General information about the cosmonaut profession. Synopsis of the occupation "profession cosmonaut". The profession is an astronaut. Description for kids

Universe and haut - to swim) - a person who flew into space in a spaceship. The very word "cosmonaut" comes from astronautics - the science of interplanetary travel - both of these words, as well as the cosmodrome, first saw the light of day in scientific work AA Shternfeld "Introduction to Cosmonautics", published in 1937. Officially, this word was approved only shortly before the first space flight was completed: before that, representatives of this profession were called astronauts both in the USSR and in the USA. It is curious that the founder of the science of space travel KE Tsiolkovsky used in his writings the word "starship", which is actually a synonym for the Greek word "astronautics".

The cosmonaut's profession is special, it makes very high demands on a person. An astronaut must first of all have excellent health. He has to work in unusual conditions: during launching into orbit, and especially when returning to Earth, considerable overloads act on him. And in orbit, he finds himself in conditions of weightlessness, completely unusual for an ordinary person.

An astronaut must be a courageous and courageous person, resourceful in any situations, be able to quickly understand and make the right decisions in a rapidly changing environment. He must possess high flying skills, have an excellent understanding of space technology, must not only know well the program of research and experiments, but also be able to work with scientific equipment.

The first cosmonauts in the USA (since 1959) and in the USSR (since 1960) were recruited from military pilots and test pilots, but the needs of cosmonautics for various specialists grew and soon doctors, engineers, scientists and representatives of other professions flew into space.

Many records have been set since the beginning of space exploration. They have been rewritten and improved several times. And yet some of them will go down in history forever.

On April 12, 1961, in the Soviet Union, the first ever spaceship-satellite "Vostok" with a man on board was launched into orbit around the Earth. This man was Yu. A. Gagarin, his flight lasted 108 minutes and he proved to the whole world that man can live and work in space.

On March 19, 1965, A. A. Leonov became the first cosmonaut to leave the Voskhod-2 spacecraft in a special spacesuit and was in open space for 12 minutes.

On January 15, 1969, A.S. Eliseev, B.V. Volynov and E.V. then A. Eliseev and E. Khrunov went into open space and transferred to the Soyuz-4 spacecraft under the control of the pilot-cosmonaut

There are many professions in our time. All professions are important, all professions are needed. There are professions that are fascinating, complex, and there are romantic ones. But there is such special profession that is both exciting and romantic, but also responsible, honorable and difficult. This is the profession of an astronaut.

This profession is relatively "young". It appeared in the second half of the twentieth century, almost simultaneously with the birth of the space industry. Back in 1959, the selection of candidates for the so-called "astronauts" began in our country, but since 1960, the name of the profession "pilot-cosmonaut" has been fixed in all documents. Although in the United States of America people of this profession continue to be called astronauts.

The title of the first cosmonaut of the planet belongs to Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, who on April 12, 1961 made the first orbital flight in the history of mankind on the Vostok spacecraft. Over the years that have passed since that momentous moment, more than five hundred people have visited outer space. They were not only in the orbit of the Earth, but also visited the Moon. The duration of flights has also increased. If the first flight of Gagarin lasted 108 minutes, then today cosmonauts and astronauts can be in space for more than a year.

Very high demands are placed on future astronauts. Space is, of course, romance, but being in space requires special conditioning. The astronaut must be in very good, almost perfect health. When a rocket ascends into space, astronauts experience severe overloads. Their body weight at this moment increases several times. And when they find themselves in orbit, another "enemy" awaits them - weightlessness. With a prolonged stay in zero gravity, a person's muscles weaken, bones become fragile. Therefore, during a long flight, astronauts constantly train and wear special suits that help to mitigate the harmful effects of weightlessness. The health of astronauts should also be excellent because there are no hospitals in space and “ ambulance"You cannot call there. Therefore, astronauts must study the basics of medical professions in order to be able to provide each other with first aid in unforeseen situations.

If in the first years of the space age, mostly professional pilots became astronauts, nowadays engineers and scientists and doctors also come to this profession. Various scientific experiments are carried out in space orbit, visual observation of the surface of our planet is carried out, and even production is being established various materials, which can only be made in zero gravity conditions. To carry out all these works, special space stations were designed - real flying "houses" for astronauts. Nowadays, the International Space Station, created by the efforts of many countries, is in the Earth's orbit. Astronauts from different countries, periodically replacing each other.

The profession of an astronaut is not only a profession of today, but also a profession of the future. Space technology is constantly being improved. And plans are already being made for a manned flight to Mars. Nowadays, aircraft are launched into space not only state organizations but also private companies. Space tourism is gradually developing. While this is a very expensive pleasure, but the day will come when any of us will be able to feel like an astronaut and see the beauty of our planet from the height of space orbit.

At the Cosmonautics and Aviation Center at VDNKh, with the support of the Roscosmos state corporation, an open lesson was held for students of the cadet class of the Moscow multidisciplinary school No. 1374 and the Moscow Technological College, conducted by the pilot-cosmonaut of Russia, Hero of the Russian Federation Fyodor Yurchikhin. The event was also attended by Viktor Savinykh - pilot-cosmonaut of the USSR, twice hero Soviet Union, Nikolai Tikhonov - test cosmonaut, Evgeny Prokopyev - candidate for the cosmonaut corps.

The Cosmonaut Profession lesson was the first in a series of meetings between Fyodor Yurchikhin and schoolchildren and students of specialized specialties. During the lesson, the renowned cosmonaut and his colleagues talked about their profession, recalled many cases that took place on expeditions, and answered questions from the audience.

Four generations of Russian cosmonautics, four different fates in the profession, four stories of choosing their vocation - the students managed to see space through the eyes of those who were in orbit and those who are just going to fly. Life path each of them took shape in a different way. And if the younger generation of cosmonauts, inspired by the achievements of Gagarin, Leonov, Titov, from childhood dreamed of flying into orbit, studying the Universe, then their older comrades had no one to match.

Viktor Savinykh told that he learned about the feat of Yuri Gagarin at a fairly mature age, being a railway worker and without even thinking about studying astronomy. However, fate decreed that Viktor Petrovich not only followed in the footsteps of Gagarin, but also made a flight, which to this day is considered the most difficult from a technical point of view in the history of Russian cosmonautics. An accident occurred at the Salyut-7 orbital station: the station did not give signals, went out of control and began to lose altitude. A crew consisting of Vladimir Dzhanibekov and Viktor Savinykh was sent to prevent the tragedy.

- It turned out that the entire power supply at the station due to sensor failure has flown. The station actually froze: the system for supplying oxygen, hot water and other things was turned off. By the way, before the flight, my wife knitted us warm hats, as she knew- recalls Victor Savinykh.

The team coped with the task, restoring the operation of the orbital station. These events were not only described in the book "Notes from a Dead Station" written by Viktor Petrovich, but also formed the basis for the film "Salyut-7", released on Russian screens in 2017.

Nikolay Tikhonov and Evgeny Prokopyev spoke about the intricacies of preparation for flights and answered the most popular question: "Are you afraid?"

- Of course, everyone experiences fear - both the parachutist making the hundredth jump, and the astronaut setting off on the next flight. The feeling of fear makes the brain work faster, all the senses are sharpened. It is important to learn how to control fear, use it to your advantage in order to quickly respond to emergency situations and make informed decisions. Preparing for the flight, during which we learn this, gain all kinds of knowledge, is a long and very interesting way,- told Nikolay Tikhonov.

- From this it follows that the profession of an astronaut is when it is terribly interesting,- added Fedor Yurchikhin.

Summing up the lesson, Fedor Nikolayevich expressed the hope that such events will become traditional and make their contribution to the development of the industry.

- In my childhood, every boy wanted to become an astronaut. Today, across the country, a little more than 400 representatives of the younger generation show a desire to master this profession. I hope that meetings in the unique space museum of the country, where honored and newly minted cosmonauts will be honest, in simple words tell young people about their profession, return interest in the exploration of the Universe and help the progress of Russian cosmonautics, - said Fedor Yurchikhin.

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Cosmonaut profession

Target: the formation of ideas about space, interest in the profession of an astronaut.

Tasks:

To enrich and systematize knowledge about the work of an astronaut, about space flight;

Develop skills in working with Internet resources;
- to form communication skills through work in groups;

Arouse interest in the profession of an astronaut and a desire to be like an astronaut - strong, healthy, enduring, intelligent;

Develop curiosity, imagination, thinking;

Foster a sense of pride in Russian cosmonauts.

Equipment:

a computer with a multimedia installation;

pictures and photographs of astronauts and about space;

exhibition of books;

drawings on the theme "I am an astronaut";

5 hoops

Handout:

Balls by the number of students;

White cardboard, paper blue, glue, scissors

Preparatory activities of students:

excursion to the "Planetarium";

children are divided into 3 groups and are looking for poetry and information about the profession of an astronaut;

drawings on the theme "Space";

students are given a table in which there are three columns: 1 - I know; 2-want to know; 3-found out. The first two columns of the table are filled in before the school hour, the third during the course.

Class hour

Epigraph :

We are all children of space

both clever and foolish. Victoria Roshchina

1. Organizational moment.

The song "Little Prince" performed by Valeria (Who invented you is a star country) sounds.

Teacher: - Guys, tell me the professions that you know.

And there is one more profession - this is the profession of "cosmonaut".

2. Acquaintance with the profession of an astronaut.

Let's get acquainted with the origin of this word.

Word "astronaut ”Comes from the Greek words meaning“ space ”and“ navigator ”. That is, it turns out that the astronaut is floating in space, making flights for scientific observations and experiments.

Now I will tell you about this interesting, difficult, and sometimes even dangerous profession.

2. Communication of new material.

Student: - For a long time people dreamed

Fly into space

Go around the planet

Fly to the moon.

The eyes were directed to the stars

And in the quiet of the nights

The daredevils invented

The path to your dream

Teacher: - People have always dreamed of flying to the stars. They came up with different ways to go up into the sky. For example, people invented the balloon.

What else did they invent to fly into the sky?

How can you name the transport that you listed in one word? (Air).

But all this transport was not so strong and could not reach the stars. And the man "designer" invented a powerful, powerful space rocket.

Racing in the blue sky

Helicopter with one propeller,

And even faster flight

makes an airplane,

And even faster - this one

Interplanetary ... (rocket)!

Now I will show you with the help of a balloon how fast a space rocket flies.

Each student takes one balloon for himself. Inflate the balloon, and then unclench the fingers.

Teacher: - What happened to our balls? (They shot up sharply.)

Did you like how our balloons flew?

A space rocket moves just as fast as a ball.

Student:

The rocket has a driver

Lover of weightlessness,

In English - an astronaut,

And in Russian - an astronaut.

Teacher: - The first cosmonaut who flew on a space rocket was Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, and so he was called "Cosmonaut No. 1".

A Russian guy took off in a rocket,

I saw the whole earth from a height.

Gagarin was the first in space ...

How will you be?

Yu. A. Gagarin made his flight on April 12, 1961 on the Vostok rocket. Since then, every year in our countryApril 12 is World Aviation and Cosmonautics Day.

Let's listen to the performance of V. Troshin "The Song of the Cosmonaut", which Gagarin sang in flight.

The world's first woman cosmonaut was Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova, who made a solo space flight on the Vostok-6 spacecraft, which lasted three days.

Nowadays, not one person flies into space, but a whole team of three or four astronauts.

In 2014, an international flight into space was completed. In the space rocket were: Konchi Vaketa, Oleg Artemiev, Mikhail Tbrin, Rick Mastracchio, Steve Swanson and Alexander Skvortsov. They conducted various scientific research under international programs (since the crew included representatives from different countries), they met cargo ships, and also launched a Peruvian minisatellite into outer space by means of the crew's exit into outer space.

Teacher:- The spacecraft is taking the astronaut into space.

Where do you think the astronaut lives in space?

An astronaut in space has a space house called an orbital station. The orbital station looks like a huge bird that has spread its wings and flies above the ground. The rocket brings astronauts to the station, and itself flies away and burns up in space.

Now there are three main specialties of astronauts

(1 group) - Test cosmonaut ... This is a spaceship pilot. Its task is to fly the aircraft, take off, landing, coordinate the work of all systems and crew actions. Test cosmonauts are recruited from among military pilots ..

(Group 2) - Cosmonaut engineer. He maintains the technical systems of the spacecraft, coordinates the pre- and post-flight training of the aircraft, participates in the development and testing of new technical systems... Performs all necessary repairs during the flight.

(Group 3) - Cosmonaut-researcher .. He is responsible for the health of the crew members, conducts experiments, studies the behavior of living organisms in zero gravity. Research cosmonauts are necessarily included in long-term expeditions.

Teacher:- What do you think the astronauts are doing on the orbital station?

They study the stars, the surface of our earth, check the weather, photograph the Earth, etc.

In the orbital station - weightlessness. All objects are light and a person becomes light as a fluff.

Student:

Nothing has any weight in space.

Everything becomes weightless there.

The kettlebell can fly like a fluff.

Light as a butterfly to a hippo.

How do you think astronauts eat in zero gravity, if everything flies: plates, mugs, spoons, forks?

Astronauts do not prepare their own food, they are delivered by a cargo spacecraft. The food is mashed and placed in tubes like toothpaste. Astronauts, when they eat, squeeze food directly into their mouths. Let's dream up with you and tell you what dishes can be in these tubes.

For work, the astronaut leaves the orbital station into open space. It is dangerous to human health in open space - there is no air and it is very hot. Therefore, the cosmonauts wear special protective clothing, a spacesuit.

But the space tourist -

The spacesuit, like stars, is silvery.

Do you think anyone can become an astronaut?

In order to become an astronaut, you have to be a courageous and self-confident person, because often unexpected situations arise during the flight.

So what tests and difficulties does a future astronaut need to go through?

(1 group) In order to get the profession of an astronaut, you need to go through many tests and special training... The Cosmonaut Training Center is located in the Star City near Moscow. With good health and academic performance, you can apply to the cosmonaut corps, even as a student. But it is worth knowing that people with higher education, physicists, biologists or the military. Artists and accountants are not taken into space, since scientific experiments and experiments must be carried out at the station.

(Group 2) An astronaut must know space technology, be able to pilot his spacecraft and carry out repair work on an orbiting space station. People from 27 to 30 years old, up to 175 cm tall and weighing up to 75 kg have a chance to become an astronaut. You need to have excellent health: perfect vision, lack of chronic diseases and bad habits. And be sure to be fluent English language, since it is on it that they communicate at the International Space Station.

(Group 3) At the first stage, about 350 people are selected by questionnaires. For them, tests in physics, mathematics and the Russian language are arranged. Then the applicants undergo a strict medical examination, after which about 50 people remain. The most recent test takes place at the very center of cosmonaut training, here they see whether a person will withstand difficult tests. For example, a future astronaut is locked up for 5 days in a closed space, where he cannot communicate with anyone and where complete silence reigns and they watch how he behaves. As a result, 8 most persistent lucky ones remain, who are enrolled in the cosmonaut corps for pre-flight training. But here, too, not everything is so simple. They are preparing for a space walk from 5 to 10 years. Classes are held in classrooms, sports halls, on a rapidly rotating centrifuge ("space carousel"). Future cosmonauts pay a lot of attention to airplane flights, parachute jumps, work in the "weightless hydro-pool", learn to endure overload and weightlessness, heat and cold.

Teacher: - How do you think astronauts communicate in outer space with the orbital station and with the Earth? (Through the radio).

A signal sounds.

Here is a signal from Earth. It's time to go home.

And the cosmonauts return home in a special capsule by parachute.

How many, I told you about the astronauts.

Want to go on a space trip?

I'm going to turn you into astronauts now. One, two, turn around, turn into astronauts!

P / game "Fast rockets await us, for walking around the planets ...".

(“Fast rockets await us, for walks around the planets we want, we’ll fly to this. But there is one secret in the game, there is no place for latecomers. 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, let's go (children take places in the hoop for 4 people ")

The path has ended, the rocket has landed!

Before us are forests and fields!

Hello our home planet!

Hello our motherland!

Teacher: - On Earth, astronauts are met by doctors, they check their health, military, friends and journalists who interview them.

You, too, just flew in from space. You are healthy?

Are you ready for the interview?

The result of the class hour:

What is the name of your profession?

Who was the first male astronaut?

And what is the name of the first woman astronaut?

What was the name of the first rocket?

What is the name of your space house?

Can you run and jump on the orbital station? Why?

Why are you flying into space? What are you doing there?

How do you go out of outer space?

Or maybe a weak and sick person fly into space? Why?

Do you love your profession?

How much have we learned today about the profession of an astronaut? Raise your hand, who wants to become an astronaut when he grows up?

We are trying to express our attitude to profession - astronaut using the tricksynquine.

Astronaut.

Brave, smart

Flies, trains, studies.

I want to become an astronaut!

Space. Spacesuit. Rocket.

And in memory of our class hour we will make a spaceship for ourselves (application “Rocket). "Space" music sounds.

Student

To become an astronaut

We have to work hard.

Start the day with charging,

Study well.

Weaklings can't handle

Star Roads.

They can take on the ship

Only strong, dexterous.

Let us guys try to be like astronauts.

Reflection:

Mark yourself on the Ladder of Success. If you understand everything and can talk about a profession related to space, draw a little man on the top step. And if you are not completely sure of your knowledge - on the 2nd or 3rd step, and on which one, everyone will decide for himself.

Who drew the little man on the bottom step? Why?

Who is on the 2nd or 3rd step? Why?

Who's on top? Why?

Thanks!

Since ancient times, people have dreamed of flying like birds.

On what only the heroes of fairy tales and ancient legends did not go to heaven: on golden chariots, and on fast arrows, and even on bats!

♦ Remember what the heroes of your favorite fairy tales flew on?

Right! Aladdin flew on a magic carpet-plane, Baba Yaga rushed over the ground in a mortar, Ivanushka was carried on their wings by geese-swans.

Centuries have passed, and people have managed to conquer the air. At first, they rose into the sky in balloons and airships, and began to plow the air ocean in airplanes and helicopters.

But mankind dreamed of flying not only in air, but also in outer space, about which the great Russian scientist and poet Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov said:

The abyss of stars is full,

There is no number of stars, the bottom of the abyss!

The mysterious starry abyss of space attracted the eyes of people, called to look into it, to solve its riddles!

Once a great scientist, the founder of Russian cosmonautics Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky said: “Humanity will not remain forever on Earth, but in pursuit of light and space, it will first timidly penetrate beyond the atmosphere, and then conquer the entire solar space. A person will fly, relying not on the strength of his muscles, but on the strength of his mind. "

Tsiolkovsky began to study astronautics in those distant times when people did not really master even the airspace of the Earth: there were still no powerful planes, no helicopters, no rockets. He was ahead of his time by many tens of years!

The fate of this remarkable Russian scientist is unusual.

He was born on September 5, 1857 in the Ryazan province, into a poor family. Little Kostya grew up as a cheerful, cheerful, mischievous boy. He loved to climb fences with friends, play hide and seek, and launch a kite into the sky.

Once my mother gave Kostya a balloon filled with light gas. The boy attached a box to it, put a beetle in it and sent the ballooning beetle flying.

Kostya loved to fantasize, invent amazing stories: he imagined himself either as an extraordinary strong man, capable of lifting the Earth, or as a tiny lilliputian man.

When the boy was 9 years old, he became seriously ill and lost his hearing. After his illness, Kostya could no longer study in a regular school, and his mother began to study with him.

Several years later, the boy found textbooks in his father's library and began to study on his own.

Then his father sent him to Moscow. In the capital, young Tsiolkovsky spent hours in libraries "; studied physics, mathematics, chemistry and other sciences. In those years, his ability to invent and a penchant for the exact sciences was clearly manifested.

From an early age, the future scientist was interested in space flights. And he devoted the rest of his life to the creation of the theory of cosmonautics.

Dear Guys! Let's think together, what can you fly into space? Neither a plane nor a helicopter is suitable for such flights! After all, airplanes and helicopters need to rely on air to fly. But in space, as you know, there is no air!

Tsiolkovsky proved that it is possible to master outer space only with the help of a rocket! He developed the theory of the rocket apparatus, suggested using liquid fuel for it, thought over the structure and derived the basic formula for its motion.

This remarkable scientist vividly drew in his imagination the whole picture of space flight. He suggested that people will soon launch satellites of the Earth into space, and spaceships will fly to other planets of the solar system.

In addition, he predicted that in outer space there will always be a real space house, where astronauts will live for a long time, doing research.

All the scientist's ideas came true!

Artificial satellites revolve around the Earth, orbital space stations have been created, where astronauts live and work, and people study other planets.

Listen to how Tsiolkovsky imagined the state of weightlessness in the cockpit of a spacecraft:

“All objects not attached to the rocket have left their places and are hanging in the air without touching anything. We ourselves also do not touch the floor and assume any position: we stand on the floor, on the ceiling, and on the wall.

The oil shaken out of the bottle takes the shape of a ball; we break it into parts and get a group of small balls. "

When you read these terms, it seems that the scientist himself has been in space and experienced a state of weightlessness!

And here is how he describes the orbiting space station: "We need special dwellings - safe, bright, with the desired temperature, oxygen, food supply, conveniences for life and work."

The last years of his life, the founder of cosmonautics lived in Kaluga. One day, the future famous designer of interplanetary spacecraft, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, came to see the scientist.

Korolyov enthusiastically read the works of Tsiolkovsky, dreamed of creating an interplanetary rocket. Sergei was still very young, he was only twenty-fourth years old.

Konstantin Eduardovich warmly received the young man. Sergei Pavlovich said that the goal of his life is "to break through to the stars." Tsiolkovsky smiled and replied: “This is a very difficult matter, young man, believe me, the old man. It will require knowledge, perseverance and many years, maybe a whole life ... ”.

Later, Korolev wrote: “I left him with one thought - to build rockets and fly them. The whole meaning of my life has become one thing - to break through to the stars. "

And he did it brilliantly!

Korolev, the Jet Research Institute was created, in which projects of interplanetary aircraft... Under his leadership, powerful rockets were built here to launch artificial satellites.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, who for many years was simply called the Chief Designer, was able to implement many of Tsiolkovsky's ideas.

In 1957, on October 4, an event occurred that shocked the whole world - the first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched - the first man-made object that did not fall to the Earth, but began to revolve around it.

♦ What was the Earth satellite?

A small sphere about 60 cm in diameter, equipped with a radio transmitter and four antennas.

All radio and television companies in the world interrupted their programs in order to hear its signals coming from distant space to Earth!

Since Russian word"Satellite" has entered the dictionaries of many nations.

Scientists dreamed of a manned flight into space. But first they decided to check the safety of flights on our faithful four-legged helpers - dogs.

For test flights, they chose not purebred dogs, but ordinary mongrels - after all, they are hardy, unpretentious and very smart.

At first, the future four-legged cosmonauts were trained for a long time. For this, engineers have designed a special camera.

The very first dogs to rise to an altitude of 110 km in a rocket were called Gypsy and Dezik. Both "cosmonauts" landed safely. Korolyov was very happy with his luck, caressed the dogs, treated them to a delicious treat.

Many dogs have flown into space more than once. They are accustomed to being dressed in overalls, strapped to the cockpit.

Most of the dogs were brave, but one day a cowardly dog ​​climbed into outer space, but he just had a nickname - Brave!

For the second time, the Brave was afraid to go into space. In the evening before the flight, the dogs, as always, were taken out for a walk. As soon as the laboratory assistant unfastened the leash, the Brave rushed away. He fled far into the steppe and did not respond to the call, as if he felt that he had a flight tomorrow morning.

What was to be done?

The understudy had to be chosen from among the dogs that always walked around the dining room. One small dog was fed, washed, hair cut and dressed in a jumpsuit.

The launch went well and the dog returned safely to Earth.

But the Chief Designer nevertheless noticed the substitution and asked what the name of this dog was.

Employees answered him: "Zib!"

- What a strange nickname! - Korolyov was surprised.

Then they explained to him that it is deciphered as follows: "A spare of the disappeared bobby."

When the flight was over, the cunning dog Brave returned to the squadron as if nothing had happened!

The tests continued. Special spacesuits made of rubberized fabric and helmets made of transparent plastic were made for dogs.

They began to prepare dogs for a long flight into outer space. It was necessary to create a nutrient mixture for the four-legged astronauts, to provide the cabin with air.

“Once a day, from under the tray in which the dog was lying, a box filled with a specially prepared pasty mixture was pulled out: this is both food and drink. Dogs were trained in advance to eat such products and quench their thirst ”(A. Dobrovolsky).

After lengthy preparation, on August 19, 1960, the Vostok spacecraft with two four-legged cosmonauts, Belka and Strelka, took off. These cute little dogs have spent 22 hours in space. During this time, the spacecraft has flown around the Earth 18 times.

In addition to dogs, there were mice and rats on board the ship, plant seeds.

All returned safely to Earth.

And in March 1961, other travelers, the dogs Chernushka and Zvezdochka, went on a space flight.

Photos of these brave dogs have spread all over the world.

All these flights preceded the most important thing - a manned space flight.

In 1961, on April 12, the Vostok spacecraft was launched into near-earth orbit. It was piloted by the world's first astronaut.

♦ Do you guys know his name?

Right! The very first cosmonaut on Earth is Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin.

This brave young man was the very first of all people living on our planet to see the Earth from space.

And she seemed beautiful to him!

Listen to the poem.

The first astronaut

On a spaceship

He flew in the interplanetary darkness,

Having made a circle around the Earth.

And the ship was called Vostok.

Everyone knows and loves him,

He was young, strong, courageous.

We remember his kind look, with a squint,

His name was Gagarin Yura.

How did a simple Russian boy become an astronaut? Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the Smolensk region. In 1941 the boy went to school, but the Great Patriotic War interrupted his studies.

After the war, the Gagarins settled in the city of Gzhatsk. The family was friendly and hardworking. Yura studied well, was a capable, diligent and diligent boy.

In his youth, he became interested in sports, went in for the flying club, studied the device of aircraft, jumped with a parachute.

The sky attracted a talented young man. He graduated from an aviation school and became a military pilot. Already at this time, Yuri dreamed of flying into space. When he found out that a cosmonaut corps was being created, he immediately wrote a statement asking to be admitted there.

Soon Yuri Gagarin was admitted to the cosmonaut corps. Long and difficult training began.

♦ Guys, what do you think an astronaut should have?

Quite right! He must be brave, trained, have good health and strong will, be distinguished by intelligence and hard work.

Yuri Gagarin had all these qualities!

Eyewitnesses recall that “when the first cosmonaut was driving through the streets of Moscow in an open car after the flight, thousands and thousands of people came out to meet him. There was joy and exultation everywhere, exclamations of joy and heartfelt embraces. "

People recalled that from Yuri Gagarin "there were some waves of cheerfulness and creative optimism."

♦ How did Yuri Gagarin's flight go?

The weight of the "Vostok" spacecraft, on which the flight took place, was 4725 kg. The flight began in the morning - at 9 hours 7 minutes Moscow time and took place at an altitude of about 200 km above the Earth.

The future cosmonaut was escorted to the launch site by engineers, designers, doctors, and friends.

The Chief Designer, Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, was very worried. After all, he loved Yuri like his own son!

When the rocket began to break away from the launch pad, Yuri Gagarin said his famous: "Po-e-ha-li!"

“He saw a blue Earth and a completely black sky through the window. Bright, unblinking stars looked at him. This has never been seen by any inhabitant of the Earth, "- this is how journalist Yaroslav Golovanov wrote about Gagarin's flight.

Here is how Yuri Alekseevich himself described his flight: “The rocket's engines were turned on at 09:00. I was literally pushed into the chair. As soon as the "Vostok" broke through the dense layers of the atmosphere, I saw the Earth. The ship flew over a wide Siberian river. The islets on it and the sunlit wooded shores were clearly visible. I looked at the sky, then at the Earth. Mountain ranges and large lakes were clearly distinguished. The most beautiful sight was the horizon, a rainbow-colored strip dividing the Earth in sunlight from a black sky.

The bulge, roundness of the Earth was noticeable. It seemed that all of it was surrounded by a halo of pale blue color, which, through turquoise, blue and violet, turns to bluish-black ... ".

Yuri Gagarin brought glory to our Motherland. You and I, dear guys, can be proud of him.

Cities, streets, squares and even flowers were named after the first cosmonaut on Earth! Dutch flower growers have developed a tulip variety and named it "Yuri Gagarin".

There was not a single newspaper or magazine in the world that did not publish a portrait of the first cosmonaut on the planet. Everyone remembers his charming face, open smile, clear eyes.

Since then, many astronauts have been in space.

In 1963, on June 16, the Vostok-6 spacecraft was launched into Earth's orbit, piloted by the world's first woman-cosmonaut Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova.

She was born in the Yaroslavl region, graduated from a technical school and worked as a weaver at a textile mill in Yaroslavl.

To become an astronaut, Vale was helped by parachuting, which she became interested in in her youth, practicing in the city flying club.

Then Valya was admitted to the cosmonaut corps, and they prepared for a long and serious flight for a long time.

Her ship "Vostok-6" made 48 orbits around the Earth.

Valentina Tereshkova is an extraordinary, courageous, resolute woman! She knows how to jump with a parachute, control both a jet plane and a spaceship.

During the flight, she was assigned the call sign "Chaika". Swift, bold, she really looks like a seagull.

The first cosmonaut to go into outer space was Alexei Arkhipovich Leonov. Impressed by his flight, he painted wonderful paintings in which he depicted the Earth in outer space.

For long-term work in space, scientists have created space orbital stations, on which several astronauts could work at once.

Artificial satellites of the Earth are still keeping watch in space day after day. They are equipped with many sophisticated instruments and monitor the Sun, the stars, the atmosphere of our planet - after all, with the help of satellites, you can predict the weather, carry out television and telephone communications.

Over the 50 years of the space age, more than 3,000 artificial earth satellites have been launched.

Scientists have also created such spacecraft that make long-distance flights without the participation of people. They are usually called automatic stations. Such stations explored the Moon, Venus, Mercury. The surface of Mars is now being actively explored.

Once Tsiolkovsky called the Earth the "cradle" of reason, but added that "... you can't live in the cradle forever."

Man seeks to leave his native "cradle" in order to master the endless space of space!

Answer the questions

♦ Who is considered the founder of astronautics?

♦ Tell us about Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky and Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.

♦ Who was in space before humans?

♦ What was the name of the world's first astronaut?

♦ Tell us about Yuri Gagarin.

♦ What was the name of the world's first female astronaut? And which of the cosmonauts was the first to go into outer space?

♦ How do artificial satellites help people?