Lecture warranty service of SVT by external organizations. Organization of technical maintenance of computer equipment at the enterprise. Basic concepts of TO SVT
Basic concepts of TO SVT
Technicalmaintenance (TO) (according to GOST
18322-78) - a complex of operations or an operation on
maintaining operability or serviceability
products when used for their intended purpose,
waiting, storage and transportation.
The task of maintenance of computer equipment
(SVT) is: "Providing reliable
(correct and uninterrupted) operation of SVT,
allowing users to use the full
the volume of information arrays of the organization and
other third-party sources of information ”.
Basic concepts of TO SVT
That is, the concept of TO SVT is inextricably linked with itsreliability (GOST 27.002-89) - property of an object
keep in time within prescribed limits
the values of all parameters characterizing
the ability to perform the required functions in
given modes and conditions of use,
Maintenance, repair, storage and
transportation.
Reliability can mean:
reliability,
durability,
maintainability
persistence.
Types of technical condition of the object (according to GOST 27.002-89)
Working condition. The state of an object in which it matches allrequirements of regulatory and technical and / or design (design)
documentation.
Defective condition. The state of an object in which it does not match
at least one of the requirements of the regulatory and technical and (or) design
(project) documentation.
Working condition. The state of the object at which the values of all
parameters characterizing the ability to perform specified functions,
meet the requirements of regulatory and technical and (or) design
(project) documentation.
Inoperative condition. The state of the object in which the values are at least
would be one parameter characterizing the ability to perform the given
functions that do not meet the requirements of regulatory and technical and (or)
design (project) documentation.
Limit state. The state of the object, in which its further
operation is unacceptable or inappropriate, or its restoration
operational state is impossible or impractical.
The transition of an object (product) from one state to another occurs due to:
a failure is an event involving a malfunctioning state
object.
damage - an event consisting in a violation of the serviceable state
object while maintaining a healthy state.
Defect (according to GOST 15467-79) - each individual discrepancy of the object
established norms or requirements. A defect is a condition other than failure.
Reliability indicators
For a quantitative assessment of reliability, indicators are used - characterizingreadiness and efficiency of using technical objects:
The uptime probability is the probability that within the tasks
operating time, object failure does not occur.
Mean time to failure - waiting for the operating time of an object until the first failure.
Average recovery time - the time it takes to recover from a healthy state
object after failure.
Comprehensive reliability indicators
Availability factor is the probability that an object will be in
operable state at an arbitrary point in time, except for the planned
periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not
provided. This indicator simultaneously evaluates properties
operability and maintainability of the facility.
The COG operational readiness ratio is defined as the probability that
the object will be in a working state at an arbitrary time (except
planned periods during which the use of the object for its intended purpose is not
provided) and, starting from this moment, will work without failure for
set time interval.
Types of dependence of the failure rate on time:
Running-in - the interval is characterized by an increased failure rate, the intensity
the failure rate is large, but decreases over time;
Normal operation - failure rate not significant, failure rate
large almost constant;
Wear - the failure rate increases, the failure rate increases over time.
Organization of TO SVT
Maintenance and repair system of equipment(STOiR) - a set
related tools, documentation
MRO and performers required for
maintaining and restoring quality
products included in this system.
Maintenance tasks
1. Ensuring the operability of SVT. The controlhealth and predicting upgrade needs
park SVT. When solving this problem, it is necessary to use
analysis and forecasting of the state of SVT, software and existing
tasks, which will allow to solve existing problems in a planned way;
2. Ensuring the operability of the OS and application software.
Consists of:
the correct selection of drivers, solving their problems
interaction with each other and other hardware and software
security,
the need to monitor the performance of the installed
software and predict the needs for it
updating;
3. Ensuring the integrity, safety and
operability of information arrays. This
the task is reduced to backup data archiving,
ensuring their protection from viruses and other distorting
actions;
4. Ensuring the operability of the peripheral, network and
communication equipment
Maintenance requirements
ensuring the specified levels of operationalreliability of the SVT fleet with rational
material and labor costs;
planning and regulatory nature, allowing
plan and organize maintenance and repairs at all
levels;
obligatory for all organizations and enterprises,
owning SVT, regardless of their departmental
subordination;
specificity, availability and suitability for
leadership and decision-making at all levels
engineering and technical (service) service;
stability of basic principles and flexibility
specific regulations taking into account changes
operating conditions, design, quality and
reliability of SVT;
taking into account the variety of operating conditions for SVT.
Methods for the formation of maintenance services
The fundamental basis for the construction of STOiR are:1. the goal set for CBT;
2. level of reliability and quality of CBT;
3. organizational and technical constraints.
technical and economic method (define such
group frequency, which corresponds to the minimum
costs for maintenance and repair of SVT);
grouping by core maintenance operations (execution
group of maintenance operations is timed to the optimal
periodicity, the so-called. core operations with
following signs:
1. affect the performance of SVT;
2.failure to comply with them reduces reliability, efficiency
work of SVT;
3.characterized by high labor intensity, require
special equipment and tools;
4. Repeat regularly.
Maintenance activities
The controltechnical condition
SVT
Current maintenance
Preventive maintenance.
◦ 1.active (measures aimed at
extended uptime)
◦ 2.passive (measures aimed at
protecting your computer from external
adverse effects)
Active preventive maintenance techniques
Reservesystem copy
Cleaning
Installation
microcircuits into place
Cleaning the connector pins
Cleaning the keyboard and mouse
Preventive maintenance of tough
disks
Defragment files
Antivirus software
Passive preventive maintenance techniques
Ergonomicsworkplace
Operation at permissible
temperature and humidity range
Optimizing the number of cycles
on and off
Elimination of electrostatic charges
Elimination of interference in the mains supply
Types of maintenance
determined by the frequency andcomplex of technological operations
to maintain operational
properties of SVT.
Distinguish:
regulated;
periodic;
with periodic control;
with continuous monitoring.
Troubleshooting steps
1.analysis of the nature of malfunctions
the current state of SVT;
2.control parameters the environment
and measures to eliminate their deviations;
3. localization of the error and definition
fault location using
hardware and software SVT and
using additional equipment;
4. troubleshooting;
5. resumption of the solution of the problem.
types of maintenance
Planned preventiveservice
Dignity
- ensures the highest availability
SVT.
Disadvantages - requires large material and
physical costs.
May include:
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
control examinations (CO)
daily maintenance (ETO)
weekly maintenance
two-week maintenance
decade maintenance
monthly maintenance
two-month maintenance
semi-annual or seasonal
annual maintenance
types of maintenance
Service byIs worn unscheduled
technical condition
character and performed by
as needed
The scope of work is determined by the nature of the
malfunction and its possible consequences.
Conclusion of SVT for unscheduled prophylaxis is possible
also produce when the number of failures,
arising for a certain established
period of time, exceeds the permissible values.
Requires availability and correct application
various testing tools (software).
Allows you to minimize the cost of
operation of SVT, but the readiness of SVT to
use is lower than when used
scheduled preventive service station.
types of maintenance
Combinedservice.
"Junior types of maintenance" are carried out as
necessity.
Performing "senior types of maintenance" and
repairs are planned.
Maintenance methods by organization
Brandedmethod (by manufacturer)
Standalone method (user
on their own)
Specialized method
(service enterprise)
Combined method
(distribution of work between
user and
service / manufacturer)
Maintenance methods by the nature of implementation
Individual- service of one SVT
by the forces and means of the personnel of this SVT.
Group - serves for service
several SVT concentrated in one
place, means and forces of special
staff.
Centralized technical
service is more progressive
form of service for SVT.
◦ costs for the maintenance of technical
personnel, service equipment and spare parts.
◦ statistics of failures of elements, nodes,
blocks and devices of SVT, which makes it possible to predict
the necessary spare parts and accessories and give recommendations on
operation of SVT.
Routine maintenance
Service equipment
To troubleshoot and repair your PC, you need tohave special tools that
allow you to identify problems and fix them simply and
fast.
These include:
a set of tools for disassembly and assembly;
chemical preparations (solution for wiping
contacts),
coolant spray bottle and can
with compressed gas (air) for cleaning parts
computer;
a set of tampons for wiping contacts;
specialized tools at hand
(e.g. tools needed to replace
microcircuits (chips));
service equipment.
Service equipment
Servicehardware - a set of devices
specially designed for
diagnostics, testing and repair
SVT. Includes the following elements:
Measuring instruments
test connectors for verification
serial and parallel ports;
memory testing devices that allow
evaluate the functioning of memory modules,
DIP chips and other memory modules;
equipment for testing power supply;
diagnostic devices and programs for
computer component testing
(software and hardware systems, PAK).
Meters and test connectors for checking PC ports
ForPC checks and repairs
apply:
digital multimeter;
logic probes;
generators single
pulses to check
digital circuits Test
connectors provide
verification on software and hardware
PC I / O port level
(parallel and serial).
Hardware and software systems (PAC)
PACKcan be subdivided into:
System monitoring boards
PAK checks motherboard
Specialized PAK
PAK check of individual elements
systems
PAC check HDD
System monitoring boards (POST boards).
The PC-POST tester board is intended for monitoring POST codes (POST - Power On Self Test).power on) sent to I / O port 80h
BIOS program at the self-test stage.
The POST board consists of four main blocks:
RG - 8-bit parallel register; intended
to record and store the next incoming value
POST code;
DC1 - register write permission decoder; signal to
the decoder output becomes active if
on the address bus of the address of the diagnostic register, and on
control bus - write signal to input-output devices;
DC2 - binary-to-code decoder
seven-segment indicator;
HG - two-digit seven-segment indicator; displays
error code value in hexadecimal characters 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, b, C, d, E, F.
POST boards
The Super POST Code indicator servesfor quick diagnosis and
troubleshooting
CHIPSETs of PCI bus and devices,
working with this bus
PAK motherboard checker PC POWER PCI-2.2
Testeris an expansion board
computer installed at 33MHz, 32
bit PCI slot.
The complex allows you to perform a number of
diagnostic tests run from
ROM installed on the board, oriented to
identification of system errors and conflicts
equipment, while the composition includes wide
set of tools for hardware diagnostics
motherboard.
Hardware - implemented step-by-step POST mode
diagnostics with real-time decoding
all POST codes. (The hold time of each POST
the code is set by the user).
Specialized PAK - PAK "RAM Stress Test Professional 2" (RST Pro2).
RAM Stress Test Professional 2, designed forthorough testing of RAM
computer.
Memory testing with RST Pro2 eliminates
the influence of the operating system, drivers and user
programs because the device loads its own software when
system startup.
To check memory modules in the device, more than
30 different algorithms supporting SIMM memory,
DIMM (SDRAM, DDR, DDR2), RIMM (RDRAM / RAMBus); there is
also the ability to test the processor cache
(SRAM). Testing is carried out in a protected mode with
Physical Addressing Extended (PAE), which allows
operate with memory sizes up to 64 GB.
PAK checking individual elements of the system
PAK for HDD ATA repair, SATA PC-3000 for Windows (UDMA)designed for diagnostics and repair of HDD (recovery
operability) with ATA (IDE) and SATA (Serial ATA 1.0, 2.0) interfaces,
Capacities from 1 GB to 750 GB.
HDD diagnostics is carried out in the following modes:
normal (user) mode
in a special technological (factory) mode.
PAK PC-3000 for Windows (UDMA) includes a set of technological
adapters and adapters that are used to repair HDD and
data recovery.
For initial diagnostics of the HDD, a universal utility is launched,
which diagnoses the HDD and indicates all its faults.
Next, a specialized utility is launched, which performs
HDD repair.
Specialized utilities allow you to perform the following actions:
test HDD in technological mode;
test and restore HDD service information;
read and write the contents of the HDD Flash ROM;
load the service information access program;
view tables of hidden defects P-sheet, G-sheet, T-sheet;
hide found defects on magnetic surfaces
Types of conflicts during the installation of equipment, ways to eliminate them
System resources are communication channels, addresses andsignals used by computer nodes to exchange data using
tires. Typically, system resources mean:
memory addresses;
interrupt request channels (IRQ);
direct memory access (DMA) channels;
I / O port addresses.
All of these resources are required for the various components of the computer. By
as additional cards are installed in the computer, significantly
the likelihood of conflicts associated with
use of resources.
A conflict occurs when installing two or more cards, each of which
IRQ line or I / O port address is required. To prevent
conflicts on most boards, jumpers are installed or
switches that can be used to change the I / O port address, IRQ number, etc. Memory addresses
Some devices
for work
needs a buffer for temporary storage
used data. Necessary
make sure that these areas are not
intersected for different devices.
Interrupts
Interrupt Request Channels (IRQ), or
hardware interrupts are used
various devices for communication
system board (processor) that
must be handled a certain
request. PCI bus interrupts
The local PCI bus was designed with the
sharing interrupts.
Because the IBM PC AT had only one bus, according to
which devices could communicate with the processor and ISA memory. for the distribution of interrupts, the ACPI system was introduced.
The ACPI system deals with:
1.Management of the computer's energy-saving functions
2.automatic allocation of system resources internally
computer. While ACPI is in effect, you cannot change
no parameters related to interrupts. Moreover,
ACPI system supports extended controller
interrupt APIC.
APIC (Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller) advanced programmable controller
interrupts. Used in multiprocessor and
multi-core systems, because allows you to distribute
load on work with devices.
Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channels
DMAused by devices
implementing high-speed
data exchange (network adapter,
HDD).
One DMA channel can be used
different devices, but not
simultaneously. For this, everyone
the adapter needs to allocate its
DMA channel
I / O port addresses
Through the I / O ports to the computer, you canconnect a variety of expansion devices
its capabilities.
I / O ports allow communication between
devices and software in
computer.
Modern systems with automatic self-tuning
(Plug and Play) themselves resolve any conflicts due to
ports by choosing alternative ports for one of
conflicting devices.
Special programs - drivers -
interact primarily with devices
using different port addresses. The driver must
know which ports the device is using to
work with him.
Avoiding resource conflicts
Signs of conflicts:the device is not working
data is transmitted with errors;
the computer often freezes;
the sound card distorts the sound;
the mouse is not functioning;
junk suddenly appears on the screen;
the printer prints nonsense;
unable to format floppy disk;
Windows at startup switches to
safe mode. Dispatcher
devices in Windows versions
marks conflicting devices
yellow or red pictogram. This is
most quick way detecting
conflicts.
All PC resources are allocated twice
- first by means of BIOS, then
by means of Windows, respectively and
system resource allocation
possible at two levels (BIOS,
Windows).
Avoiding conflicts manually
1. Allocation of IRQ numbers by meansBIOS
2. Allocation of IRQ numbers by means
Windows
2.1. full use of systems
ACPI and IRQ Sharing.
2.2. refusal to use ACPI and APIC,
but with parallel use of IRQ
Sharing APIC
(Advanced Programmable Interrupt
Controller) - advanced
programmable controller
interrupts
IRQ Sharing - OS allows two
devices simultaneously
on one interrupt.
Plug and Play (P&P) Systems
Plug and Play (P&P) SystemsThey first appeared on the market in 1995
year.
Plug and Play specs now
used in ISA, PCI, SCSI standards,
IDE, SATA and PCMCIA.
To implement Plug and
Play, you need the following:
hardware support Plug and
Play;
Plug and Play support in BIOS;
Plug and Play support
operating system. Hardware. Under the hardware
means are meant as
computers and adapter cards.
PnP capabilities in BIOS are implemented when
the extended procedure
POST when turning on the computer. BIOS
identifies and defines
the location of the boards in the slots, as well as
configures PnP adapters These actions are performed in several stages.
1. On the motherboard and adapter cards
configurable nodes are disabled.
2. All ISA and PCI devices of the type
PnP.
3. The initial distribution map is created
resources: ports, IRQ lines, DMA channels and
memory.
4. I / O devices are connected.
5. ROMs in ISA and PCI devices are scanned.
6. Device configuration in progress
boot programs, which are then
participate in the launch of the entire system.
7. Configurable devices are transmitted
information about the resources allocated to them.
8. The bootloader starts.
9. Management is transferred to OC
OC PnP
Can be installed on PC as new versionWindows and extensions to the existing OC.
OC should inform you about conflicts,
which were not fixed by the BIOS. IN
depending on the capabilities of the OC you can
configure adapter parameters manually (with
screen) or turn off the computer and change
position of jumpers and switches on
the boards themselves. On reboot, it will
re-checked and issued
messages about the remaining (or new)
conflicts. After several "visits" all
conflicts are usually eliminated.
Typical algorithms for finding faults Troubleshooting the system unit
Power supply malfunctions
1.2.
Obvious: the computer does not work at all,
smoke appears, fuse blows.
Non-obvious (often need additional diagnostics)
♦ any errors and freezes when turning on the power;
♦ spontaneous reboot and periodic freezes during
routine work;
♦ chaotic parity errors and other memory errors;
♦ Simultaneous stopping of the hard disk and the fan (no
+ 12V), computer overheating due to failure
fan;
♦ restarting the computer at the slightest decrease in voltage
networks;
♦ blows email. shock when touching the computer case or
connectors;
♦ Small static discharges that disrupt the network.
Power supply repair methods
Methodorganoleptic analysis
installation (extraneous sounds,
odors, damage)
Measurement method
Replacement method
Exclusion method
Method of exposure
Electro run method
Knocking method
Equivalents method
Typical malfunctions of the PC power supply
"breakdown" of the rectifier bridge diodesor powerful key transistors,
leading to the occurrence of a short circuit in
primary power supply circuit
failure of the manager
microcircuits
failure of rectifier diodes
in the secondary circuits of the power supply unit
The main malfunctions of the motherboard
Hardware(breaking contact in
multilayer printed circuit board or in one
from expansion connectors of the joint venture);
Software (RAM overflow
resident programs, connection
driver software incompatible with
connected peripheral
device);
software and hardware (failure
BIOS ROM, lost or corrupted
CMOS information on the joint venture).
Troubleshooting
carried out in two ways:Software (firmware
POST, special diagnostic
programs (Checkit, Norton Disk Doctor), and
also using
diagnostic boards and PAK MB);
using instruments (oscilloscope,
logic probe and analyzer).
Instrument Troubleshooting Technique
consists in a sequential check:- correct installation of all mode switches
operation of the motherboard and interface connectors;
- supply voltages of the system board +5 V and +12 V;
- supply voltages VIP MV
- all crystal oscillators, clocks and lines
delays;
- microprocessor operation (presence of standard signals on
conclusions);
- functioning of address, data and control buses;
- signals on contacts of ROM and RAM microcircuits;
- signals on the contacts of the expansion connectors of the system
boards;
- timing diagram of the operation of a set of VLSI and small circuits
degree of integration.
GCD malfunctions
A typical GCD drive consists ofelectronics boards,
spindle motor,
optical readhead system
disk loading system.
Types of malfunctions:
mechanical failures;
optical system malfunctions;
malfunctions of electronic components.
Mechanical faults
make up80 ... 85% of the total
malfunctions.
lack of lubrication of rubbing parts;
accumulation of dust and dirt on movable
parts of the disc transport mechanism;
salting of friction surfaces;
violations of regulations;
mechanical breakdown of parts
transport mechanism. Malfunctions
optical-electronic
information reading systems.
Despite its small size,
this system is very complex and precise
optical device. By frequency
appearance during the first one and a half two years of operation failures
optical system make up
10 ... 15% of the total
malfunctions.
Typical GCD malfunctions
The following typicalmalfunctions of GCD components:
Computer does not identify
storage device
Mechanism does not work
CD loading / unloading
GCD tests fail
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal agency of Education
FGOU SPO "Kuznetsk industrial technical school"
Maintenance of computer equipment
Novokuznetsk-2008
Considered at the meeting of the PCC "EVT and Programming" Protocol No.
"APPROVED"
Deputy Director for SD
Chairman of the PCC
Agarkova N.A.
Turbina E. D.
Reviewers:
Head of the Department of "Automated Electric Drive and Industrial Electronics" of the Siberian State Industrial University Doctor technical sciences, Professor V. Yu. Ostrovlyanchik
computing technology "and ensures the implementation of state
requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates in the specialty 230106 "Maintenance of computing
technology and computer networks "secondary vocational education.
Introduction ................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 7
Basic concepts and definitions .............................................. .................................................. .... eight
Section 1. Organization of technical maintenance of SVT ........................................... .............. 13
1.1. Typical system of technical preventive maintenance and repair .......... 13
1.2. Frequency and organization of work. Logistics ........... 19
1.2.1. Types of technical maintenance of SVT .............................................. ............................. nineteen
1.2.2. Maintenance (repair) methods of SVT ........................................... .......... 22
1.2.3. Types of SVT repair. .................................................. .................................................. ......... 23
1.2.4. The main characteristics of the service station ............................................... ......................................... 24
1.2.5. Calculation of the number of employees engaged in service maintenance and current repairs of SVT 25
1.2.6. Material support of SVT service .............................................. ................ 27
1.3. Systems of automated control, automatic recovery and diagnostics, their relationship ....................................... .................................................. ........................................ 28
1.3.1. Diagnostic programs ................................................ ............................................. 28
1.3.2. Interrelation of automated control systems .............................................. ........ 31
1.4. Software, hardware and combined control .......................................... 34
1.5. Diagnostic programs for general and special purpose. .............................. 37
Section 2. Routine maintenance ............................................ ................................ 40
2.1. Service equipment ................................................ .................................................. ....... 41
2.2. Types of conflicts during the installation of equipment, ways to eliminate them ................... 47
2.2.1. System resources ................................................ .................................................. ........... 47
2.2.2. Prevention of conflicts arising from the use of resources. ............... 51
2.3. Types of malfunctions, peculiarities of their manifestation and ........................................... ......... 56
2.3.1. The main types of errors and the principle approach to them .......................................... ............... 56
2.3.2. The main directions of troubleshooting ..................................... 58
2.4. Modernization and configuration of CBT .............................................. ........................ 60
2.4.1. Modernization................................................. .................................................. ................... 60
2.4.2. Configuring CBT ................................................ .................................................. .. 63
Section 3 Typical algorithms for finding faults ........................................... ........... 65
3.1. Troubleshooting the system unit .............................................. .......................... 65
3.1.1. Features of a typical PC power supply circuit. The main criteria for the diagnosis of power supplies. 65
3.1.2. Malfunctions of power supplies, their symptoms, causes and remedies. 73
3.1.3. Algorithms for finding malfunctions of the PC power supply ........................................ 79
3.1.4. The main malfunctions of the motherboard, their symptoms, causes and remedies. .................................................. .................................................. ................................... 83
3.1.5. CPU power supply malfunctions, their symptoms and remedies ......................................... 88
3.1.6. Design features of modern HDDs, types of HDD defects. ................ 91
3.1.7. Hardware malfunctions of hard disk drives, their nature of manifestation, methods of their elimination 97
3.1.8. HDD file system malfunctions and methods of their elimination ......................... 102
3.1.9. Typical OS malfunctions, search and elimination algorithm. ..................................... 106
3.1.10. Malfunctions of floppy disk drive, their nature of manifestation, methods of their elimination ............... 111
3.1.11. GCD malfunctions, their nature of manifestation, methods of their elimination .................. 115
3.2. Troubleshooting Monitors ............................................... ................................... 123
3.2.1. Basic principles of building modern monitors ........................................ 123
3.2.2. Maintenance Precautions ............................................. .... 124
3.2.3. Causes of malfunctions in the VM ............................................. .............. 125
3.2.4. General principles of VM repair .............................................. .......................................... 127
3.2.5. Features of the device of the VM power supply, the method of repairing the IP ................. 130
3.2.6. Features of the device of the VM control unit. CU repair technique ..................... 132
3.2.7. Features of the device of the VM video signal processing unit. Methods for repairing a VM video signal processing unit. .................................................. .................................................. ..................... 133
3.2.8. CRT connection diagrams and methods of its repair ........................................... .............. 136
3.2.9. Features of the device of the line scanning unit of the VM. Technique for repairing the line scan unit VM 138
3.2.10. Features of the device of the vertical scanning unit of the VM. Technique for repairing the frame scanning unit of a VM. 141
3.2.11. The principle of construction and the main types of malfunctions of LCD monitors and methods for their repair 143
3.2.12. Adjusting the monitor ................................................ .................................................. .... 146
3.3. Troubleshooting Printers ............................................... ................................... 152
3.3.1. Block diagram of a matrix printer and its features. Diagnostics of malfunctions and repair of dot matrix printer ............................................ .................................................. ...................... 152
3.3.2. Block diagram of an inkjet printer and its features. Diagnostics
malfunctions and repair of an inkjet printer ............................................. ............................ 155
3.3.3. Block diagram of a laser printer and its features. Diagnostics
laser printer malfunctions ............................................... ........................................... 160
3.3.4. Diagnostics, maintenance and repair of laser printers ................. 164
3.4. Troubleshooting other types of peripheral equipment ......................... 172
3.4.1. Diagnostics and maintenance of input devices - keyboard and mouse-type manipulator ………………………………………………………………………………………… ... 172 3.4.2. Diagnostics and maintenance of flash drives ............................................ ....................... 175
3.5. Troubleshooting network equipment. .................................................. ............ 177
Section 4. Disposal of defective CBT elements ........................................... ..................... 182
4.1. Typical recycling system for defective elements ............................................. .... 182
4.2. Resource and energy saving technologies for using SVT ................................ 185
Literature …………………………………………………………………………………… ..175
computing technology "and provides the implementation state requirements to a minimum of the content and level of training of graduates in the specialty 230106 "Maintenance of computer equipment and computer networks" of secondary vocational education.
Academic discipline"Maintenance of computer equipment" is a special one that forms the basic knowledge for a graduate to acquire professional skills.
The teaching aid of the discipline "Maintenance of computer equipment" is based on the knowledge gained by students in the study of general professional and special disciplines: "Architecture
Computers and computing systems "," Electronic engineering "," Electrical measurements "," Microcircuitry "," Power supply for computing
technology ”,“ Computer peripherals ”,“ Design and layout of a personal computer ”,“ Computer networks and telecommunications ”.
To consolidate theoretical knowledge and acquire the necessary practical skills, the training manual provides
conducting laboratory studies.
The training manual includes the following sections:
Part 1 - lectures on the discipline "Maintenance of computer equipment"
Part 2 - guidelines to laboratory work in the discipline (30 hours)
Part 3 - presentations for lessons on topics:
1. Service equipment
2. Power supply troubleshooting algorithm
3. The main malfunctions of the motherboard, their symptoms, causes and remedies.
4. Malfunctions of the power supply unit of the CPU, their signs and remedies
5. Design features of modern HDDs, types of HDD defects.
6. Malfunctions of the hardware part of the HDD, their nature of manifestation, methods of elimination.
7. Malfunctions of the HDD file system and methods of their elimination
8. Typical OS malfunctions, search and elimination algorithm
9. GCD malfunctions, their nature of manifestation, methods of their elimination
10. Causes of malfunctions in VM 11. CRT connection diagrams and methods of its repair. 12.Features of the device of the line scanning unit of the VM
13. The principle of construction and the main types of LCD faults -
monitors and methods of their repair
14. Structural diagram of a matrix printer and its features 15. Structural diagram of an inkjet printer and its features 16. Structural diagram of a laser printer Diagnostics
malfunctions
17. Diagnostics, maintenance and repair of laser printers
18.TO keyboard and mouse and flash memory 19.Troubleshooting network equipment
Part 4 - Video materials:
THEN Laser Printer
TO Dot Matrix Printer
Prevention of CV
Mouse Prevention
Create a system restore point
Part 5 - Electronic models and software products used in laboratory work.
Parts 3-5 are located on the CD that accompanies the manual.
INTRODUCTION
As you know, a modern PC is not just a complex device with electronic and electronic-mechanical components (drives, controllers, adapters), but also a device filled with complex
operating systems, software packages, "built-in" programs for testing and self-testing controllers, adapters - all nodes and units of the PC taking part in the operation of the machine.
Since the personal computer itself and, accordingly, its software have become significantly more complicated over time, new views on diagnostics and repair of PCs have appeared, which differ from those that took place some 6-8 years ago.
First, the typical minimum PC configuration used to include, in addition to the system unit and keyboard, only a display and a printer. Now
it also includes a mouse, a modem, a sound card, an optical disc reader (usually a DVD).
Secondly, along with the growth of the minimum PC configuration, both the volume of software and its complexity have increased. Complexity, but not transparency!
What does this mean?
And the fact that behind a large number of names: drivers, utilities, shells and other "bells and whistles" did not become visible the so-called synchronous entity or
meaning (as they say - the forest is not visible for the trees) specifically performed
computer procedure. Moreover, the multitasking mode allows you to well mask these very entities - the printer prints the document, the user is doing his job at this time, and if a failure or freeze occurs, it is difficult to immediately tell what caused these problems.
Thirdly, proprietary manuals for a wide range of specialists are not available and often do not take into account a specific PC configuration and a specific software configuration. Although, of course, at the initial stage of diagnosis, such guides can be useful.
And finally, fourthly, the maintenance system created and successfully operated in the Soviet Union was broken in the 90s and is currently in its infancy.
It is because of the above reasons that many specialists operating SVT, firstly, cannot "radically" solve their problems and, secondly, there may not be good service centers "at hand" at the right time.
The study of the discipline "Maintenance of computer equipment" and is designed to solve the
BASIC DEFINITIONS AND DEFINITIONS Maintenance(according to GOST 18322-78) this is a complex
operations or operation to maintain the operability or serviceability of the product during its intended use, waiting, storage and transportation.
Maintenance challenge computer equipment (SVT) is:
"Ensuring reliable (correct and uninterrupted) operation of computer technology, which allows users to use in full the information arrays of the organization and other third-party sources of information."
Consequently, the concept of technical maintenance of SVT is inextricably linked with its reliability.
In accordance with GOST 27.002-89 "Reliability in technology. Basic concepts. Terms and definitions"
Under the reliabilitythe property of an object is understood to preserve in time within the established limits the values of all parameters characterizing the ability to perform the required functions in specified modes and conditions of use, maintenance, repair, storage and transportation.
Reliability is a complex property of an object, which, depending on the purpose of the object and the conditions of its stay, includes the following concepts:
reliability, durability, maintainability, preservation.
Reliability- the property of the object to continuously keep working
condition for some time or operating time.
Durability- the property of an object to maintain an operable state with an installed maintenance and repair system.
Maintainability- property of an object, consisting in
adaptability to maintaining and restoring a working condition through maintenance and repair.
Persistence- the property of the object to keep within the specified limits the values of the parameters characterizing the ability of the object to perform
required functions, during and after storage and / or transportation.
Maintenance is a set of measures aimed at maintaining the equipment in good condition, monitoring its parameters and ensuring preventive repair.
The organization of technical maintenance of computer equipment (CBT) includes not only typical systems of technical and preventive maintenance, the frequency and organization of work and material and technical support, but also systems for automated monitoring and diagnostics, systems for automatic recovery, as well as different kinds software, hardware and combined control, micro diagnostics and diagnostic programs for general and special purposes.
1. Maintenance of SVT
2. Typical system of preventive maintenance of SVT
3. Measures and methods of maintenance
4. Organization of a complex of technical maintenance
5. Types of maintenance
6. Regulations for the maintenance of computer equipment
6.1. General instructions
6.2. Organization of work
6.3. Scope of work included in TO-3 SVT by type of equipment
The work contains 1 file
GBOU SPO Kazan Aviation Technical College named after Dementieva "
"Organization of maintenance of computer equipment at the enterprise"
Prepared by: student gr. 9K Dudkina R.Yu.
Checked by: teacher Irek Anverovich Gizyatullov
2013 academic year.
5. Types of maintenance
6.1. General instructions
6.2. Organization of work
6.3. Scope of works included in TO-3 SVT by type of equipment
1. Maintenance of SVT
Maintenance is a set of measures aimed at maintaining the equipment in good condition, monitoring its parameters and ensuring preventive repair.
The organization of technical maintenance of computer equipment (CBT) includes not only typical systems of technical and preventive maintenance, the frequency and organization of work and material and technical support, but also systems for automated monitoring and diagnostics, systems for automatic recovery, as well as various types of software, hardware and combined control, micro diagnostics and diagnostic programs for general and special purposes.
Maintenance of SVT includes the following stages (Fig. 1):
- Maintenance of software (JSC) of computer equipment and networks:
- Prevention of AO,
- AO diagnostics,
- Repair of JSC,
Figure 1 - Maintenance of SVT
- Maintenance of software for computing equipment and networks:
- Installing the software,
- Software maintenance,
- Antiviral prophylaxis.
All types of work related to preventive maintenance (care of the external condition, cleaning of dust inside the PC case), the user of CBT can carry out himself. Also at the enterprises there are specialists or even information departments serving the entire range of available SVT.
TO SVT, in accordance with GOST 28470-90, can be divided into types:
- Regulated;
- Periodic;
- With periodic control;
- With continuous monitoring.
Regulated maintenance must be carried out in the amount and taking into account the operating time provided for in the operational documentation for the CBT, regardless of the technical condition of the CBT.
Periodic maintenance should be performed at intervals and in the amount specified in the operational documentation for the SVT.
Maintenance with periodic control should be carried out in accordance with the frequency of monitoring the technical condition of the SVT and the necessary complex of technological operations, which depend on the technical condition of the SVT, established in the technological documentation.
Maintenance with continuous monitoring should be carried out in accordance with the operational documentation for SVT or technological documentation based on the results of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of SVT.
2. Typical system of preventive maintenance of SVT
Preventive maintenance is a series of measures aimed at keeping the CBT in working order for a certain period of time and to prolong technical resource SVT.
The period of preventive maintenance is a necessary and rather long stage to ensure the working condition of the SVT. Reducing the time of preventive maintenance usually negatively affects the fault tolerance of the CBT.
Planned preventive work is a set of measures aimed at maintaining the SVT in good condition, preventing failures and failures during the operation of the SVT. The scope of planned preventive work depends on the technical condition of the SVT and on the qualifications of the engineering and technical personnel. The duration and frequency of such work are determined by the manufacturers in the relevant operating instructions.
The essence of preventive work boils down to the following: when preparing SVT for solving the corresponding problems, it is imperative to check the serviceability of not only SVT, but also their component parts using specially prepared tasks or test programs with known answers (for example, when the printer is connected, a test page is printed - a greeting).
The current maintenance of SVT provides for a set of adjustment and repair work aimed at restoring the lost properties or performance of SVT by replacing or restoring their components.
Currently, typical preventive maintenance can be subdivided (Fig. 2) into:
- Daily prophylaxis;
- Weekly prophylaxis;
- Monthly prophylaxis;
- Semi-annual prophylaxis;
- Annual prophylaxis.
Figure 2 - Typical preventive maintenance
A detailed description of preventive maintenance is usually given in the CBT operating instructions supplied by the manufacturers. These instructions also contain instructions on possible problems with the CBT.
3. Measures and methods of maintenance
The main goal achieved by the maintenance and repair complex is to eliminate equipment failures; to achieve this, the following measures can be implemented within the complex:
- inspection in a certain amount at a certain frequency;
- planned replacement of parts according to condition, operating time;
- planned replacement of cutting fluids, lubrication based on condition, operating time;
- scheduled repairs according to the condition, operating time.
Methods for planning maintenance and repair measures are classified as follows:
- by event - for example, elimination of equipment breakdown, is used if the cost of repair is relatively low, and the product defect resulting from equipment breakdown is low and will not affect the fulfillment of obligations to customers;
- routine maintenance - for equipment with prescribed modes and maintenance schedules, initially involving the regular application of appropriate measures to maintain operability, this type of maintenance gives the highest percentage of equipment availability, but it is also the most expensive, since the actual condition of the equipment may not require repair;
- by condition - expertly or with the help of meters installed on the equipment, an assessment of the condition of the equipment is carried out, and on the basis of this assessment, a forecast is made when this equipment needs to be taken out for repair. The advantages of this type of service - its cost is less, and the readiness of the equipment to carry out production programs is quite high.
According to the repair methods, the application of measures is subdivided into routine repairs - elimination of failures and malfunctions by replacing a worn out part (except for basic ones) and overhaul - restoring the operability of parts and assemblies (by surfacing, spraying), while replacement of any part, including basic ones, is allowed.
4. Organization of a complex of technical maintenance
The organization of a complex of maintenance and repair at industrial enterprises is usually implemented by the creation of a single specialized unit, the head of which (called in Russian, as a rule, the chief mechanic) is responsible to the management of the enterprise for the technically sound and efficient condition of all equipment. Repair shops are subordinate to such subdivisions, and in small enterprises - also the energy sector.
For information support of managerial tasks in the field of organizing and improving the complex of maintenance and repair and for automating operations performed by the personnel of enterprises, appropriate modules of ERP systems or specialized software products (EAM systems, CMMS systems) are used.
5. Types of maintenance
Maintenance of computer equipment is a mandatory measure that increases the reliability and durability of the equipment. Maintenance of computer equipment should be carried out regardless of the number and composition of equipment. The person responsible for the performance of maintenance work is appointed by order of the enterprise. The person responsible for performing maintenance draws up a schedule for preventive work, necessarily coordinates the timing of maintenance with the departments of the enterprise, only after that the schedule is approved by the head of the enterprise.
The order of organization and types of technical maintenance (MOT) have developed as a result of many years of experience in servicing all types of electronic equipment. Therefore, it is applicable to the maintenance of SVT.
Maintenance types:
- TS-1 - is performed daily by the operator working on this equipment, and consists in cleaning the equipment from dust;
- TO-2 - performed weekly by the operator: wet cleaning of the keyboard, mouse keys, mouse pad;
- T.О.-3 - monthly maintenance is carried out by technical personnel who are assigned to this equipment. The operability of all equipment is checked, the lubrication of rubbing and moving parts of the apparatus is checked, according to the instructions for this apparatus;
- Semi-annual prophylaxis - performed by technical personnel: testing equipment, adjusting it if necessary;
- Annual prophylaxis - testing is performed by technical personnel, cleaning the system unit, keyboard, monitor from dust, if necessary, defragmenting the hard disk and other work.
Each subsequent prophylaxis necessarily includes all the previous ones, i.e. when performing T.O. – 3, both T.O. – 1 and T.O. – 2 are performed.
The maintenance schedule includes only work according to TO-3, semi-annual and annual.
All types of preventive work performed by technical personnel should be recorded in the professional work log.
Before starting maintenance, the technical staff must take from service personnel equipment for preventive maintenance and record in the log all comments on the operation of the equipment.
After preventive maintenance, the technical staff must hand over the equipment to the maintenance personnel with a mandatory check of the operability of the entire complex of equipment and note in the professional work log all the measures taken to eliminate the existing comments.
6. Regulations for the maintenance of computer equipment
This "Regulation on the maintenance of computer equipment" (hereinafter referred to as the "Regulation") sets out the procedure and rules for performing maintenance (MOT) of computer equipment (SVT) in the city administration and all municipal structures.
The requirements of the "Regulations" are obligatory for all organizations that produce SVT maintenance in the city administration and municipal structures.
When performing TO SVT, operational documents for the products that are part of the SVT must additionally be used.
6.1. General instructions
TO SVT is aimed at ensuring the constant readiness of the equipment for use for its intended purpose and preventing its premature failure.
The structure of TO SVT includes the following types of work:
- Consultations of the customer's specialists on all issues of the operation of SVT and system software.
- Installation of computer equipment and their inclusion in the work at the customer's workplaces.
- Transfer of faulty equipment under warranty service to warranty repair, receiving it from repair and installation at the customer's workplaces.
- Technical service on call of the customer for the prompt restoration of the SVT operability. The response time to the application, unless otherwise stipulated in the contract, should not exceed 8 hours.
- Repair of SVT in laboratory conditions.
- Scheduled monthly maintenance of SVT.
Basic concepts Computer facilities SVT are computers, which include personal computers, personal computers, network workstations, servers and other types of computers, as well as peripheral devices, computer office equipment and intercomputer communication facilities. Operation of SVT consists in using the equipment for its intended purpose when the VT must perform the whole range of tasks assigned to it. For effective use and maintenance of SVT in a working condition during operation, it is carried out ...
Share your work on social media
If this work did not suit you at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar works. You can also use the search button
General information on the operation of computer facilities.
Basic concepts
Computer facilities (SVT)- These are computers, which include personal computers (PC), network workstations, servers and other types of computers, as well as peripheral devices (computer office equipment) and intercomputer communication means.
Operation of SVTis to use the equipment for its intended purpose, when the VT must perform the entire range of tasks assigned to it. For effective use and maintenance of SVT in a working condition during operation, it is carried outMaintenance.
Maintenance (MOT)- is a set of organizational measures, including the provision of SVT with the necessary equipment and equipment, designed for the effective operation and repair of SVT.
All activities included in the maintenance can be divided into three groups:
1) control of technical condition;
2) preventive maintenance;
3) routine maintenance.
Technical condition controlserves to control the operation of SVT, localize the place of failure, exclude the influence of random failures on the resultscomputer calculations. In modern computers, such control is carried out mainly with the help of the computer itself using software (for example, a program POST).
Preventive maintenanceis a series of measures aimed at maintaining a given technical condition of the machine for a certain period of time and extending its technical resource. Preventive measures carried out at CBT can, in turn, be divided into two groups.
1) Work with the machine off- visual inspection, cleaning, lubrication and elimination of defects found during inspection.
2) Work with the machine switched on- control and adjustment work.
From the point of view of the organization of preventive maintenance, the most widespreadpreventive maintenancebased on the calendar principle. At the same time, a schedule for routine maintenance is drawn up, which indicates the volume and timing of preventive measures.
Routine maintenanceSVT is a set of adjustment and repair work aimed at restoring the properties or performance of lost computers or other equipment by replacing or restoring parts, assemblies and blocks.
Efficiency of SVT operation
The efficiency of SVT operation largely depends on the level of its organization. Organization of operation is a set of measures aimed at training maintenance personnel, planning work, timely and full provision of the required spare parts and accessories (spare tools, instruments, fixtures, components), consumables and correct and systematic record keeping, etc.
The rational organization of the computer operation system and the constant improvement of this system is one of the main means of ensuring the effective use of computers.
There are three types of service (service):individual, group and centralized.
Personalized service.
With an individual service, one or more computers (or other means of VT) located in one or nearby located rooms are serviced by the forces and means of the most qualified personnel, from among the users operating this equipment. The set of equipment for this type of service mainly includes software diagnostics and equipment control, as well as the simplest hardware (for example, for power control), the simplest set of tools. This kit in combination with small set spare elements (modules RAM, HDD , expansion cards, etc.) provides for the possibility of prompt troubleshooting.
With such a service, it is possible to quickly find and eliminate a simple malfunction using software or simple hardware anddoes not provideavailability of test benches and instrumentation. This service presupposessmall costsfor tools, devices, spare parts.
Group service.
The group service serves to service several dozen sets of computers and / or sets of peripheral devices concentrated in one enterprise (computer center, computer room, office or enterprise equipped with computing technology) by dedicated technical personnel responsible for the effective use and maintenance of SVT in good condition.
The structure of service facilities includes programs, as well as group service equipment, which assumes the availability of inexpensive equipment, fixtures, etc., excluding their unjustified duplication. The group service package includes:
- equipment for control of electronic components and power supply;
- control and adjustment equipment for autonomous testing and repair of computer hardware and peripherals;
- control and adjustment equipment for autonomous testing and repair of local area networks (LAN);
- a set of electrical radio measuring equipment necessary for the operation of a computer and the operation of simple stands for checking individual units and typical elements of replacing a machine;
- a set of programs (tests) for checking the operation of computers, peripherals and LAN;
- tools and repair supplies;
- auxiliary equipment and fixtures;
- workplaces equipped with special furniture and fixtures for carrying out repair and adjustment work.
In the presence of the necessary spare parts, developed service equipment and qualified technical personnel, group service can significantly reduce the recovery time of the machine in case of complex malfunctions, but this requires significant costs for the maintenance and retraining of technical personnel and for the maintenance of service equipment.
Centralized maintenance.
Centralized maintenance of SVT is the most progressive form of maintenance of computers and peripherals. The centralized maintenance system is a network of regional centers (service centers) and their branches for servicing computers, peripheral equipment and networks. These organizations centrally carry out:
Installation and commissioning works and commissioning of SVT and networks;
Elimination of complex failures arising during operation;
Centralized repair of electronic and electromechanical devices;
Supply of components for enterprises with personnel to provide group services;
Providing assistance to service personnel (individual and group) on issues of software (mathematical) support and improvement of operational efficiency;
Management of the process of servicing SVT based on the data of the accounting and analysis system;
Training of operational personnel for SVT;
Commissioning of existing and developing operating systems, application packages, etc.
With centralized service, the costs of enterprises that operate SVT, for the maintenance of technical personnel, computers and peripherals, service equipment and components, are reduced. However, the recovery time of the computer in this case depends on the efficiency of the centralized service points and can range from several hours to several days, depending on various factors (distance from the enterprise, working conditions of the repair team, etc.).
Main operational characteristics of SVT
The degree of suitability of computer equipment for intended use and the possibility of its maintenance are determinedoperational characteristics of SVT, in particular, the performance of the computer.
The main performance characteristics include:operability, reliability, safety, maintainability, durability, reliability, performance.
Operabilityis the ability of CBT to function, ensuring the performance of the specified functions with the parameters established by the requirements technical documentation... This characteristic allows you to judge the state of the equipment at a certain point in time.
However, during operation, it is important to know the state of SVT not only at the moment, but also the ability to perform the tasks assigned to the equipment for a given period of time. For these purposes, the concept is introduced reliability.
Reliability is the ability to maintain performance for a given time interval at certain conditions operation of SVT.
Safety - this characteristic is used at the stage of computer storage, which is understood as the ability of SVT to maintain a good condition under given storage conditions.
Maintainability- this is a characteristic of SVT from the point of view of its adaptability to repair, i.e. ease of access to blocks, installation, equipment adaptability to troubleshooting, etc.. Maintainability requirements are imposed depending on the operating conditions of the SVT. For example, some peripheral devices, as well as on-board or industrial computers, due to their specific use, are not designed for routine maintenance, and therefore are classified as non-repairable.
Durability - this is the property of SVT to remain operational up to limit state with necessary breaks for maintenance and repairs.
Reliability - this property is stable to function under the given conditions of maintenance and operation of SVT.
Performance- this is an important concept that characterizes the operational properties of computers and some peripheral devices. Throughout the development of computers, various criteria and methods have been proposed for assessing their performance. With the development and improvement of computers of different generations, it is impossible to compare them according to one definite criterion. If computers of the first generations were compared in terms of speed (the number of instructions executed per second 1 ), then for computers of modern generations they began to introduce concepts such as the overall performance of the machine, computing power, performance in solving a certain type of problem and other parameters. Depending on the field of application of the computer, a less fast-acting machine, but having a better set of instructions for solving a specific task, often has a higher performance than a faster-acting machine.
Operating principles
The efficiency of using SVT largely depends on how rationally the operation of the computer and the periphery is organized. In general, the organization of operation includes:
The choice of a service system;
Material support of SVT service;
Determination of the required number of service personnel and their qualifications;
Planned preventive work;
Operational documentation;
Planning the operation of SVT;
Analysis and accounting of operating results;
Organization and systematic training of service personnel.
The choice of the service system.The general system of SVT operation and the number of personnel serving and ensuring the operation of the equipment depends on the number and class of computers and peripherals, the nature of the tasks being solved, as well as on the mode of operation (one-shift or round-the-clock), on the type of enterprise and the conditions in which the equipment is operated.
Before the introduction of personal computers in almost all types of professional activity, typical enterprises engaged in the operation of machines were computer centers (CC). Currently, along with the computer center, there are a large number of enterprises (or separate subdivisions) that perform the functions of the computer center, where CBT operate various services for solving scientific, engineering and technical problems, planning and economic calculations and research, as well as centers for automated control of objects or technological processes. ...
Typically, a computer center or a similar enterprise (subdivision) includes maintenance services for SVT, mathematical preparation of tasks, programming and operators (users).
Centers for automated control of objects or technological processes, small businesses or offices usually do not have large subdivisions of programmers. The main subdivision of such enterprises is the subdivision of technical maintenance of SVT, VU and network equipment.
Regardless of the purpose and field of application, a modern computer is a system consisting of hardware and software. For rational organization operation of such a system, it is necessary to take into account three aspects of its maintenance:operational, technical and mathematical.
- Operational the service consists in preparing the SVT and entering the initial information into the computer, monitoring the course of the computing process and interfering with it as necessary.
- Technical maintenance serves to maintain the SVT in working condition through preventive maintenance and maintenance.
- Mathematical service provides preparation of tasks for their implementation on a computer.
In the case of round-the-clock operation of SVT at enterprises such as computer centers or centers for automated control of objects or processes, the maintenance of SVT is carried out by special, duty groups - shifts. The duties of the duty groups include monitoring the general technical condition of the equipment and, if necessary, performing routine repairs of the SVT. If the on-duty group cannot cope with the repair on their own, then specialists from the service centers are called. It follows from this that in case of individual and group maintenance, the effectiveness of the operation of the SVT primarily depends on the qualifications, knowledge and practical experience maintenance personnel, which especially affects the time of troubleshooting in the process of current repair of SVT and, consequently, on the efficiency of using computer time.
Material support of SVT service.The quality of SVT operation depends on its provision with spare parts, instrumentation, tools, various devices and consumables. The creation of necessary conditions for the normal functioning of computing facilities (temperature and humidity conditions, power supply mode, etc.) and for service personnel (climatic conditions, noise level, illumination, etc.).
The composition of the service personnel.An important issue in the organization of SVT service is the issue of determining the rational number, qualifications and arrangement of specialists for its implementation.
During round-the-clock work of SVT, the service is carried out by shift personnel organized into duty groups (shifts). Usually have 3-4 shifts, with the help of which an 8-hour or 12-hour shift work of service personnel is organized. Computer operation can also be one-shift or two-shift.
The composition of the service personnel depends on the type of maintenance and the mode of operation of the SVT.
For quality functioning SVT Responsible for the technical (hardware and software) service, whose responsibilities include participation in preventive and adjustment work, as well as management of work on making changes to the design of computers and peripherals. The nature of the changes can be agreed with the service center, where SVT worth the service.
The maintenance service is also engaged in maintaining the documentation necessary for the statistical analysis of the work or changes in the composition of the SVT, its elements and assemblies, to determine the reliability, the required mode of preventive work, and to analyze the conditions for solving problems, in particular, on a computer. In addition, the reasons for various errors that occur during the operation of SVT are analyzed, and together with system programmers they take part in reviewing the program that caused the error.
Planned preventive work.The operation of the CBT must be carefully planned. Planning should cover the whole range of issues related to both the preparation of a general program of work of the CBT, the distribution of computer time, etc., and to the entire work of the service personnel.
The rational organization of operation should provide for the accumulation of statistical material based on the results of operation, especially for computers, in order to generalize, analyze and develop recommendations for improving the service structure, increasing the efficiency of use, and reducing operating costs.
Scheduled preventive work is carried out in order to maintain the SVT in good condition, identify failures in equipment, prevent failures and failures during operation.
Operational documentation (ED).The composition of the ED depends on the class of CBT, its purpose, composition, etc. The set of ED on a computer and the periphery of the main documents includes a technical description, an instruction manual and a form.
Planning the operation of SVT.Planning is the basis for the rational organization of the operation of SVT. It serves to determine specific program actions of service personnel for any calendar period.
The initial data for planning the operation of SVT are: the nature and volume of equipment loading; technical and operational characteristics of SVT; labor intensity of all types of work performed on computers and VUs during their maintenance; the number of service personnel and the level of their qualifications.
The following types of planning are distinguished:
- operational calendar -consists in drawing up plans for the loading of SVT and the work of maintenance personnel, based on the volume of loading and maintenance standards for a given type of equipment,
- planning of organizational and technical measures -consists in drawing up a work program for the maintenance personnel for a certain calendar period of operation of the SVT,
- planning of maintenance of SVT operation - comes down to determining the need for consumables, spare parts, medium and major repairs of certain types of SVT or their elements.
Analysis and accounting of operating results(keeping records).During the operation of SVT, it is necessary to keep a log technical operation equipment and, if necessary, a machine time log. The information accumulated in the journals makes it possible to quantify the operational properties of aircraft, analyze the quality of work and develop recommendations for improving the maintenance of certain types of aircraft.
1 For the first machine models, the number of additions per second was considered an acceptable estimate. For example, if the time of addition of one operation was 1 μs, then it was considered that the machine can perform 1 million operations per second.
Then, the average performance Vcp was chosen as a performance indicator, characterized by the average number of operations per unit of time vi and expressed in terms of the execution speed of each operation qi
where k is the total number of operations performed by this computer.
For machines of the second and third generations, performance was assessed using the methods of Knight and Gibson. Since the results of evaluating the performance of computers according to different methods differ significantly, several tests are used to assess the performance, each of which is focused on checking the execution of certain calculations and operations.
Other similar works that may interest you. Wshm> |
|||
| 8333. | The history of the development of computer technology. Classification of computers. Computing system composition. Hardware and software. Classification of utility and application software | 25.49 KB | |
| Computing system composition. Composition of the computing system Consider the hardware and software configurations. Interfaces of any computing system can be conditionally divided into serial and parallel. The system level is a transitional one that ensures the interaction of other programs of the computer system both with the programs of the basic level and directly with the hardware, in particular with the central processor. | |||
| 7644. | Formation of ideas about methods of solving applied problems using computer technology | 29.54 KB | |
| The presence of an error is due to a number of reasons. Initial data usually contain errors because they are either obtained as a result of measurement experiments or are the result of solving some auxiliary problems. The total error of the result of solving the problem on a computer consists of three components: the fatal error of the error of the method and the computational error:. | |||
| 5380. | Development of an educational stand Design and principle of operation of the printer as a means of improving the quality of training students in the specialty Maintenance of computer equipment and computer networks | 243.46 KB | |
| Printers are classified according to five main positions: the principle of the printing mechanism, the maximum paper size, the use of color printing, the presence or absence of hardware support for the PostScript language, as well as the recommended monthly load. | |||
| 166. | Providing grounding in computing | 169.06 KB | |
| Almost every power supply unit for a computer or other device has a surge protector fig. When zeroing, you need to be sure that this zero will not become a phase if someone turns over any power plug. Input circuits of the computer power supply Fig. Formation of potential on the computer case Of course, the power of this source is limited by a short-circuit current to earth, ranging from units to tens of milliamperes, and the more powerful the power supply, the usually greater the capacitance of the filter capacitors and therefore the current: ... | |||
| 8415. | Understanding links | 20.99 KB | |
| The C language offers an alternative for safer access to variables through pointers. By declaring a reference variable, you can create an object that, like a pointer, refers to another value, but, unlike a pointer, is permanently bound to that value. Thus, a reference to a value always refers to that value. | |||
| 12466. | General information about hydraulic transmissions | 48.9 KB | |
| Therefore, in what follows, for brevity, the word “static” will usually be omitted. In this case, the force F1 required to move the pistons is infinitely small. To satisfy the concept of “static hydraulic transmission”, the condition of geometric separation of the discharge cavity from the suction cavity must be met. | |||
| 17665. | General information from metrology | 31.74 KB | |
| State of the art measurements in telecommunications The process of improving measurement technologies is subject to the general trend of increasing complexity high tech in the process of their development. The main trends in the development of modern measuring technology are: expanding the limits of measured quantities and increasing the accuracy of measurements; development of new measurement methods and instruments using the latest principles actions; introduction of automated information and measurement systems characterized by high accuracy and speed ... | |||
| 2231. | GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT GAS TURBINE ENGINES | 1.28 MB | |
| In this manual, only one type of gas turbine engines GTE is considered. GTEs are widely used in aeronautical land and marine engineering. 1 shows the main objects of application of modern GTEs. Classification of gas turbine engines by purpose and objects of application At present, in the total volume of world production of gas turbine engines in value terms aircraft engines are about 70 land and sea about 30. | |||
| 14527. | Understanding Forecasting Methods | 21.48 KB | |
| General information on methods for predicting RPP indoors General concepts and information on hazardous factors of fire. Methods for predicting OPF General concepts and information about hazardous factors of fire Development of economically optimal and effective fire-fighting measures is based on scientifically based forecast of the dynamics of RP. Modern methods fire predictions make it possible to reproduce the picture of the development of a real fire. This is necessary for a forensic or fire-technical examination of a fire. | |||
| 6149. | General information about industrial enterprises of the Russian Federation and the region | 29.44 KB | |
| In particular, coal production mining production chemical production oil production facilities gas production facilities geological exploration enterprises facilities operating main gas pipelines gas supply enterprises metallurgical production facilities for bakery production facilities boiler supervision facilities operating stationary lifting mechanisms and structures enterprises engaged in the transportation of dangerous goods and others. Classification of objects of the economy of industrial enterprises ... | |||
1.2.1. Types of maintenance of SVT
The type of maintenance is determined by the frequency and the complex of technological operations to maintain the operational properties of the SVT.
GOST 28470-90 "System of maintenance and repair of technical means of computer technology and informatics" defines the following types of maintenance
- regulated;
- periodic;
- with periodic control;
- with continuous monitoring.
Scheduled maintenance should be carried out in the volume and taking into account the operating time provided for in the operational documentation for the SVT, regardless of the technical condition.
Periodic maintenance should be carried out at intervals of time and in the amount established in the operational documentation for the SVT.
Maintenance with periodic checks should be carried out with the frequency of monitoring the technical condition of the SVT set in the technological documentation and the necessary complex of technological operations that depend on the technical condition of the SVT.
Maintenance with continuous monitoring should be carried out in accordance with the operational documentation for the SVT or technological documentation based on the results of continuous monitoring of the technical condition of the SVT.
The control of the technical condition of SVT can be carried out in static or dynamic modes.
At static mode control values of voltages and frequency of sync pulses remain constant during the entire cycle of preventive control, and in the dynamic mode, their periodic change is envisaged. Thus, due to the creation of weighted operating modes of the SVT, it is possible to identify elements that are critical in terms of reliability.
Preventive control carried out by hardware and software. Hardware control is carried out using special equipment, instrumentation and stands and hardware and software systems.
Troubleshooting work during preventive control can be broken down into the following steps:
Analysis of the nature of malfunctions according to the current state of SVT;
Control of environmental parameters and measures to eliminate their deviations;
Localization of errors and determination of the place of malfunction using hardware and software SVT and using additional equipment;
Trouble-shooting; - renewal of the solution to the problem.
To carry out maintenance, a maintenance system (STO) is created.
Currently, the following types of maintenance systems (STO) are most widespread:
- Preventive maintenance;
- Maintenance on technical condition;
- Combined service.
Preventive maintenance is based on a calendar principle and implements scheduled and periodic maintenance. These works are carried out with the aim of maintaining SVT devices in good condition, detecting failures in equipment, preventing failures and failures in the operation of SVT.
The frequency of scheduled preventive maintenance depends on the type of CBT and operating conditions (number of shifts and load).
Advantages of the system - provides the highest availability of CBT. Disadvantages of the system - requires large material and physical costs. In general, the system includes the following types of maintenance
(prevention):
- control examinations (CO)
- daily maintenance (ETO);
- weekly maintenance;
- two-week maintenance;
- decade maintenance;
- monthly maintenance (TO1);
- two-month maintenance;
- semi-annual or seasonal (STO);
- annual maintenance;
KO, ETO CBT includes inspection of devices, running a quick test of readiness (device operability), as well as the work provided for daily maintenance (in accordance with the operating instructions) of all external devices (cleaning, lubrication, adjustment, etc.).
During two-week maintenance provides for the run of diagnostic tests, as well as all types of two-week preventive work,
provided for external devices.
At Monthly maintenance provides for a more complete check
functioning of SVT with the help of the entire system of tests included in its software. The check is carried out at the nominal values of the power supplies with a preventive voltage change by + 5%.
Preventive voltage change allows you to identify the weakest circuits in the system. Typically, circuits must maintain their functionality when the voltage changes within the specified limits. However, aging and other factors cause gradual changes in circuit performance that can be detected with prophylactic regimens.
The CBT test with preventive voltage change identifies predictable malfunctions, thereby reducing the number of hard-to-locate malfunctions that lead to failures.
During monthly prophylaxis, all necessary work provided in the operating instructions for the external devices.
At semi-annual (annual) THEN (HUNDRED) the same work is carried out as with monthly maintenance. And also all types of semi-annual (annual) preventive work: disassembly, cleaning and lubrication of all mechanical assemblies of external devices with their simultaneous adjustment or replacement of parts. In addition, the cables and busbars are inspected.
A detailed description of preventive maintenance is given in the operating instructions for individual devices attached to the CBT by the manufacturer.
At maintenance on technical condition maintenance work is carried out on an unscheduled basis and is performed as needed based on the condition of the object (test results), which corresponds to maintenance with continuous monitoring or maintenance with periodic monitoring.
Unscheduled preventive maintenance includes extraordinary preventive maintenance, assigned mainly after the elimination of serious malfunctions of the SVT. The scope of preventive measures is determined by the nature of the malfunction and its possible consequences.
Conclusion of SVT for unscheduled preventive maintenance can also be performed when the number of failures that occur over a certain set period of time exceeds the permissible values.
The system requires the availability and correct use of various testing tools (software).
The system allows you to minimize the costs of operating the SVT, but the readiness of the SVT for use is lower than when using a scheduled preventive service station.
At combined maintenance system"Junior types of maintenance" are carried out as needed, as in maintenance based on the operating time and operating conditions of a particular type of SVT or the results of its testing. Execution of "senior types of maintenance" and repairs is planned.
The rational organization of the service station should provide for the accumulation of static material based on the results of the operation of SVT in order to generalize, analyze and develop recommendations for improving the service structure, increasing the efficiency of using SVT, and reducing operating costs.
1.2.2. Maintenance (repair) methods of SVT
Maintenance (service), regardless of the adopted maintenance system, can be organized using well-known maintenance methods.
Maintenance (repair) method of SVT is determined by a set of organizational measures and a set of technological operations for maintenance (repair).
Maintenance (repair) methods are subdivided according to the organization into:
- branded;
- autonomous;
- specialized;
- combined.
Proprietary method state of SVT by the manufacturer, carrying out maintenance and repair works of SVT of its own production.
Standalone method consists in maintaining the operational state of the CBT during the operation period, in which the user performs the maintenance and repair of the CBT on his own.
Specialized method is to ensure the working condition of the SVT by the service enterprise carrying out maintenance and repair work of the SVT.
Combined method is to ensure the operable state of the SVT by the user in conjunction with the service company, or with the manufacturer, and is reduced to the distribution of works on the maintenance and repair of the SVT between them.
By the nature of execution maintenance (repair) methods are divided into:
Individual;
Group;
Centralized.
With individual maintenance the service of one SVT is provided by the forces and means of the personnel of this SVT. The set of equipment for this type of maintenance includes:
Control equipment for SVT element base and power supply:
Control and adjustment equipment for autonomous testing and repair of SVT equipment;
A set of electrical measuring equipment required for the operation of SVT;
A set of programs (tests) for checking the operation of SVT;
Tools and repair supplies; - auxiliary equipment and devices;
Special furniture for storing property and equipping the operator's and adjuster's workplaces for the element base.
All of the above equipment provides for the ability to quickly find and eliminate malfunctions using bench and control equipment. This kit, in combination with the necessary spare parts and accessories (spare tools, devices), must provide the specified recovery time for the SVT.
In the presence of the necessary service equipment and qualified technical personnel, individual service can significantly reduce the recovery time of SVT, but this requires significant costs for the maintenance of technical personnel and service equipment.
The efficiency of the SVT operation largely depends on the qualifications of the service personnel, the timeliness of preventive and repair work and the quality of their performance.
Group maintenance serves to service several SVT, concentrated in one place, by means and forces of special personnel. The structure of the equipment composition for group service is the same as for individual service, but it assumes the presence of a larger number of equipment, devices, etc., excluding unjustified duplication. The group service package includes at least a set of equipment for individual service of CBT, supplemented by equipment and devices of other CBT.
Centralized maintenance is a more progressive form of service for SVT. The centralized maintenance system is a network of regional service centers and their branches - technical service points.
With centralized maintenance, the costs of maintaining technical personnel, service equipment and spare parts are reduced. Such maintenance involves the repair of elements, assemblies and blocks of SVT on the basis of a special workshop equipped with everything necessary equipment and instruments. In addition, centralized maintenance allows you to concentrate in one place materials on the statistics of failures of elements, assemblies, blocks and devices of CBT, as well as to obtain operational data from dozens of the same type of CBT with direct control of reliability. All this makes it possible to use the information for predicting the required spare parts and accessories, issuing recommendations for the operation of SVT.
1.2.3. Types of SVT repair.
The type of repair is determined by the conditions of its implementation, the composition and content of the work performed on the SVT.
Repair of SVT is divided into types:
- current;
- average;
- capital (for mechanical and electromechanical SVT).
Maintenance should be carried out to restore the operability of the SVT without the use of stationary means of technological equipment at the place of operation of the SVT. During routine repairs, the SVT is monitored for functioning using appropriate means of verification.
Average repair should be carried out to restore the operability of the SVT, or components of the SVT using specialized stationary technological equipment. During a mid-life repair, the technical condition of individual components of the SVT is checked with the elimination of the detected faults and bringing the parameters to the stipulated standards.
Major overhaul should be carried out to restore the working capacity and resource of the SVT by replacing or repairing the components of the SVT, including the basic ones, using specialized stationary technological equipment in stationary conditions.
Medium and overhaul SVT or their constituent parts are, as a rule, planned and are produced on products for which the overhaul life is determined and (or) the life (resource) of operation is limited.
1.2.4. The main characteristics of the service station
One of the main characteristics of the service station is duration prevention of SVT... The duration of prophylaxis is more influenced by the degree of qualification of the attendants.
Analysis of the static data on the operation of a particular SVT makes it possible to give recommendations on replacing prophylaxis of a shorter frequency with prophylaxis of a greater frequency (for example, daily - to weekly). This allows you to increase the time of using SVT directly for computing work.
Another important quantitative characteristic is coefficient effectiveness of preventionkprof., which characterizes the degree of increase in the reliability of SVT due to the prevention of failures at the time of prophylaxis. The prevention efficiency ratio is calculated by the formula
where nprof. - the number of failures detected during prevention; ntotal + nprof. - the total number of SVT failures during the period of operation.
1.2.5. Calculation of the number of employees engaged in service maintenance and current repairs of SVT
The calculation of the number of employees required to perform service and maintenance of the PC (Chn) is carried out according to the formula:
where: Нр.в - the norm of the working time of one employee for the planned year
(2000 hours);
Tob - the total time spent on work on service computer facilities are calculated by the formula:
where Tr - time standards for a certain type of work; n is the number of types of work performed;
K = 1.08 is a correction factor that takes into account the time spent on work that is not provided for by the norms and is of a one-time nature.
The standard time spent on a certain type of work is calculated by the formula:
where Нврi - time norm for execution i-th operation per unit of measurement in a certain type of standardized work;
Vi - the volume of operations of the i-th type, performed per year (determined by accounting and reporting data).
The range of changes from 1 to i is the number of normalized operations in a certain type of work.
The basis for drawing up staffing table by the number of employees is average headcount(NP), which is calculated by the formula:
Chsp \ u003d Chn x Kn, where Kn is a coefficient that takes into account the planned absenteeism of workers
during vacation, illness, etc., is determined by the formula:
where% of planned absenteeism is based on accounting data.
1.2.6. Material support of SVT service
The quality of SVT operation depends on the provision of spare elements, various accessories with consumables, the provision of control and measuring devices, tools, etc. etc.) and for service personnel (climatic conditions, noise level, illumination, etc.).
The operation of the CBT must be carefully planned. Planning should cover the whole range of issues related to both the drawing up of a general program of work of the CBT, the distribution of computer time, etc., and to the entire work of the service personnel.
The rational organization of operation should provide for the accumulation of static material based on the results of the operation of SVT in order to generalize, analyze and develop recommendations for improving the service structure, increasing the efficiency of using SVT, and reducing operating costs.
The fastest boat in the world!
The history of the Off-White brand
Habakkuk: how the British tried to build an aircraft carrier from ice Why the project was curtailed