Presentation psychology communication and barriers to interpersonal communication. Communication barriers. G.B. Parshukov. Fundamentals of the theory of communication. Communication barriers concept

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Lecture plan

1. Types of communication barriers
   1. Psychological barriers
      1. Relationship barriers
   2. Barriers to misunderstanding
2. 1. Avoidance coping techniques
   2. Techniques for overcoming barriers of misunderstanding

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The concept of communication barriers

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Information perception process

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Communication barriers concept

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Types of communication barriers

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Classification of communication barriers

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The main types of communication barriers

• Technical ones are associated with the appearance of noise (of a natural origin) or the creation of interference (of an artificial origin) in communication channels
• Socio-cultural ones are created due to the lack of a unified understanding of the communication situation caused by deep differences in value attitudes, life experience inherent in representatives of a particular social group
• Psychological arises from individual psychological characteristics communicating or due to the existing psychological relationship between them
• Barriers to misunderstanding the source of information is trustworthy, authoritative, but the information “does not reach” (we don't hear, we don't see, we don't understand)

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Psychological barriers

Relationship barriers

• associated with the phenomenon of perception (cognition, perception by the communicant and recipient of each other)
• the emergence of a feeling of hostility, distrust of the communicant extends to the transmitted information
• barriers of negative emotions associated with a person's physical and emotional state (painful state, a state of suffering or grief, a state of anger, disgust or disgust, contempt, fear, shame and guilt)

Technique and communication skill barriers

• appear when an obstacle to communication is the desire of one of the participants communication process by manipulating information to achieve their own, sometimes selfish goals

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Relationship barriers

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Barriers of negative emotions

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Types of character accentuation (G. Shmishek)

• Hyperthymic - constant elevated mood, hyper-responsive person
• Dysthymic - in everything the opposite of hyperthymic, always serious, withdrawn, gloomy person
• Cycloid - cyclical change of mood: a person behaves either as a hypertimic or as a dysthymic
• Excitable - anger, a tendency to react inappropriately
• Stuck - a person with such a character is unwilling to forget neither the harm done to him, nor the good done to him
• Pedantic - boring, tendency to be overly accurate, formal, doubtful
• Anxious - fearfulness, alertness, insecurity
• Emotive - excessive sensitivity, compassion, tearfulness
• Demonstrative - demeanor, hysterical, self-centered
• Exalted - a tendency towards exaggeratedly sincere expressions of feelings

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Manners of subjects of communication leading to communication difficulties

• Dominant subject of communication
  • feels the need to appeal to any person, and he is not too concerned about the appropriateness, expediency of such an appeal
  • does not consider it obligatory for himself to answer the questions that were put to him
  • wants to influence others, seize the initiative and suppress the activity of the communication partner
  • in communication, assertive, interrupts a partner, raises his voice, repeats the same thing many times
• Non-dominant subject of communication
  • a person who constantly feels like a suppliant, afraid to take the communicative initiative once again, ask a question, express a point of view
  • very sensitive to external signs of strength, intelligence, emotionality of a partner
  • compliant, easily lost without interrupting a partner, patiently endures when interrupted
  • indecisive in disclosing his knowledge, often allows himself to be confused and comes to the conclusion that he is wrong
• Mobile subject of communication
  • has an easy manner of switching attention, quick reflective assessment
• Rigid subject of communication
  • it is required to thoroughly study the partner, to understand his communicative intentions
  • listens carefully, speaks slowly, expresses the thought in detail: he builds phrases carefully, trying to make the word more accurately convey the meaning
  • does not like to be interrupted, does not tolerate haste in presenting thoughts from others

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Technique and communication skill barriers

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Barriers to misunderstanding

Phonetic

Semantic

• differences in meaning systems (thesauri)

Stylistic

• inconsistency between the communicant's speech style and the communication situation

brain teaser

• arises if a person, from our point of view, says or does something contrary to the rules of logic

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Ways to Overcome Communication Barriers

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Ways to Overcome Avoidance

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The essence of attention-grabbing techniques

• Reception of a neutral phrase. At the beginning of the speech, a phrase is pronounced that is not directly related to the main topic, but that has meaning and attracts the attention of partners
• Reception of attraction. The speaker says something that is difficult to perceive, for example, speaks very quietly, monotonously or illegibly, and the listener has to make special efforts to understand at least something
• Establishing eye contact. The speaker looks around the audience, looks intently at someone, picks out a few people in the audience and nods to them, etc.

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The essence of attention maintenance techniques

• Reception of "isolation". If possible, exclude all extraneous influences, isolate from them as much as possible
• Reception of imposing a rhythm. Constantly changing characteristics of voice and speech
• Accent reception
  • Direct - the use of various official phrases, the meaning of which is to attract attention (such as, for example, "please pay attention", "it is important to note that ...", "it is necessary; emphasize that ...", etc. )
  • Indirect - places to which you need to attract attention stand out from the general structure of communication due to contrast

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Ways to Overcome Barriers of Misunderstanding

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Acquired knowledge

• Knowledge of the main types of communication barriers
• Knowledge of avoidance coping techniques
• Knowing ways to overcome barriers of misunderstanding

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Self-test questions

• What are communication barriers? What are the reasons for their occurrence in communication.
• The main types of communication barriers.
• Describe the psychological barriers.
• What are relationship barriers?
• What are the barriers to negative emotions?
• Explain the mechanism behind the emergence of barriers to technique and communication skills.
• What are the barriers of avoidance and authority?
• Describe the barriers to misunderstanding. What is the reason for their occurrence?
• Describe the main techniques for overcoming avoidance.
• Ways to overcome the stylistic barrier.

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• Psychology and ethics business communication: Textbook for universities / V.Yu. Doroshenko, L.I. Zotova, V.N. Lavrinenko and others; Ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Culture and sport, UNITI, 1997 .-- 279 p.
• Kibanov A.Ya. Ethics business relationship: a textbook for students. universities / A.Ya. Kibanov, D.K. Zakharov, V.G. Konovalova - M .: INFRA-M, 2009.
• Lukash E.Yu. Professional ethics: The art of communicating with people: Tutorial... - Vladivostok: Publishing house of VSUES, 2002 .-- 224 p.

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A communicative barrier is an absolute or relative obstacle to effective communication, subjectively experienced or actually hindering in communication situations, the reasons for which are motivational-operational, individual-psychological, socio-psychological characteristics of the communicators. Factors: the difference in culturally determined norms of communication, with the interaction of representatives of different cultures, nations; a big difference in age, when each interlocutor is the bearer of the culture, values, ideals of the norms of his generation; lack of feedback in contact; mistakes in understanding the meaning; rejection of subtext, etc.

Avoidance of Misunderstanding Lack of authority Sociocultural differences Physical level Phonetic barrier Reliability Subculture Mental level Semantic barrier Competence Social layer Stylistic barrier Objectivity Nationality Logical barrier Sincerity Authority

Lack of authority The effect of authority is to significantly influence the interlocutor. Having determined who is and who is not an authority, we begin to uncritically trust the former and distrust the latter. As a result, trust or distrust arises, which are personalized and do not depend on the characteristics of the transmitted information, but are closely related to the personality of the speaker. If a person is not an authority, we criticize him. Thus, the lack of authority hinders effective communication. The origin of authority depends on social position, status; from superiority to important in this moment parameter; from a person's belonging to a real authoritative group, from age

They arise when using words that are incomprehensible for any reason (ambiguous words, rare terms, foreign words, etc.). Often, the semantic level of misunderstanding is manifested in cases where a person does not have associations, knowledge and that cultural context that allows one to perceive the meanings of some words and expressions. A semantic barrier arises when people, for some reason, do not understand the meaning of what is said. Example - a philologist hears a narrowly professional conversation between two mathematicians. It is unlikely that he will understand what it is about. A similar barrier arises between parents and teenagers when they use jargon. A semantic barrier can arise between people who are carriers of various subcultures within the dominant culture, they determine the lifestyle and thinking of its carriers. Most often, subcultures of youth are distinguished, representatives of various professional groups, criminals (delinquent subcultures), children's subcultures and so on. Professional, delinquent and childish subcultures are the most specific in any society. Each subculture has its own specific language, different from others, which can be of great importance not only for the exchange of information in its environment, but also for the way of self-determination and even survival, as it happens, for example, in a criminal environment.

Such barriers arise when style is violated (the relationship between the form and content of speech). The stylistic barrier is determined by the difference in the style of presenting information. Styles are usually defined by the functional asymmetry of the human brain as a special phenomenon of the specificity of the left and right hemispheres in relation to various mental functions. The dominance of one of the hemispheres can determine the characteristic difficulties in the perception and processing of information, and the discrepancy between the types of dominance of partners and leads to the emergence of a stylistic barrier in the process of communication.

With the dominance of the logical style, the subject processes and expresses information sequentially, without missing a single link from the chain of reasoning. An excessive addiction to details and clarifications does not allow the bearer of a logical style to make decisions quickly, and rationality, coldness and emotional dryness prevent him from establishing contacts with different people. But in situations that are known in advance and do not require new decisions, such people are quite successful. With the dominance of the expressive style, the subject manifests himself as emotional, impulsive, focused on the opinions of others, capable of empathy and having good intuition. Such a person can very easily draw attention to their words and easily establish contact with others. However, excessive exaltation and some scattered thoughts can alienate people with a different style from him. The most optimal is a mixed style, in which there is both a logical vision of the problem and its expressive perception and interpretation.

They appear in case of a clear violation of grammatical norms (syntactic, derivational, morphological). 5. Logical barriers Arise as a result of violation of logical laws in speech. (It should be noted that these barriers are difficult to fix, since many wrong thoughts are similar to correct ones. And the more this similarity, the more difficult it is to notice the mistake)

The above language barriers arise due to the following errors: 1) The message is poorly worded and presented. 2) The message is not complete. 3) Poorly selected message codes (inaccurate, ambiguous, unknown to the recipient). 4) Invalid data was transmitted. 5) The form of the message does not match the content

Prepared by Anastasia, a student of 11 - A grade Korotkikh

• Communication

• Contact

• In general, communication is ...

• We communicate constantly

• Barriers

• Let's list these barriers

• Communication technique

• School

• Psychology

• Family

• The first mention of cats

• Zodiac signs

• The first mention of a rose

• Communication is our everything

• We communicate constantly

• Without communication, we lock ourselves in

• And we get better with communication

• The bottom line is

Communication

We are all constantly in communication situations - at home, at work, on the street, in transport; with close people and completely unfamiliar.

And, of course, the huge number of contacts that a person enters into every day requires him to fulfill a number of conditions and rules that allow him to communicate while maintaining personal dignity and distance from other people.

Communication as interaction assumes that people establish contact with each other, exchange certain information in order to build joint activities, cooperation.

Communication is characteristic of all higher living beings, but at the human level it acquires the most perfect forms, becomes conscious and mediated by speech. In a person's life there is not even the shortest period when he would be out of communication, out of interaction with other subjects.

In general, communication is ...

Communication is a multifaceted complex process that requires certain skills. In communication, information is exchanged and interpreted, mutual perception, mutual understanding, mutual appreciation, empathy, the formation of likes or dislikes, the nature of relationships, beliefs, views, psychological impact, conflict resolution, implementation joint activities... Thus, each of us in his life, interacting with other people, acquires practical skills and abilities in the field of communication.

We communicate constantly

At work

Barriers

Psychological barriers in communication arise imperceptibly and subjectively, often they are not felt by the person himself, but are immediately perceived by others. The person ceases to feel the incorrectness of his behavior and is sure that he is communicating normally. If he discovers inconsistencies, complexes begin to develop.

Let's list these barriers:

First impression is considered one of the barriers, which can contribute to the misperception of a communication partner. Why? The first impression, in fact, is not always the first, since both visual and auditory memory influence the formation of an image. Consequently, it can be relatively adequate, correspond to character traits, or it can be erroneous.

Let's list these barriers:

Barrier to bias and causeless negative attitudes. It is expressed in the following: outwardly for no reason a person begins to negatively relate to this or that person as a result of the first impression or for some hidden reasons. Possible motives for the emergence of such an attitude should be established and overcome.

Let's list these barriers:

Negative Attitude Barrier introduced into a person's experience by someone else. You were told negative information about someone, and a negative attitude develops towards a person about whom you know little, there is no experience of personal interaction with him. Such negative attitudes, introduced from the outside, before your personal experience communication with a specific person should be avoided. New people with whom to communicate should be approached with an optimistic hypothesis. Do not be guided in the final assessment of a person only by the opinion of others. a person only on the opinion of others.

Let's list these barriers:

Barrier of "fear" of human contact. It happens that you need to come into direct contact with a person, but it's somehow awkward. What to do? Try calmly, without emotion, to analyze what is holding you back in communication, and you will see that these emotional layers are either subjective or too secondary. After the conversation, be sure to analyze the success of the conversation and fix your own attention on the fact that nothing terrible has happened. Typically, such a barrier is typical for people who have difficulty in communicating, having a generally low level of sociability.

Let's list these barriers:

Barrier of “waiting for misunderstanding”. You should enter into direct interaction with a person in business or personal communication, but you are concerned about the question: will your partner understand you correctly? And here it is often assumed that the partner must necessarily misunderstand. They begin to predict the consequences of this misunderstanding, to anticipate unpleasant sensations. It is necessary to calmly and thoroughly analyze the content of the conversation you are planning and, if possible, eliminate from it those moments or emotional aspects that may cause an inadequate interpretation of your intentions. After that, feel free to make contact.

Let's list these barriers:

Age barrier- typical in the system of everyday communication. It occurs in a wide variety of areas of human interaction: between adults and children (an adult does not understand how a child lives, which is the cause of many conflicts), between people of different generations. Older people often condemn the behavior of young people, as if forgetting themselves at this age. Young people get irritated and laugh. Interpersonal complications arise. The age barrier in communication is also dangerous in family relationships, and in the system of service interaction. (4) Therefore, it was the “age” barrier that became the topic of my research.

Communication technique

Communication technique- these are ways of pre-attuning a person to communicate with people, his behavior in the process of communication, and techniques are the preferred means of communication, including verbal and non-verbal.

The word "School"

The word "school" originally originated in ancient Greece, but its meaning was completely different - "leisure, rest". However, this leisure was not idle - it meant philosophical conversations in their free time from work. Gradually, the philosophers had permanent students, and this concept began to denote the educational process. And when the need arose for special rooms for teaching children, they were also called schools in tribute to this tradition.

What is Psychology?

Early ancient authors often paid attention in their work to the problems of human nature, his soul and mind. In 1590, Rudolf Goklenius first uses the term "psychology" to refer to the science of the soul. His contemporary Otton Kasman is considered the first to use the term "psychology" in the modern scientific sense. Representatives of modern times (for example, Descartes) believed that the body and soul have different nature-it was A New Look on the problem of psychology. “Soul and body live and act according to different laws and have a different nature” Descartes. The nineteenth century became for psychology the century of its gradual emergence as a scientific discipline, the separation of the corresponding areas from philosophy, medicine, and the exact sciences. However, the main name in the history of the formation of psychology as a science is Wilhelm Wundt. 1950-1960s

These decades are the heyday of psychological science, active growth in many directions. In modern textbooks, most of the material is devoted to experiments and research carried out during this period.

What is family?

Scientific study of forms family life began in the 19th century and is associated with the works of I. Bachofen, L. Morgan, M. M. Kovalevsky.

Before World War II, the patriarchal family predominated in Russia, which is characterized by the predominance of a man in the house and the subordination of all other family members to him. IN post-war years, from the late 40s to the 80s, the child-centric family became dominant, in which very great importance attaches to the well-being of children and the preservation of marriage in the interests of children. More recently, in recent decades, a married family has emerged [source not specified 385 days], in which equal relations dominate, the stability of marriage depends on the desires and quality of relations between the spouses.

The first mention of cats

And, of course, the story of cats in human life should begin with Egypt. It is in Ancient Egypt that we find the first mention of a cat and its first images. And it was there that the cat became a sacred creature, “the good genius of the dwelling,” the keeper of the hearth and was taken under the protection of the law. Due to its mysteriousness, nocturnal lifestyle, eyes glowing in the darkness, rare fertility and femininity, this graceful animal was dedicated to the goddess of the moon, fertility and childbearing Bast, or Bastet, depicted with a cat's head. The death penalty was imposed for killing a cat, sometimes a finger or hand was cut off. When a cat died naturally, a mourning was declared in the house, all its inhabitants cut off their hair and plucked their eyebrows, and the cat itself was often embalmed and buried with honors in a special cemetery. A large number of cat mummies have been found in the tombs of the pharaohs.

In China, cats and their images were considered to bring happiness. Among the Chinese, a cat, being a nocturnal animal, belongs to the principle of yin (feminine principle, darkness, moon, etc.). He can communicate with evil forces and has the ability to transform. According to an ancient Persian legend, cats appeared from the sneezing of a lion. In Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of the Persians, killing a cat is as serious a crime as killing a person. And later, already in the Muslim tradition, the cat was also revered in the Middle East. And the Russian sailors had a custom - the cat should be the first to pass through the built ship. All these customs were associated with the ability of a cat to drive out evil spirits, which had already managed to settle in secluded corners.

Zodiac signs

The separation of the zodiac as the belt of the celestial sphere, along which the visible path of the first moon, and then the sun and the planets passes, took place in Babylon. The first mention of the allocation of the zodiacal belt in the written sources of Babylon is contained in a series of cuneiform tablets “Mul Apin. these texts list 18 constellations on the "path of the moon" and indicate that the sun and five planets move along the same path, and also a group of near-equatorial (and, accordingly, close to the ecliptic) stars is distinguished. Zodiac Babylonian system served also as a system of celestial coordinates:

The first mention of a rose

Rose is the name adopted in decorative floriculture for cultural forms of plants belonging to the genus Rosehip (Latin Rósa) of the Pink family. In the classical image, the rose has 32 petals, hence the name of the wind rose. In the ancient Romans, the rose symbolized a mystery. There was an expression that became a proverb - "Sub rosa dictum" ("It is said under the rose"), that is, it should be kept secret. The symbolism of a rose depends on its color (scarlet rose - passion, yellow rose - separation or betrayal in love, white rose - tenderness, etc.). NS. In Hawara, a wreath of dried roses was found, which were identified as Rosa × richardii. There is a poetic riddle about the rose, composed over 1000 years ago. nature, roses lack a gene that produces blue pigment.

Communication is our everything)

We communicate constantly)

Without communication, we withdraw into ourselves (

And we get better with communication

The bottom line is:

Summing up the work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Communication is a very important component of a person's social life. Often in this complex process difficulties arise - the so-called "communication barriers."

For effective communication, one must have a certain system of skills, knowledge and skills, which is usually denoted by the concept of socio-psychological or communicative competence. The composition of socio-psychological competence includes the ability to understand the personality and emotional states of communication partners, to know the rules

Thank you for your attention)

COMMUNICATION FUNCTIONS: Communicative. Informational. Cognitive comprehension of meanings based on representations of imagination and fantasy) Emotive (manifestation of emotions of the individual's connection with reality). Conative (control and correction of mutual positions). Creative (development of people and the formation of new relationships between them).

2. B AREA OF A NEGATIVE INSTALLATION INTRODUCED IN YOUR EXPERIENCE BY ANYONE FROM OTHER OTHER. It is expressed in the following: Someone told you negative information about your new acquaintance, and you develop a negative attitude towards a person about whom you yourself know little, having no experience of personal interaction with him. Such negative attitudes introduced from the outside should be avoided! New people should be approached with a positive, optimistic hypothesis.

3. B AREA OF "FEAR" OF CONTACT WITH A HUMAN. Expressed in the following: It happens that you are embarrassed to come into direct contact with a person. What to do in this case? Try calmly, without emotions, to analyze what is holding you back in communication, you will make sure that these emotional layers are subjective. After the analysis, enter your own attention that nothing terrible has happened.

4. B ARIER OF "EXPECTATIONS OF MISUALITY" Before the interaction you are concerned about the question: "Will the partner understand me correctly?" They begin to predict the consequences of this misunderstanding, to anticipate unpleasant sensations. It is necessary to calmly and thoroughly analyze the content of the conversation you are planning and, if possible, eliminate from it moments that may cause an inadequate interpretation of your intentions. After that, feel free to make contact.

5. B ARIER OF "WRONG STEREOTYPES" Interaction is often hampered by the wrong stereotype of perception of certain life phenomena. Let's say: "I ask him for something, and he refuses." We need to get away from such stereotypes. Strive to assess the emerging communication situation in its context - this will help overcome this barrier.

6. B ARIER OF "AGE" Occurs in a wide variety of spheres of interaction: Between adults and children (an adult does not understand what a child lives, which is the cause of many conflicts). Between people of different generations (Older people condemn the behavior of young people, forgetting themselves at this age, and who are younger, get annoyed, laugh at their elders. It must be remembered that such a barrier exists, and take it into account in the process of communication and in family life and in office interaction ...

TO OVERCOME PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS, DO: Analyze those aspects of your communication with other people that you like, and highlight those that cause dissatisfaction with communication with others. In the process of communication, strive to get away from stereotypes that interfere with successful interaction (mannerism, distance, didacticism).

TO OVERCOME PSYCHOLOGICAL BARRIERS DO NOT: Try not to whip up unpleasant emotions in relationships, analyze the process of their development and eliminate unwanted elements that lead to the formation of barriers. Remember that the so-called "showdown" is not the best way to improve. Strive to make this analysis more adequate to the real state of affairs!

Interaction barriers: motivational barrier,
ethical barrier,
barrier of communication styles,
the barrier of incompetence.

Motivational barrier ...

Ethical barrier ...

Barrier to communication styles ...

The barrier of incompetence ...

Perception and understanding barriers:

Aesthetic barrier ...

Different social status of partners ...

A barrier of negative emotions ...

The state of human health ...

Psychological protection ...

Installation barrier ...

Double barrier ...

Communication barriers:

Semantic barrier ...

Inability to express one's thoughts (logical barrier) ...

Poor speech technique (phonetic barrier)

Inability to listen ...

Barrier of modalities ...

Character barrier ...

In the process of business communication, the following "barriers" are distinguished:

Barrier "authority"

A person's classification as authoritative depends on the following factors:

Avoidance barrier

You can draw attention by using:

Barrier "misunderstanding"

Our typical mistakes:

What type of interlocutor are you?