypnosis of incarnation into another person, into a famous scientist, for example, Leonardo da Vinci, which dramatically increases creativity in an ordinary person.
To increase the efficiency of mental activity, the technique of "gymnastics of the mind" is also used, aimed at activating and harmonious synchronization of the activity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain with the help of special exercises (see Appendix No. 3).
Stages of creative imagination:
the emergence of a creative idea;
"Nurturing" an idea;
implementation of the plan.
The synthesis, realized in the process of imagination, is carried out in various forms:
agglutination - "gluing" of different in everyday life, incompatible qualities, parts;
hyperbolization - an increase or decrease in an object, as well as a change in individual parts;
schematization - separate ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly;
typification - highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images;
sharpening - emphasizing any individual features.
How can one promote the development of thinking. Let us note, first of all, the special role of self-organization, awareness of the techniques and rules of mental activity. A person should be aware of the basic techniques of mental work, be able to manage such stages of thinking as setting a task, creating optimal motivation, regulating the direction of involuntary associations, maximizing the inclusion of both figurative and symbolic components, using the advantages of conceptual thinking, as well as reducing unnecessary criticality in assessing the result - all this allows you to activate the thought process, make it more effective. Passion, interest in the problem, optimal motivation - one of the most important factors in the productivity of thinking. So, weak motivation does not provide sufficient development of the thought process, and vice versa, if it is too strong, then this emotional overexcitation disrupts the use of the results obtained, previously learned methods when solving other new problems, there is a tendency to stereotyping. In this sense, competition is not conducive to solving complex mental problems.
Let's list the main factors that hinder a successful thought process:
inertia, stereotyped thinking;
excessive adherence to the use of familiar methods of solution, which makes it difficult to look at the problem “in a new way”;
fear of error, fear of criticism, fear of “being stupid”, excessive criticality to one's decisions;
mental and muscle tension, etc.
To activate thinking, you can use special forms of organizing the thought process, for example, "brainstorming" or brainstorming - the method proposed by A. Osborne (USA), is designed to produce ideas and solutions when working in a group. Basic rules for brainstorming:
1. The group consists of 7-10 people, preferably of different professional orientation, in the group there are only a few people who are knowledgeable in the problem under consideration.
2. "Prohibition of criticism" - someone else's idea cannot be interrupted, you can only praise, develop someone else's or offer your own idea.
3. Participants must be in a state of relaxation, ie. in a state of mental and muscular relaxation, comfort. The seats should be arranged in a circle.
4. All expressed ideas are recorded without attribution.
5. Ideas collected as a result of brainstorming are transferred to a group of experts - specialists dealing with this problem to select the most valuable ideas. As a rule, such ideas turn out to be about 10%. Participants are not included in the “expert jury”.
The effectiveness of brainstorming sessions is high. “Brainstorming” conducted by a group gradually accumulating experience in solving various problems is the basis of the so-called synectics proposed by the American scientist W. Gordon. In the "synectic assault", it is envisaged that four special techniques based on analogy must be performed: direct (think about how a problem similar to this one is solved); personal or empathy (try to enter the image of the object given in the task and reason from this point of view); symbolic (give a figurative definition of the essence of the problem in a nutshell); fantastic (imagine how fairy wizards would solve this problem).
Another way to activate the search is the focal object method. It consists in the fact that the signs of several randomly selected objects are transferred to the considered (focal, in the focus of attention) object, as a result of which unusual combinations are obtained that make it possible to overcome psychological inertia and inertia. So, if a “tiger” is taken as a random object, and a “pencil” as a focal one, then combinations of the type “striped pencil”, “fanged pencil”, etc. are obtained. Considering these combinations and developing them, sometimes it is possible to come up with original ideas.
To enhance creative thinking abilities, “exotic” techniques are also used: introduction of a person into a special suggestive state of the psyche (activation of the unconscious), suggestion in a state of hypnosis to incarnate into another person, into a famous scientist, for example, Leonardo da Vinci, which dramatically increases creativity in an ordinary person ...
To increase the efficiency of mental activity, the technique of "gymnastics of the mind" is also used, aimed at activating and harmonious synchronization of the activity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain with the help of special exercises (see Appendix No. 3).
the emergence of a creative idea;
"nurturing" an idea;
implementation of the plan.
Synthesis, realized in the process of imagination, is carried out in various forms:
agglutination - "gluing" of different in everyday life, incompatible qualities, parts;
hyperbolization- an increase or decrease in an object, as well as a change in individual parts;
schematization- separate ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly;
typing- highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images;
sharpening- underlining of any individual features.
How can one promote the development of thinking. Let us note, first of all, the special role of self-organization, awareness of the techniques and rules of mental activity. A person should be aware of the basic techniques of mental work, be able to manage such stages of thinking as setting a task, creating optimal motivation, regulating the direction of involuntary associations, maximizing the inclusion of both figurative and symbolic components, using the advantages of conceptual thinking, as well as reducing unnecessary criticality in assessing the result - all this allows you to activate the thought process, make it more effective. Passion, interest in the problem, optimal motivation - one of the most important factors in the productivity of thinking. So, weak motivation does not provide sufficient development of the thought process, and vice versa, if it is too strong, then this emotional overexcitation disrupts the use of the results obtained, previously learned methods when solving other new problems, there is a tendency to stereotyping. In this sense, competition is not conducive to solving complex mental problems.
Let's list the main factors that hinder a successful thought process:
inertia, stereotyped thinking;
excessive adherence to the use of familiar methods of solution, which makes it difficult to look at the problem "in a new way";
fear of error, fear of criticism, fear of "being stupid", excessive criticality to one's decisions;
mental and muscle tension, etc.
To activate thinking, you can use special forms of organizing the thought process, for example " brainstorm" or brainstorming - the method proposed by A. Osborne (USA) is intended for the production of ideas and solutions when working in a group. Basic rules for brainstorming:
The group consists of 7-10 people, preferably of different professional orientation, in the group there are only a few people who are knowledgeable in the problem under consideration.
"Prohibition of criticism" - someone else's idea cannot be interrupted, you can only praise, develop someone else's or offer your own idea.
Participants must be in a state of relaxation, i.e. in a state of mental and muscular relaxation, comfort. The seats should be arranged in a circle.
All ideas expressed are recorded without attribution.
Ideas collected as a result of brainstorming are transferred to a group of experts - specialists dealing with this problem, to select the most valuable ideas. As a rule, such ideas turn out to be about 10%. Participants are not included in the "expert jury".
The effectiveness of brainstorming sessions is high. "Brainstorming", which is conducted by a group that gradually accumulates experience in solving various problems, is the basis of the so-called synectics, proposed by the American scientist W. Gordon. In "synectic assault", four special techniques based on analogy must be performed: direct (think about how a problem similar to this one is solved); personal or empathy (try to enter the image of the object given in the task and reason from this point of view); symbolic (give a figurative definition of the essence of the problem in a nutshell); fantastic (imagine how fairy wizards would solve this problem).
Another way to activate search is focal object method... It consists in the fact that the signs of several randomly selected objects are transferred to the considered (focal, in the focus of attention) object, as a result of which unusual combinations are obtained that make it possible to overcome psychological inertia and inertia. So, if a "tiger" is taken as a random object, and a "pencil" as a focal one, then combinations of the type "striped pencil", "fanged pencil", etc. are obtained. Considering these combinations and developing them, sometimes it is possible to come up with original ideas.
To enhance creative thinking capabilities, "exotic" techniques are also used: the introduction of a person into a special suggestive state of the psyche (activation of the unconscious), the suggestion in a state of hypnosis to incarnate into another person, into a famous scientist, for example, Leonardo da Vinci, which dramatically increases creativity in an ordinary person ...
To increase the efficiency of mental activity, the method "gymnastics of the mind" is also used, aimed at activating and harmonious synchronization of the activity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain with the help of special exercises (see Appendix No. 3).
QUESTIONS FOR SEMINAR LESSONS.
1. Imagination and its role in human activity.
2. The analytical and synthetic nature of the imagination process. Emotions and imagination.
3. What are the main types of imagination?
4. What is common and what is the difference between thinking and imagination?
5. How can you activate your thinking and creative activity?
LITERATURE.
1. Anisimov O.S., Danko T.P. Game training of mental activity. M., 1990.
2. Berkinblit M., Petrovsky A. Fantasy and reality. M., 1968.
3. Weinzweig P. 10 commandments of the creative personality. M., 1990.
4. Vygotsky L.S. Development of higher mental functions. M., 1960.
5. Groisman A.L. Psychology, personality, creativity, regulation of states. M., 1993.
6. Gamezo M.V., Domashenko I.A. Atlas of Psychology, M., 1986.
7. Granovskaya R.M. Elements of practical psychology. L., 1984.
8. Gofrua. What is psychology. M., 1994.
9. Kirnos D.I. Individuality and creative thinking. M., 1992.
10. Natadze R.G. Imagination as a factor of behavior. Tbilisi, 1972.
11. Neurobiological foundations of creativity. M., 1993.
12. Pekelis V.D. Your capabilities are human. M., 1993.
13. Psychological research of ideas and imagination. - "Izvestiya APN RSFSR". M., 1956, issue. 76.
QUESTIONS TO CREDIT
FOR THE COURSE "GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY"
Brief information about the history of the emergence of psychology as a science.
The structure of psychological science.
The subject and tasks of general psychology.
The place of general psychology in the system of human sciences.
The ratio of scientific and everyday psychology.
Methodological basis of psychology.
Methodological principles of general psychology.
Correlation of the concepts "methodology", "method", "technique". Tasks of methods of psychology.
Types of psychological research.
Stages of psychological research.
Criteria for the scientific character of psychological research.
Methods of general psychology and their classification.
Observation and introspection as methods of psychology.
Survey methods and their characteristics.
Tests as a method of psychological research.
general characteristics experimental methods.
The concept of the psyche in modern psychology.
Correlation of the concepts "biosphere", "ethnosphere", "psychosphere".
Psyche as a subjective reflection of the objective world.
The development of the psyche in phylogenesis.
Comparison of the psyche of humans and animals.
The development of the psyche in ontogenesis.
Reflex nature of the psyche.
The nervous system and its types.
Brain and psyche: principles and general mechanisms.
Morphology and functioning of the human brain.
Neuron, its structure and functioning.
The concept and structure of the analyzer. Receptors and their types.
The structure and functioning of the visual analyzer
The structure and functioning of the auditory analyzer
The role of functional brain asymmetry in perception.
The ratio of genotype and environment, biological and social in the development of the human psyche.
Psyche and consciousness.
Hypotheses about the origin of consciousness. Cultural-historical theory of L.S. Vygotsky.
Higher mental functions and their development.
The processes of interiorization and exteriorization in human mental development.
The structure and main functions of consciousness.
Stages of development of consciousness.
The concept of self-awareness.
The structure of self-awareness.
The mechanisms of psychological protection of the individual.
Development of self-awareness.
The unconscious in the structure of the psyche.
The ratio of the conscious and the unconscious. The role of unconscious processes in the structure of the psyche.
An activity-based approach to the study of mental phenomena.
Psychoanalysis of Z. Freud.
Neo-Freudianism and characteristics of its directions.
Behaviorism and its characteristics.
Non-behaviorism and characteristics of its directions.
Humanistic psychology.
Gestalt psychology.
Cognitive Psychology.
General characteristics of cognitive mental processes.
Sensations and their physiological bases.
Types of sensations.
The concept of the absolute threshold of sensations.
The concept of adaptation in sensations.
The concept of synesthesia and sensitization in sensations.
Comparative characteristics sensations and perception.
The concept of perception as a mental process. Physiological foundations of perception.
Characteristics of the basic properties of perception.
Classifications of perception in modern general psychology.
Features of human perception by human.
Illusions of perception.
The concept of memory and its place in the system of mental processes.
Modern theories of memory.
General characteristics of memory processes.
Types of memory.
General and individual characteristics of memory.
Thinking and its place in the knowledge of the surrounding world. Signs of thinking.
Types of thinking.
Mental operations as the main mechanisms of thinking.
General characteristics of modern theories of thinking.
The process of solving mental problems and its structure.
Individual features of personality thinking.
Development of thinking in ontogenesis.
The concept of language and speech. Physiological foundations of speech.
Functions and properties of speech.
Types of speech.
Development of speech in ontogenesis.
Features and functions of imagination.
Modern theoretical approaches to the physiological mechanisms of imagination.
Types and forms of imagination.
Ways to create images of the imagination.
The concept of attention and its physiological foundations.
Kinds of attention.
Properties of attention.
Mindfulness as a personality trait.
On the unity and connection of cognitive mental processes.
The role of general psychology in professional development personality.
The emergence of a creative idea; - "nurturing" an idea; - implementation of the plan. Synthesis, realized in the processes of imagination, is carried out in various forms: - agglutination - "gluing" of various incompatible qualities and parts in everyday life; - hyperbolization - an increase or decrease in an object, as well as a change in individual parts; - schematization - separate ideas merge, differences are smoothed out, and similarities appear clearly; - typification - highlighting the essential, repeating in homogeneous images; - sharpening - emphasizing any individual features.
Now let's turn to the question of how you can promote the development of thinking. First of all, it is necessary to note the special role of self-organization, awareness of the techniques and rules of mental activity. A person should be aware of the basic techniques of mental work, be able to manage such stages of thinking as setting a task, creating optimal motivation, regulating the direction of involuntary associations, maximizing the inclusion of both figurative and symbolic components, using the advantages of conceptual thinking, as well as reducing unnecessary criticality in assessing the result - all this allows you to activate the thought process, make it more effective. Passion, interest in the problem, optimal motivation is one of the most important factors in the productivity of thinking. So, weak motivation does not provide sufficient development of the thought process, and vice versa, if it is too strong, then this emotional overexcitation disrupts the use of the results obtained, previously learned methods when solving other new problems, there is a tendency to stereotyping. In this sense, competition is not conducive to solving complex mental problems.
Factors hindering a successful thought process
1) inertia, stereotyped thinking; 2) excessive adherence to the use of familiar methods of solution, which makes it difficult to look at the problem "in a new way"; 3) fear of error, fear of criticism, fear of "being stupid", excessive criticality to one's decisions; 4) mental and muscle tension, etc. To activate thinking, you can use special forms of organizing the thought process, for example, "brainstorming" or brainstorming - a method proposed by A. Osborne (USA), designed to produce ideas and solutions when working in a group.
"Brainstorming" conducted by a group that gradually accumulates experience in solving various problems is the basis of the so-called synectics proposed by the American scientist W. Gordon. In the "synectic assault", it is envisaged that four special techniques based on analogy must be performed: direct (think about how tasks similar to this one are solved); personal or empathy (try to enter the image of the object given in the task and reason from this point of view); symbolic (give a figurative definition of the essence of the problem in a nutshell); fantastic (imagine how fairy wizards would solve this problem). Another way to activate the search is the focal object method. It consists in the fact that the signs of several randomly selected objects are transferred to the considered (focal, in the focus of attention) object, as a result of which unusual combinations are obtained that make it possible to overcome psychological inertia and inertia. So, if a "tiger" is taken as a random object, and a "pencil" as a focal one, then combinations of the "striped pencil", "fanged pencil" type are obtained. Considering these combinations and developing them, sometimes it is possible to come to original ideas.
The method of morphological analysis consists in the fact that first the main characteristics of the object-axis are identified, and then all possible options-elements are recorded for each of them. Having a record along all axes and combining combinations of different elements, you can get a large number of all kinds of options. In this case, unexpected combinations that would hardly have come to mind may also come into the field of vision.
The method of control questions, which provides for the use of a list of leading questions for this purpose, also contributes to the intensification of the search, for example: "What if we do the opposite? And if we change the shape of the object? And if we take another material? And if we reduce or enlarge the object? Etc."
All the considered methods of activating creative thinking capabilities provide for the purposeful stimulation of associative images (imagination).
It is possible to develop and stimulate a person's mental activity through various tasks. So, to develop the ability to abstract the main from the secondary, tasks with redundant data are used that lead away from the correct solution. The need to reformulate the problem for a deeper understanding of it develops problems with partially incorrect data: they imply the ability to correct the formulation of a problem or indicate the impossibility of solving it. The ability to distinguish problems that admit only a probabilistic solution also significantly develops a person's thinking. To enhance creative thinking capabilities, "exotic" techniques are also used: the introduction of a person into a special suggestive state of the psyche (activation of the unconscious), the suggestion in a state of hypnosis to incarnate into another person, into a famous scientist, for example, Leonardo da Vinci, which dramatically increases creativity in an ordinary person ...
To increase the efficiency of mental activity, the method "gymnastics of the mind" is also used, aimed at activating and harmonious synchronization of the activity of the left and right hemispheres of the brain with the help of special exercises.
Emotional Processes and Emotion Management
The most powerful emotional reaction - affect - is a strong, stormy and relatively short-term emotional experience that completely captures the human psyche and predetermines a single reaction to the situation as a whole (sometimes this reaction and influencing stimuli are not sufficiently understood - and this is one of the reasons for the practical uncontrollability of this state).
Actually emotions, in contrast to affects - longer states. They are a reaction not only to events that have taken place, but also to probable or remembered ones. If affects arise towards the end of the action and reflect the total final assessment of the situation, then emotions shift to the beginning of the action and anticipate the result. They are of a forward-looking nature, reflecting events in the form of a generalized subjective assessment by a person of a certain situation related to the satisfaction of a person's needs.
Feelings- even more than emotions, stable mental states that have a clearly expressed objective character: they express a stable attitude towards any objects (real or imaginary). A person cannot experience feeling in general, regardless of, but only to someone or something. For example, a person is not able to experience the feeling of love if he does not have an object of affection. Depending on the orientation, feelings are divided into: moral (a person's experience of his relationship to other people), intellectual (feelings associated with cognitive activity), aesthetic (feelings of beauty in the perception of art, natural phenomena), practical (feelings associated with human activities) ...
Mood- the longest emotional state that colors all human behavior.
Emotional states arising in the process of activity, can increase or decrease the vital activity of a person. The first are called sthenic, the second - asthenic. The emergence and manifestation of emotions, feelings is associated with the complex complex work of the cortex, the subcortex of the brain and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates the work of internal organs. This determines the close connection of emotions and feelings with the activity of the heart, respiration, with changes in the activity of skeletal muscles (pantomime) and facial muscles (facial expressions). Special experiments have discovered in the depths of the brain the existence of centers of positive and negative emotions, called the centers of "pleasure, paradise" and "suffering, hell".
According to the theory of American psychologist James, the fact that emotions are characterized by pronounced changes in activity internal organs, in the state of muscles (facial expressions), suggests that emotions are the sum of only organic sensations caused by these changes. According to this theory, a person is sad because he is crying, and not vice versa. If a person takes a pinched, constrained posture with lowered shoulders and head, then soon he will have a feeling of insecurity, depression, sadness. And vice versa, a posture with unfolded shoulders, a raised head, a smile on the lips, will soon cause a feeling of confidence, cheerfulness, good mood... In part, these observations are true, but nevertheless physiological manifestations do not exhaust the essence of emotions. Scientists came to the conclusion (Gelhorn E.) that emotions carry out energy mobilization of the body, for example, joy is accompanied by increased innervation in the muscles, while small arteries expand, blood flow to the skin increases, the skin becomes warmer, accelerated blood circulation facilitates tissue nutrition and promotes improving physiological processes. Joy makes you young, because optimal nutritional conditions for all body tissues are created. On the contrary, the physiological manifestations of sadness are characterized by a paralyzing effect on muscles, movements as a result are slow and weak, blood vessels are compressed, tissues are exsanguinated, chills, lack of air and heaviness in the chest appear. Grief is very old, because it is accompanied by changes in skin, hair, nails, teeth, etc. So, if you want to keep your youth longer, then do not get out of balance over trifles, rejoice more often and strive to maintain a good mood. Consideration of emotions from a biological point of view (P.K. Anokhin) allows us to recognize that emotions have become entrenched in evolution as a mechanism that keeps life processes within optimal boundaries and prevents the destructive nature of a lack or excess of any life factors of a given organism. Positive emotions arise when the real result of a perfect behavioral act coincides or exceeds the expected useful result, and vice versa, the lack of a real result, a mismatch with the expected - leads to negative emotions.
P.V. Simonov proposed a concept according to which emotions arise when there is a mismatch between a vital need and the possibility of its satisfaction, i.e. with a lack or excess of relevant information necessary to achieve the goal, and the degree of emotional stress is determined by the need and lack of information necessary to meet this need. Thus, in a number of cases, knowledge and awareness of the individual remove emotions, change the emotional mood and behavior of the individual.
Emotion can be viewed as a generalized assessment of the situation. So, the emotion of fear develops with a lack of information necessary for protection, such as anticipation and prediction of failure when performing an action that must be performed under given conditions. Very often, the fear that arises in situations of unexpected and unknown reaches such strength that a person dies. Understanding that fear can be a consequence of a lack of information allows you to overcome it. The reaction of surprise can be seen as a kind of fear, which is proportional to the difference between the anticipated and actually received dose of information. In surprise, attention is focused on the causes of the unusual, and in fear - on the anticipation of the threat. Understanding the kinship of surprise and fear allows you to overcome fear if you shift the focus from the outcome of the event to the analysis of its causes.
Sometimes, once experienced strong fear in any situation is fixed, becomes chronic, obsessive - a phobia on a certain range of situations or objects. To eliminate phobias, special psychological techniques have been developed (within the framework of neuro-linguistic programming). An emotionally colored attitude to the matter contributes to its effectiveness, but, with too strong an interest in the results, a person experiences excitement, anxiety, excessive excitement, and unpleasant vegetative reactions. To achieve the optimal effect in activity and to eliminate the adverse consequences of overexcitation, it is advisable to relieve emotional tension on the basis of focusing not on the significance of the result, but on the analysis of the causes, technical details of the task and tactical techniques.
For creating an optimal emotional state you need: 1) a correct assessment of the significance of the event, 2) sufficient information (diverse) on this issue, event, 3) it is useful to prepare in advance compensation fallback strategies - this reduces excessive excitement, reduces the fear of getting an unfavorable decision, creates an optimal background for solving the problem. In case of defeat, it is possible to make a general reassessment of the significance of the situation according to the type "I didn't really want to." Decreasing the subjective significance of the event helps to retreat to previously prepared positions and prepare for the next assault without significant loss of health. It is no coincidence that in ancient times in the East, people asked in their prayer: "Lord, give me courage to cope with what I can do, and give me the strength to come to terms with what I cannot do, and give me wisdom to distinguish one from the other. "
When a person is in a state of strong excitement, it is useless to calm him down, it is better to help him defuse the emotion, let him talk to the end.
When a person speaks out, his excitement decreases and at this moment it becomes possible to explain something to him, calm him down, direct him. The need to release emotional tension in movement is manifested in the fact that a person rushes around the room, tears something. In order to quickly normalize your condition after troubles, it is useful to give yourself increased physical activity.
For an urgent lowering of the level of tension, general relaxation of the muscles can be used; muscle relaxation is incompatible with feelings of anxiety. Relaxation methods, autogenous training are very useful when you need to quickly, in 5-10 minutes, bring yourself into a calm state. Emotions can be controlled by regulating their external manifestation: if you want to endure pain more easily, try not to demonstrate it.
An important way to relieve mental stress is to activate your sense of humor. As S.L. Rubinstein, the essence of a sense of humor is not to see and feel the comic where it is, but to perceive as comic what pretends to be serious, i.e. to be able to treat something exciting as insignificant and unworthy of serious attention, to be able to smile or laugh in a difficult situation. Laughter leads to a drop in anxiety; when a person laughed, then his muscles are less tense and the heartbeat is normalized. In terms of its functional significance, laughter is so powerful that it is called "stationary jogging."
Will as a characteristic of consciousness
For a complex volitional action, the following stages are characteristic:
1) awareness of the goal and the desire to achieve it;
2) awareness of a number of opportunities to achieve
3) the emergence of motives affirming or denying these possibilities;
4) struggle of motives and choice;
5) acceptance of one of the possibilities as a decision;
6) implementation of the adopted decision;
7) overcoming external obstacles, objective difficulties of the case itself, all kinds of obstacles until the decision made and the goal set are achieved, implemented.
Will is needed when choosing a goal, making a decision, when taking action, when overcoming obstacles. Overcoming obstacles requires volitional effort - a special state of neuropsychic tension that mobilizes the physical, intellectual and moral strength of a person. Will manifests itself as a person's confidence in their abilities, as a determination to perform the act that the person himself considers appropriate and necessary in a particular situation. "Free will means the ability to make decisions with knowledge of the matter."
The need for a strong will increases in the presence of: 1) difficult situations of the "difficult world" and 2) a complex, contradictory inner world in the person himself. Performing various types of activities, while overcoming external and internal obstacles, a person develops volitional qualities in himself: purposefulness, decisiveness, independence, initiative, perseverance, endurance, discipline, courage.
But the will and volitional qualities of a person may not be formed if the living conditions and upbringing in childhood were unfavorable: 1) the child is spoiled, all his desires were unquestioningly fulfilled, or 2) the child is suppressed by the rigid will and instructions of adults, is not able to make decisions himself.
Parents who strive to instill will in a child must observe the following rules: 1) do not do for the child what he must learn, but only provide the conditions for the success of his activity; 2) to activate the child's independent activity, to make him feel happy about what has been achieved, to increase the child's faith in his ability to overcome difficulties; 3) it is useful even for a small child to explain what is the expediency of those requirements, orders, decisions that adults make to the child, and gradually teach the child to make reasonable decisions on his own. Decide nothing for a child school age, but only lead him to rational decisions and get him to adamant implementation of the decisions made.
Volitional actions, like all mental activity, are associated with the functioning of the brain. An important role in the implementation of volitional actions is played by the frontal lobes of the brain, in which, as studies have shown, the result achieved each time is compared with the previously drawn up goal program. The defeat of the frontal lobes leads to abulia - painful lack of will.
Psychology of temperament and character of a person
There are no better or worse temperaments - each of them has its positive sides, so the main efforts should be directed not at altering the temperament (which is impossible due to the innate temperament), but at the rational use of its merits and leveling its negative sides.
Temperament translated from Latin is a mixture, proportion. The oldest description of temperaments belongs to the "father" of medicine, Hippocrates. He believed that a person's temperament is determined by which of the four body fluids prevails; if blood prevails (sanguis in Latin), then the temperament will be sanguine, that is, energetic, fast, cheerful, sociable, easily tolerates life's difficulties and failures. If bile ("chole") predominates, then the person will be choleric - bilious, irritable, excitable, unrestrained, very mobile person, with a quick change of mood. If mucus ("phlegm") predominates, then the phlegmatic temperament is a calm, slow, balanced person, slowly, with difficulty switching from one type of activity to another, poorly adapting to new conditions. If black bile prevails ("melana-hole"), then a melancholic is obtained - a somewhat painfully shy and impressionable person, prone to sadness, timidity, isolation, he quickly gets tired, is overly sensitive to adversity. Academician I.P. Pavlov studied the physiological foundations of temperament, drawing attention to the dependence of temperament on the type of the nervous system. He showed that two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition - reflect the activity of the brain. From birth they are all different: in strength, mutual balance, mobility.
Depending on the ratio of these properties of the nervous system, Pavlov singled out 4 main types of higher nervous activity: 1) "unrestrained" (strong, mobile, unbalanced type of nervous system (n / s) - corresponds to the temperament of a choleric person); 2) "lively" (strong, mobile, balanced type of n / s, corresponds to the temperament of a sanguine person); 3) "calm" (strong, balanced, inert type n / s, corresponds to the temperament of the phlegmatic); 4) weak (weak, unbalanced, sedentary type of n / a, determines the temperament of the melancholic).
Choleric- this is a person whose nervous system is determined by the predominance of excitement over inhibition, as a result of which he reacts very quickly, often thoughtlessly, does not know how to restrain himself, shows impatience, impetuosity, sharpness of movements, irascibility, unbridledness. The imbalance of his nervous system predetermines the cyclical nature of the change in his activity and vigor: being carried away by some business, he works passionately, with full dedication, but he does not have enough strength for long, and as soon as they are exhausted, he works to the point that he is unbearable. The alternation of positive cycles of mood elevation and energy with negative cycles of recession, depression, cause uneven behavior and well-being, its increased susceptibility to the emergence of neurotic breakdowns and conflicts with people.
Sanguine- a person with a strong, balanced, mobile n / s, has a fast reaction rate, his actions are deliberate, cheerful, he is characterized by high resistance to the difficulties of life. The mobility of his n / a determines the variability of feelings, attachments, high adaptability to new conditions. He is a sociable person, easily converges with new people, although he does not differ in consistency in communication and affection. He is a productive figure, but only when there are many interesting things to do, i.e. with constant excitement, otherwise he becomes boring, lethargic, distracted. In a stressful situation, it exhibits a "lion's reaction", i.e. actively, deliberately defends himself, fights for the normalization of the situation.
Phlegmatic person- a person with a strong, balanced, but inert n / a, as a result of which he reacts slowly, is taciturn, emotions are manifested slowly; possesses high efficiency, resists strong and prolonged stimuli well, but is not able to react quickly in unexpected new situations. Firmly remembers everything learned, is not able to give up the skills and stereotypes developed, does not like to change habits, work, friends, it is difficult and slow to adapt to new conditions. The mood is stable and even. And in case of serious troubles, the phlegmatic remains outwardly calm.
Melancholic- a person with weak n / a, having increased sensitivity even to weak stimuli, and a strong stimulus can already cause a "breakdown", confusion, therefore, in stressful situations (exam, competition, danger), the results of the melancholic's activity may worsen in comparison with a calm habitual situation ... Increased sensitivity leads to rapid fatigue and a drop in performance (longer rest is required). An insignificant reason can cause resentment, tears. The mood is very changeable, but usually the melancholic tries to hide his feelings, although he is very inclined to surrender to feelings, often sad, insecure, he may have neurotic disorders. They often have strong artistic and intellectual abilities.
Although the type of the nervous system is determined by heredity, it is not absolutely unchanged. With age, as well as under the influence of systematic training, upbringing, life circumstances, nervous processes can weaken or intensify, their switching can accelerate or slow down. For example, among children, choleric and sanguine people predominate (they are energetic, cheerful, easily and strongly excited: having cried, after a minute they can be distracted and laugh happily). Among the elderly, on the contrary: there are many phlegmatic and melancholic people.
Temperament- this is an external manifestation of the type of higher nervous activity of a person, and therefore, as a result of upbringing, self-education, this external manifestation can be distorted, changed, "masking" of the true temperament occurs. Therefore, "pure" types of temperament are rarely found, but nevertheless, the predominance of one or another tendency is always manifested in human behavior.
The productivity of a person's work is closely related to the characteristics of his temperament. So, the special mobility of a sanguine person can bring an additional effect if work requires him to frequently switch from one occupation to another, to be prompt in decision-making, and the monotony, regulation of activity, on the contrary, leads him to rapid fatigue. Phlegmatic and melancholic, on the contrary, in conditions of strict regulation and monotonous work, show greater productivity and resistance to fatigue than choleric and sanguine people.
Let us emphasize that temperament determines only dynamic, but not meaningful characteristics of behavior. On the basis of one and the same temperament, a "great" and socially insignificant personality is possible.
I.P. Pavlov identified 3 more "purely human types" of higher nervous activity (VND): cogitative, artistic, average.
Representatives thinking type (the activity of the second signaling system of the brain of the left hemisphere predominates) are very reasonable, inclined to a detailed analysis of life phenomena, to abstract abstract-logical thinking. Their feelings are distinguished by moderation, restraint and usually break through only after passing through the filter of the mind. People of this type are usually interested in mathematics, philosophy, they like scientific activities.
In people artistic type (the activity of the first signaling system of the brain of the right hemisphere predominates), imaginative thinking, it is imprinted with great emotionality, brightness of imagination, immediacy and liveliness of perception of reality. They are primarily interested in art, theater, poetry, music, writing and artistic creation. They strive for a wide circle of communication, these are typical lyricists, and they skeptically regard people of the thinking type as "crackers".
Most people (up to 80%) belong to the "golden mean" average type. Their character is slightly dominated by a rational or emotional beginning, and this depends on upbringing from early childhood, on life circumstances. This begins to manifest itself by the age of 12-16: some adolescents devote most of their time to literature, music, art, others to chess, physics, mathematics.
Modern research has confirmed that the right and left hemispheres have specific functions and the predominance of the activity of one or another hemisphere has a significant impact on the individual characteristics of a person's personality. Experiments showed that when the right hemisphere was turned off, people could not determine the current time of day, season of the year, could not navigate in a specific space - they could not find their way home, did not feel "higher or lower", did not recognize the faces of their acquaintances, did not perceive the intonation of words etc.
The famous psychologist K. Jung divides people according to their personality structure into extroverts("facing outward") and introverts("facing inward"). It is curious that the leading hemisphere of extroverts is the right hemisphere, which can partially manifest itself even in appearance - they have a more developed left eye, i.e. the left eye is more open and more meaningful (a person's nerves go crosswise, i.e. from the right hemisphere to the left half of the body, and from the left hemisphere to the right half of the body). Introverts are left brain dominant.
The well-known psychologist H. Eysenck believes that a person's personality includes four levels: I - the level of individual reactions; II - the level of habitual reactions; III - the level of individual personality traits; IV - the level of typical traits: intro-extraversion, neuroticism, psychopathic traits, intelligence.
It is curious that prosperous married couples with stable and maximally compatible relationships differ in opposite temperaments: an excitable choleric person and a calm phlegmatic person, as well as a sad melancholic and a cheerful sanguine person, they kind of complement each other, they need each other. IN friendly relations often there are people of the same temperament, except for choleric people (two choleric people often quarrel because of mutual intemperance).
It also turned out that phlegmatic people are the most universal partners, since they are satisfied with any temperament, except for their own (phlegmatic couples turned out to be very unfavorable according to many authors).
The essence of communication: its functions, sides, types, forms, barriers
There are differences between communication and activity, as types of human activity. The result of the activity is usually the creation of some material or ideal object, product (for example, the formulation of thoughts, ideas, statements). The result of communication is the mutual influence of people on each other. Both activities and communication should be considered as interrelated aspects of social activity developing a person.
In the real life of a person, communication and activity as specific forms of social activity appear in unity, but in a certain situation they can be realized independently of each other. The content of the category of communication is diverse: it is not only a type of human activity, but also a condition and a result of the same activity; exchange of information, social experience, feelings, moods. Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becomes conscious and mediated by speech. In a person's life there is not even the shortest period when he would be out of communication, out of interaction with other subjects. In communication, stand out: content, purpose, means, functions, forms, sides, types, barriers.
Content - this is information that is transmitted from one living being to another in interindividual contacts. The content of communication can be information about the internal motivational or emotional state of a living being. Communication content can be status information external environment, for example, signals of danger or the presence of positive, biologically significant factors such as food. In humans, the content of communication is much wider than that of animals. People exchange information with each other that represents knowledge about the world: rich, lifetime acquired experience, knowledge, abilities, skills and abilities. Human communication is multidimensional, it is the most diverse in its inner content. In terms of content, communication can be represented as: Material- exchange of products and objects of activity, which in turn serve as a means of satisfying the actual needs of the subjects.
Cognitive- knowledge Exchange.
Active- exchange of actions, operations, skills, skills. Communication associated with various types of cognitive or learning activities can serve as an illustration of cognitive and active communication. Here information is transmitted from subject to subject, expanding horizons, improving and developing abilities.
Conditioned - exchange of mental or physiological states. In conditioned communication, people influence each other, calculated to bring each other into a certain physical or mental state, for example, to cheer up or spoil it; to excite or calm each other, and ultimately - to have a certain effect on the well-being of each other.
Motivational - exchange of motives, goals, interests, motives, needs. Motivational communication has as its content the transmission to each other of certain motives, attitudes or readiness to act in a certain direction. For example, one person wants to achieve that another has or disappears some desire, so that a certain attitude towards action is formed, a certain need is actualized, etc.
The purpose of communication - this is what a person has this type of activity for. In animals, the purpose of communication can be to induce another living creature to take certain actions, to warn that it is necessary to refrain from any action. For a person, the number of goals increases. If in animals the goals of communication usually do not go beyond the satisfaction of biological needs that are relevant to them, then in humans they represent a means of satisfying many diverse needs: social, cultural, cognitive, creative, aesthetic, needs for intellectual growth, moral development and a number of others.
By goals, communication is divided into biological and social.
Biological - it is communication necessary for the maintenance, preservation and development of the organism. It deals with the satisfaction of basic organic needs.
Social communication pursues the goal of expanding and strengthening interpersonal contacts, establishing and developing interpersonal relationships, personal growth the individual. There are as many private types of communication as there are subspecies of biological and social needs. Let's name the main ones.
Business communication is usually included as a private moment in any joint productive activity of people and serves as a means of improving the quality of this activity. Its content is what people are doing, and not those problems that affect their inner world, Personal communication, on the contrary, is concentrated mainly around psychological problems of an internal nature, those interests and needs that deeply and intimately affect a person's personality; searching for the meaning of life, determining one's attitude to a significant person, to what is happening around, resolving any internal conflict.
Instrumental- communication, which is not an end in itself, is not stimulated by an independent need, but pursues some other goal than getting satisfaction from the very act of communication.
Target - this is communication, which in itself serves as a means of satisfying a specific need, in this case - the need for communication.
In human life, communication does not exist as an isolated process or an independent form of activity. It is included in individual or group practical activity, which can neither arise nor be realized without intensive and versatile communication.
Funds communication can be defined as methods of encoding, transmission, processing and decoding of information transmitted in the process of communication from one living being to another. Encoding information is a way of transferring it from one to another. Information can be transmitted through direct bodily contacts: by touching the body, hands, etc. Information can be transmitted and perceived by people at a distance, through the senses (observation by one person of the movement of another or the perception of sound signals produced by him). A person, in addition to all these data from nature, ways of transmitting information, there are many that are invented and improved by him. These are language and other sign systems, writing in its various forms and forms (texts, diagrams, drawings, drawings), technical means recording, transmission and storage of information (radio and video equipment; mechanical, magnetic, laser and other forms of recording). In his ingenuity in the choice of means and methods of communication, man is far ahead of all living beings known to us living on planet Earth.
Functions communication are highlighted according to the content of the communication. There are four main functions of communication. When combined, they give the communication processes specific specificity in specific forms.
Instrumental function characterizes communication as a social mechanism for managing and transmitting information necessary for the execution of an action.
Integrative the function reveals communication as a means of bringing people together.
Function self-expression defines communication as a form of mutual understanding of the psychological context.
Broadcast function acts as a function of transferring specific modes of activity, assessments, etc.
Of course, these four functions do not exhaust the meaning and characteristics of communication. Other communication functions include: expressive(the function of mutual understanding of experiences and emotional states), social control(regulation of behavior and activities), socialization(formation of interaction skills in society in accordance with the accepted norms and rules), etc. Communication is extremely diverse in its forms. We can talk about direct and indirect communication, direct and mediated, mass and interpersonal.
Moreover, under direct communication is understood as natural contact "face to face" using verbal (speech) and non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime), when information is personally transmitted by one of its participants to another.
Indirect communication is characterized by the inclusion of an "additional" participant in the communication process as an intermediary through which information is transmitted.
Immediate communication is carried out with the help of natural organs given to a living being by nature: hands, head, torso, vocal cords, etc. Direct communication is historically the first form of communication of people with each other; on its basis, at later stages of civilization development, various types of mediated communication.
Mediated(that is, through something) communication can be viewed as incomplete psychological contact with the help of written or technical devices that make it difficult or delayed in time to receive feedback between the participants in the communication. Mediated communication is associated with the use of special means and tools for organizing communication and exchange of information. These are either natural objects (a stick, a thrown stone, a footprint on the ground, etc.), or cultural (sign systems, recordings of symbols on various media, print, radio, television, etc.).
Massive communication is multiple, direct contacts of strangers, as well as communication mediated by various types of mass media.
Interpersonal associated with direct contacts of people in groups or pairs, constant in the composition of the participants. It implies a certain psychological closeness of partners: knowledge of the individual characteristics of each other, the presence of empathy, understanding, joint experience of activity.
A modern specialist in the sphere of trade and services has to pay the greatest attention to interpersonal communication in his daily activities, and therefore face certain problems of both verbal and non-verbal nature. Let us give these problems worthy attention.
In accordance with the established tradition, in Russian social psychology, there are three types of interpersonal communication that are different in their orientation: imperative, manipulation and dialogue.
Imperative communication is an authoritarian, directive form of influence on a communication partner in order to achieve control over his behavior and internal attitudes, coercion into certain actions or decisions. In this case, the communication partner is considered as an object of influence, acts as a passive, "suffering" side. The peculiarity of the imperative is that the ultimate goal of communication - the coercion of the partner - is not veiled. As a means of describing the influence, orders, instructions, instructions and requirements are used. Manipulation - This is a common form of interpersonal communication, involving the impact on a communication partner in order to achieve their hidden intentions. Like the imperative, manipulative communication involves the object perception of a communication partner, who is used by the manipulator to achieve his goals. They are also related by the fact that during manipulative communication, the goal is also to gain control over the behavior and thoughts of another person. The fundamental difference is that the partner is not informed about the true goals of communication; they either simply hide from him, or are replaced by others.
In the manipulative process, a communication partner is perceived not as an integral unique personality, but as a carrier of certain properties and qualities "necessary" for the manipulator. So, no matter how kind the person is, the important thing is that his kindness can be used, and so on. However, a person who has chosen this type of attitude towards others as the main one, as a result, himself often becomes a victim of his own manipulations. He also begins to perceive himself in a fragmentary manner, switches to stereotypical forms of behavior, is guided by false motives and goals, losing the thread of his own life. A manipulative relationship to another leads to the destruction of close, trusting ties between people. Comparison of the imperative and manipulative forms of communication reveals their deep inner similarities. By combining them together, we can characterize them as different types of monologue communication. A person, considering the other as an object of his influence, in fact communicates with himself, with his goals and objectives, not seeing the true interlocutor, ignoring him. As A. A. Ukhtomsky said on this occasion, a person sees around him not people, but his "doubles".
As a real alternative to this type of relationship between people can be considered dialogical communication, which allows you to move from an egocentric, fixed on oneself attitude to an attitude on the interlocutor, a real communication partner. Dialogue is possible only if the following immutable rules of relationships are observed: 1. Psychological attitude towards the current state of the interlocutor and one's own current psychological state. In this case, we are talking about communication according to the principle "here and now", taking into account those feelings, desires and physical condition that the partners are experiencing at the moment. 2. Non-judgmental perception of the partner's personality, a priori trust in his intentions. 3. Perception of a partner as an equal, entitled to his own opinion and his own decision. 4. The content of communication should not be common truths and dogmas, but problems and unresolved issues (problematization of the content of communication). 5. Personification of communication - a conversation on your own behalf, without reference to opinions and authorities, the presentation of your true feelings and desires. The ability for such communication is the greatest blessing for a person, as it is, according to the well-known psychotherapist K. Rogers, has psychotherapeutic properties, brings a person closer to greater mental health, poise and integrity.
“It is impossible to master the inner man, to see and understand him, making him an object of indifferent neutral analysis, you cannot master him by merging with him, feeling into him. with him, dialogically, "wrote M. M. Bakhtin. From this we can conclude that the way to cognize the depths of the human soul is a dialogue.
Communicating, we strive to understand each other; the deeper the relationship, the stronger the desire to understand not only the meaning, but also the meaning of the word. We speak in order to understand our individual thought, but it is precisely in this that we often remain misunderstood.
P. A. Florensky wrote: “We believe and recognize that it is not from conversation that we understand each other, but by the power of internal communication, and that words contribute to the sharpening of consciousness, the consciousness of the spiritual exchange that has already taken place, but do not produce this exchange by themselves. we recognize mutual understanding and the subtlest, often quite unexpected spurs of meaning: but this understanding is established against the general background of the spiritual contact already taking place. "
Communication is richer than the communication process. It connects people not only through the transfer of information, but also through practical actions, an element of mutual understanding.
We can characterize the structure of communication by identifying three interrelated parties : communicative, interactive and perceptual. It should be remembered that in reality we are dealing with the communication process as a whole.
Communicative side of communication (or communication in the narrow sense of the word) consists in the mutual exchange of information between partners in communication, transmission and reception of knowledge, ideas, opinions, feelings. A universal means of communication and communication is speech, with the help of which not only information is transmitted, but also the influence of the participants in joint activities on each other is carried out. There are two types of information - incentive and ascertaining.
Interactive side of communication (from the word "interaction" - interaction) consists in the exchange of actions, that is, the organization of interpersonal interaction, allowing the communicators to realize some common activity for them.
Perceptual The (social-perceptual) side of communication is the process of education, cognition and understanding by people of each other with the subsequent establishment on this basis of certain interpersonal relations and thus means the process of perception of "social objects". In real communication, people can get to know each other for the purpose of further joint action, and maybe, on the contrary, people included in joint activities, get to know each other.
Specificity interpersonal communication is revealed primarily in the following processes and phenomena: the feedback process, the presence of communication barriers, the phenomenon of communicative influence and existence different levels transmission of information (verbal and non-verbal). Let's analyze these features in more detail.
First of all, it should be noted that information in communication is not simply transferred from one partner to another (the person transmitting information is usually called communicator, and receiving this information - recipient), namely, it is exchanged.
Feedback - this is information containing the recipient's reaction to the behavior of the communicator. The purpose of feedback is to help the communication partner understand how his actions are perceived, what feelings they cause in other people.
Let us dwell on the analysis of another important specific property of interpersonal communication - its two-level organization. In the process of communication, the exchange of information between its participants is carried out both at the verbal and non-verbal (non-verbal) levels.
On the main, verbal, level, human speech is used as a means of transmitting information. It is speech, as a manifestation of the activity of the will and consciousness of the speaker, that is the condition for the spiritual transformation of the personality. The process of articulating their difficulties transfers them from the individual and egocentric plane to the universal human plane.
Towards non-verbal communication refers to the perceived appearance and expressive movements of a person - gestures, facial expressions, postures, gait, etc. They are in many ways a mirror that projects emotional reactions of a person, which we seem to "read" in the process of communication, trying to understand how the other perceives happening. This also includes such a specific form of human non-verbal communication as eye contact. The role of all these non-verbal signs in communication is extremely important. We can say that a significant part of human communication unfolds in the underwater part of the "communicative iceberg" - in the field of non-verbal communication. In particular, it is these means that a person most often resorts to when transmitting feedback to a communication partner. Information about the feelings experienced by people in the process of communication is also transmitted through the system of non-verbal means. We resort to non-verbal analysis when we do not trust the words of our partners. Then gestures, facial expressions and eye contact help determine the sincerity of the other.
Non-verbal means are an important addition to verbal communication, naturally woven into the fabric of interpersonal communication. Their role is determined not only by the fact that they are able to strengthen or weaken the speech influence of the communicator, but also in that they help the participants in communication to reveal the intentions of each other, thereby making the communication process more open.
The transmission of any information is possible only by means of signs, more precisely sign systems... There are several sign systems that are used in the communicative process; accordingly, they can be used to construct a classification of communicative processes. With a rough division, a distinction is made between verbal and non-verbal communication... However, this second type itself requires a more detailed division into various forms. Today, numerous forms of non-verbal sign systems have been described and investigated. The main ones are: kinesics, paralinguistics and extralinguistics, proxemics, visual communication. Accordingly, a variety of types of the communicative process arises.
Verbal communication, as already mentioned, uses human speech as a sign system, natural sound language, that is, a system of phonetic signs that includes two principles: lexical and syntactic. Speech is the most universal means of communication, since the meaning of the message is least lost when transmitting information using speech. True, this should be accompanied by a high degree of common understanding of the situation by all participants in the communicative process.
With the help of speech, information is encoded and decoded: the communicator encodes in the process of speaking, and the recipient in the process of listening decodes this information.
The American researcher G. Lasswell proposed the simplest model of the speech communication process for studying the persuasive influence of the media (in particular, newspapers), which includes five elements: 1. Who? (transmits the message) - Communicator. 2. What? (transmitted) - Message (text). 3. How? (transmission in progress) - Channel. 4. To whom? (message sent) - Audience. 5. With what effect? - Efficiency.
There are characteristics of a communicator that contribute to an increase in the efficiency of his speech, in particular, the types of his position during the communicative process have been identified. There can be three such positions: open - the communicator openly declares himself to be a supporter of the stated point of view, evaluates various facts in support of this point of view; detached - the communicator is emphatically neutral, compares conflicting points of view, not excluding orientation to one of them, but not openly declared; closed - the communicator is silent about his point of view, sometimes even resorting to special measures to hide it.
Non-verbal communication - the whole set of these means is designed to perform the following functions: speech addition, speech substitution, representation of the emotional states of partners in the communication process.
The first among them should be called optical-kinetic a system of signs, which includes gestures, facial expressions, pantomime. In general, the optical-kinetic system appears as a more or less clearly perceived property of the general motor skills of various parts of the body (hands, and then we have gestures; faces, and then we have facial expressions; postures, and then we have pantomime). The importance of the optical-kinetic system of signs in communication is so great that at present a special area of research has emerged - kinesics, which specifically deals with these problems. For example, in the studies of M. Argyll, the frequency and strength of gestures in different cultures were studied (within one hour, the Finns gestured 1 time, Italians - 80, French - 120, Mexicans - 180).
Paralinguistic and extralinguistic systems of signs are also "additives" to verbal communication.
Paralinguistic system Is a vocalization system, that is, the quality of the voice, its range, tonality, phrasal and logical stress preferred by a particular person. Extralinguistic system- the inclusion of pauses, other inclusions in speech, for example, coughing, crying, laughter, and finally, the very pace of speech. All these additions perform the function of fascination: they increase semantically significant information, but not by means of additional speech inclusions, but by "near-speech" techniques.
The space and time of the organization of the communicative process also act as a special sign system, carry a semantic load as components of communicative situations. So, placing partners facing each other contributes to the emergence of contact, symbolizes attention to the speaker, while a shout in the back can have a certain negative value. Prosemica as a special area dealing with the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication, it currently has a large amount of experimental material. The founder of proxemics, E. Hall, called it "spatial psychology." Hall recorded the norms of approaching a communication partner inherent in American culture: intimate distance (0-45 cm); personal distance (45-120 cm); social distance (120-400 cm); public distance (400-750 cm). Each of them is peculiar to special situations of communication.
The next specific sign system used in the communication process is "eye contact" taking place in visual communication. Research in this area is closely related to general psychological developments in the field of visual perception - eye movement. In socio-psychological research, the frequency of the exchange of views, their "duration", the change in the statics and dynamics of the gaze, the avoidance of it, etc., are studied. or to stop it, encourages the partner to continue the dialogue, finally, helps to reveal more fully their "I", or, on the contrary, to hide it.
For all four systems of non-verbal communication, one general question of a methodological nature arises. Each of them uses its own sign system, which can be considered as a specific code. As noted above, any information must be encoded, and so that the system of codification and decodification is known to all participants in the communicative process. But if in the case of speech this codification system is more or less generally known, then in non-verbal communication it is important in each case to determine what can be considered a code here and, most importantly, how to ensure that another communication partner owns the same code. Otherwise, the systems described above will not give any semantic addition to verbal communication.
There are over 20,000 descriptions of facial expressions in the literature. To somehow classify them, P. Ekman proposed a technique called FAST. Principle: the face is divided into three zones by horizontal lines (eyes and forehead, nose and nose, mouth and chin). Then six main emotions are distinguished, most often expressed using facial expressions: joy, anger, surprise, disgust, fear, sadness. Fixation of emotion "in the zone" allows you to register more or less definitely facial movements.
A. A. Bodalev, conducting a study on physiognomy, received very interesting data: out of 72 people he interviewed about how they perceive the external features of other people, 9 answered that a square chin is a sign of strong will, 17 - that a large forehead is a sign mind, 3 identify coarse hair with a rebellious character, 16 - fullness with good nature, for 2 thick lips - a symbol of sexuality, for 5 small stature - evidence of authority, for 1 person close-set eyes mean hot temper, and for 5 others beauty - a sign of stupidity. No training can fully remove these everyday generalizations, but it can at least puzzle a person in the question of the "unconditionality" of his judgment about other people.
The area of research related to the identification of the mechanisms of the formation of various emotional attitudes towards the perceived person is called the study of attraction and empathy.
Attraction- a concept denoting the appearance, when a person is perceived by a person, the attractiveness of one of them for another. In other words: attraction is the art of being liked by other people, making a pleasant impression on them.
Empathy- empathy with another person, the ability to feel the same as the interlocutor, to understand him not with the “mind”, but with the “heart” (that is, comprehension of the emotional state, penetration - feeling into the experiences of another person).
It is quite understandable that both of these qualities play an important role in the highly specific relations of everyday communication between people. The above qualities are not given to everyone from birth, but they can and should be mastered if you set yourself the main goal - to significantly improve and optimize your relations with others, your individual style of communication.
In the process of communication, a person can play each of three roles: to be a transmitter, a receiving and transmitting means of communication. At the same time, it is the most susceptible to interference channel of communication, and nevertheless, information is very often transmitted precisely through people, which causes certain distortions in the information process.
A person, as an element of communication, is a complex and sensitive "recipient" of information with his feelings and desires, life experience. The information received by him can cause an internal reaction of any kind, which, perhaps, will strengthen, distort or completely block the information sent to him.
The adequacy of the perception of information largely depends on the presence or absence in the process of communication communication barriers. In the event of a barrier, information is distorted or loses its original meaning, and in some cases it does not reach the recipient at all.
A mechanical interruption of information and hence its distortion can be communicative hindrances; the ambiguity of the transmitted information, due to which the stated and transmitted thought is distorted; these options can be denoted as information deficit barrier.
It happens that the recipients clearly hear the transmitted words, but give them a different meaning (the problem is that the transmitter may not even detect that his signal has caused an incorrect reaction). Here you can talk about substitute-distorting barrier. The distortion of information passing through one person may be negligible. But when it passes through several human repeaters, the distortion can be significant.
Significantly greater potential for distortion is associated with emotions - emotional barriers. This happens when people, having received any information, are more busy with their feelings, assumptions than real facts. Words have a strong emotional charge, and not so much the words (symbols) themselves, but the associations that they generate in a person. Words have a primary (literal) meaning and a secondary (emotional) meaning.
We can talk about the existence of barriers to misunderstanding, socio-cultural differences and barriers to attitude.
There is also semantic barrier misunderstanding, associated, first of all, with differences in the systems of meanings (thesauri) of the participants in communication. This is, first of all, the problem of jargons and slangs. It is known that even within the framework of one and the same culture there are many microcultures, each of which creates its own "field of meanings", is characterized by its own understanding of various concepts, phenomena, expressed by them. So, in different microcultures the meaning of such values as "beauty", "duty", "nature", "decency", etc. is not equally understood. In addition, each environment creates its own mini-language of communication, its own slang, each with its own favorite quotes and jokes, expressions and turns of speech. All this together can significantly complicate the communication process, creating a semantic barrier of misunderstanding.
An equally important role in the destruction of normal interpersonal communication can play stylistic barrier, arising from a discrepancy between the communicator's speech style and the communication situation or speech style and the actual psychological state of the recipient, etc. for dry, emotionally not saturated or pseudo-scientific speech of an adult. The communicator needs to subtly feel the state of his recipients, to catch the shades of the emerging communication situation in order to bring the style of his message in line with it.
Finally, we can talk about the existence logical barrier misunderstanding. It arises in cases where the logic of reasoning proposed by the communicator is either too complicated for the recipient to perceive, or seems to him to be incorrect, contradicts his inherent manner of proof. Psychologically, we can talk about the existence of many logics and logical systems of evidence. For some people, it is logical and evidential that does not contradict reason, for others, that which corresponds to duty and morality. We can talk about the existence of "female" and "male" psychological logic, about "child" logic, etc. The recipient's psychological preferences determine whether he will accept the proposed system of evidence or find it unconvincing. For a communicator, the choice of a system of evidence adequate to a given moment is always an open problem.
As noted above, the cause of the psychological barrier can be socio-cultural differences between communication partners. These can be social, political, religious and professional differences, which lead to different interpretations of certain concepts used in the process of communication. The very perception of a communication partner as a person of a certain profession, a certain nationality, gender and age can act as a barrier. For example, the credibility of the communicator in the eyes of the recipient is of great importance for the emergence of a barrier. The higher the authority, the less obstacles to the assimilation of the proposed information. The very unwillingness to listen to the opinion of this or that person is often explained by his low authority (for example, the famous "eggs do not teach a chicken").
Communication barriers – this is already a purely psychological phenomenon that arises in the course of communication between the communicator and the recipient. We are talking about the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust towards the communicator itself, which also applies to the information transmitted by him.
A special place can be occupied by situations characterized by a constant specific combination of space-time coordinates, the so-called "chronotopes". Described, for example, the chronotope "carriage companion", "hospital ward".
In the process of human communication, the difference between two seemingly close concepts is clearly manifested: "listen" and "hear". Unfortunately, quite often people, while listening, do not hear each other. Scientifically, we can talk about effective and ineffective listening. Listening is ineffective in cases where it does not provide the correct understanding of the words and feelings of the interlocutor, creates a feeling in the speaker that he is not being heard, replace his problem with another, more convenient for the interlocutor, consider his experiences funny, insignificant. Hearing is also ineffective in cases where it does not ensure the promotion of communication partners in understanding the problem under discussion, does not lead to its solution or correct formulation, and does not contribute to the establishment of trusting relationships between communication partners. Effective listening, ensuring the correct flow of the above processes, is a complex volitional act that requires constant attention, interest, readiness to break away from one's own tasks and delve into the problems of another from the listener. There are two types of effective listening, differing in the situation of their use.
Non-reflective listening- the ability to be attentively silent without interfering with the interlocutor's speech with his remarks (it is used at the stages of posing a problem, when it is only formulated by the speaker, as well as in a situation when the purpose of the conversation on the part of the speaker is "outpouring of the soul", emotional release). Mindful silence is listening with the active use of non-verbal means - nods, facial expressions, eye contact and postures, attentive interest. Speech techniques such as repetition are also used. last words speaker ("Mirror"), interjections ("Uh-huh-assent").
Reflexive listening- this is an objective feedback with the speaker, used as a control of the accuracy of the perception of what he heard (used in situations where the speaker needs not so much emotional support as help in solving certain problems). In this case, feedback is given to the listener in verbal form through the following techniques: asking open and closed questions on the topic of conversation (clarification), paraphrasing the interlocutor's words, allowing you to express the same thought in other words (paraphrase), reflecting feelings and summarizing - the presentation of intermediate and final conclusions from the conversation (usually used in long conversations).
If feedback is possible, the communication process is simplified. Customer feedback is an important communication factor. Feedback is an element of communication that clarifies and removes interference. It performs the following functions: 1. The feedback received from others, which gives the client information about how he is perceived in the process of communication by others, contributes to the acquisition of his own "I". 2. Processing feedback in accordance with internal dispositions complements the idea of the interlocutors. 3. Constructive feedback, determining self-regulation, causes correction of subsequent behavior, replacing it with a more effective one.
In the communication of a specialist of any profile with a client, a colleague, the adequacy of feedback to the needs of both partners is important and necessary condition establishing a relationship of trust. This is achieved when your partner is sure that the person communicating with him shares his problems, experiences, is able to help him.
Feedback is understood as a technique and techniques for obtaining information about a communication partner, used by the interlocutors to correct their own behavior in the communication process. Feedback includes conscious control of communicative actions, observation of a partner and assessment of his reactions, subsequent change in accordance with this own behavior. Feedback involves the ability to see yourself from the outside and correctly judge how a partner perceives himself in communication. Inexperienced interlocutors often forget about feedback and do not know how to use it.
The feedback mechanism presupposes the partner's ability to correlate his reactions with the assessments of his own actions and to draw a conclusion about what caused a certain reaction of the interlocutor to the spoken words. The feedback also includes corrections that the communicating person makes into his own behavior, depending on how he perceives and evaluates the actions of the partner. The ability to use feedback in communication is one of the most important points in the communication process and in the structure of a person's communicative abilities.
The content and goals of communication are its relatively unchanging components, depending on the needs of a person, not always amenable to conscious control. The same can be said for the various means of communication. This can be learned, but to a much lesser extent than communication techniques and techniques. Means of communication are understood as how a person realizes a certain content and goals of communication. They depend on the culture of a person, the level of development, upbringing and education. When they talk about the development of a person's abilities, skills and communication skills, first of all, they mean the technique and means of communication.
Communication technique- these are ways of pre-tuning a person to communicate with people, his behavior in the process of communication, and tricks- preferred means of communication, including verbal and non-verbal.
Before entering into communication with another person, you need to determine your interests, correlate them with the interests of your communication partner, evaluate him as a person, choose the most suitable communication technique and methods. Then, already in the process of communication, it is necessary to control its progress and results, to be able to correctly complete the act of communication, leaving the partner a favorable or unfavorable impression of himself and making sure that in the future he or she does not have (if this desire is not) the desire to continue communication.
At the initial stage of communication, his technique includes such elements as the adoption of a certain facial expression, posture, the choice of initial words, tone of expression, movements and gestures, attracting the partner of actions aimed at his pre-tuning, for a certain perception of the communicated (transmitted information). In the process of communication, types of techniques and methods of conversation are used, based on the use of feedback. There are many techniques for increasing the effectiveness of communication, overcoming communication barriers. Let's name some of them. 1. Reception "proper name" based on pronouncing aloud the name and patronymic of the partner with whom the employee communicates. This shows attention to this person, contributes to the affirmation of a person as a person, causes him a feeling of satisfaction and is accompanied by positive emotions, thereby forming an attraction, an employee's disposition to a client or partner.
2. Relationship mirror technique consists of kind smile and a pleasant expression on his face, indicating that "I am your friend." And a friend is a supporter, a protector. There is a feeling of security in the client, which forms positive emotions and, willingly or unwillingly, forms an attraction.
3. Reception "golden words" consists in expressing compliments to a person, contributing to the effect of suggestion. Thus, there is, as it were, a "correspondence" satisfaction of the need for improvement, which also leads to the formation of positive emotions and determines the disposition to the employee.
4. Patient Listener Technique arises from patient and attentive listening to the client's problems. This leads to the satisfaction of one of the most important needs of any person - the need for self-affirmation. Her satisfaction naturally leads to the formation of positive emotions and creates a trusting disposition of the client.
5. Reception "personal life" is expressed in drawing attention to "hobbies", hobbies of the client (partner), which also increases his verbal activity and is accompanied by positive emotions.
Creative imagination is a person's ability to build new images by processing mental components that were acquired in past experience. According to N.R. Vetruka, imagination is mental process creating an image of an object or situation by restructuring existing representations. Imagination is part of the consciousness of a person; it is one of the cognitive processes that can be characterized by a high degree of clarity and concreteness.
Consider the types of creative imagination that stand out in psychology.
In psychology, several types of creative imagination are distinguished, among which the main ones are passive and active imagination.
Passive imagination obeys desires, which are thought to be fulfilled in the process of fantasizing. In the images of passive imagination, unsatisfied, mostly unconscious needs are “satisfied” by the personality. At the same time, imagination acts as a substitute for activity, its surrogate, because of which a person refuses the need to carry out any actions.
In this type of imagination, an unreal, that is, an imaginary person's satisfaction of any need or desire, occurs.
In almost all cases, active imagination is aimed at solving a creative or personal problem. In active imagination, daydreaming and "groundless" fantasies are practically not present, since active imagination is directed towards the future and operates with time as a well-defined category (that is, a person does not lose his sense of reality, does not put himself out of temporary connections and circumstances). Active imagination is awakened by a task and is directed by it, that is, it is determined by the volitional efforts of a person and lends itself to volitional control. Active imagination includes the following types:
1. Recreational imagination, which is a type of active imagination.
In cases of using the recreational type of imagination, the construction of new images, representations in a person takes place in accordance with stimulation perceived from outside in the form of verbal messages (for example, such as descriptions, stories), diagrams, drawings, various kinds conditional images(characters), signs; is based on the creation of those or other images that fully correspond to the description. Thus, a person fills the source material with images that he already has.
2. Creative imagination is a kind of imagination, in the process of which a person independently creates new images and ideas that are of certain value to other people or society as a whole and which are embodied in rather specific original products of activity.
Creative imagination provides for the independent creation of an image, thing, feature that has no analogues.
Consider the techniques of creative imagination.
Images of creative imagination, as a rule, are created by various techniques in the process of carrying out intellectual operations. In the structure of creative imagination, two types of this kind of intellectual operations are distinguished. The first is the operations by which ideal images are formed, and the second is the operations on the basis of which the finished products.
One of the first psychologists who studied the processes of creative imagination was T. Ribot, who distinguished two main operations: dissociation and association.
Dissociation is a negative and preparatory operation, during which the sensually given experience is fragmented. As a result, such preprocessing experience, its elements are capable of creating a new combination.
Creative imagination is unthinkable without prior dissociation. Dissociation is the first stage of creative imagination, the stage of preparing future material. The impossibility of dissociation is a significant obstacle to the development of creative imagination.
Association is the creation of a holistic image from the elements of the isolated units of images. Association is the beginning of new combinations, new images. In addition, other intellectual operations are distinguished, for example, the ability to think by analogy with particulars, purely random similarities.
Creative imagination is a creative process. G. Wallace identified four stages of the creative process: preparation, maturation, insight and verification. This model has undergone only minor changes over time. On the the present stage Leading research on creative imagination is the research conducted by J. Guildford and E.P. Torrenson.
J. Guilford understands the creative imagination as a system of qualitatively different factors located inside general scheme intelligence. J. Guilford identifies four main factors of creative imagination:
- 1. Originality, which is understood as the ability to produce distant associations, distant responses.
- 2. Semantic flexibility, which is understood as the ability to highlight the function of an object and suggest its new use.
- 3. Figurative adaptive flexibility, which is understood as the ability to change the form of a stimulus in such a way that it becomes possible to see new possibilities in it;
- 4. Semantic spontaneous flexibility, which is understood as the ability to produce new ideas in a rather limited situation.
The problems of creative imagination have been widely studied in Russian psychology as well. At the present stage, researchers are looking for an integrative indicator that characterizes creative person. This indicator(criterion) is defined as a certain combination of intellectual and motivational factors, or it is considered as a continuous unity of the procedural and personal components of thinking in general and creative imagination, in particular.
This circumstance makes it possible to talk about the most important law to which the creative imagination is subject - this is the creative activity of the imagination, which is directly dependent on the richness and diversity of a person's past experience. For this reason, past experience represents the material from which the constructions of fantasy are subsequently created.
The main building blocks creative imagination - this, as mentioned above, is the dissociation and association of images and impressions perceived by a person.
Thus, imagination creatively transforms reality, and through this makes it possible to obtain new, sometimes unexpected, results.
The process of acquiring new knowledge is associated with the need to imagine, imagine, operate with abstract images and concepts. All this cannot be done without imagination or fantasy. For example, children preschool age they are very fond of doing art. This view creative activity gives the child the opportunity to reveal himself as a person in the most complete and free form. Because artistic activity is built on an active imagination, creative thinking... Realization of this function of creative imagination allows the child to look at the world in a new way.
Creative imagination provides the following activities of the child:
- - building an image of the final result of his activities;
- - creation of a program of behavior in a situation of uncertainty;
- - creation of images that can replace activity;
- - creation of images of the described objects.
According to V.N. Brushlinsky that creative imagination is one of the forms of thinking. The development of creative imagination, according to the scientist, goes through two phases and is very closely related to the development of rational activity. This connection is reflected by the so-called "Ribot curve".
Creative imagination and fantasy are characteristic of every person, but due to individual characteristics, all have differences in the direction of this fantasy, its strength and brightness. The creative imagination is characterized by activity, efficiency. Creative imagination is directly related to the interests of the individual. Interest is defined as an emotional manifestation of a cognitive need, expressed in a person's focus on a certain activity, which has a certain meaning for the individual. The beginning of the formation of interest is the emotional attractiveness of the object of the surrounding reality.
Interests play an important role in a person's life, since they are able to manifest themselves in positive emotions of a person, which cause a feeling of satisfaction from practical activity.
According to L.S. Vygotsky, interest is able to activate the state of the cerebral cortex. In order to develop the child's creative imagination, it is necessary, first of all, to form many interests. It should be noted that a cognitive attitude towards the world is generally characteristic of preschoolers and schoolchildren.
A preschooler, as a rule, is interested in literally everything. The manifestation of this interest has objective expediency, since it is interest that contributes to the expansion of the child's life experience, acquaints him with various activities, is able to activate him different abilities... Despite this, in reality, it is not always possible for a child to learn, see, "try everything", and here imagination comes to the rescue. The process in which the fantasy proceeds is capable of enriching the child's experience, introducing him in an imaginary form into situations and spheres that he does not meet in real life... Through fantasies, the child is able to get into such situations and tries such types of activities that in reality are not available to him.
In a more vivid form, fantasy merges with interest in play activities... For this reason, many techniques that are aimed at developing creative imagination and interests are based on the principle of fantasizing in the process of performing play activities.
Thus, using methodological techniques that are based on imagination, it is possible to improve the child's success in the activities of interest to him to a greater extent.
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